Champaign County, Ohio - The whole text, 1881 (part 12 of 32)

Samuel Harper left Virginia with his wife and five children in 1802. His Virginia farm was poorly drained, and the land was barren. To avoid living a life of poverty and privation, he concluded to seek a new home in the Bucke}7e State. The journey was made by a wagon, to wThich six horses were attached. Six weeks after the commencement of the trip, they arrived at Fairfield County in this State, where they purchased a tract of land. In 1816, Harper sold his property and removed to this township, settling on a tract of land near Pisgah Church, and now owned by J. Jones. The land he purchased of Samuel Culver. Two of his sons, John and H. C., still live in the township. The former is eighty-one years of age.

Among the early settlers of Union Township, we take pleasure in recording the name of Benjamin Cheney. This gentleman, a Virginian by birth, came to this township in 1805. Himself and wife traveled the long journey on horseback. He assisted in the erection of the first cabin erected in Urbana. He settled on a part of Section J, which is still in the possession of his heirs. At first he devoted his time to splitting rails, but afterward paid more attention to the raising of cattle. During the war of 1812, he was employed as a spy by Hull. He received his discharge on the day preceding Hull's surrender. While pursuing this vocation, he became thoroughly acquainted with the country. When peace was declared, he began driving cattle to Detroit, where he disposed of them at a profitable margin. It is said that he drove the first herd of cattle from this vicinity to Detroit. Buying and selling proved to be a very lucrative business, and at his death, which occurred in 1834, he had accumulated 2,000 acres of land. The circumstances connected with his death were peculiarly distressing. His son Zachariah, aged twenty-two, upon returning from a trip to the lakes, was seized with typhoid fever. Several members, of the family were taken ill with the same disease. Zachariah died on July 23 ; his mother followed him on the 14th of August. On the 1st of September, the body of the father was laid beside those of the wife and son. Five children - all boys - were left alone to struggle with the wicked elements of the world. For some time, they were in a truly pitiable condition, but in time the wound was healed, and they grew reconciled to their irreparable loss. Mr. Cheney represented this county in the State Legislature, to the full satisfaction of his constituents. His son Jonathan was also a member of that body. Of the eight children which were the issue of the marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Cheney, but three survive, viz., Samuel (residing on a part of the old farm), Benjamin (residing north of Samuel) and John (a resident of Indiana).

Jacob Van Meter was born on the South Branch of the Potomac, in the Stateof Virginia, in 1784. When but a boy, he came to this State and settled in Clark County. Here he lived for several years, when he removed to this township, settling on the farm now occupied by his son Jacob. He died February 22, 1867. He had eight children, five of whom are still living, viz., Joseph

George Wolfe was born, in 1803, in Jefferson County, Va. He left hisnative land in 1820, and came to Clark County, in this State, where ho remained until 1852, excepting a short period, during which he resided in- Logan County ; then came to this township, wrhere he continued to reside.

Samuel Humes came to this township in 1826, and settled on Section 36. He came from Virginia accompanied by his wife and one child - Elizabeth - who is now living in the State of Illinois. Of the 180 acres which he purchased, 100 were in a state of cultivation. When he arrived, the country was but thinly settled, and log cabins predominated.

John Lafferty came in 1810, and settled on the land now owned by George Wolfe. His descendants are living in various parts of the township. The Valentines, Bidwells and Cartmills were among the very early settlers. We append the names of a majority of the residents of the township in 1816 ; Schrock owned a farm near Texas, and lived in a brick house ; John Lafferty owned the farm of George Wolfe, and occupied two cabins, which were erected on spots now used in connection with the pike. West of Texas was the farm owned by David Marsh ; adjoining this farm was a tract of land owned by William Paul, and containing 670 acres; south of this was the farm of Squire Jones, a prominent man, who was Justice of the Peace for twenty years. West of these lands was a quarter-section owned by James Reed ; adjoining this were

These farms constituted the western line of the township. Immediately north of the Hedge farm lived William Dunlap, whose farm was adjoining to that of Nathan Reese, on the north, and James Hayes, on the south. North of the Reese farm, Joseph Rowell resided. Jacob Reese lived east of the latter. One Smallwood owned land north of Reese, and north of the former lived Martin Reynolds, a prominent member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. East of Reynolds was a large tract of land, containing 600 acres, in the possession of Solomon Voss ; east of this was another tract of 400 acres, the property of Neil Gun. North of this land lived Thomas Harfor. John Taylor owned 300 acres at King's Creek. The farm now owned by Wesley Diltz was in the possession of Joseph Diltz. Lewis Kinsley occupied the present John Harper farm. North of Harper lived - - Robinson. Pollock, Samuel Hayes, Francis Robinson and Isaac and John McAdams were also neighbors of Kinsley. A large tract of land, containing 1,400 acres, immediately east of the McAdams estate, was owned by the heirs of one Ruffian ; this extended to the Lafferty farm. East of Lafferty were the lands owned by Benjamin Cheney ; adjoining him were the Pierce and Cartmill estates. Thomas H. Humes, a land agent, controlled the land west of Cartmill. Andrew Sawyer, John Bridge and south of the Taylor lands ; east and south of these were the farms of Hiram M. Curry, Paul Huston, Judge Runyan and Joseph McLain. They were joined on the west by the lands of Barton Minturn and the Jones brothers. That section of the country known as " Turkey Ridge" was inhabited by James Templeton and family. Adjoining him on the south were the Van Meter lands. Many of these lands are still owned by the descendants of the original settlers. Others have passed into the hands of strangers. They have been improved and are productive. Most of the large tracts have been subdivided into smaller farms, to accede to the demands of a steadily increasing population.

Indian Troubles

The pioneer, upon entering the land of his future home, was speedily apprised of the fact that he had many dangers to encounter. Of these, the hostile demeanor of his red neighbors was the most formidable. When the first settlements were made, numberless Indian families were encamped in the different parts of this township. The men devoted their time chiefly to hunting and fishing, while the women raised a small crop of potatoes and vegetables, and begged of the settlers. They were generally inclined to be peaceable. The land now owned by James A. McLain was a favorite rendezvous for the savages. In 1807, a report that the Indians had taken up arms against their white neighbors reached the settlement. Everybody, thoroughly alarmed, hurried to the block-house, located on the site of Squire McLain's present residence. This block-house had been erected some time previous as a matter of precaution against any designs on the lives of the settlers. The Indians, however, traveled farther northward, and left the people unmolested. After a stay of six weeks, during which time two children were born, the pioneers concluded that all danger was past, and left for their respective homes.

Several years ago, over one hundred human bodies were exhumed from the gravel-pit on the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati & Indianapolis Railway, just west of Catawba Station. Prof. Moses, of the Urbana University, pronounced them European skeletons. It is conjectured that, during the eighteenth century, a number of Frenchmen came from the shores of Lake Erie and entered this land with the view of making it their permanent home, and that the entire party was massacred by the redskins. In this same locality are a number of Indian mounds. Some of them have been opened and skulls taken therefrom.

Simultaneously with the immigration of the whites, began the exit of the savages. They turned their steps westward in search of wild and impermeable forests. Their departure was gradual, and not until the year 1825 did the last trace of Indian life disappear.

Industrial Pursuits

For a number of years before to the first actual settlements were made, tilling the soil was the only vocation of the inhabitants. But, as time passed on, and the number of cultivated acres were increased in number, the yield of corn and grain increased also. The process of home "corn-cracking" became irksome ; too much valuable time was also consumed in conveying the wheat and other products to the far-away mills. But not until 1821 was this difficulty overcome. In that year, Daniel Roberts erected a flouring-mill in the southern part of the township. The machinery of this mill was propelled by water. Burton Minturn operated a distillery in early times. The distillery was located on the lands of one Glenn. Several years ago a steam saw-mill was erected on the land just south of Mutual. This mill is now being successfully operated by Runyan & Price. Another saw-mill, located in the extreme southwestern corner of the township, is owned by James L. Crain. John R. Moody is an extensive manufacturer of Darby Plain Cheese.

Early Customs, Incidents, Etc

For a number of years, corn was the only production of the soil. Later on, an experiment in raising wheat proved successful, and subsequently more attention was given to the production of this article. Cattle, hogs and horses were fed in large numbers; the latter were bought by the agents of Eastern firms and driven to Baltimore. The diet of the pioneer consisted mainly of corn dodgers, venison, etc. Salt was obtained from Cincinnati or Sandusky City. They would take a wagon loaded with produce to these cities, and were fortunate in returning with a barrel of salt. For flour they usually received $5 per barrel.

Great excitement was caused in 1848 by the report that suit would be instituted against the property-holders of the tract of land known as the Lee Military Survey. This land was sold to various persons by the Sheriff, in default of a payment of taxes. In the year just mentioned, William S. Sulivan, an attorney of Columbus, purchased of the heirs of Lee their full claim to the land, and at once brought action against the land-holders, holding that their claim to the property was invalid. The court sustained him, and the residents had to purchase their lands a second time.

In 1844, a brutal murder was committed in this township. A swarm of bees were stolen from Felty Jacobs. He accused William Shamlin, a person of questionable habits, of being the thief. This maddened the latter. At a favorable moment he struck Felty, crushing, his skull and killing him almost instantly. Shamlin was arrested, and confined in the county jail, but escaped by the assistance of his wife, who had obtained employment in the jail.

While the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati & Indianapolis Railroad was being constructed, a curious incident occurred. The grade, in portions of this township, is about eighty feet higher than the surrounding country. Just as arrangements were being made to lay the iron, the entire amount of gravel used in constructing the grade, together with the ties, disappeared as if by magic. Investigation disclosed the fact that the whole mass had sunk into the depths of the earth. The spot was filled with numerous eyeless fish. A new grade was made of oak lumber and gravel, which has been perfectly substantial to all appearances.

Religious Intelligence

With one or two exceptions, the first settlers of this township were members of the Presbyterian denomination. They usually held services at the cabin of James McLain. John Woods was the first minister - came here in 1807. Following him came Archibald Steele and Joseph Stephenson. James Hughes was the first regular minister ; he began his work of love in 1813. A log house of worship was erected on the site of the present building (near Mutual), in the same year. This building was destroyed by fire in 1827, and the present edifice erected soon after. The church organization is now in a flourishing condition.

The Methodists organized a society shortly after the organization of the Presbyterians. Lafferty's cabin, on the site of the Wolfe estate, was the first preaching place. The house was always crowded during the services, and it frequently became necessary for the women to take off their shoes and stand on the beds. A circuit rider generally put in his appearance once a month and conducted the services. Crume, Miller and Mitchell are mentioned as being among the first of these "traveling preachers." Of Mitchell it is said that he was an uncompromising opponent of collegiate education. Both Miller and Mitchell were extremely vulgar in their language. Quarterly meetings were generally held in a barn on the Minturn farm. In connection with this early organization we cannot forbear publishing the following incident, related to the writer by Mrs. Mary Jones: "Johanna Minturn was an exemplary Christian and a zealous member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. One Saturday night, an angelic vision revealed to her that she would die on the noon of the coming Monday. On the day following, she requested her friends to pray for her. Monday was a rainy and cheerless day. She felt indisposed, and a number of friends called on her. Her person became chilled, and she requested to be removed to the fire-place. On feeling worse, she was placed in bed ; here she died at just 12 o'clock." Services are now held on each alternate Sabbath. Rev. E. C. Smith, present minister.

Pisgah Methodist Episcopal Church, situated three miles southwest of Mutual, on the Pisgah Pike, was organized in 1830 by Rev. Brandriff, and consisted mainly of late members of the Mutual Methodist Episcopal Church. The building was erected shortly after the formation of the society. At present the church is in a weak condition, many of its old pillars having departed to a better world. Services are now held on each alternate Sabbath.

The Buck Creek Presbyterian Church is located on Section 31, in the southeastern part of the township. The first building was built of logs, and was destroyed by fire. In about 1830, a brick building was erected at a cost of $1,000. Some time later, this building was torn down, and a substantial brick erected ; $3,000 were spent in defraying the cost of this structure. The original log church was built in 1815, on land donated by James Robinson.

Diltz Chapel (Methodist Episcopal) was organized in 1838 by Wesley Diltz, Wesley Yocum, Amos Jackson and Mrs. Sarah Bidwell, at the house of Wesley Diltz - now occupied by Wesley Yocum. Rev. George W. Walker was the first officiating clergyman. They at once proceeded to erect a log building, 26x22, in which services were held for upward of twenty years. In about 1850, the present frame structure, 20x26, was erected. Rev. J. T. Bail preached the dedicatory sermon. The church now consists of about seventy members, who dwell in unity together. Services are conducted every Sabbath by Rev. Smith.

The first school of which we have any account was at a period prior to 1810. Our knowledge of this is very limited, however ; from tradition, we are satisfied it was taught in a log house that stood in Section 28, on the present site of the house of Edward Minturn, Esq., who is probably the only one now living that received instruction within its apartment. George Minturn was the instructor. About the year 1810 or 1812, a schoolhouse was erected on the Runyan farm, taught by John Owens, and afterward by one De Long, the pupils receiving instruction in Webster's Speller and Pike's Arithmetic. The latter was a subscription school, as very likely was the former, for at that early period such was the only mode of supply.

The schools on the subscription plan were the only ones conducted for years. At a later day, independent schools sprang up among those of the townships which fortune had most smiled upon. This was some little time prior to 1830.

The first brick schoolhouse was built by John Ward, in the southeast corner of the township. There are now eleven schoolhouses in the township, costing on an average $2,000 each. All are in good condition. Of these, the one at Mutual is the largest. It was built in the year 1878, at a cost of $3,100. It is a brick structure, 30x46 feet, and is two stories in height, having one room on each floor. It was opened with an attendance of seventy-eight scholars, under the instruction of T. J. Keller and Caroline Saxbe. The house is well finished. Each room has a seating capacity of sixty pupils. The building is considered, for its size, the best house in the county. The teachers now holding the reins are John W. Pearce and Miss Crable.

The early records of the township having been lost, we give, from tradition, 1805 as the year in which the township was laid out. James McLain was one of the first Trustees, and Jacob Minturn was the first Collector of Taxes. At an early election, held October 8, 1811, the poll-book makes the following exhibit : John Gutridge, Sr., Joseph McLain, Jacob Minturn, Benjamin Cheney and John Owens, Clerks of this election, were severally sworn as the law directs, previous to their entering on the duties of their respective offices.

Number And Names Of Electors

Township Hall, situated in the village of Mutual, is a brick building two stories in height. It was erected, in the year 18T9, at a cost of $2,200. The first floor is used as Clerk's Office and store-room, which is occupied by T. M. Stone as a wareroom for buggies. The township business is also transacted on this floor. The second floor is used as a public hall.

Mutual

The village of Mutual, formerly called Texas, is situated in the center of the township, on Buck Creek, with the Urbana and Mechanicsburg pike passing through it. The first lots on the site of the village were sold about the year 1840 by William Lafferty, who, probably, tired of the " Buck Creek " region, gave the neighboring people to understand that he was going to Texas ; but instead, it was soon discovered that he had moved into a little cabin adjoining the settlement, wrhen the people ridiculously called it " Lafferty 's Texas;" hence the name of Texas as applied to the present village of Mutual. It was laid out in July, 1846, but no original plat was ever made and recorded until July, 1869.

The first house was built by David Conklin on the present site of Smith's blacksmith-shop. The second house (a part of which is now standing) was built by John Sargent, and is now owned by Isaac Stone. These houses were built about the year 1840. The first tavern was erected about the year 1842 or 1843 by Stephen Runyan. It is still numbered with the structures of the village, but no longer furnishes a retreat for the hungry and weary traveler, for it is now occupied by P. Gardner as a wagon-making shop. While on this subject, we will add that the first wagon-making shop was carried on by Daniel Conklin, who was also one of the earliest tavern-keepers. Jacob Lands is another name to be added to the early tavern-keepers of the village.

John Sargent was the first blacksmith, but, while first, he was not the only u smith " whose hammer against the heavy anvil rebounded and broke the quiet of the peaceful village, for it seems that, above all things, " Mutual " has ever been famous for its abundance of blacksmiths. The first to venture in mercantile business was Michael Huston. Runyan & Price put up and operated the first steam saw-mill.

In 1843 or 1844, the post office was established, with Francis A. Morrison as Postmaster, who was followed by Isaac W. Spencer, S. B. Bailey, Jacob Bailey, R. N. Alexander, F. M. McAdams, E. D. Cheney and John Lafferty, the present incumbent, who took possession July 17, 1871.

The first mail route was by horseback from Urbana to West Jefferson, which was carried once a week. Later, the railroad was built through Mechanicsburg, when the mails per week were two. At one time, the mail was conveyed by means of a hack running from Urbana to Mechanicsburg via Mutual ; however, that was discontinued, and at present a carrier is employed and two mails per week are received from Urbana.

The village is blessed with two churches, both orthodox - one Methodist, and the other Presbyterian - further mention of which is made in the history of the township. A fine school building with widely opened doors daily welcomes the young of the village which it so gracefully beautifies. A full description of the building is given under u schools."

On the petition of the following men, the village was incorporated May 4, 1869, with a population of about 200 : W. H. McFarland, C. A. Brandon, N.

The officers of the village elected in 1870, were: F. H. Snyder, Mayor; S. M. Harper, Clerk ; T. M. Stone, Treasurer ; P. Gardner, W. H. McFarland, W. R. Applegate, S. McCoughey, James Downey and John W. Walker, Councilmen. In 1871, Warren Freeman, John Lafferty and E. D. Cheney, Councilmen. In 1872, W. H, McFarland, Mayor; S. M. Harper, Clerk; T. M. Stone, Treasurer; P. S. Parsed, John W. Walker, Elisha Gayton and A. J. Lessinger, Councilmen. In 1873, Christian Goul, A. J. Lessinger and Samuel Roberts, Councilmen. In 1874, W. R. Applegate, Mayor; James Guyton, Clerk ; T. M. Stone, Treasurer ; B. S. Parsed, F. H. Snyder, J. T. Price, J. S. Price and Daniel Powell, Councilmen. In 1875, W. R. Neal, Mayor ; W. H. McFarland, Elisha Guyton, G. M. Smith and Daniel Powell, Councilmen. In 1876, Warren Freeman, Nathan Adams and J. L. Hawk, Councilmen ; James Guyton, Clerk ; and J. S. Price, Treasurer. In 1877, John Lafferty, Mayor; Ferguson Bowen, E. Guyton and A. J. Stone, Councilmen. In 1878, T. M. Stone, Treasurer; James Guyton, Clerk; P. Gardner, M. Cartmill and H. S. Creston, Councilmen. In 1879, John Lafferty, Mayor ; F. Bowen, Samuel McCoughey and Nathan Adams, Councilmen. In 1880, W. H. McFarland, Preston P. Gardner and M. Goul, Councilmen.

Catawba Station

Catawba Station is located in the southern part of the township, on the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati, & Indianapolis Railroad. It consists of a depot, water-tank and telegraph office. About a quarter of a mile south of the station is a grain warehouse, built for the benefit of the surrounding country. An extensive business is carried on by the proprietor. Some days there are over one thousand bushels of wheat unloaded and shipped to the East.

This township includes ad of Township 4, Range 11, and one tier of sections on the north side of Range 10, and contains 42 square miles, or 26,880 acres. On the north it is bounded by Concord Township, on the east by Urbana Township, on the south by a portion of Clark County, on the west by Jackson and Johnson Townships. The beautiful and fertile Mad River Valley, whose lands furnished homes for the first settlers of the county, is located on the east, and from one to one and one-half miles in width. The township is drained on the north by Nettle and Spring Creek ; on the south by Chapman and Storm Creek. The extreme northeastern corner is crossed by Mad River. The many tributaries of these streams provide sufficient drainage and afford excellent agricultural facilities. West of the Mad River Valley, the country is undulating. The C. C. & I. C. Railroad crosses the northern sections, and thus provides for the exporting of grain and other productions of the township. Inland travel is facilitated by the Mad River Valley and Anderson Creek Pike, extending north and south, and the Urbana and Piqua and

Urbana and Troy Pikes, extending east and west, which are connected with a complete network of " dirt ''roads. With these advantages, many of them the work of nature, it is a matter of no surprise, that Mad River Township attracted the attention of the early seekers of new homes.

It is universally conceded that William Owens is the first white person who settled not only in the township but in the county as well. Of him but little is remembered. He was a native o£ Virginia, where he lived on a rented piece of ground, in comparative poverty. A desire to better the condition of himself and family, induced him to leave forever the land of his birth. The trip was made by wagon, and, as it was necessary to cut the way, it required much valuable time. Late in the fall of 1779, he arrived in this county and settled on the northeast quarter of Section 15, in this township. He purchased of one William Ward, 240 acres of land, a part of which is now located as a portion of Section 9, the remainder as the northeast quarter of Section 15. In consideration of his leading the way into this vast wilderness, the land was sold to him at the nominal figure of $1 per acre. A beautiful and inexhaustible spring was perhaps the chief inducement that caused him to select this land. The Indians were his only neighbors, and with them he became very intimate. Because he raised a number of swine, they applied to him the cognomen of Kosko Elene (Hogman). Of the first four-horse wagon, that plied between Cincinnati and the settlements, he was the proprietor. As an individual, he wa& very eccentric. At times he professed a firm belief in the religion of Jesus Christ, and again would indulge in the most profane epithets that he could command. He became a member of the Baptist Church at an early day. He was an habitual soliloquizer. One day the Indians' horses broke into his cornfield. Patience, which had been taxed to its utmost capacity, ceased to be a. virtue, and he was heard repeating to himself, " Old Billy can swear a pretty good hickory yet." While removing a family to Indianapolis, he contracted a disease from which he never recovered. He died in the year 1818. Though his life was not characteristic of any imitable traits of character, he will nevertheless be remembered as one of the early pioneers who suffered innumerable privations that future generations might live in peace and plenty. Requiescat in pace. His family consisted of eight children, who lived the life of noble citizens, but have long since crossed the dark valley to enter a land that is always new, and where the struggles and trials of pioneer life are unknown.

At the beginning of the present century, several families emigrated to the lowlands of this township and settled on the different sections, paying the first installment, and commenced building and clearing. The Government required that each installment be paid when due or the land was declared forfeited. Of necessity they, or many of them, failed. They were compelled to clear the land, and then, from the products of the soil, realize enough to pay for it. It is not strange that some of them lost all the money invested with the lands and the improvements thereon. The injustice of a too stringent Government cannot b& denied. But few countries were settled under greater disadvantages, yet the fine soil and healthy climate presented an inviting aspect to home seekers, and they came.

At the mouth of Storms Creek, near what is now known as Tremont, Clark County, Charles Rector, with his brother-in-law, Christopher Weaver, settled in 1801. Nature had fitted these men for a life in a new country ; they were honest, sober and industrious. In addition to this, they exercised good judgment in the selection of lands. They were natives of Kentucky. They lived the lives of Christians, and when death knocked at their doors, he found them prepared. One of Rector's sons (Conaway) lives near the old homestead - Section 12 - and is honored and respected by all who know him.

William Weaver, a brother of Christopher, was born in 1T59, at Bucks County, Penn., near Philadelphia. He participated in the Revolutionary war, and was an eye-witness to Cornwallis' march from Yorktown. In 1783 or 1784, he was united with Mary Kiger, a native of Maryland. The couple removed to Kentucky in 1792, and, in 1802, they emigrated to Ohio. They settled in what is now known as Clark County, where they rented of William Chapman eighty acres of land, a part of which was prairie land. Here they lived for five years, when they removed to Section 24 in this township, on land now owned by William Weaver, where they resided until death. Henry Storm is remembered as the only man who lived in the neighborhood prior to the arrival of the Weavers. Fifteen children were born to the couple. Of those yet living, William was born December 25, 1795, in Kentucky. He has been a resident of this State since 1802, and has never been beyond the State boundaries, nor has he ever been aboard of a train of cars. At the advanced age of years he enjoys good health, is robust and is never so well satisfied as when the condition of the weather permits him to work in the garden. The bountiful supply of vegetables found in his garden attest to his skill as a gardener. He is a kind and benevolent gentleman, courteous to strangers and an indefatigable worker in the Lord's vineyard. We wish to add that, to our knowledge, he is the oldest resident in the township now living. Nancy was born November 6, 1801, was married to Erastus Wilson and is still living.

Nelson, born December 22, 1817, the youngest child, lives on a part of the old homestead. Thomas Redman, a Kentuckian, settled just above Falling Springs, but remained a short time only, and, in 1811, returned to his native State.

The Pences, fifteen in number, settled in different portions of this county. Three of them, John, Louis and Abraham, settled in this township. John purchased a quarter-section of land on Section 9, of one Terman, but soon disposed of it to his brother, Louis, and emigrated West. Abraham came from Virginia in 1811, and purchased portions of Sections 4 and 10. The land is now owned by his son David. He was called out as a scout during the early Indian troubles, and stationed in what is now known as Logan County. He was a faithful member of the Baptist Church, and held the position of Deacon for many years. He died in 1838. One of his daughters, the widow of David Loudenback, is living in the township and is now eighty-eight years of age, and without exception is the oldest living resident in the township. Several of his brothers lived to be fourscore years of age.

Another Kentuckian, named Abraham Shocky, settled on Nettle Creek. Of him, it is said, that he was muscular in form, weighing about one hundred and seventy-five pounds, and of a sandy complexion. As a pedestrian, he was without a peer. Rev. William Haller well remembers of seeing him start with good trotting horses and keep ahead. A tract of land, still in the possession of Uncle Sam, was well timbered with poplar. Shocky was in the habit of hauling the timber to his mill. One evening as he was coming in with a log, he met Judge Runkle, who said to him : " You cannot haul any more logs from that land, for I have sent Joe Sims to Cincinnati this morning to enter it." But Shocky realized the real worth of the land and determined to have it at all hazards. He borrowed the necessary money, and on that same night started, on foot, for the Queen City. On the morning of the second day, as Sims wTas going to Cincinnati, he met Shocky going home, who revealed to him that he had entered the land in question. The fact was confirmed, and Sims and Shocky went home together, one on foot, the other on horseback. On another occasion, Shocky offered to bet that he could walk from Urbana to Cincinnati in one day, but met with no takers. He accomplished the feat, however, to the great delight of the settlers. At another time, he undertook to make better time than the Xenia and Urbana stage. In this, also, was he successful.

Up Nettle Creek, on the northwestern part of the township, there was a neighborhood of Shenandoah Y alley ; Virginians, consisting of the Wiants, Kites, Loudenbacks, Runkles and Jinkinses, most of them enterprising citizens. John Wiant was a tanner, and highly useful in his day. His sons are yet among the living, and one a talented and prominent figure in the Baptist Church. Adam Kite settled here in 1807, one-half mile east of the present residence of his son George W. He entered 200 acres at the Cincinnati Land Office. He died in 1842. Although the lowlands of the Mad River Valley could be purchased at a more reasonable figure than the highlands of this section, it was supposed by the Virginians that a land on which grew the trees of the forest could not be utilized into a grain country; therefore, they settled on the highest lands in the township.

Thomas Kenton (Simon's nephew) was a native of Virginia. He came to the Mad River Valley in about 1801. Was well made and of splendid stature, and noted for his great endurance and energetic industry. The first election held in the township, in 1805, was held at his house. He lived to a ripe age and possessed a remarkable memory up to the time of his death. Ezekial Arrowsmith, a brother-in-law of Kenton, emigrated from Mason County, Ky. They left on the 3d of December, 1801, and arrived in the township in the same month. His actual settlement was made in Concord Township some years after.

John Kain entered a tract of land in the river valley in the year 1808. In 1810, he sold it to one Hill, and left for the West. On the western boundaries, settlements were made by William Hendricks, Jessie Goddart and a man named Dibert. Jacob Arney, a native of North Carolina, settled near the site of Terre Haute. Two Kentuckians, John Rouse and Elijah Standerford, were his nearest neighbors. The locality settled by Owens received, in the period of 1801 to 1806, the families of Mark and William Kenton and of William and Elijah Harbor. Henry Ritter was another early pioneer; he afterward removed to Adams Township.

Basil West settled near the town of Westville in 1805. When he came he was poverty stricken. He negotiated for a cow and agreed to pay for her at a stated time in the future. When the time expired, he paid the money as promised, remarking that it would certainly have been impossible for him to support his family had it not been for the cow.

We close our catalogue of early settlers by mentioning the names of John Hamilton, Christian and John Normand, John Norman, Robert McFarland,

Clark, Thomas Pierce, John Wiley, Joseph Diltz, Adam Wise, Thomas Anderson, Henry Newcomb, Wrn. Custor, Hugh McSherry, George and John Steinbarger, George Faulkner, William and Henry Bacom, John Taylor, Arnold, Abraham and William Custor. There are others who deserve honorable mention, but space forbids.

Biographical Sketches Of Later Arrivals

John Haller was a native of Pennsylvania, but left for Kentucky in 1796, when quite young. He is described as being a spare, active man, weighing about one hundred and thirty-five pounds. His hair was of an auburn color, his complexion medium. He married a lady who wTas a Virginian by birth, but who was brought to Kentucky when a child. The nuptials were celebrated in 1798. Haller, in company with others, came to Ohio on foot, in 1796, to look at the country - then an Indian wilderness - and was delighted with the rich valleys of Miami and Mad River. In 1807, he again explored the Mad River Valley. He was well pleased with the country, and proposed to emigrate ; but the dark war-cloud was gathering between this and the mother country, and, as it was certain that the savages would unite with the British and resent the intrusion by the pale-faced emigrants, he hesitated. Finally, he resolved to brave the danger, and, in October, 1812, bid adieu to Kentucky friends and landed in Urbana. In Urbana, he remained until 1814, when he removed to the mouth of Nettle Creek, in this township, following his trade of blacksmithing. At about thirty-five years of age, he became a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and was rigid in the observance of discipline. He opposed the use of alcoholic drinks, and would not allow any one to indulge in them while on his premises. For many years he filled the office of Justice of the Peace. His decisions were just, and never failed to give satisfaction. He finally disposed of his real estate and removed to near Defiance, where he passed his declining years. He died peacefully and without pain, fully prepared to meet his God. William, his son, was born in 1801. Until recently, he was a prominent resident of this township. A few years ago, he removed to a farm near Kingston, in Salem Township. In his early days, he made a covenant to lead the life of a Christian. Has been a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church for many years. He enjoys the love and esteem of his fellowmen, and, when death calls for him, hovering angels will exclaim, " Well done, thou good and faithful servant ! " He is now in his seventy-ninth year, but still retains the vigor of manhood, and possesses an excellent memory. To him are we indebted for much valuable information.

Lewis Cook was born in Vermont in 1777. Here he lived until twentyone years of age, when he removed to the Avestern part of New York, where he remained until 1812. Up to this time, he had enjoyed a life of single blessedness, but now, at the age of thirty-five, concluded that it was not well for man to live alone, and took unto himself a helpmate in the person of Miss Annie Peck. A short time after, accompanied by his bride and father-in-law, he started down the Ohio on a flat-boat. The party landed at Cincinnati, and the men obtained employment with Gen. Harrison. In 1816, he and his brotherin-law, Earthman Warren, emigrated to this township with their families, and settled on Section 18. Upon their arrival, they saw nothing but a dense mass of forest trees. They proceeded at once to erect a place of abode. A large oak was cut down, poles were placed in the ground parallel with the fallen tree, o,nd the two were connected by a roof of boughs and some lumber which they were fortunate enough to obtain. Deer were roaming through the woods in large numbers, but were never molested by Cook, he being no hunter. He was very poor, and exerted himself night and day in endeavoring to retain the land permanently. His wife died in 1823, and, two years after, he was united with Bodaisa Fay. She died in 1880. In 1832, he again took unto himself a wife, Mary Hartwell being the chosen one. In after years, he sold the old homestead, and, with his son Lewis, took a trip to Illinois. While there, he was taken suddenly ill, and erelong was a corpse. He was buried where he died. His wife also died while on a visit to the same State some years after. Three children survive, viz., Percy (wife of George Enock, now a resident of Kansas), Calvin (who possesses the " home farm ") and Louisa (wife of Nicholas Shafer, residing in this county).

John Lee was born in Maryland. In 1810, he came to New Lancaster, in this State, with his wife, nee Elizabeth Lomond. They lived there two years, and then removed to this county, settling on a tract of land located three miles northeast of Urbana. Mr. Lee died here two years later. In 1818, Mrs. Lee, with four children, settled on the northeast corner of Section 19 ; the land they purchased from one Glover. Mrs. Lee was married to Philip Stout, in 182T, with whom she lived happily until her death, which occurred in 1848. William Lee, her son, now occupies the homestead ; has accumulated considerable property, and is a well-known and influential citizen. Of the remaining surviving children, James is a resident of Oregon ; Richard resides in Iowa ; Fannie, now Mrs. Thomas, lives in Indiana.

Benjamin Gard was born in Clark County in 1814. In after years, he removed across the line to this township, where he now lives, enjoying the fruits of economy and industry. During a recent conversation with the writer, he remarked that he had traveled over nine States ; but had found no locality so attractive as the beautiful Mad River Valley.

David Loudenback, Sr., a native of Virginia, settled here in 1817 ; lived here five years, then removed to Concord Township, where he died in 1851. His son, David, Jr., returned to Mad River Township in 1829, beginning his > career as a pedagogue. He made a permanent settlement in 1832. In 1842, he was elected Justice of the Peace, and continued in office until the year 1878. During his long term of office, he dispensed justice in accordance with the law, and, with one single exception, never had a case reversed by a higher court. He has now retired to private life, but his time is much given to the settlement of estates and other legal matters. He has still in his possession a chair made by him in 1829.

Peter Baker, accompanied by his wife and nine children, came here from Virginia in 1816. Prior to their entrance to this township, they stopped at Columbus, as they had been informed that cheap homes could be purchased in the vicinity of that city. The land had been reserved for Revolutionary soldiers, however, and Baker was foiled in his attempt to settle there. The farm now owned by his son, Simon, was entered December 24, 1816. Peter settled on the land now owned by Joseph Rhodes. When they came to their future home, the land was found to consist of one dense forest of green beech-trees. Simon erected a cabin on his tract, and covered it with a shingle roof - the first in the settlement. Peter died at the age of ninety-four. His son, Simon, is still occupying the old farm. His fellow-citizens have elected him repeatedly to all the township offices, except Justice of the Peace. He erected the brick building which he now occupies, in 1835.

Joseph Rhodes came from Virginia with his uncle, John Craybill, in 1835, performing most of the journey on foot. He located in this township, and pursued his trade of shoemaking. A few years later, he removed to Urbana Township, and there erected a mill, which was afterward destroyed by fire. Growing restless, he again left, and this time settled in the State of Indiana. In 1853, he settled on a portion of Section 26, where he resides at present. His brother, Noah, came here in 1856, and purchased a part of the farm. Mr. Rhodes is seventy-one years of age, and never left the state of single blessedness.

John Jenkins was born in Shenandoah County, Va., about the year 1789. In 1811, he was united with Polly Burkholder. They left for Ohio in 1832, traveling on two horses. Several children were born before their departure. A son named Morgan walked the entire distance ; thirty-one days were consumed in making the trip. When one-half the journey had been completed, they found themselves in need of provisions. They stopped at the house of a German and asked permission to wash their clothing, inquiring also of the family if they had butter to sell. The people received them very ungraciously, and, in the German language, ridiculed them. Finally, Mrs. Jenkins addressed them in German, which had the desired effect. They were accorded a cordial reception and all their necessary wants supplied. The little knowledge of the German dialect possessed by Mrs. J. had changed the state of affairs. The Jenkins family settled at Wilmington, Clinton Co., in this State, at which place they remained until the year 1835. Thence they removed to the immediate vicinity of St. Paris, in this county. Here they remained for a number of years. The father finally removed to Indianapolis, Ind., where he died. Of eleven children, but two are now residents of this township - David and Morgan L. David haS been married four times, and is now living happily with his fourth wife. Morgan has been a resident of Terre Haute for nearly forty years. He follows his trade of shoemaking, and keeps a general store. He is classed as one of the representative citizens of the village.

David Miller is a native of Virginia, and was born in 1813. His father died when he (David) was but seven years of age, and he was adopted by an uncle named Good. At the death of the latter he was taken into the family of his son. At the age of sixteen he left his native land, accompanied by the Goods, George Serkle and the Kesslers - Abe and Jacob. The party traveled in wagons which were drawn by four horses. The party settled on different sections in this township. Two years later, Miller removed to Clark County, where he engaged himself to a wagon-maker as an apprentice. In 1836, he erected a wagon-shop on Storm's Creek, near the present village of - Terre Haute. There was no other establishment of a like nature in the country, except those located at Urbana. Mr. Miller now resides in Terre Haute, leading a life of quietude, free from business cares, and enjoys the fruits of his own personal industry. He is one of the enterprising citizens of the village, and has con- tributed largely to all legitimate schemes offered for the public good. He is a stanch supporter of the proposed railroad, having subscribed a large sum to further its construction. He is an exemplary Christian and a good neighbor, honored and loved by all who know him.

When the earliest pioneers made their entree into the dense forests of thistownship, a beautiful, but discouraging sight was exposed to view. A picture more sublime than that produced by nature's artist cannot be imagined. The beautiful river valley, with its streams of living waters flowing through the green and mossy surface, presented an inviting aspect to the seekers of natural scenery. But to the seeker of a home, which was to be secured by the productions of the country, a picture differing largelv from the one just described, was presented. It is true that the beauties of nature filled his soul with admiration. But gazing and admiring these beauties promised no remuneration. The normal condition of the lands, the inferior facilities for preparing the soil and the wolf that threatened his door admonished him that years of toil were in store for him. That self-same spirit of determination which had induced him to separate from home and friends, and which had accompanied him on the perilous and tedious journey to the wilds of Ohio, did not forsake him. With the ax, brought from the land of his nativity, he erects a rude cabin for himself and family. The frugal meal of corn bread and venison is eaten with relish. He proceeds at once to fell the trees surrounding his cabin. Day after day, the echo of the never-failing ax resounds in the forest. An occasional arrival of a new family who have determined to seek their fortunes in these wilds, fills his heart with joy. In the spring following, all the pioneers of the neighborhood assembled to engage in "log-rolling." When the task is completed at one place, they proceed to another, and so on until all the trees that have fallen victims to the ax are removed. Then the ground is upturned with the aid of tl e wooden mold-board plow. Slowly but surely is the work executed. In the autumn, he has the satisfaction of seeing his first crop of corn and wheat. The products consisted in addition of potatoes and a few other indispensable necessities. The corn was crushed by the u family corn-cracker," an implement well remembered by the older residents, and which is described in another part of this work. The wheat had to be conveyed to Sandusky City, where it was taken in exchange for salt, coffee, etc. A few years later, we discover that a change has taken place. Much more land is being cultivated, mills are springing up in the vicinity, settlements are being made rapidly, and an era of general prosperity seems to have reached the community. And yet much was still to be accomplished. Roads were to be cut out, schools established and religious societies organized. The impifovements were made slowly. The first brick house built within the township limits was not erected until the year 1823. This house was built by Charles Rector, and is now owned by Benjamin Gard. Mr. Rector lived in a double log house previous to the time in which the brick was erected. The log building was destroyed by fire. In 1832, but one-fourth of the land was cleared, and very few farms boasted of frame or brick dwellings, though some of them were roofed with shingles. The continual tide of immigration effected constant changes and improvements, and though a period of but fourscore years has passed away, scarcely a vestige of the former scenes of pioneer life remains. They have been buried under the waves of oblivion, in their stead have appeared all the improvements of modern times. In the language of Tupper, in his veneration for old haunts, the surviving pioneer exclaims :

We scarce need mention the fact that, four score years ago, the denizens of the forests predominated in this country. When the first boat of European adventurers landed on American shores, they found that the newly discovered continent was inhabited by a race of uncivilized people whom they called Indians. Year after year the latter were driven back to the dense forests to< make way for the increasing white population. Centuries passed away, and the red man had learned to look upon the pale-face with a deadly hatred, and after a desperate resistance only could he be induced to migrate still further westward to the deep recesses of an endless forest. Prior to the beginning of the nineteenth century, the section of the country now known as Champaign County was inhabited almost exclusively by Indians. One by one came the* Virginians and Kentuckians, and took up their abode with the red men. For a number of years they were left unmolested ; the male portion of the tribe devoted themselves to hunting and fishing, while the women cultivated a small patch of ground and begged whisky of the whites. In the year 1806, the Indians manifested a hostile disposition, which continued for a number of years* No encounters took place in this township, but rumors of Indian depredations, in the surrounding country became rife, and the pioneers made preparations for self-protection. To provide for a place of safety in case of an attack, it was. determined to build

A Fortification

"To the best of my recollection it was in 1807 that the settlers in the valley on the north side of the township, from their exposed condition to the savages, erected a fort by inclosing about one-fourth of an acre with buildings and pickets. It was erected at the residence of Thomas Kenton, on the southwest quarter of Section 12, Township 4, Range 11. It was quadrangular in form* His two cabins stood about ten feet apart. The space between was to be used, as an inlet for any needed purpose, and protected with a swinging gate of split timber. These pickets were made of split logs planted in the ground and reaching ten or twelve feet high. These flat sides (for they were doubled) wereplaced together, thus shutting the joints completely, and formed the north side. The east and -west sides were made with log buildings, the roofs slanting inwards and high enough on the inside for a doorway into them. On the outside, about the height of the inner eave, was a projection sufficient to prevent; the enemy from climbing up, and a space of a few inches was left between the -lower wall and jut that could be used for port-holes in case the Indians were to* come to set fire to the buildings or any like purpose. There was one building about the center of the south side, and the other spaces were closed with, pickets. There was a well of water within the inclosure. Fortunately, they never had need to use it for the purpose for which it was erected."

The following incidents are obtained from the above source : In those early days, an Indian came to Thomas Kenton to buy a horse. His horses were out running at large, as was the custom at that time. They went together to hunt them, and when they found them my father's horses were with them, and one - a fine young horse for that day - took the Indian's eye. He would not even notice any of the others. After inquiring whom he belonged to, he came to my father to see if he would sell him, and what was his price. Father asked $80. He offered $70. After parleying awhile, the Indian held up both hands seven times and one hand once, and on that proposition they traded. He had but $74 to pay down, but promised to be back at a certain time to pay the other, which he did at the time promised. This is written to show that there was honor and honesty with the Indians.

About 1818, it was a common thing for the Lewistown Indians, with their families, to come to this neighborhood in the summer. They would make camps covered with bark, in some pleasant shady grove, where the squaws with their papooses would stay. The men would hunt deer or lie about their camp. Their squaws were generally busy making or peddling their baskets among the people around about for something to eat. Amongst them, on one of their visits, was an old acquaintance of my father's named Coldwater. He came to o^r house to buy some bacon on credit, and promised to pay at some time in specie, for he said he had specie at home. At that time the banks, or many of them, had failed ; so it was necessary in dealing to know what kind of money was to be used in the trade. He got the bacon, but, unlike the other Indian, never paid for it. These two Indians exemplified an old man's expression when speaking of the different religious denominations, 'I hope that there are bad and good amongst all of them.' "

Daring the time of Indian hostilities, a drove of hogs were attacked by bears while feeding on the land at the head of Chapman's Creek. The noise and commotion was observed by the settlers, who imagined the hogs Were being killed by Indians. It was supposed that the latter, after enjoying a supper of fresh pork, would attack the settlement. The people acting on the strength of this supposition and without making any investigation, repaired to the Kiser Fort, near Tremont. The excitement was great, and the entire neighborhood flocked to the fort for protection. Careful investigation disclosed the fact that no cause for alarm existed. On this occasion, a number of pioneers obtained shelter in the McBeth Fort. On the morning of the following day, Mr. Kiser, the Commander-in-chief of Fort Kiser, stationed the men on the immediate front of the fort and commanded them to fire by platoons. The report of the guns was heard by the occupants of Fort McBeth, who were now in a state of great fear, as they supposed that the Indians were engaged in open battle with the whites. They fastened the entrance of the fort securely, using the utmost precaution. When they finally discovered their mistake, there was much rejoicing. The precaution against intrusion had been so well planned and executed that fully six hours passed away before the last obstruction could be removed.

When this township was yet in its infancy, no system of, drainage had been adopted, and, as a natural consequence, much of the Mad River Valley consisted of large bodies of water which were fed by the innumerable springs. Around these lakes the Indians wTere wmnt to gather. The land now owned by John Kiser, was a favorite resort for the savages. In 1812, a battle took place between the Indians and a party of Kentuckians on the land just mentioned -

I Section 7. The savages obtained a position on a mound from whence they could command a view of the surroundings, and arrange their position accordingly. After a short and decisive battle, the whites beat a retreat. . They returned to Kentucky, obtained re- enforcements and again attacked the savages. This time the former occupied the prominent positions. The savages fought desperately but the fates were against them. They were shot down from every side and massacred almost to a man. But few escaped to tell the story.

Some twenty years ago, Mr. Kiser found on his farm an ancient ornament, which was probably attached to a flag-staff. Mr. K. took it to Springfield and it was at first conjectured that the ornament was made from pure gold, but careful investigation disclosed that this supposition was unfounded. Historians contend that the flag-staff was brought to this country by the British, and that it afterward fell into the hands of the Indians, and was lost by them during one of the encounters just described.

With the death of Tecumseh came peace and prosperity. Disheartened and driven back the poor savage was compelled to seek a home in the forests of the West, leaving behind him forever the scenes of his former greatness.

An inducement to settlers worthy of note, was the outgrowth of privilege to worship according to conscientious views granted with readiness. At first it was found expedient to unite irrespective of predilections, and worship harmoniously together. The little bands would worship in their respective dwellings, until each acquired sufficient strength, when societies were formed. Soon rude log meeting-houses were constructed, from which songs of praise reverberated in the forests.

The first class was organized at Ezekiel Arrowsmith's, Rev. Robert McFarland serving as Class-leader. About thirty members constituted the organization. Of these, Rev. William Haller is the only one yet living. Verily, time haswrought its changes. It is related that one Van Meter married a lady named Reynolds, who was a member of this class. Van Meter attended the meetings, but not through choice, as he was strenuously opposed to worshiping in the small, heated room in Arrowsmith's dwelling. Becoming disgusted, he, one Sabbath, crawled through the aperture in the wall while the brethren were engaged in prayer. The surprise and horror of the latter when they discovered that the bird had flown, can be more easily imagined than described.

A log meeting-house was built on the land of William Ross, by the Methodists. The Baptists erected a house of worship on Nettle Creek, which was also of logs. In 1820, a log church was built by the Methodists on the land of Christian Stephens. These buildings were uncomfortable, and, as soon as circumstances would permit, more commodious houses were erected. In connection with this brief sketch of pioneer religious organizations, we cannot forbear to mention the names of those who brought the glad tidings of peace and good-will to the disconsolate. They deserve a place in history, and should be held in everlasting remembrance. Following we append the names of some of the Baptist ministers: John Thomas, John Gutridge, William Harper, Moses Frazee, Willis Hance, Daniel Bryant, Thomas Price, John Norman, Samuel Williams, William Fuson. Of the brethren of the Methodist Church, we mention : Henry B. Bascum, Moses Trader, Adjet McGuire, Robert, James and John FindLy, John Strange, Russell Biglow, John Collins, W. H. Raper, Augustus Eddy,

'George Marley, George Walker, Michael Marley, Leroy Swormstead and Daniel D. Davidson. All of these have long since departed this life and gone to their reward.

Rev. William Haller, in an interesting communication to the " History of Logan and Champaign Counties," furnishes a brief description of the personal appearance of the most remarkable of these men, together with their peculiarities. We extract the description verbatim :

" I take the Baptist brethren first. John Thomas was a small, light man, -Vdark hair and complexion, deliberate, cautious, not venturesome, and possessed of great strength and endurance for one of his size. * Gutridge was just the opposite - fluent, bold, assuming ; would dash ahead if he did run against a stump, which he sometimes did. He cared for his stomach. In a travel once, he stopped with a sister for dinner on wash-day. When seated at table, the lady said they had a plain dinner. 4 Yes,' said Gutridge, 4 it is plain fare, but wholesome diet.' The lady replied : 4 If you are a good man, it is good enough ; if not, a thousand times too good.' Frazee was prized by his brethren for his adherence to his doctrines, and had considerable ability to defend them. Willis Hance was acceptable amongst his brethren. Daniel Bryant is still living. [He has died since the above was written. - The Author.] I have heard him when young and since he has become aged, and feel it just to say that I consider him among the talented in any branch of the Christian church. For originality he is not surpassed by any of his brethren that I have heard. Thomas Price has been esteemed by his brethren for his piety. I would say a zeal, but not according to knowledge. James Dunlap was an old-time preacher; was popular in his day. I have spoken of my Baptist brethren that I had known in early youth and manhood. I may now speak of my Methodist brethren, of whom I know more and can say more. Bascum was among the first ; somewhat foppish in appearance, and of medium stature. He had great command of language. At the time, his audiences were spell-bound, but soon the enchanti ment would evaporate, and you had only to fall back on the occasion. Trader was able, but contentious, and seemed to say, ' I am watching you.' McGuire was able, benignant, and wished you to see the purity and appropriateness of the Gospel system. Old Robert Findly had great ability, even when aged ; was strict, rigid in law and order, and drilled his flock. John Findly was mild, persuasive and logical. James Findly was a large, muscular man, bold, defiant, ready for combat, and was a Boanarges, and would awe into reverence. You would think he intended to try and shake creation, and yet sometimes he would touch the sympathies of his hearers. Rupel Biglow was quite small, and homely almost to deformity. When he preached, he would lay his premises as carefully as a skillful general would arrange his forces for battle. He would comprehend the obstacles to be overcome, see that his forces were sufficient, every officer in his place, men and munitions properly arranged, and then the word would be given. Shell and shot, large and small arms, grape and canister, as though the heavens and earth were coming together, and in the consternation he would charge bayonets and complete the destruction. Such seemed to be His power over men. John Collins was spare, light and sprightly. His method was conversational. With rich, mellow voice, a heart throbbing with tender emotions, he would commence talking to you, his kindness would win on you till you would be in his power ; then he would deal out some circumstances so pathetically given, that the whole audience would weep in perfect response to the preacher's wish. After you were seated, and had listened awhile, you could not leave if you would, nor you would not if you could. Augustus Eddy was a -fine-looking man, and had a clear, strong, musical voice. The intonations seemed to have a magic power over you, as he would urge you to pause and think, and you would be likely to promise.

" John Strange I had forgotten. He was a slender, tall, man, prepossessing in appearance ; when speaking, he would throw out his strong, shrill voice, till lie would arrest attention, then he would hold you in a kind of suspense as though some commotion in nature was in expectation. The sinner would he in a state of alarm ; then he would summon all his strength and pierce the wicked as though a well-aimed gun had sent a ball to pierce the heart, and ^sometimes sinners would fall as if shot in reality.

" William Raper was perhaps as fine a looking man as ever I looked upon. The attention of the audience would never fail to be attracted by the noble dignity of the preacher, and the inevitable conclusion would be : " That you are a finished gentleman, and a wise counselor," and you would cheerfully take a ;seat near the speaker; his clear logic and profound thought so modestly given, would prepossess you in his favor ; you would begin to desire his companionship, and thus he could lead you against your pre-conceived opinions.

" George Marley was the most remarkable for native eccentricity of any in my knowledge. He had good preaching abilities. His audience would alternate between laughing and crying, just at Marley 's pleasure, and it was perfectly natural - it may have been unavoidable. He was desired to preach once at each conference.

" George Walker w~as a large, stout man with a strong voice, and vehement in his manner. His assaults were made as by storm ; his spirit was kill or be killed ; not comprising, nothing daunted or impeding, but onward to victory. His mantle has fallen on but few.

" Leroy Swormstead traveled here when a young man, or rather, a whitekeaded boy ; he was medium in stature. I only remember that he was quite able. Daniel D. Davidson was a lean, long man, of good size, and very fine voice nnd good preaching abilities - a faithful Pastor and able divine.

" Michael Marley, was a well-made, hardy man of good size. His appearance indicated a man of thought and fixed principles, and seemed to say : " Treat me and my views respectfully, for they are sustainable by the highest authorities." And when put to the test, he never failed to make good his purpose. I think I have never known the man who could go into the depths of theology equal with Michael Marley, and he was a student to the end of his life. He would remind one of a man stationed at divergent roads in the wilderness, all unsafe but one, and a departure would hazard life, and it was his business to set them in the safe way. He was able to reconcile apparent conflicting passages of Scripture, showing their meaning as they stood connected with other passages of Scripture, thus clearly bringing out and presenting truth ; and, when in his strength, he had great ability to force and apply his logical conclusions.

" On hearing Alfred Cookman, I thought he might be equal to Marley in this respect, but I only heard him twice, and in this, he seemed quite able to bring up to those deep thoughts that seemed beneath the surface, and to apply them; and I regret that these great men have gone, and that we can hear them no more.

" The difference between them as it strikes me is this : that Cookman would point to the safe road, all strewn with flowers and beautified vith evergreens, and make the impression that all the flowery paths were p iths of peace, and then he would go out with that grateful smile and thus win the misguided to that peaceful way ; while Marley would describe the safety and security of his way, and then point to the danger of those divergent roads, and send out its thrilling, warning voice, showing the dreadful results, reaching out through countless ages, so as to alarm the fears of the guilty."

In the preceding pages, we have endeavored to describe the manner in which religion was introduced into the pioneer homes, referring also to the characteristics of some of the most remarkable proclaimers of Gospel liberty. It is now our pleasant task to record briefly, the histories of the different churches now in existence.

Westville M. H. Church. - This church is the offspring of the first religious organization of the township. In 1801, a sermon was preached under a sugartree, on the land of Ezekiel Arrowsmitn, by Rev. James Davidson. This, the first Scriptural discourse, was listened to by a large concourse of people. Soon after, a society was organized, and meetings were held in the log houses of Christian Stephens, Arthur Elliott and Mr. Brockmyer. The society prospered favorably, and, in 1820, erected a log house of worship on the land of Stephens. In this building they continued holding services until 1826, at which time the increasing membership demanded the erection of a more commodious structure. A neat one-story brick, 45x60, was built at Westville. The material for the same was obtained at a nominal figure, and the total cost of the church did not exceed $1,000. Rev. Lewis White was the minister at that time. This building served the purpose for which it was erected until the winter of 1877-7 8. When it was destroyed by fire. In the spring of 187 8, a new building was erected at a cost of $5,000. This building is a neat one and one-half story edifice, and well furnished within. Services are held regularly, and, altogether, the society is prospering in intelligence and membership.

Terre Haute M. H. Church. - Diligent research has failed to trace the origin of this church. We will, however, endeavor to portray with as much accuracy as possible the career of the organization. That portion of the membership connected with the original society, residing in the southern part of the township, proceeded to erect a building on the land owned by William Ross, which was located in their midst. A desire to overcome the obstacles in the ' way of attending a church located so far from their homes was the object of this step. The house was built in 1814, and of logs. William Weaver was elected as one of the first Trustees, and has been continued in that office to this day. The society was re-organized in 1835 by Rev. Joshua Boucher, and, immediately after, the present edifice was erected at Terre Haute. Formerly, this was one of the most prosperous churches in the county. The many churches in the neighborhood have had their detrimental effects, and the society is now hovering between life and death. Rev. John Black is the present minister.

The Baptist Church - Located one-half mile south of Westville, on the Valley Pike, is recorded as one of the oldest in the township. In 1806, some of the members of the King's Creek Church, in Salem Township, obtained letters of dismissal, and at once proceeded with others to effect an organization; in this township, at the dwelling of Henry Pence. The Mad River Baptist Association was formed in 1812, and this church connected itself with the same. The primary meeting of this organization was held at the house of Abijah Ward. In 1819, a log building was erected on the site of the present building. A few years later the society concluded to put up a brick edifice, which wasoccupied for a number of years. The present building was afterward erected..

Recently, a new roof was put on the structure, and it was also remodeled within. Since its organization the following ministers have proclaimed the glad tidings' of eternal life: John Thomas, John Norman, John Gutridge, Moses Frazee, Sr., Samuel Williams (served thirty years), E. D. Thomas, John M. Thompson (present incumbent). At times the church has met with adversities, but is now in a living condition. The building now used is a one and one-half story brick, the dimensions of which are 45x60.

Myrtle-Tree Church. - From a well-written history of this church, compiled by the Clerk, Mr. Amos Norman, we condense the following : The church was organized April 24, 1830, by Elder William Fuson. The first meeting was held on the first Sunday of the same month and year. It was estimated that one thousand people were present on the occasion, every section of the county being represented. It may be of interest to our readers why and under what circumstances the church received its name. A short time before the organization the wife of Elder Fuson had a dream. She had read the first chapter of Zachariah before retiring for the night, and meditated on the beauty of the myrtle tree. When asleep, she dreamed of the tree in the lovely valley, and beheld it in all its glory. It was her request that the church should be christened Myrtle-Tree, to which the others acquiesced. Following are the names of the original members : George Pine, Bryant Moody, John Harnest, James Pine, William Fuson, Phebe Moody, Ann Harnest, Sarah Pine, Sarah Pine, Sr., Deidamia Fuson, Lucy Comer, Elizabeth Whitmore. These have all since passed to that better land. Eight of the above received their letters of dismissal from the Symm's Creek Baptist Church, Lawrence County, in this State. The remaining five were formerly members of the Nettle Creek Church. John Harnest was the name of the first baptismal candidate ; he was a fellow soldier in the Revolutionary war with the father of Elder Fuson, and the first person buried in the cemetery of the church. September 11, 1830, John Harnest, Jr., was elected Clerk, and John Harnest, Sr., Deacon. A house of worship was erected shortly after the organization of the church on the land purchased of Samuel Kite ; a calico dress for Mrs. Kite was the consideration. Elder Fuson continued as minister of the church until September 25, 1841, at which time he resigned on account of old age. Rev. James Randle has been minister since 1870. Amos Norman has officiated as Clerk since 1866. Since the organization a total of 589 names have been enrolled on the registers. A building committee was appointed March 27, 1880, and empowered to arrange for the erection of a new edifice. The old building was torn down, and a new one is now in course of construction.

Harmony Baptist Church , located on the Kirkpatrick Pike, was organized in 1857 by Revs. John Ebbert and David Runkle. The original members were dissolvents of the Myrtle-Tree Church. The first meeting was held at the barn of John Lutz, and subsequently meetings were held in the schoolhouse. In 1858, the organization contracted with Josiah Lutz for the erection of a church. Soon after, the members had the satisfaction of worshiping in a neat one-story building, 32x36. Rev. Beane is the present Pastor. The membership is sixtytwo. A Sabbath school was organized in 1875 by Rev. Nixon. Philip Stover was the first Superintendent. The school has a membership of thirty. Charles M. Bragg, Superintendent.

Westvitle Universalist Church. - This body was organized April 29, 1877. It was composed of one Pastor, three Deacons, three Trustees, one Treasurer, one Secretary, which were chosen from a number of sixteen, being the sum total of the organization when in its infancy. In this condition, it was admitted into the State Convention held at Belpre, Ohio, in Jane following. A temple of worship was erected, in the summer of the same year, at a cost of $8,000, paid for largely by Squire Loudenback. The church was dedicated January 13, 1878, by Rev. S. P. Carlton, who has been its Pastor up to this time. The membership has swelled to 106. The church has for its object the promotion of Christianity and the elevation of mankind.

Early Industries

Our forefathers were not favored with the endless improvements of these modern times. They did not enjoy the advantages offered by the complicated machinery of the present day. And yet, the genius of invention claimed her rights in the American forests in those early days. When the harvest was over, it was necessary that the grain be converted into flour ; that the corn be converted into meal. For a time, family corn-crackers were used.

The first mill was erected by John Norman, on Nettle Creek, where B. Wiant's mill now stands. Norman placed a slight obstruction in the channel, where he had a wheel for the water to flow against, and a little primitive gearing set in motion a small stone that he picked up on his land. When he got Lis mill in running order, he would fill the hopper in the morning, then would leave to engage in other labor until noon, when he would again replenish the hopper, and fill the sacks with meal or cracked corn to the same height that they were with corn, he having made a hole in the sack with a bodkin before emptying them. John Pence built a mill on Nettle Creek in 1819. One Steinbarger erected a mill at the time of the construction of Norman's mill- The modus operandi of these milling institutions was similar to the one above described.

Much time was consumed in converting the grain into grist, and yet the building of each mill was hailed with joy, for the country was devoid of good roads, and travel was attended with many impediments ; hence the settlers longed to have a mill near at hand and easy of access.

William Runkle (afterward Judge Runkle) was a tanner. John Wiants was also a tanner, and considered master of his trade. These men were valuable additions to the neighborhood. The hides of the cattle were tanned into shoe-leather, and made up into shoes by the traveling shoemakers of those

Hess built a distillery on the Valley Pike some twenty-five years ago. He operated the institution successfully for a number of years, but was finally plunged into financial ruin, and left the country destitute and broken down. The building may yet be seen standing, but is slowly, yet surely, falling a victim to the laws of decay.

The old Wiant Mill, on the Urbana and St. Paris Pike, has been re-built. Steam-power was introduced some twelve years ago, and saw-milling facilities were added. The establishment is now owned by J. C. Vincent, and is largely patronized by the inhabitants of the surrounding country. There are now four flouring-mills and six saw-mills in the township.

Pioneer Incidents

In "ye olden times," the scarcity of trading-points was a matter of great inconvenience to the pioneers. It was customary to haul four-horse wagonloads of grain to Sandusky or Cincinnati. Here the produce was sold at a nominal figure - wheat at 25 cents per bushel ; corn at 10 cents per bushel ; pork at $1.50 per hundred weight. The drivers of these conveyances did not enjoy lives of comfort and ease, by any means. Their journeys, on the contrary, were attended with many privations. William Weaver relates, that, while returning from a trip to Sandusky, he was compelled to spend the night in the open air. Upon awakening in the morning, he found himself enveloped in snow. His iron constitution prevented the probability of any serious consequences.

Several pear-tree3 that were planted on the farm of Calvin Cook, sixtythree years ago, are yet in a healthy condition, and bear a bountiful crop each year.

In the year 1830, a number of Virginians came to this township, purchasing the farms of the settlers, most of which were in a good state of cultivation. Six dollars per acre was the average price paid for these lands. The settlers removed to Allen and Auglaize Counties, where they entered land at $1.25 per acre. Their children were arriving at maturity, and a desire to own land sufficient to provide for all of them was the object of this change.

By reference to the list of township officials, it will be noticed that John Haller served as Justice of the Peace for a number of years. The following incident will illustrate his unfaltering career as a public officer : A son of his engaged in hunting rabbits on the Sabbath Day. This desecration of the Lord's day was considered unlawful by the Squire. The culprit was arrested on the following day, and convicted after a fair and impartial trial. He was fined $5. The young lad was not worth that sum. But the demands of the law must be acceded to, and, to overcome the difficulty, the Squire himself paid the fine.

When the township was organized, a resolution prohibiting persons of color from settling within the township limits was passed by the people, showing the state of feeling then existing.

The writer does not wish to be considered disrespectful, and yet he is disposed, by actual observation, to conclude that Mad River can produce more bachelors and old maids than any other township in the county. Whether this is the result of pioneer instruction or not, we are not prepared to say. Recently, several persons, whose ages ranged from fifty to seventy years, left the state of single blessedness, to devote their remaining years to connubial bliss. "It is never too late to mend."

The pioneer was exempt from all the advantages offered by the educational interests of the present day. No beautiful gothic edifices, produced by the combined skill of the architect and the contractor, were opened for the reception of the pupils ; no collegiate graduate offered his services as pedagogue. The humble log cabin, with its huge fire-place and greased paper windows, served as a schoolhouse. A person whose intellectual powers were superior only to those of the most ignorant, acted as schoolmaster. The Bible, Webster's speller, and such other publications as could be obtained, constituted the text-books. But, by diligent study and firmness of purpose, many of the pupils of that day rose to a high degree of distinction. These subscription schools were continued until 1826. In that year, the township was laid off into eight school districts, containing 283 families. Competent teachers were engaged, and thus the friends of education had great cause for rejoicing. Among the early teachers, now living, who were employed under the provisions of the Common School Law, we mention Isaac Neff and David Laudenback. The former began teaching in 1842, and continued for twenty years ; the latter began in 1829, and continued for a number of years. There are now twelve substantial schoolhouses, eleven of which are brick structures. They are well attended, in charge of reliable and intelligent instructors, and offer enticing inducements to the youth.

We are unable to give the date of the of the township organization and the names of officers elected at the first election. From an old record of the township, dated 1813, we have obtained the subsequent information. As one of the first official acts of the Trustees of 1813, we copy the following verbatim , orthography and all :

August 24, 1813 : Then Ordered by Trustees of M R T Make out a List of Tax on Township in Order to Settle the Different Claims that is or may be before next April Against sd Township Say 50 or 60 Dollars and Make a List for Each Constable as to them most convenient In form as the Law Directs and bind them in bonds as the Law Directs for Collection and paying to treasurer. This by Order as above David Bayles T Clerk. In conformity to the above I have Maid out Assessment for them and handed to the Proper Officers for Collection as the Law Directs by Order of the Trustees A. Bayles T. Clerk.

April, 1813, the Trustees allowed the following claim : " Mad River Township, debtor, to William Darnell, for Warning township officers, 50 cents."

April IT, 1815, the township was laid out in three districts for road purposes, and Christian Stephens, Peter Smith and Nathan Darnall, appointed Supervisors.

" By the authority vested in us by law, we, William Stephens, John Haller and Archibald McGrew, Jr., Trustees of Mad River Township, do appoint you, William Owens, Supervisor of the State Road, leading from Urbana to Troy, by John Haller. You are to begin at the crossing of Nettle " Cricke," and to work the west end as far as the township line, with the hands here mentioned, April 24, 1816: John Haller, Samuel Web, Abraham Pence, Sr., Abraham Pence, Jr., Henry Prince, Joseph Prince, Vincin Bastin, James Baggs, Samuel McMeullen, Asal Owens, John Idel, Jacob Idel, Martin Idel, Briant Moody Jesse Jones, Joseph Syms, James West, John Taylor, Shadrach D. Northcut, Ithamer Warrin, William Warrin, William Owens.

" William Owens came forward and was sworn into office according to law before me. Abraham Stephens, Township Clerk. May 10, 1817, issued William Owen's order to work the State road, also his number of hands."

On the first Monday in March, 1817, the Trustees met to select jurors for the Court of Common Pleas. Thomas Kenton, Ezekiel Arrowsmith and John Hamilton, were selected* for the grand jury ; Peter Smith, John Pence and James Thomas to the petit jury. This is the first selection of jurors by the Trustees, of which there is any record.

June 20, 1818, the survey of a township road was made by Ithamer H. Warrin. Said road commencing on the north bank of Storms' Creek, at the crossing of the county road near to John Hamilton, intersecting the county road from Boston to Urbana. Viewed on the 20th of June by John Hamilton, Francis Stephenson and Ithamer H. Warrin. May 30, 1818, an order was issued to John Hamilton, Francis Stephenson and Ithamer H. Warrin to view a township road from said Hamilton's down Storm's Creek to intersect the road leading from Urbana, on the west side of Mad River, to Boston.

For the purpose of paying all just claims exhibited against the township, the Trustees on May 30, 1818, levied the following tax : Each horse, mare, mule, etc., 3 years and upward, 18} cents ; each head of cattle, 3 years old and upward, 6} cents.

For his services as Supervisor for the year 1819, William Owens received $1.50. William Weaver, Sr., " made no charge" for the same services.

The Overseers of the Poor issued an order to Jane Taylor to depart from the township. Given to a Constable, as follows : " You are hereby commanded, forthwith, to notify Jane Taylor, a poor person, that according to law it being made to appear to us that the said Jane Taylor has no legal settlement in said township, to depart the same, and in so doing, this shall be your warrant. Dated March 8, 1821 "

Trustees met at the house of Abraham Stephens in January, 1825, for the purpose of levying a Poor and Township tax, and voted that the Clerk make out a tax for the relief of the poor to the amount of $45 to defray the expense of collecting and the debt of keeping the poor for the year 1824 ; also, a tax to defray the expense of the township officers for 1824. This is the first record of a division of the township funds into separate Poor and Township funds.*

At an election held April, 1814, the following officers were elected : Trustees, N. Hill, A. Dowden, William Wauhub; Clerk, C. Standaford; Treasurer, John Haller; Lister, C. Standaford.

1815 - Trustees, Ezekiel Arrowsmith, William Stephens, Shadrach D.Northcutt ; Clerk, Isaac Myers ; Treasurer, John Haller; Lister (Assessor), Isaac Myers ; Justices of the Peace, John Hamilton, William Stephens. August 26, 1815, Isaac Myers tendered his resignation as Clerk, and Abraham Stephens was appointed to fill the vacancy.

1816 - Trustees, William Stephens, John Haller, Archibald McGrew, Jr. ; Clerk, Abraham Stephens; Treasurer, John Haller; Lister, Abraham Stephens; Justice of the Peace, John Haller.

1817 - Trustees, Nathan Darnall, Zachariah Putman, Peter Smith ; Clerk, 'Abraham Stephens; Treasurer, John Haller; Lister, Abraham Stephens; Justice of the Peace, John Haller.

1818 - Trustees, Zachariah Putman, Elijah Bell, John Haller; Clerk, Abraham Stephens; Treasurer, John Haller; Lister, Abraham Stephens; Justice of the Peace, John Logan.

1819 - Trustees, Thos. Kenton, John Hamilton, Asal Owens ; Clerk, Abraham Stephens; Treasurer, same; Lister, same; Justice of the Peace, John Pence.

1820 - Election held at the house of Joseph Sims ; number of votes cast, one hundred and eleven. Trustees, Nathan Darnall, William Runkle, Peter

1821 - -Total number of votes cast, one hundred. Trustees, William Runkle, Peter Smith, Nathan Darnall ; Clerk, Abraham Stephens ; Treasurer, same ; Lister, same ; Justice of the Peace, Shadrach D. Northcutt.

1822 - Total number of votes cast, fifty-four. Trustees, Ezekiel Arrowsmith, John Hamilton, Jesse Godard; Clerk, Treasurer and Assessor, Abraham Stephens.

1824 - Election held at the house of Joseph Idel ; number of votes cast, eighty-seven. Trustees, Isaac Beaver, John Taylor, Archibald McGrew ; Clerk,. Lister and Treasurer, Abraham Stephens ; Justices of the Peace, John Hamilton, John Stephens.

1825 - Election held at house of John Owens. Trustees, Archibald McGrew,, Jr., William Runkle, William Darpall; Clerk, Isaac Beaver; Treasurer, John Haller ; Appraiser, Abraham Stephens.

1827 - Number of votes polled, 156. Trustees, Archibald McGrew, John Haller, John Hamilton; Clerk, Isaac Beaver; Treasurer, John Haller; Justices of the Peace, J. L. Stephens, John Hamilton, David Markelev.

At the first fall election, held October 14, 1828, 174 votes were polled, a& follows: Governor - Allen Trumble, 76; John W. Campbell, 97. For Congressman - John Yance, 80 ; John A. Alexander, 93. For Representative - John Wallace, 53 ; Adam Morgan, 107 ; Samuel McCord, 12. At the November election of the same year, 222 votes were polled for Presidential Electors.

1829 - Votes polled at the spring election, 61 ; Trustees, John Hamilton, Archibald McGrew, Joseph Smith-; Clerk, William Haller; Treasurer, John Haller (no record of other officers).

1830 - At the spring election were polled 121 votes. Trustees, John Taylor, Nathan Darnall and John Haller ; Clerk, William Haller ; Treasurer, John Haller.

1831 - Spring election, votes cast, 56. Officers elected - Trustees, John L. Stevens, Simon Baker, Nathan Darnall ; Clerk, William Haller ; Treasurer, John Haller. Number of votes polled at the October election, same year, 129.

1833 - Spring election, number of votes cast, 41. Officers elected - - Trustees, John Wiant, William Darnall, David Smith ; Clerk and Treasurer,, William Weaver.

1834 - Spring election, 34 votes polled. Officers elected - Trustees, David Smith, John L. Stevens and John Wiant ; Clerk, Simon Baker; Treasurer, Joseph B. Eaker; William Darnall and Archibald McGrew, Justices of the Peace.

1836 - Spring election. Officers elected - Trustees, John Wiant, David Smith, William Darnall; Clerk, John L. Stevens; Treasurer, Joseph B. Eaker ; Justice of the Peace, David Smith.

1837 - Spring election, number of votes cast, 64. Officers elected - Trustees, David Smith. Simon Baker and William Daniel ; Clerk, J. L. Stevens ; Treasurer, J. B. Eaker; Justice of the Peace, David Smith.

1841 - Spring election, 159 votes cast, resulting in the election of David Smith, John G. Neese and John Wiant, Trustees ; David Loudenback, Clerk; and Daniel Snider, Treasurer.

1842 - Votes polled at the spring election, 211. Officers elected - Clerk, David Loudenback; Treasurer, Abraham Hess; Trustees, David Smith, John Wiant and Samuel Neff.

David Loudenback was elected Clerk in 1841, and served ten years. Isaac Neff was elected Clerk in 1851, and has continued in office to this date. He has held the office of Justice of the Peace since 1854. Following are the names of the present township officers - Trustees, Elijah Baker, A. R. Baker, Isaiah Wiant ; Clerk, Isaac Neff ; Assessor; Isaac Bull ; Justices of the Peace, Simeon Taylor, Antrim Beery, Isaac Neff.

This village is located at the crossing of the Valley and Urbana and St. Paris pikes, one-half mile north of the C. C. & I. C. Railroad. The town consists mainly of one street, and contains a population of about 150. The citizens are sober and industrious. At present, there is no dram-shop in the village, and it is probable that there will not be for some time to come. In 1816, the site of Westville was purchased by Archibald McGrew, a Pennsylvanian. Believing that the interests of the country demanded the establishment of a trading-point, he proceeded to survey the land and lay it off into town lots. The first building was erected by Abraham Stephens, in 1818, on the northwest corner of the square, formed by the crossing of the two roads.

Another structure was erected in the same year by Jeremiah Hoffman. A socalled carding machine was pressed into service, by one Cook, in 1818. The first carpentering establishment was erected also in 1818, by Curtis Thompson. As the first merchants we record the names of Joseph B. Acre, John L. Stephens and John Arrowsmith. The little settlement provided a want long felt, but improved slowly.

The first school was opened in 1818, in a large log building. William Allen was the first teacher. He received the sum of $2 from each scholar, and boarded alternately with the parents of his pupils. Some years ago a special district was located and a two-story graded schoolhouse erected. This affords the youthful inhabitants an opportunity of obtaining, at least, a liberal education.