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Madison County, Ohio - Biographical sketches, 1915 (part 4 of 20)

From History of Madison County Ohio, published 1915. 15,843 words, reproduced complete and unedited. Source changes inside the text are labelled in place.

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15,843 words

Machine-read from scans of History of Madison County Ohio, published 1915. Nothing has been corrected: fixing what looks like a misspelled name is how an invented one gets published. Source changes are marked where they occur.

W. EB. Lukens is a Republican and takes a prominent part in the political affairs of the county. He is now serving his second term as coroner of Madison county. He is an active member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, being treasurer of Madison Lodge No. 70, of that order, and is also a member of the Knights of Pythias, the Modern Woodmen and the Junior Order of United Mechanics, in all of which orders he is very popular, enjoying the fullest confidence and respect of his associates. Public spirited, enterprising and energetic, Mr. Lukens is held in high regard in London's business circles, while throughout the whole community his excellent service during hours of bereavement has the indorsement of the very best people in the county.

Harry C. Hames

The Thomas & Armstrong Company, of which Harry C. Hames is superintendent, is one of the thriving young industrial enterprises of London and Madison county.

Harry C. Hames was born on May 25, 1857, at Columbus. He learned the sheet metal trade at Delaware, Ohio, where he remained for six years, mastering every detail of the trade. During the first six months of his apprenticeship at this trade, he received nothing; during the second six months, only two dollars a month. For a number of years thereafter, his wages were doubled every six months. After he had thoroughly learned his trade, Mr. Hames worked for the Keighley Company, of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; the Berger Manufacturing Company, of Canton, Ohio, and for F. O. Schoedinger, of Columbus, Ohio. At the plant of the Berger Manufacturing Company, Mr. Hames worked as a pattern-cutter and as superintendent. After having served as superintendent of the plant owned by F. O. Schoedinger for twenty years, Mr. Hames moved to London, this county, in 1911 and helped to organize the Ohio Specialty Company, which originally had a plant at Columbus, which was moved to London. After the plant at London had been opened, Mr. Hames became secretary of the company. For twenty years, Mr. Hames had known Mr. Armstrong of the Thomas & Armstrong Company and when Mr. Armstrong sought to reorganize his concern, then a mere tin shop, housed in a building twenty-one by twenty-six feet and confined to the manufacture: of roofing, spouting, etc., Mr. Hames was. brought into the concern: The company was reorganized and recapitalized and Mr. Hames took stock in the plant. After starting in a room, twenty-one by twenty-six feet, sixteen hundred and thirty-eight square feet were added and then another room, eighty-nine by seventy-four and one-half feet, two stories high, with a total of eight thousand seven hundred and ninety square feet. About. this time the plant was put on a real manufacturing basis and some twenty men employed. In two years the company was compelled to enlarge its plant and since that time, has added a two- story building, sixty by sixty' 'feet, with a total floor space of seventy- -two hundred square feet. and a one-story ° shed for a paint shop with a floor space of thirty-five hundred square feet. 'Altogether the company now occupies fifty-eight thousand, five hundred square feet of fioor space and about forty men are employed. The Thomas & Armstrong Company has taken' a lease on other lands for exhibition purposes. It now requires a working capital of seventy-five thousand dollars. In 1914 the company did a business of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, twice that of its capital stock. Mr. Hames, personally, has taken out a patent on three devices manufactured by the company.

"Among the well-known "Buckeye" products of the Thomas & Armstrong Company, of London, are the round-steel tanks, round-end oblong troughs, square-end tanks, galvanized. cookers and water heaters, heavy steel cookers and water heaters, sheep-dipping tanks, hog secalders, cast-iron tank heaters, galvanized tank heaters, gasoline and oil buckets, feed or water troughs, mortar boxes, oil and gasoline tanks, hog-dipping tanks, poultry fountains, poultry troughs, rural free-delivery mail boxes, ash and garbage cans, chimney tops, galvanized round brood-coops and square brood-coops.

In an announcement issued by the company, the following statements are made: "We have been actively engaged in the sheet-metal-working trades for over twenty-five years. Extending over such a great length of time, few concerns can boast of a broader or more thorough experience than we have had. It has always been our policy, as our customers will testify, to handle only goods of best quality and to give full value for the money, always realizing 'that this is the only basis upon which a substantial business can be built. We have tried to make our products of honest materials and in an honest way, the very best we knew how. With this policy continually before us, we have gradually built up a large trade, extending from one end of the country to the other. Our new shops are equipped with the most modern machinery and we have adopted every modern method of approved value, so that we may be able to give the very best of service to our customers. This also serves as an assurance that our prices are the lowest possible, consistent with good workmanship and materials."

One of the leading products of the Thomas & Armstrong Company is silo equipments, which are shipped to silo manufacturers and to jobbers in Indiana, Illinois, Ohio and the far West.

Harry C. Hames, superintendent of this plant, was married to Mrs. Abbie Perie, of Columbus. whose son, Clarence Knull, is employed by the Thomas & Armstrong Company. Mr. and Mrs. Hames have no children.

Henry D. Folmer

Alfalfa, a farm product to which the subject of this sketch has devoted his special attention, and on which he has published a book, has been claiming the interest of northern and western agriculturists for many years, and is now coming into its own in the eastern states. although it is still in its infancy there. It is to the man who makes a study of the business in which he is engaged, who is entitled to praise as being progressive, and being satisfied with nothing but the best in return for his efforts and labor.

Henry D. Folmer, tarmer, West Jefferson, Madison county, was born on June 18, 1852, at Janesville, Wisconsin, and is a son of George and Sophronia (Thrasher) Folmer. His education was obtained in the district schools, and he began' teaching at the age of twenty-three years in Franklin and Madison counties, after which he decided to follow agriculture, and settled down to the care of a farm. His attention was attracted to the subject of alfalfa, of which he made a special study, and became such an authority on the production that. he wrote a book on the subject, which has been well received.

Mr. Folmer is the proprietor of the "Wildwood Farm," one hundred and forty acres located. about four and one-half miles. northeast of West. 'Jeflerson; on the East pike. Politically, he is not bound to "any particular party, casting his vote according to the man who best pleases his views. His church membership is with the Universalist church, and he takes a great interest in the grange, of which he is a member.

George Folmer, father of Henry D. Folmer, was a pioneer settler on a farm at Janesville, Rock county, Wisconsin, but was a native of Pennsylvania and of German lineage, his parents having emigrated from Germany and settled in Pennsylvania. His wife was Sophronia (Thrasher) Folmer. Henry D. Folmer, at the age of three years, came with his parents to Madison county and settled on his present farm, though just previously they had traveled through several states before locating in Madison county.

George and Sophronia (Thrasher) Folmer were the parents of two children, Henry D. and Salmon Paul, the latter of whom was born on May 9, 1855, and died on February 21, 1900. He lived in West Jefferson until twenty-one years of age, and then began teaching school, after which he took a course in medicine and was graduated from the Cincinnati Medical College. He practiced medicine at West Jefferson, this county, and died at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Henry D. Folmer was united in marriage, October 16, 1884, with Alvira Jones, daughter of Richard Jones, Franklin county, Ohio. Mrs. Folmer was born on July 15, 1849 in Licking county, Ohio. No children have been born to this union.

Mr. and Mrs. Folmer are extremely agreeable people, extending their kindness and courtesy to all, and are well liked throughout the community in which they reside. Mrs. Folmer is a member of the Baptist church.

Few men in public life in Madison county have been more active in the civic affairs of the county seat and in the affairs of the county generally than Doctor Chaney, present auditor of the county. For nine years Doctor Chaney was treasurer of the corporation of London, the county seat. He then was elected mayor of the city and before his term of office as chief executive of the city had expired he was elected to the office of county auditor, administering the duties of that important office so satisfactorily to the public at large that he was re-elected and is now serving his second term. Doctor Chaney also has given much attention to the business affairs of the city and was the first secretary of the London Board of Trade, filling that position for three successive terms. He is interested in numerous enterprises of considerable importance in the commercial and industrial life of the community and ranks very high as a public-spirited, enterprising and energetic citizen, who holds the best interests of his home city and county very dearly at heart. In whatever station the public has called Doctor Chaney to service he has done well his part, and it is not too much to say that no man in the community commands in a higher measure the confidence and esteem of all the people than he.

H. M. Chaney was born on a farm in Highland county, Ohio, on January 2, 1872, son of John and Mary (Holmes) Chaney, both natives of the state of New Jersey, who were the parents of five children, those surviving, besides the subject of this sketch, being N. H. Chaney, superintendent of schools at Youngstown, Ohio; Jacob H. Chaney, a farmer living near York,. Nebraska, and Mrs. Cora Chaney, of Ashland, Kansas. John Chaney left New Jersey when a young man and came West, locating in Highland county, this state, where he spent the rest of his life engaged in farming, his death occurring about thirty-four years ago. His 'widow survived him many years, her death not occurring until 1912. ' mentary education in the district schools of kis home neighborhood and in the public schools of Washington C. H., in Fayette county, his brother having at that time been superintendent of the city schools at the !atter place. Upon completing his commonschool education, he entered Ohio Dental College, at Cincinnati, from which institution he was graduated in 1892. For two years after receiving his degree of Doctor of Dental 'Surgery, Doctor Chaney maintained an office for the practice of his profession iu Cincinnati and at the end of that time, in 1894, moved to London, this.county, and formed a partnership for the practice of dentistry with Dr. Joseph Chance. This partnership continued for five or six years, at the end of which time Doctor Chaney opened an office of his own and continued thus to practice alone until about eight years ago, when he formed his present mutually agreeable partnership with Dr. F. E. Noland.

From the time of his entrance upon the stage of action in London, Doctor Chaney has given of the very best of himself to the advancement of the best interests of the city and early began to make the force of his engaging personality manifest in the affairs of the county seat. In 1897, three years after his arrival in the city, he was elected treasurer of London corporation and served in that capacity until 1906, a period of nine years. In 1909, he was elected mayor of the city and was making one of the best and most popular chief executives London ever had when he was elected, in the fall of 1910, to the office of county auditor and resigned his position of mayor, after a service of one year and nine months, to enter upon the duties of the auditor's office. So satisfactorily did he discharge the duties of this important office that he was re-elected in 1912 and is now serving on his second term.

On June 19, 1895, Dr. H. M. Chaney was united in marriage to Jeanette Squires, daughter of W. S. and Ellen (Smith) Squires, of London, this county, and to this union three children have been born, Katherine, Robert Lee and Amelia. Dr. and Mrs. Chaney are devoted members of the Methodist church and take a warm interest in the various departments of that. church's good works, their children being reared in that faith. :

Doctor Chaney is a Republican and ever since his arrival in Madison county has taken an active part in the political affairs of this section. His intelligent grasp of public questions and comprehensive knowledge of local affairs early commanded the attention of the party managers and his counsels proved valuable in their deliberations, he soon being given a seat in their councils which he ever since has retained, and is at present serving very effectively as secretary of the executive committee of the party in this county. Doctor Chaney is a Mason, a member of the Knights of Pythias and a member of the Ohio State Dental Association. He has given close study to local business conditions and has taken an active part in all measures designed to advance the best interests of the community. Upon the organization of the London Board of Trade he was elected secretary of the same and served in that capacity for three consecutive years, or until that new and useful agency for the promotion of the city's business interests was well on its feet. He is a director of the Citizens Loan and Savings Association and for several years has been vice-president of that well-established institution. Doctor Chaney also is a director of the London Grave Vault Company; secretarytreasurer of the Buckeye Dryer Company and a director of the Trimble Paving Brick Company, of Dayton, Ohio. Vee

Diligent in his own business, Doctor Chaney also has been faithful in the discharge of the numerous duties which the public has imposed upon him and enjoys the con- 'fidence and esteem of the entire community, there being few persons in public life hereabout who are held in higher regard than he, even though he has been a resident of the county but a little more than a bare decade.

Samuel P. Trumper

It is the progressive, wide-awake man of affairs who makes the real history of a community. His influence as a potential factor in the body politic is difficult to estimate. The examples that such men furnish of patience, purpose and steadfast integrity 'illustrate what is within the power of each to accomplish. There is always a measure of satisfaction in referring, even in a casual way, to their achievements. The venerable Samuel P. Trumper, a retired citizen of London, Ohio, is a man who has lived a life of a good citizen, especially in rearing his family and providing them with every educational udy antage possible during the time in which they lived.

Samuel P. Trumper was born on May 10, 1838, in Fayette county, Ohio, and is the son of Lewis and Marjorie (Boggs) Trumper, natives of New York and Ohio respectively. Marjorie (Boggs), Trumper was the daughter of pioneer parents, who came from the Keystone state. Lewis and Marjorie (Boggs) Trumper were married in Ohio. He was 2 farmer by occupation, and died after attaining the age 'of eighty- -two. years. His widow survived him and lived to be ninety- -five years old. Both died at Bloomingburg, in Fayette county. Of their four sons and two daughters, Samuel P. Trumper is the only surviving child. One of the sons, William, was a teacher for many years in Madison county, Ohio, but became a blacksmith at Newport, where he lived ten years. He died in Fayette. county, Ohio. 'Another son, Joseph, was a carpenter by trade. Hiram L. was. a teacher, and was employed in Madison and Fayette counties. One of the daughters died unmarried at the age of more than eighty years. The other was married and died at Van Wert, Ohio. r

Samuel P. Trumper was reared on the farm and. educated in the district | schools of the Buckeye state, which he attended in the winter. He began teaching before he was twenty-one years old in the district schools, and was engaged in this profession for about ten years in Fayette and Madison counties, Ohio. _In the meantime, he took a commercial course and completed it. After coming to Madison county, he was employed during the summer as a farmer and during the winter as a teacher. In 1880, Mr. Trumper came to London, Ohio. a ad .

During the Civil War, Samuel P. Trumper had. enlisted in Companys c. Sixtieth Regiment, Ohio Volunteer Infantry. He served.in West Virginia principally but was captured at, Harper's Ferry. and, after his parole, sent to Chicago. During his service as a soldier, he rose from the ranks as a private to second lieutenant, and was discharged as a second lieutenant. For a time, he had command of Company Cc, Sixtieth Ohio, at Harper's Ferry. Mr. Trumper is a member of the Grand Army of the Republic, and is past commander of Lyon's Post. at London. For many years he has made it a habit to attend the national encampment of the Grand Army of 'the Republic.

Having been elected to the office of county recorder in the fall of 1880, Mr. Trumper came to London on January 1, 1881, and served four successive terms in this office of three years each. He was elected each time as a Republican. During his tenure he adopted the Campbell improved system of indexing. Later, he was for four years deputy county treasurer under Benjamin Emery. Since that time, he has not been. employed in any county office. He has served for two terms, however, as a member of the London council. He also served seven years as a justice of the peace.

Mr. and Mrs. Trumper were married in Fayette county. Mrs. Trumper, Rétord her marriage. was Maria Louisa Hidy, a native of Fayette county, Of their children, Frank, who is a graduate of the London high school, was for several years a teacher in Madison county. He is now, however, the manager of an automobile company at Louisyille, Kentucky. May, who graduated from the Granville Female. College, is also ao tekBhies by profession. Formerly, she was principal of the high school at Kallspell, Montana.

'She was also county superintendent eight years at Kalispell, Montana, but is now a student at the University of California, located at Berkeley. Minnie, the widow of Dr. S. A. Noland, of London, is a graduate of the Granville Female College and is a teacher in the public schools at London. Samuel, from the time he was a small boy, has been employed by the American Tobacco Company at Louisville, Columbus, Indianapolis and New York City. Still later, he was employed by the British-American Tobacco Company, and during the past three years has been located in the home office of the British- American Tobacco Company in London, England. He has been sent twice by his firm to China and other countries in the interests of the business. Bessie, the youngest child, is a graduate of Dennison University, and is a teacher in the primary grade at London. Iwo of Mr. Trumper's daughters hold life certificates as teachers.

Mr. and Mrs. Trumper have given their children every educational opportunity. He is ever alive to the opportunities of the future, and, from any point of view, must be regarded as one of the best citizens of Madison county.

William E. Fitzgerald

Mature judgment after long association has formed the basis of public sentiment in favor of William E. Fitzgerald, one of the prosperous farmers of Canaan township, and one whose abilities are recognized by his fellow citizens. His experience in farm life has been devoted to the practical study of scientific agriculture, and every advantageous point in that direction has been made use of, the result of which has been a gratifying success. *

William E. Fitzgerald, farmer, West Jefferson, Madison county, was born on April 27, 1882, in Giilivan, Ohio, and is a son of David D. and Johanna (Daley) Fitzgerald, of Irish lineage. He was educated in the public schools and remained at home until he went into business for himself in West Jefferson, from which place he moved to Grove City, finally locating at his present residence. Mr. Fitzgerald's home place is located about tive miles north of West Jefferson, and is known as the "White Oak Farm." Politically, he is a strong believer in the principles of the Democratic party, and has always felt a deep interest in the progress of his township. In religion, he is a devout member of the Catholic church at West Jefferson. He divides his time between general farming and the raising of pure bred Duroc- Jersey hogs, some of AE Sea are highly pedigreed.

David D. and Johanna (Daley ) Fitzgerald, were both . bora in County Cork, Ireland. Mrs. Fitzgerald came to America with her parents quite a while before her husband came, as a young man, and settled near Plain City. They were the parents of. thirteen children, nine of whom are living in 1915: David A., who lives in West Jefferson ; Edward Ji. who lives on the Gillivan pike; Nora, who is single and lives in West Jefferson; Ellen lives in Gillivan. and is the widow of. Malachi Riley; Hannah became the wife of P. C. Gainard, of Summerford;, Mollie, who married Frank Ryan, of Columbus; Julia, who is now Mrs. Francis Graham of Columbus; Elizabeth was.married to Arthur Murphy. of Columbus; and William. E., the subject of this sketch.

William FE. Fitzgerald. was united in. marriage, November 24. 1908, with Ella Harbage, daughter of Joseph. and Rachel. (Scott) Harbage of West Jefferson, the farmer of whom died on October 21, 1908, and the latter. is still living at West Jefferson. Three children have. been born to this union, Joseph, born in November, 1909; ee January 10, 1912; and William V., August 21, 1915.

Mrs. Fitzgerald was first. married on June 17, 1900, to.S. W. ct tay: who was born near Harrisburg, Ohio. He was a blacksmith and died.in.October, 1904, There were two children by the union: Margaret, died in infancy; Seymour, born in June, 1902.

Mr. Fitzgerald has not been so wrapped up in his business affairs that he could not give the proper amount of his time and attention to his family, to whom he is a kind and attentive husband, and a loving and devoted father.

Cary Jones

_For more than a quarter of a century, Cary Jones, attorney-at-law, has been practicing his: profession at London, county seat of Madison county. For a period of six years, Mr. Jones served this county as prosecuting attorney, during which time he was called on to prosecute numerous cases of more than ordinary importance, and has made a bame as a lawyer that is known far beyond the confines of his home county.

Cary Jones was born on a farm one mile east of Jeffersonville, in Fayette county, Ohio, on September 10, 1862, son of Dr. William H. and Olivia (Hidy) Jones, the former a native of Wales and the latter, of Fayette county, her father having been one of the first settlers of that county, having arrived there from Virginia on horseback and settling on Paint creek at a very early day in the settlement of that section. Dr. William H. Jones was the son of William and Jane Jones, natives of Wales, where the father followed farming and milling and there spent his entire life. Upon his death, his widow, with two of her children, started for the United States, following her son William, who was already established here. The brave mother died at sea, however, and the orphaned children were compelled to continue their journey alone. They safely reached Cincinnati, where their brother, William, tenderly cared for them unti! they reached years of maturity. These children were David and Jane, later Mrs. Burnham. Two other children remained in Wales. On the maternal side, Cary Jones is descended from Joseph and Mary (Carr) Hidy, the former a native of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and the latter of Virginia, he of German descent and she of Irish extraction, who located in Fayette county, Ohio, at an early day, becoming extensive landowners. Both Joseph Hidy and his wife died in Fayette county, both having © lived to advanced ages, she having been eighty-seven years of age at the time of her death and he, ninety-seven. They were the parents of ten children, Joseph, Humphrey, Urban, Isaac, William, Mrs. Olivia Jones, Mrs. Margaret Beatty, Mrs. Louisa Tway, Mrs. Sidney Brock and Mrs. Clarissa Wendel.

Dr. William H. Jones for many years was one of the best-known physicians in 'Fayette county, he having continued his practice there until he was near the threescore-and-ten stage of his career, after which he retired to his farm, where he died at the age of seventy-eight, his widow surviving him but a year or two. They were the parents of six children, namely: Mrs. Mary J. Irwin, wife of Luther M. Irwin, who lives on the old home farm near Jeffersonville, this state; William Hidy, who lives near the town of Merom, in Sullivan county, Indiana; Humphrey, a well-known attorney, banker and farmer, of Bloomingburg, Ohio, with offices at Washington C. H.; Dr. Emma O. McCormack, a physician, wife of Richard McCormack, of Columbus, Ohio; Cary, the immediate subject of this sketch, and Mrs. Minnie Reading, wife of Dallas Reading, living near Jeffersonville, this state.

Upon completing the course in the public schools at Jeffersonville, Cary Jones supplemented the same by a comprehensive course at Buchtel College, now known 'as Akron University, Akron, Ohio, from which excellent institution he was graduated with the class of 1887. Thus equipped by preparatory study, he entered the Cincinnati Law School, with a view to preparing himself for the practice of the profession to which he had decided to devote his life, and was graduated from that institution in 1889. Upon receiving his diploma, he came to Madison county and on July 1, 1889, opened an office for the practice of law in London, the county seat, and has been in continuous practice there ever since. Not long after locating in London, Mr. Jones was elected city solicitor, but did not complete the term for which he was elected, being compelled to vesign the same to take up the duties connected with the office of prosecuting attorney, to which he was elected on the Republican ticket in 1892. Mr. Jones was re-elected in the next county campaign and served two terms, a period of six years. During his incumbency of the prosecutor's office, Mr. Jones was called on to represent the state in the trial of several homicide cases, including the noted Parnell case, one of the most celebrated trials in the history of the Madison courts.

On October 27, 1897, Cary Jones was united in marriage to Bessie Gamlin, who was born and reared in London, this county, daughter of William Gamlin, a prominent resident of that city, and to this union five children have been born, Catherine Olivia, William Humphrey, Norman Carl, Marian Virginia, and Helen Eloise. Mr. and Mrs. Jones take a warm interest in the good works of this community and are among the most active promoters of the same, their influence being felt in many helpful ways hereabout. :

Mr. Jones is a Mason of high degree, having attained to the rank of Knight Templar, and takes much interest in that order. He also is a member of the Knights of Pythias lodge at London. As indicated above, he is a Republican and for years has been regarded as one of the leaders in that party in Madison county. Mr. Jones owns a fine farm in Range township, this county, and also looks after several farms for clients. He has an extensive practice and is generally looked upon as one of the county's most substantial citizens.

Among the professional men of this county there are few who have a wider acquaintance in the county, or a higher standing among their professional associates - than Dr. W. E. Hoffhines, the well-known dentist, of Lebanon, who, during the more than ten years of his residence and practice there not only has succeeded in building up a fine practice, but has earned the respect and esteem of all who know him.

W. EH. Hoffhines was born in the pleasant village of Ashville, Pickaway county, Ohio, on January 5, 1878, son of P. H. and Catherine (Noecker) MHoffhines, both natives of the same county. P. H. Hoffhines, for many years engaged in the mercantile business at Ashville, but now a resident of Columbus, this state, where he is engaged in the real-estate business, is the son of George Hoffhines, who still lives at Ashville, aut the age of eighty-five years. To P. H. and Catherine (Noecker) Hoffhines there were born but two children, both sons, the subject of this sketch having a brother. J. W. Hoffhines. who is prominently connected with the auditing department of the National Cash Register Company, with headquarters at Detroit. Michigan. d

Reared at Ashville, W. E. Hoffhines received his elementary education in the public schools of that place and was graduated from the high school there in 1896, after which he taught school in Ashville for three years. In the meantime he had decided upon the practice of dentistry as his life work and began the study of dental surgery in the Ohio Medical University at Columbus, following the course there for one year, after which he entered the Ohio College of Dental Surgery at Cincinnati, from which he was graduated, after two years of additional study, with the class of 1903. Upon receiving his diploma he began the practice of his chosen profession at Portsmouth, this state, but did not remain there quite a year, the advantages of a location at London, this county, appealing to him so strongly that he moved to London in 1904. and since that time has been ate. successfully engaged in practice at the county seat.

Upon arriving in London, Doctor Hoffhines entered into a partnership with Doctor Chance, who later retired from practice, since which time Doctor Hoffhines has been practicing alone, and it is not too much to say that he has gained the high favor of the entire community. His office in the, Bridgman building is admirably equipped, the doctor keeping fully abreast of all the modern devices designed to advance the remedial art of dentistry, and he has earned a fine reputation as a Skilled practitioner.

On August 23, 1914, Dr. W. E. Hoffhines was united in marriage to Helen Rainey, daughter of William Rainey, au well- known and prominent citizen of London. Doctor and Mrs. Hoffhines take an interested part in the social activities of London, are interested in all forward- looking movements. there, and are deservedly popular in their large circle of acquaintances, their friends all holding them in the highest possible regard.

Doctor Hoffhines is a Democrat and is warmly interested in the political affairs of Madison county, being a consistent and ardent advocate of good gov ernment; but is hardly what might be called an active politician, the exactions of his profession preventing him from giving much attention to matters outside; though he is ever willing to give his time and his support to measures designed to further the best interests of the commonwealth. He is a member of the popular and influential London Club and is a Mason, having attained to both the council and the chapter of that ancient order. He also is a member of the Knights of Pythias and is warmly devoted to the affairs of both these orders.

Doctor Hoffhines is a member of the Lutheran eburech at Ashville and is.a member of the Mad River Dental Society, of which he was secretary; the Ohio State Dental Society and the National Dental Society, taking an active part in the affairs of all these professional organizations. During his residence in London, Doctor Hoffhines has made a wide acquaintance throughout the county and enjoys the fullest confidence of all, he being generally recognized as a very enterprising and public-spirited citizen. who is performing admirably his part in the community life of the county.

Robert G. Bradfield

Pleasantly situated one mile southwest of the village of West Jefferson. in Jefferson township, this county, is a snug little farm on which there is a very comfortable home in which resides a delightful little family, the members of which enjoy to the full the highest esteem of all their neighbors. The proprietor of this farm, Robert G. Bradfield, has been a life-long resident of the township in which he lives, he having been born there, and is well known throughout that whole countryside as a man of true and modest worth. in whom his neighbors have the utmost confidence.

Robert G. Bradfield was born on a farm in Jefferson township, Madison county, Ohio, on May 13. 1878, son of Morris and Jane (Worthington) Bradfield, both natives of Franklin county, the former having been born in Georgesville and the latter at Pleasant Corners. Following their marriage, Morris Bradfield and wife came to Madison county and located on a farm in Jefferson township, where they reared a family of six children, all of whom are still living. The mother of these children died on May 18, 1904, and later Morris Bradfield contracted a second marriage and moved to Columbus, Ohio, where his death occurred on December 16, 1912.

To Morris and Jane (Worthington) Bradfield were born the following children: Albert W.. a well-known farmer of Fairfield township, this county; H. R., who is engaged in the livery business at West Jefferson. this county; Anna, the wife of William Durflinger, of Los Angeles, California; Robert G., the immediate subject of this sketch ; BR. T., a well-known farmer in Fairfield township, this county, and Mary, the wife of David Howard, of Portland, Oregon.

education in the district schools of his neighborhood and in the West Jefferson high school, remaining at home until his marriage at the age of twenty-three, after which he began farming for himself and is now the owner of a snug little farm of forty-four and one- half acres one mile southwest of West Jefferson, to which he gives his closest attention and which he believes is about. as much land as one man ought to attempt to till properly. He is up-to-date in his methods and is doing well, having a very comfortable home and a well- -kept place.

On November 24, 1896, Robert G. Bradfield was united in marriage to Laura HE. Kelly, who was born in this county, daughter of Asbury Kelly, a well-known veteran ot the Civil War, who lost a leg while fighting the battles of the Union, and to this union one child has been born, a son, Leigh F., who was born on June 23, 1902.

Mr. and Mrs. Bradfield are earnestly interested | in community betterment and are held in high regard throughout that whole neighborhood. Mr. Bradfield is a Republican and is properly interested in political affairs, though not an active party worker. He is a member of the Franklin County Protective Association, in the affairs of which he takes much interest and his neighbors and associates generally esteem him very highly.

Among the small farms in 'the West Jefferson neighborhood of Nadivon county, few are kept up in better shape or are managed with better skill than that belonging to Grant Timmons, a well-known farmer living one and three-fourths miles southwest of the village of West Jefferson. Mr. Timmons is alive to modern progress in the agricultural field and keeps fully abreast of the latest methods of up-to-date farming, with the result that he is doing weil and is regarded as a substantial farmer and an excellent citizen. ah

Grant Timmons was born on a farm in Jefferson township, Madison county. Ohio, on February 6, 1864. son of Thomas and Hannah (Oglesby) .Timmons, the former of whom was a native of Ross county, Ohio, and the latter was born in this county. Thomas Timmons came-from Ross county to this county and here he married, he and his wife becoming the parents of seven children, those besides the subject of this. sketch | being as follow: Mary, now deceased. was the wife of David Warner; Jane, wife of Moses Roberts. lives in the West; .Will, deceased; Alice. wife of Alva Calhoyn, of Gillivan, Ohio: Dr. Catherine Vickers, upon the death of V. W. Vickers took up the study of medicine and is now a physician at Cleveland, Ohio;.Ruth,. wife of Eugene Stuckey, of West Jefferson, this county..

Reared on the paternal farm in Jefferson township, Grant Timmons. received his edueation in the district schools of his home neighborhood, remaining at home assisting his father on the. farm. until his marriage at the age. of twenty-five, after which he started out for himself; presently becoming the.owner of his present fine farm of sixty-one acres southwest of West Jefferson, whére he and his family are living in happy comfort.

The marriage of Graht. Timmons took place in 1889, in whieh 4 year he 'led iG the altar. Virginia. Kelly, who was born in this county, and to this union, six children have been born, namely: Vick.,who married Mary Matheny, is a teamster at West Jefferson ; Hannah, at home; James C.,. who married. Ruby Harbage, is a farmer in this county; Francis, Stephen and Augustus, at home. -

-Grant Timmons is a Republican, though not an. active. participant in the political affairs of the county. He is a member of Madison Lodge No., 221, Free. and. Accepted Masons. at West Jefferson and. is very popular with his lodge associates aswell. as with all his neighbors..who hold. him and his family in. the highest esteem.

J. Scott Chenoweth

Descended from a grandfather honored by local public office and twice elected to the Ohio Legislature, J. Scott Chenoweth, tax commissioner, is one of the most popular men in Madison county, a fact of which the people gave proof when they gave him the largest majority of votes ever given a candidate for treasurer in this county. Mr. Chenoweth has demonstrated their wisdom, for he has lent dignity and honor to every position he has held, and has retained the respect and confidence of those whose votes placed him in office. Born in Range township on December 11, 1855, he is a native of the county, and a son of Jeremiah B. and Eliza (Boyer) Chenoweth.

John F. Chenoweth, grandfather of the subject of this sketch, was no inconsiderable factor in the life of his time. He served as county commissioner of highways, was justice of the peace in Franklin county, Obio, which was his home after he was twelv: years of age, and was twice chosen by his constituents to represent them in the state Legislature. He was a Republican and stanch abolitionist. 'Though born in Kentucky in 1792, he early became a resident of Franklin county, from which he was drefted for the war in 1812. His wife's maiden name was Margaret Ferguson. Jeremiah B. Chenoweth, father of the subject of this sketch, was born on a farm, twelve niles from the state capital, on September 22, 1866, but later removed to Range township, this county, where he became a prominent farmer and stock raiser. He was the fourth of a family of fourteen, and early had to make his way in life. On September 23, 1841, he married Eliza Foster of Range township, this county, a daughter of James and Margaret (Boyer) Foster, the former of whom was born in Ross county, Ohio, on August 2, 1824.. These young married people were content to begin life on a rented farm, but after five years of hard work, they purchased a two-hundred-acre farm, to which they gradual'y udded until they accumulated fourteen hundred acres, a part of which they gave to their children, of whom there were nine, as follow: James F., born on September 7, 1844, enlisted in the Civil War, returned home sick and died at the early age of twenty; John W., September 9, 1846, is a farmer in Range township; Daniel B., January 10, 1849, also a farmer; Nelson P., April 26, 1851, a farmer and stoc': raiser; George W., October 3, 1853, a farmer, who died on August 4, 1887; Jeremiah 8., December 11, 1855, and Newton M., December 25, 1857, both of Range township Like his father, J. B. Chenoweth was a stalwart Republican, and an adherent of the Methodist Episcopal church. He passed away in December, 1904.

J. Scott Chenoweth had to be content with the education offered by the schools near his country home, and at the age of eighteen life and its problems became a reality to him. Having a temperament which attracted him to the world of affairs, he did not continue in agricultural pursuits exclusively, but gradually entered upon public life, and a number of years later, on January 1, 1894, he entered upon the office of sheriff, to which he had been elected on the Republican ticket in the previous election, and in which office he served two terms, being re-elected in 1896. In 1908 he was elected county treasurer, and was re-elected, serving two terms, his victory being the result of the largest majority vote ever cast in the county. After his official duties ceased, Mr. Chenoweth entered upon mercantile enterprises in Springfield, Ohio, in which he engaged for two years, and then returned to London. Since then he has sold farm properties outside of Madison county, and has had automobile interests.

But again he entered public life when, in 1911, he was elected land appraiser for London, and on April 1, 1915, he was appointed by Governor Willis as district assessor of Madison county, which is the head .of the tax commission of this county. Mr. Chenoweth is also a director in the London Exchange Bank.

altar Anna Rowlen, the ceremony taking place on December 28, 1876. The bride was then living in Range township, this county, although she was born in Monroe township, Pickaway county, Ohio, on August 10, 1855, a daughter of Josiah and Harriett (Hill) Rowlen. To this union four children were born, Edgar, born on December 4, 1878; Ersel and Mabel (twins), March 21,1884, and Homer R., August 19, 1888. Mrs. Chenoweth was accidentally killed by a railway train on April 1, 1890. In 1893 Mr. Chenoweth married, secondly, Alice Winter, who was born at Carroll, Fairfield county, Ohio. To this latter uuion no children have been born. ,

The family whose history is here briefly recorded has had a part in the representative social life of London, and the name has been one that has been connected with the history of the state for many years. Through J. Scott Chenoweth, that name has won distinction, for he has been faithful to every: trust reposed in him, and has served his town and county long and well.

Prominent in the civic and social life of the pleasant village of West Jefferson, this county, few residents of that part of the county have a wider acquaintance, or enjoy a greater personal popularity than Dr. H. F. Jackson, the well-known dentist, who, for the past twenty years, has been so useful a member of society thereabout. Though not a native of Madison county, Doctor Jackson takes as hearty an interest i the affairs of this county as does any of its native sons, and his earnest efforts on behalf of the common good during his residence here have caused him to be known as one of the most public-spirited citizens in his part of the county. Professionally, Doctor Jackson stands very high in the estimation of the people, and for years he has enjoyed a practice which attests unmistakably the confidence which the people repose in his abilities as a dental surgeon. As a member of the West Jefferson school board, Doctor Jackson's earnest efforts in behalf of the cause of education in his home town have been productive of excellent results, aind his unselfish devotion to the public good has endeared him to the whole community.

H. F. Jackson was born in the village of Cadiz, Harrison county, Ohio, on November 2, 1870, son of W. P. and Susan N. (Strickler) Jackson, both of whom were natives of Lawrence county, Pennsylvania, in which county they were reared and married. W. P. Jackson was a millwright and shortly after his marriage located in Cadiz, where he eventually became engaged in the woolen-mill business, and for years was one of the proprietors of a large woolen-mill at that place. His wife died on August 25, 1896, and he is now living retired at New Castle, Pennsylvania, He and his wife were the parents of seven children, all of whom are still living, those besides the subject of this sketch being as follow: Charles M., a traveling salesman, living in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Dr. W. E., a dentist at New Castle, Pennsylvania; Madge, who married Dr. H. W. Geissinger, of Gross City, Ohio; Minnie M., who keeps house for her father at New Castle; Jennie C., who married J. C. McMillin, chief clerk for the Carnegie corporation at New Castle, and Daisy, wife of H. B. Pruden, of Chicago, Illinois.

Receiving his elementary education in the excellent public schools. of New Castle, . Pennsylvania, H. F. Jackson was graduated from the high school in that city and then took up the study of dental surgery in the Pennsylvania Dental College at Philadelphia, finishing his professional course at the Ohio Medical College at Columbus.. Receiving his diploma in 1896, he immediately located at West Jefferson, this county, and has ever since been engaged in the practice of his chosen profession in that pleasant

On November 9, 1897, Dr. H. F. Jackson was united in _Inarriage to Jessie Conklin, who was born and reared in this,.county, and to this "happy union. three children have been born, Conklin, born on August 12, 1898,'a senior in the West' Jefferson. high school ; Ellis, May 16, 1900, a sophomore in the same excellent school, and Harry, March 11, 1911. Dr. and Mrs. Jackson are deeply interested in the social and moral development of the community, of which they are so vital a part and take a prominent part in the promotion of all good works in and about West Jefferson. Among the leaders in the social life of the town, they are held in the highest esteem by their large circle of friends and are popular among all. ;

Doctor Jackson is a Republican, and ever since his location in West Jefferson has taken a good citizen's interest in the political affairs of Madison county, his devotion to the cause of good government causing him to give his most earnest attention to all Ineasures designed to advance the same. For some time he has been a member of the West Jefferson school board and is tireless in his efforts continually to increase the efficiency of the already excellent schools in that little city. He is a _ thirty-second degree Mason, his fraternal affiliations being with Madison Lodge No. 221, Free and Accepted Masons. at West Jefferson: Enoch Lodge of Perfection; Franklin Council, Princes of Jerusalem; Columbus Chapter, Rose Croix; Scioto -Consistory of the Scotlish Rite, at Columbus, and Aladdin 'Temple, Ancient Arabic Order, Nobles of the Mystic 'Shrine, at Columbus. He is also a member of the local, State and National dental societies. |

A skilled practitioner in the art of his helpful profession, studiously attentive to the latest advances in the science of dental surgery, Doctor Jackson 'is widely known hereabout as a dentist of high attainments and enjoys a flourishing practice. Enterprising and public spirited. he is recognized as a good citizen in all this term implies and enjoys in the highest degree the confidence and respect of his home community.

Alpheus Bu Rrell

In all that fine farming section in the eastern, part .of Madison county, in the West Jefferson and Lilly Chapel neighborhood. few farmers are better known or more highly respected by their neighbors than is the gentleman whose name is noted above. Though a native of a neighboring county, Mr. Burrell takes as warm an. interest in the affairs of his adopted county as though he always, had lived here, and is regarded as a good citizen in every respect. Diligent in business, he has prospered in his farming operations and now owns a fine place of one hundred and sixty-seven acres of choice land two miles south of West Jefferson, all of which has been accumulated by. his own unaided efforts, he and his wife having started life for themselves. at the time of their marriage in 1885, on a small rented farm and by careful attention to the details of the farm, attended by frugality and industry, presently were able to move onto a small farm of their own. which later they disposed of and purchased their present fine home place, where they are living in comfort and surrounded by plenty, prepared to enjoy the fruits of their thrift and, good m: anagement. |

Alpheus Burrell was born on a farm in Licking county, Ohio, on June 7, 1862, son of John and Martha (Carmichael) Burrell, both natives of the same county, the former of whom was born on May 1, 1829, and the latter in November. of the 'same year. Mrs. Martha Burrell died in 1888, and her husband is still living on the old home place in Licking county. 'They were the parents of ten children, six sons 'and four daughters, Alva, Alpheus, Eliza, Minerva, Louisa, John, Crissie A., George, Prank and Harvey.

schools of his home neighborhood and at the age of sixteen began working "by the month" at farm labor, continuing : 'thus employed until the time of: his Inarriage in 1885, at which time he rented. a neighboring farm, on which he and his wife lived for several years. 'Through their combined efforts prosperity attended them and they presently were enabled to purchase a farm of fifty acres in Jefferson township, this county, on which they lived for fifteen years, at the end of which time they purchased their present fine farm of one hundred and sixty- -seven acres on rural route No. 1, Lilly Chapel, two miles south of the village of West Jefferson, where they are living in comfort, enjoying many evidences of the confidence and esteem. of their neighbors.

On September 2, 1885, Alpheus Burrell was united in marriage to Emma Burrell, who was born in this county, daughter of Thomas and 'Margaret (Heckey) Burrell, and to this union two children have been born, Cleta, a graduate of the West Jefferson high school. who married Albert Engle, a well-known young farmer of Jefferson township, and Alfred, at present a student in the West Jefferson high school. Mr. and Mrs. Burrell are quiet, unassuming people, good citizens and excellent neighbors, who are held in high regard thereabout.

Mr. Burrell is a Democrat, but is not so bound by the ties of party as to vote the ticket "straight" if there are better men on the opposition tickets, he believing that the man. and not the party should be the voter's primary consideration in local politics. On_ the option question he is an cunequiv ocal "dry," and does not hesitate to express his sentiments in this behalf. The fact that he is a past noble grand of the West Jefferson lodge of the Independent 'Order of Odd Fellows is accepted as sufficient evidence of his popularity among his lodge brethren, and the esteem in which he is held by his neighbors is further attestation of his general popularity throughout that entire community.

Harvey E. Long

Though the owner of a fine farm of nearly one hundred,acres, Harvey E. Tong, one of the.most progressive young farmers in Jefferson. township, this county, is continually seeking a wider outlet for the expression of his energy and finds greater profit in renting a farm of more than twice the size of his own, having made his home. on this latter in in the Lilly Chapel neighborhood, for more than ten years past. Starting unaided at the age of seventeen to make his own living, Mr. Long has prospered as becomes his enterprise and energy and is recognized as occupying a very substantial position in his home community. At the time of his marriage, in 1902, Mr. Long was the possessor of a horse and buggy and very little else, but he and his wife both had the right spirit, and upon a rented farm did so well that they presently were able to invest in a farm of ninety- five acres in Jefferson" township, which, however, not being sufficient SOL Mar: Long's capacity as a farmer, they do not occupy ; living, instead, on a farm of two hundred and sixteen acres in the same township. which they are cultivating very profitably, With the commendable expectation of presently enlarging their own land holdings.

Harvey E. Long was born on a farm on Big Plain in Fairfield township, Madison county, Ohio, on January 13. 1879, son of Rice and Blizabeth (White) Long, 'both. nativ es of Pickaway county, this state. the former of whom was the son of James and Mary (Hunter) Long. The father of James Long was a native 'of Ireland, who came to America in his youth and became a substantial farmer in Pickaway county. James and Mary (Hunter) Long were the parents of eleven children. seven sons and four daughters, Wesley, William, Kendall, Edward, Lewis, Benjamin F.. Rice. Margaret, Hester, Curie and Elien.. Of these, three of the sons and three of the daughters are still living. Rice Long married Elizabeth White and to this union ten children were born, of whom seven are still living, namely: Rice, Jr., a farmer in Pickaway county, this state; Homer, a laborer at Florence Switch; Harley, a laborer in Jefferson township, this county; Harvey Elmer, the immediate subject of this sketch; Ida, who married James Streeter, of Hilliard, Ohio; Mollie, who married Oscar Straley, of Champaign county, this state, and Elizabeth, who married Emery Bricker, of Hilliard, Ohio.

Reared on the home farm, Harvey E. Long attended the district schools of his home neighborhood until he was seventeen years of age, at which time he started out on his own resources, working by the month on neighboring farms until his marriage in 1902, after which he rented a farm of one hundred and two acres and from the very first year of his tenancy "made good," presently moving onto the farm of two hundred and sixteen acres in Jefferson township, which he has profitably operated for the past twelve years. In connection with his general farming, Mr. Long gives considerable attention to stock raising and has some very fine graded stock, having found this phase of farming: quite remunerative. Mr. Long is making a wise investment of his earnings and has been able to buy ninety-five acres of excellent, land in Jefferson township, expecting gradually to increase his holding until he will have a' fine farm in his own right.

On August 21, 1902, Harvey Long was united in marriage to Mattie Finks, who was born in Franklin county, this state, and to this union six children have been born, five of whom are living, James, Charles, Lucy, Harley and June. Mr. and Mrs. Long are members of the Antioch Mission church and are active in the good works of the community, being held in the highest esteem by al] their neighbors. Mr. Long is a member of West Jefferson Lodge No. 412, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and his popularity in that order is fully attested by the fact that he is a past noble grand of his home lodge.

Harvey E. Long is au Democrat and takes an active interest in local political affairs. For ten years he served the public of Jefferson township as superintendent of roads and for four years gave equally effective service to the public as township assessor. He is a good farmer, taking advantage of the many wonderful improvements in agricultural methods which have been brought out in recent years and is operating his place on strictly up-to-date lines. Enterprising and industrious, blessed with a most competent helpmeet, he is doing well and is very properly regarded as one of the substantial citizens of Jefferson township, a man in whom his neighbors have the fullest confidence.

The sympathy which mankind extends to the dumb brutes of creation, the "little brothers," who are unable to voice their feelings in a manner capable of close interpretation to that higher order of the animal creation which the great God has endowed with articulate speech, is one of the most convincing evidences that man, indeed, was created but liftle lower than the angels. The pleading of the eloquent eyes of one of the domestic animals, gazing at one of the: acknowledged "lords of creation" with mute appeal to bring relief to the sufferings which it cannot voice, is one of the, mast pathetic sights in all nature, and no one can behold such a sight without experiencing a new respect for the self-sacrificing doctors of veterinary surgery who are ever ready to respond to the call to bring relief to the sufferings of stricken animals, and without acknowledging anew that these devoted surgeons are indeed far in the front ranks of public benefactors. Among the several surgeons in Madison county whose lives have been devoted to the relief of the sufferings of the brute creation, none is better known or is held in higher esteem than the doctor whose name heads this review, and the biographer finds it a pleasant task to present for the information of the readers of this valuable volume a brief epitome of his life's history.

Wade H. Smith was born on a farm in Franklin county, Ohio, on June 27, 1868, son of Josiah O. and Nancy (Lane) Smith, the former of whom was born near the city of Hagerstown, Maryland, and the latter was a native of Franklin county, member of a pioneer family in that county, both of whom are now deceased. Josiah O. Smith came to Ohio from Maryland with his parents when he was about eight years of age and grew to manhood on a farm near Fivepoints, in Pickaway county. There he married, after which he settled on a farm in Franklin county, reclaiming this farm from the forest wilderness in which it was located and became a successful farmer, he and his wife rearing their family there and becoming recognized as among the most influential and useful members of that community.

To Josiah O. and Nancy (Lane) Smith were born ten children, namely: Sarah A. died in August, 1915, wife of George Worthington, of Franklin county; Dr. E. H., a well-known physician, of South Vienna, this state; Mary, wife of John Snyder, of Mt. Sterling, this county; Clara, wife of William Neville, of Delaware county, this state; Lou Emma, wife of Joseph Weaver, of South Vienna; Theodosia, wife of Crosby Brandt, of South Solon, this county; Dr. Wade H., the immediate subject of this sketch, and F. H., a well-known attorney, of Columbus, Ohio; Alice May, wife of James Redman, of London, this county; and Vincent, died at the age of five. The parents of these children remained on the Franklin county homestead until their retirement from the active life of the farm, at which time they moved to the pleasant village of West Jefferson. They died a few years later at South Vienna, Ohio.

Reared on the Franklin county homestead, Wade H. Smith received his elementary education in the district school of his home neighborhood and remained on the farm until he was twenty-two years of age. From his earliest youth he found himself possessed of a deep sympathy for the sufferings of the domestic animals and developed a singular aptitude in the treatment of their ailments. Deciding to devote his life to the relief of the sufferings of man's faithful dumb friends, he entered the veterinary college at Toronto, Canada, taking the full course there, and was graduated with the degree of Doctor of Veterinary Surgery. Upon receiving his diploma, Doctor Smith immediately located in West Jefferson, this county, and ever since has been engaged in the practice of his humane profession, being known far and wide hereabout as a veterinarian of unusual skill. It was in 1894 that Doctor Smith located at West Jefferson and during the past twenty years he has done wonders in this section in the way of alleviating the sufferings of the domestic animals. He is widely and prominently known in the ranks of his profession and is a member of the Ohio State Veterinary Medical Association at Columbus, in the affairs of which he ever takes an active and influential part. f

'In November, 1890, Dr. Wade H. Smith was united in marriage to Emma Wright, to which union was born one child, a daughter, Clara, who married Lewis Bourbon, of St. Louis. Missouri. Mrs. Smith died in 1891 and Doctor Smith married, secondly, July 20, 1898, Jennie Jones, who was born in Clark county, this: state, and to this second union two children have been born, Richard, a painting contractor, of West Jefferson, and Mary, a recent graduate of the West Jefferson high school. Doctor and Mrs. Smith are prominent in the community life of their home town, being interested in all good works hereabout and are held in the very highest esteem by their many friends.

Doctor Smith is a Democrat and has given close attention to the political affairs of the county since taking up his residence here. For two years he served as treasurer of the corporation of West Jefferson and for three years served as a member of the

'town council, in all his public acts 'performing his duty to the people with the utmost regard tor the common good. A good citizen and an excellent neighbor, he has won a high place in the regard of the community at large and has the full confidence of all who know him. ;

"The Plimell family has been honorably and influentially identified with this section of Ohio for nearly one hundred years, since the year 1818, to be exact, and in all that time its various members have done well their parts in whatever sphere of action they were found. 'The first of the name to come to Madison county was the father of John Plimell, who brought his family here from Virginia in 1818, John Plimell being then eighteen years of age. The family home was established on land entered from the government in Deer Creek township, and this old homstead is still in the family. John Plimell, grandfather of the subject of this biographical sketch, grew to manhood's full estate on this pioneer farm and spent all his days there. He married Winnie Lewis, also a native of Virginia, whose family was one of the old colonial families of Virginia, distinguished in Revolutionary days, two or three of her uncles having held high rank .in the 'Continental army during the Revolutionary War, there having been at least one general in the family. In other ways also the Lewis family was prominent in the affairs of the Old Dominion. To this union nine children were born, six of whom grew to maturity, and two of whom are still living, these both being physicians, the venerable ve John T. Plimell, of California, and Dr. George W. Plimell, of Kentucky. .

James Plimell, son of John and Winnie (Lewis) Plimell, was born on the old homestead at Upper Glade, in Deer Creek township, this.county, in 1828, and lived there all his life. As a youth he evinced "unusual aptitude in his studies and in his young manhood became a teacher, being thus engaged for ten or twelve years, following the custom of teachers in those days, "boarding around" with the families of his pupils. Later he engaged in farming, working the old home place and early became accounted one of the most influential men in the Upper Glade neighborhood. For years he served Deer Creek township in the.capacity of township trustee and also was for years a member of the township school board, his influence in both these offices having been very helpful in advancing the educational standards of that, community. James Plimell was a Democrat, and in one campaign was his party's | candidate for the office of county commissioner, but was unable to overcome the opposition majority in that year. ts 4

-In 1860 James Plimell was united in, marriage to Sarah Fetro, a native, of Illinois, who came to this county with her parents when a young girl, and to this union four children were born, namely: H. C., the immediate subject of this sketch: Nora, .who married John Jackson and is now deceased; J. C.. who is operating the old home farm in Deer Creek township, and Carey, who died at the age of sixteen years. James Plimell died in December, 1910, in his eighty -third year. and his widow is still living on the old home place, surrounded, in the evening of her life, by many evidences of the esteem and affection of, that entire neighborhood.

H. C. Plimell, born on December 23. 1863, was reared on the old homestead in Deer Creek township, and received, his education in the excellent, schools of that neighborhood. .In his young. manhood he taught school for five years in his home township and in Oak Run and Somerford townships, aiding meanwhile in the work of the farm, remaining there until he was. twenty-eight. years of age, at which period in his life he moved to London, this county. where for, awhile he was engaged as bookkeeper for .William Holland, carriage manufacturer. He then was engaged .as a clerk and bookkeeper in the' grocery" store of William Cartzdafuer, ' in the same city, 'Which position: he occupied for eight years, at the end of which' time, in 1902, he - 'bought his employer's store and continued the business at the old stand until 1904, in which year he moved to his present location at the corner of First and Main streets, where he is conducting a very successful business in the general groceries line.

On July 12, 1803, H.C. Plimell was united in marriage to Lilly Boland, of London, daughter of Edward Boland, and to this union Sinks children have been born, Helen; Frederick, Margaret and Lilly. aie

Mr. Plimell is a member of the Masonic fraternity and of the Order of es in both of which' organizations he takes a warm interest. He is actively concerned in various' movements having to do with the advancement of the general interests of 'his home town and'-is held in thé highest regard in the business circles of that city, his associates all having the utmost: confidence in him. By enterprise and industry he has built up a fine business and is accounted one of the leading merchants of = "County seat town. a se

The gentleman whose name introduces this biographical sketch, although a man 'of quiet, unassuming characteristics, is nevertheless one of the most prosperous citizens of Madison county, where he resides on a splendid farm consisting of three hundred and seventeen acres, improved with a good, substantial' residence and all necessary 'outbuildings, the whole place bearing an 'atmosphere of intelligent care and prosperity.

son of George and Eliza (Huffman) Goodson. 'He was reared to manhood on his father' s farm, and obtained his education in 'the district schools, attending during the winter months, and helping his father during the summer, until twenty years of age. At the age of twenty- one he rented his father's farm, and began agricultural pursuits for himself. His fine tract, consisting of three hundred and seventeen acres, is, situated on the Blair pike, three and one-half miles northwest of West Jefferson. Politically, Mr. Goodson has_ been. a life-long Republican, and has taken an active part in local politics. He has divided his interests on the farm. between general 'farming and stock raising, being a breeder of Percheron horses. and a dealer, in a good grade of stock of various kinds. 'His fine, home was built in 1899 and his modern barn was erected in 1911, George Goodson, father of the subject of this review, "was born, in Franklin county, Ohio, 'and his. wife, Eliza (Huffman ) Goodson, was born. in Pickaway county, Ohio. Mr. Goodson died in. 1900, and his widow died in 1902. He was a. prosperous farmer, and owned two hundred and fifty acres at the time, of his death, all of which.. he acquired unaided. Politically. he was a Republican. and demonstrated his public spirit by taking an active part. in local. polities. Mr. and. Mrs... Goodson were attentive members of the United Brethren church, , to which they gave freely of their worldly goods. Their union was blessed with. five 'children, namely : Thomas, deceased; Sarah, who is the widow of James Johnson, cand lives at, West. Jefferson : Rebecca, who. died young; Alice, who became the wife of Marion Bidwell, a farmer, of Jefferson. township, and J. Wilson, the subject. of this sketch.

On February 9, 1888, J. Wilson Goodson. was united in ipaerioge ms Clara Harbage, daughter of Owen and Minerva F. (Arnett) Harbage, and. to, this union one child was born, a son, born on April 21, 1899, who.. died - in .early infancy. .Mrs. Goodson is. an earnest member of. the Methodist Episcopal chureh at West Jefferson... .to -which Mr.

Mr. Goodson is a quiet, dignified and progressive citizen, commanding the respect of his neighbors and the community in general, and his good wife is admired by all for her gentle, womanly qualities. ;

George H. Van Wagener

In the very best sense of that oft ill-used term, George H. Van Wagener, cashier of the Madison National Bank, of London, this county, may properly be referred to as a self-made man. Nearly forty-five years continuous service with the bank with which he is now so prominently connected has given him a position in commercial and financial circles in this section of the state, hardly second to that held by any one hereabouts. Beginning his banking experience as a messenger in this sound old financial institution, Mr. Van Wagener has gradually risen to his present high station in the bank by right of true merit and in thus rising has earned the confidence and regard of his associates all along the way, until now there are few men in this region who are better known in commercial and banking circles and who are held in higher esteem therein. But five years of age when he came to this county, Mr. Van Wagener practically has spent his entire life here and his service in the business life of the community has given him opportunities for acquaintance with local conditions that give to his judgments in financial and commercial matters a degree of finality that renders those judgments highly valuable in all councils affecting the weal of Madison county. Not only has Mr. Van Wagener been active in the affairs of the business world hereabout, but in civic affairs he also hhas frequently been called on to render to the public a high quality of service based upon his invaluable experience. As a member of the London city council, he has given fine service in the past and as a present member of the city schooi board he is giving to the school city of the county seat his very best services. He also has rendered excellent service as corporation treasurer of the city and as clerk of the township and in other public capacities has given to the people the benefit of his expert knowledge of business matters, in all of which trusts he invariably has acquitted himself in such a manner as to win the unqualified approbation of the public, it being generally agreed that few men in the city of London have given of themselves more unselfishly or to better advantage to the advancement of the common interest in Madison county's chief city.

George H. Van Wagener was born in Ulster county, New York, on August 13, 1852, son of Benjamin and Maria (Bunton) Van Wagener, both of whom were natives of that county. In 1857 Benjamin Van Wagener came to Madison county, locating in the city of London, where for twenty-five years he was actively engaged in commercial pursuits, during which time he created for himself an honorable and iufluential position in the mercantile life of the county. He died in 1881, his widow dying a few years later. Benjamin Van Wagener and wife were the parents of nine children, seven of whom are still living, those besides the immediate subject of this sketch, in the order of their birth, being as follow: Jacob B., of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; John B., of London, this county; Fred, of Little Rock, Arkansas; M. F., of London, this county; Margaret, also of London, and Sarah, of Seattle, Washington.

Being but five years of age when his parents came to Madison county, George H. : Van Wagener has spent practically his entire life in the community to which he has given so unselfishly cf his diligent services. He received his education in the excellent+public schools of London and on February 1. 1871, at the age of nineteen, he entered the employ of the Madison National Bank as a messenger and ever since has been connected with that fine old institution, a period of time covering. at the time of this writing, nearly forty-five years, during which time he has given his most faith- ful and intelligent service to the best interests of the bank. Such service naturally enough was rewarded and Mr. Van Wagener was gradually advanced in positions of trust and responsibility with. the. bank until about ten years ago he was elected to the position of cashier, which post he now is filling with the utmost satisfaction not only to the directors of the bank, but to the depositors and customers of the same generally, his good faith and trustworthiness being universally recognized in the community where he is so well known.

On November 18, 1880, George H. Van Wagener was united in marriage to Mary Minter, who was born at Lafayette, this county, daughter of Crawford Minter, a pioneer, who came to Madison county when thirteen years of age and is now (1915) ninety-nine years of age. To this union five children have been born, but two of whom, Jeannette and Benjamin, are now living, Louise having died in 1898, Hazel and Ruth dying in 1913.

Mr. and Mrs. Van Wagener are earnest members of the Presbyterian church at London and are active in all the good works of the congregation to which they are attached, Mr. Van Wagener having been for years one of the trustees of the church. They also are devoted to all other good works in the community and are generally recognized aS among the leaders in whatever movements of a local character are designed to advance the interests of the commonwealth.

Mr. Van Wagener is a Democrat and for years has taken an active part in local politics, his deep interest in civic affairs having made him one of the most influential men in the local councils of his party. For some years he served in the London city council and is now a member of the city school board, in which capacity he is rendering most useful service in the cause of education. He also has served as corporation treasurer and as township clerk and in various other ways has given to the public the benefit of his expert services. Mr. Van Wagener is a thirty-second degree Mason, being a member of the consistory of the Scottish rite at Columbus and is warmly interested in Masonie affairs in Ohio. He and his wife are held in the very highest esteem by their large circle of friends in London and throughout the county, all of whom cherish for them the sincerest regard.

W. A. Beadle

The subject of this sketch is a man of large business capacity in office matters. As the business manager of one of the enterprising institutions of West Jefferson, Ohio, Mr. Beadle has a 'splendid field for the display of his qualifications. One of the great secrets of success in his commercial life, lies in the fact that he is a good "mixer," which is a necessary asset in any line which makes it necessary for a business man to meet and make friends.

W. A. Beadle, manager of the Darby Packing Company, West Jefferson. Ohio, was born on December 13, 1873. in Warren county, Ohio, and is a son of Elias and Annie (Fallon) Beadle. He was originally in the canning business at South Lebanon, starting in at the bottom when the business was still young, and was rapidly promoted. His experience as manager of various plants has covered a period of twenty years. Mr. Beadle has always been an ardent member of the Republican party, taking a deep interest in politics. His religious faith is with the Methodist church. Mr. Beadle belongs to Madison T.odge No. 221, Free and Accepted Masons, at West Jefferson; Miami Valley Lodge No. 703, Knights of Pythias, at South Lebanon, also the United American Mechanics Lodge No. 34, at Blanchester, Ohio.

Elias Beadle was married to Annie Fallon, a native of County Galway, Ireland, who came to this country when twelve years of age, landing at New York. She crossed the ocean on 'a sailing vessel and was three months and' seven days on the water. Her parents 'died when she'was'small.' She was sent to New: York to live with an uncle, but the uncle died and she was reared by 4 German woman. Later she was thrown upon her own resources and was working in Cincinnati' where 'she met Mr. Beadle,' who at that time was driving a huckster wagon into Cincinnati. After he was married 'Mr. Beadle took his wife to Warren county, Ohio, where he engaged in 'contracting work. Elias Beadle is deceased. Annie (Fallon) Beadle is still living in Warren county, Ohio. They were the parents of five children, all of whom are living in 1915.

Jesse Beadle was the paternal grandfather, and his wife was Sarah Beadle. He camé from New Jersey to Ohio. Mrs. Beadle was born and reared in Ohio, and spent the last years of her life in Warren county.

W. A. Beadle was united in marriage, July 15, 1906, with Mabel Crane, daughter of W. D. and Anna Irene (Harrell) Crane. W. D. and Anna Irene (Harrell) Crane were both natives of Ohio, Mr. Crane spending his entire life in South Lebanon. His ancestors came from Pennsylvania, and were of German lineage.

Mr. Beadle is a gentleman of sterling qualities, is quick of perception, and executes his duties with that ease which only comes from long practical experience.

Henry Betts

In no county in Ohio will one find a larger number of prosperous farmers than in Madison county, and among them is the gentleman whose history is here briefly given. Henry Betts for many years gave his employers the benefit of his help and knowledge of agriculture, and eventually made up his mind that if he could put money into the pockets of others, he could accomplish as much for himself, and accordingly bought a farm, of fifty-five acres and started in for himself, at the same time, taking upon himself the responsibility of providing for a wife and family. His present valuable farm is sufficient evidence of his success.

Henry Betts, farmer, West Jefferson, Ohio, was born on February 10, 1856, in Jefferson township, and is a son of John and Angeline (Alder) Betts. At the age of thirteen years he began working by the month, continuing in this way for a number of years, during which time he attended the district schools during winter months. He bought his first farm, of fifty-five acres, from Isaac Bidwell, for which he paid sixtythree dollars and eighty-five cents an acre, which he later traded for the Gillivan farm, on which he now lives. Mr. Betts has always been more or less interested in stock raising, and has endeavored to' produce a fine grade, and is in every sense of the word, a progressive and scientific farmer. Politically, he has always given his earnest support to the Republican party, taking an active part in politics while in Canaan township, but has never sought office, with the exception of one time when he served as school director. His religious belief is with the Universalist church, at Alden Chapel. His fraternal alliance is with West Jefferson Lodge No. 222, Free and Accepted Masons.

Jobn Betts, father of the subject of this sketch, was a native of Maryland, and came to Ohio when still a young man, with his mother and brother Henry. They started in a wagon with two horses, one of which died on the way, and they finished their journey with one horse. On arrival in Ohio, they settled in Madison county, close to Canaan and Jefferson townships, where Mrs. Betts lived the remainder of her life. Mrs. Angeline (Alder) Betts was a native of Ohio. They settled on what is now the Frank Peane farm, and lived there ursitil their death. , They were the parents of six children, all of whom. are living: Jonathan, who resides at Lilly Chapel; Thomas, who is a resident of Irwin-Station ; Henry, of Jefferson township; Mary, who became the wife of John Gruell, and lives at Little Darby; Laura D., who is the wife of George Joyce, of Columbus, Ohio; and Sarah.

Henry Betts was united in marriage, with Maude Stanton, daughter of James and Sarah Stanton. This union has been blest with three children: Claude, who died aged two months; May, who became the wife of Will Genshamer, and resides at Milford, Cincinnati, Ohio; Emerson, who is still with his father.

James and Sarah Stanton, parents of Mrs. Henry Betts, were natives of Madison county, the entire family of Mr. Stanton dying with the cholera when he was a small boy, leaving him alone.

Mr. Betts is deserving of great praise for the way in which he has struggled through single-handed, and those who have grown up with him and watched his efforts and close attention to business, are the ones best able to appreciate his achievement as an honest, industrious and successful agriculturist of Jefferson township. His farm, consisting of one hundred and one and three-quarter acres, located three and one-quarter miles. north of West Jefferson, is one of the best kept farms of that section. :

Edward J. Fitzgerald

Among the citizens of Jefferson township, Madison county, Ohio, who have achieved a high degree of success as scientific stock raisers and general farmers, few are more worthy of a place in a volume of this character, than the gentleman whose name neads this biographical sketch.

Edward J. Fitzgerald, farmer of Jefferson township, was born on March 3, 1879, on (he farm where he now resides. He is a son of D. D., and Johanna (Daley) Fitzgerald, both natives of County Cork, Ireland. After coming to this country, D. D. Fitzgerald worked as a blacksmith and was located between London and Plain City, Ohio. Edward Fitzgerald was reared on the home farm, and when twenty-one years of age, secured employment as a fireman on the Baltimore & Ohio railroad, being promoted at the end of four and one-half years to the position of engineer, which he held for six years, and. which he later resigned in order that he might follow agricultural pursuits. Politically, Mr. Fitzgerald is a believer in the principles of the Democratic party, and his religious membership is with the Catholic church. He belongs to the Knights of Columbus, of which he is a third degree member, and the Catholic Order of Foresters.

D. D. Fitzgerald, father of the subject of this sketch, was a native of County Cork, Ireland, and came alone to America, landing at New York. His wife, Johanna (Daley) Fitzgerald, was also born in County Cork, Ireland. They attended school together in their native country, but were separated at the age of eleven or twelve years of age. Mrs. Fitzgerald came with her parents to the United States four years before her husband: came, and settled in Madison county. They corresponded for a time, and finally met again, Mr. Fitzgerald coming from Ft. Edward, New York, to be married, after which he returned to New York and sold his hotel business, and then came back and settled in Madison county. on his present farm. Mr. and Mrs. D. D. Fitzgerald were the parents of thirteen children as follow: D. A. and Nora Fitzgerald live at West Jefferson; Ellen (widow of Mr. Riley) lives on the home place; John died at the age of sixteen years; Hannah became the wife of P. C. Gaynard, and lives near Summer: ford; Mary is the wife of F. F. Ryan; Bdward J., of Jefferson township; Daniel L. died when twenty-eight years old; Patrick, died at the age of six months; W. HE. lives in Jefferson township; Margaret, died at nineteen years of age; Julia became the wife of Francis Graham; Flizabeth was united in marriage with Arthur Murphy.

John Daley, the maternal grandfather, was a native of Ireland. He emigrated to the United States and settled in Madison county, Ohio, and he and his brother, Patrick Daley, were the original owners of the farm on which Edward J. Fitzgerald now resides, in Jefferson township, consisting of over two hundred and twenty acres.

Mrs. Ellen Riley who resides with her brother, Edward J. Fitzgerald, is part owner of the home farm. She is the widow of Malachi Riley. Malachi Riley, now deceased. was a resident for a number of years of West Jefferson, Ohio. To Malachi and Ellen Riley were born the following children: Benedict, born on December 18, 1900; and Collette, March 8, 1902, both of whom are attending school and reside with the mother at the home place.

Mr. Fitzgerald is at present especially interested in producing a fine breed of hogs, of which he has a large number. He is a gentleman of pleasing address, and | is held in high favor by his neighbors.

Peter Buffenburg

The subject of this sketch was one of the pioneers of Madison county. A descendant of Prussian stock, he was born at Petersburg. Virginia, May 3, 1784, and died the 26th of September, 1867. In 1807 he came to Ohio with a thousand dollars in gold and entered a part of his homestead in 1811, which is now familiarly known as the 'Buff Prairie,' where he began the business of grazing cattle. Not being inclined to speculate he rarely, if ever, sent his stock away in search of a market, but generally found sale fur it on the farm. He seldom performed manual labor and always seemed to strive less, both in body and mind, for the accumulation of wealth than most men strive for the ordinary competency of life. -

In the industry of stock raising. Peter Buffenburg was noted all over the country. and was celebrated for the high grade of cattle which he raised. This subject was to him one of intense personal interest, and he was looked upon as an authority and was often called to render expert judgment in matters pertaining to the raising of stock. In the management of his affairs. he always made his annual income exceed his expenditures; so that, in a few years he accumulated a small sum of money, which he invested in real estate adjoining his first purchase. until he obtained a beautiful farm of three thousand acres. His discrimination of judgment in loaning money was such that he never lost any by this means. Before his death, by continuing his investments in real estate, he obtained a contiguous tract of five thousand acres, which, with his personal effects, has been estimated at half a million dollars.

Such men as Peter Buffenburg help to lay the foundations for the material prosperity of their section of the state and in so doing bequeath rich opportunity upon those who follow. His entire estate was left to his wife, Angeline M. (Hutson) Buffenburg, and his two daughters. Eugenie Jeannette, now the wife of John Crawford, of New York City, and Mary May. wife of Clinton Morse, of London, Ohio. During his long life, Peter Buffenburg was never heard to speak a harsh or disrespectful word of any of his neighbors or acquaintances; nor does his name appear as a litigant on the records of his county court. With his numerous tenants he was kind and liberal, always, avoiding difficulties and altercations.

During the Civil War. Peter Buffenburg always manifested a deep interest in the success of the Northern arms and in the perpetuity of the Union. His reading consisted mostly of the news of the day and ancient history. In his habits of life he was strictly temperate, and was rather inclined to retirement amounting, at times, almost to solitude. In conversation he was not very communicative, but always courteous and kind. He disliked anything like vanity, and scrupulously avoided every appearance of ostentatious wealth. To sum up his traits of character, he was not only entirely free from profanity, but strictly moral; he was humane and modest, unassuming and honest. In regard to his religious views he died as he lived, inclining to a belief in Universalism.

Francis M. Warner

Francis M. Warner, son of Charles R. Warner, was born on May 4, 1849, on his father's farm, near Bigplain, Fairfield township, this county. Mr. Warner's grandfather, Joseph Warner, Jr., was a native of Virginia, who, about 1804, came with his parents to Madison county, where they erected what is still known as the Warner homestead, located on the Charleston pike, in Union township. Before removing from Virginia, Joseph Warner, Jv., married Sarah Atchison, who was a native of Kentucky, and to this union were born eight childrn, all of whom reached the age of maturity. The names of five are given: John A., Eli G., Charles R., Rebecca A. and Rachel C.

Joseph Warner, Jr., and his wife were devout members of the Methodist Episcopal church, Mr. Warner being an exponent of that faith for forty-five years. He was a pioneer of the sturdy type and an incident which transpired shortly after his arrival in Ohio will prove this statement. Mr. Warner was a carpenter by trade and, although skiiled in his vocation, had attended school very little while in his native state, though his desire for education was unusually great. Upon his arrival in Union township, he contracted to build a school house and for his labor on that building he received one year's schooling. He erected the first house in London, also the second, which was his own residence. He was the contractor who erected the first Madison county court house at London. Mrs. Warner died in April, 1850, at the age of fifty-four years, and her husband departed this life fifteen years later, August 30, 1865, aged eighty-one years. .

Warner, and family, about the year 1804. He remained in Madison county for a number of years, subsequently removing to a home in the vicinity of Cincinnati, where his wife died at the age of ninety years. After the death of his wife, he returned to Madison county, where he resided with his son, Joseph, Jr. Joseph Warner, Sr., served as a soldier in. the War of the Revolution, at which time he became an expert horseman, never losing his love for the accomplishment which carried him safely through the perils of war. At the advanced age of one hundred years this energetic veteran of the Revolution rode on horseback from his home, in Madison county, to Washington, D. C., returning on the same horse, feeling none the worse for this trip of fifteen hundred miles. Again, at the age of one hundred and three years, he made another trip on horseback, to visit his daughter, who resided in another part of the state, but before his visit was finished he was taken ill and passed away at the age of one hundred and four years. These sketches of the lives of both the elder and the junior Joseph Warner give the key to the later successes of Charles R. and Francis M. Warner and their sterling qualities and business ability have been handed down to the fourth generation. Charles R. Warner was a farmer and spent his entire life in Madison county. He was prominent in the congregation of the Methodist Episcopal church and held the office of trustee of Fairfield township for some time. His wife, Isabella J. Chenoweth, was born in Oak Run township, this county, on what is now known as the W.. D. Chenoweth farm. To this union were born eleven children, ten of whom are still living, as follow: Francis M., subject of this sketch; Thomas S., of Oregon; John S., of Kansas; Joseph H., of Nebraska; Milton C., of Ohio; Charles S., of Oklahoma ; Isabella Fitzgerald, of Fairfield township; Minnie Gregg, of Oregon; W. G., of Clark county, Ohio; O. E., now living on the home place in Madison county; and Sarah J., who is deceased.

Francis M. Warner received his education in the common schools of Fairfield township. He then began working on his father's farm, which, in itself, was an agricultural education. He was united in marriage in 1876 to Julia Jones, and to this union were born three children, two daughters and one son, all of whom are deceased. The son lived to the age of eighteen, but the daughters both died in infancy. Mrs. Warner departed this life in February, 1896.

Provenance

Text from History of Madison County Ohio, published 1915, in the public domain in the United States and digitised by the Internet Archive.