Marietta, Ohio - Educational Matters (part 1 of 2)

Early Schools And Teachers

Schools were opened in Marietta at as early a date after the founding of the settlement as was possible. The teachers were paid in part by the Ohio company, and in part by the parents of their pupils. The pioneer schools were located in each one of the three clusters of settlements, which have heretofore been described, and to which we have several times alluded - Campus Martius, "The Point," and Fort Harmar. The first at Campus Martius was held in the northwest corner block-house in the winter of 1788-89, and was taught by Major Anselem Tupper, an officer in the Revolutionary army, and son of General Benjamin Tupper. He was a young man of fine education and literary tastes. At a late period Benjamin Slocomb, of Rhode Island was a teacher at the stockade. He was a graduate of Brown university. He returned to his native State in 1805 or 1806. Major Tupper died in Marietta in 1808. At "The Point" the early teachers were Jonathan Baldwin, a man of talent and education from Massachussets; a Mr. Curtis, brother of Eleazer Curtis, of the Newburgh settlement, and Dr. Jabez True. The former had his school most of the time in a cooper-shop, and the latter had the use of aroom in one of the block-houses. Up to 1796 no school-house had been erected in Marietta and probably none in the State of Ohio. Mr. Baldwin became a settler at Waterford after the close of the war, and Mr. Curtis went to the Big Kanawha country. Dr. True died in Marietta in 1823.

As we have intimated, schools were opened upon the west side of the Muskingum about the same time that they were at Campus Martius and "the Point." But little is known, however, of the early teachers. One of the earliest of them, though at a period later than that to which the above mentioned belonged, was a Mr. Noble, a quaint old fellow, a bachelor, and, to quote the language of one of his first pupils, ''a kindly old gentleman who loved his pupils and his snuff box." Another of those teachers was Benjamin F. Stone, who taught a school in a building which stood on the location now occupied by Mr. E. Luthringer as a tin-shop. Perhaps the most distinguished of those who taught in Harmar during early years was Mr. William Slocomb, whose reputation for thoroughness and culture attracted pupils from all parts of the settlement.

After the close of the Indian war the spirit of the New England pioneers, which had been expressed in the Ordinance of 1787, and in the resolutions of the Ohio company, asserted itself in the establishment of the first academy in the great Northwestern Territory.

The Muskingum Academy

The building of this school-house was proposed at a meeting of the inhabitants of Marietta, convened April 29, 1797, for the purpose of taking into consideration measures for promoting the education of the youths in the settlement. General Putnam was chairman of this meeting, and Return Jonathan Meigs, jr., clerk. It was resolved "that a committee of six be appointed to prepare a plan of a house suitable for the instruction of youth, and religious exercises, and to make an estimate of the expense and the most suitable means of raising the necessary moneys, and to fix upon a spot whereon to erect the house, and report on Saturday next at three o'clock, p. M." General Putnam, Paul Fearing, Griffin Greene, R. J. Meigs, jr., Charles Greene and Joshua Shipman were appointed the committee.

completing it at one thousand dollars; they also reported that their opinion was, that the best plan for raising the money was to assess the possessors of ministerial lands lying on the Ohio river between Hart's ditch and the north end of Front street, and between Front street and the Muskingum river, at the rate of one dollar for every one-third of an acre which they respectively possess; that the best place for the building was city lot 605; that a subscription be opened for raising the deficiency of money.

appointed. The assessments and subscriptions were to be considered as loans to be repaid out of the taxes of the ministerial lands; in case these amounts were not hereafter repaid, the persons so assessed, subscribing and paying, were to become proprietors of the building, in proportion to the sums paid.

Joshua Shipman was authorized to contract for the necessary boards and planks. At the next meeting, Saturday, the thirteenth of May, it was decided to call the building the Muskingum academy. Shares were fixed at ten dollars, and the proprietors had votes according to the number of shares owned. A meeting of the proprietors could be called by the possessors of thirty shares.

WHEREAS, It is in contemplation to build an academy at Marietta, to be called the Muskingum academy, by subscription, to be held in properties and moneys paid, the subscribers, desirous to carry so laudable an object into effect, do hereby, each for himself, undertake and promise to pay to Jabez True, treasurer, to the proprietors of the academy aforesaid, or his successors, in case any should be appointed by the proprietors, such sum or sums as they may, and do hereby severally affix to their names.

On May 16th a committee, consisting of Paul Fearing, Charles Greene, and Joshua Shipman, was appointed with full power to erect and complete the academy in accordance with the plan submitted at a former meeting, with the addition of a cellar under the whole building; they were authorized to purchase city lot No. 605, and the adjoining one.

Funds still being wanting, it was decided to sell to the highest bidder seats numbered one to twenty-one; the purchaser to have exclusive right to such seats on all public occasions; seats eighteen to twenty-one were withdrawn.

On May 21, 1800, a subscription was opened for completing the building, and a committee was appointed to report on a system of education; the report of the committee was made and accepted May 26th.

ARTICLE 3. It shall be the duty of the preceptor to teach the pupils writing, reading, arithmetic, geography, English grammar, and the Latin and Greek languages; the different branches in which a pupil is to be taught to be signified to the preceptor by the parent or the guardian of the pupil.

ARTICLE 4. It shall be the duty of the preceptor to pay due attention to the language and manners, particularly, and to the deportment of the scholars generally, that they may be instructed to be civil and obliging to each other, and respectful everywhere, to all.

ARTICLE 5. It shall be the duty of the preceptor to cause some, or all of the pupils to learn select, entertaining, and instructive speeches and dialogues, adapted to their several capacities and ages, which they shall pronounce in the academy, before such audience as may attend on the quarter day, which shall be the last day of every quarter.

ARTICLE 6. It shall be the duty of the preceptor to see that the pupils do not injure the seats, doors, writing-tables, and windows of the academy, and to cause the pews and floors to be thoroughly swept by some of the pupils every Saturday noon, and the movable seats and tables to be placed in order for the reception of the congregation on the succeeding Sabbath.

ARTICLE 7. The hours of tuition shall commence at nine o'clock in the forenoon and end at twelve, and commence at two in the afternoon and end at five, except during the winter, when they shall begin at halfpast one and end at half-past four, at which times the preceptor shall cause the bell to be rung.

ARTICLE 8. The prices of tuition to be paid to the preceptor for cach quarter shall be, for reading and writing two dollars; for arithmetic, English grammar, the first rudiments of astronomy, and geography, two dollars and fifty cents; Latin, Greek, and mathematics, three dollars. There shall be paid for each pupil taught reading and writing, thirty cents; for those taught arithmetic, English grammar, and geography, forty cents; for Latin, Greek, and mathematics, fifty cents per quarter to the preceptor, who shall pay over the same to the academy, for its use to keep the academy in repair, and for such purposes as shall be directed by the proprietors.

On July 29, 1802 an improved plan of the building was presented. This included six new pews, which were sold that day at the following prices: Two for twentyeight dollars, one for twenty-six dollars, and three for twenty-five dollars. The treasurer was then authorized to contract for building them. On the thirtieth of December this action was repealed, as its expediency was considered doubtful. At this meeting the following resolution was adopted:

WHEREAS, All professing Christians consider it as an essential branch of education to have their children, and those under their care, instructed in the principles of the Christian religion, and the public catechising has been always considered as a part of the duty incumbent on the minister or pastor of a religious society; therefore,

Resolved, That the minister or pastor of the first religious society in Marietta shall have the liberty, from time to time, to instruct the pupils of the several schools that may hereafter be kept in the Muskingum academy; provided it is not more than half a day in any one month, and that he give at least three days notice to the preceptor of the time preferred for the exercises aforesaid.

The house was forty feet in length by twenty-four feet in width, and was twelve feet high, with arched ceiling. There were two chimneys, and a cellar of the same size as the building in length and breadth. There was a lobby projection from the front; the roof was square. Opposite the door was a broad aisle, at the end of which was a pulpit against the wall. On the right and left of the pulpit was a row of slips. On each side of the door, against the wall, were two slips facing the pulpit, and at each end of the room, at each side of the chimney, one slip. These slips were stationary and were fitted with desks that could be let down, and there were also boxes in the seats for holding books and paper. In the centre of the room was an open space which could be filled with movable seats. The house was used for the double purpose of an academy and a place for public worship.

In January, 1816, the building was leased to the Marietta School association for sixty dollars per year. The interior was materially changed and a school of a higher grade than any in town was established, in charge of Elisha Huntingdon, a graduate of Dartmouth. He taught for two or three years. After leaving the school he studied medicine, and, returning to Massachusetts, was for many years a resident of Lowell, practising medicine there. He was also for some years mayor of Lowell, and, for one term, lieutenant governor of Massachusetts. He died in 1867 or 1868.

Doctor Huntington was succeeded in the academy by William Slocumb, who taught there several years. He afterwards went into business in Marietta, and finally removed to Rochester, New York, where he died in 1873.

The building and lot was sold at auction October 8, 1832, for four hundred and seventy-nine dollars and two cents, to D. C. Skinner, esq., who removed it to the lot south of the Rhodes block, on Second street, where it now stands. 'The building is now the property of Judge C. R. Rhodes, and is rented as a tenement house.

The original location of the Muskingum academy was between the old Governor Meigs house (now the property of M. D. Follett, esq.,) and the Congregational church.

Other Educational Institutions

From the time of the Muskingum academy, onward, the development of educational institutions was in two lines. Upon the one hand there was a succession of efforts to give the youths of the town, county, and surrounding region an advanced education through the medium of academys and institutes, and upon the other hand there was a development of the common schools.

The first of these lines of improvement reached its culmination in the establishment of Marietta college and the second developed the present public schools and the high school.

The Institute Of Education

The school which may be called the successor of the Muskingum academy was called The Institute of Education. It comprised an infant school, primary school, ladies' seminary, and high school, and was established by the Rev. L. G. Bingham, in 1830. With Mr. Bingham became associated, a year later, Mr. Mansfield French. Mr. M. Brown, a graduate of Williams' college, had charge of the high school the first two years of its existence and was superseded by Mr. Henry Smith, of Middlebury college, in 1832. 'The ladies seminary was started under the management of Miss Spaulding, of Ipswich, Massachusetts. In 1832, Miss D. T. Wells, now Mrs. 1D. P. Bosworth, became assistant in this department. It was the high school of this Institute of Education which was chartered in 1833, as the Marietta Collegiate institute. And it was this institution which two years later was chartered as Marietta college. Into the hands of the same corporation also came the ladies' seminary, but the schools were maintained as separate institutions. Miss Spaulding was succeeded by Miss Wells, and afterward Miss C. M. Webster, Miss S. Jaquith, and Mrs. L. Tenney were successively the principals. The trustees sold the property in 1843, but the school was continued for a number of years by Mrs. Tenney.

Harmar Academy

In 1844 an academy was organized in Harmar, known as the Harmar academy. This was found to be a valuable adjunct to the schools already established. These schools, being of a lower grade, needed the stimulus which the academy supplied. From the first the academy received the hearty and liberal support of the citizens of Harmar. A suitable building was provided by the citizens, at an expense of about two thousand dollars, and many of those who were too poor to contribute money, contributed labor in the construction of the building. Distinguished teachers were invited to assume control of this school, and, from the catalogue of 1848, we find there were in attendance at the academy during 1847-8 one hundred and sixty-six different pupils. The reputation of this school may be understood when it is known that within two years after its organization, pupils were in attendance from all parts of the country. The catalogue of 1848 contains the names of pupils from all the more important settlements in the county, from Mc- Connelsville, Xenia, Cincinnati, Wheeling, West Virginia ; Governeur, New York; Wood county, West Virginia, and from many points in the contiguous counties. The male and female departments were separate. The Rev. Henry Bates, A. M., was principal of the male department, and Miss Sarah Jacquith principal of the female department. The principals were supported by twelve assistants.

The board of trustees of this date consisted of John Crawford, Douglas Putnam, Henry Fearing, Harlow Chapin and Silas T. Jewell. Upon the reorganization of the public schools, in 1849, the academy became the high school department of these schools, and under the efficient administration of Mr. Bates, John Giles, George H. Howison and Robert S. Boreland, did valuable work.

The Western Liberal Institute

was a school of the higher class, organized by the Universalists of Marietta. 'The charter was obtained March 21,1850. Felix Regnier, Joseph Holden, Owen Franks, George W. Barker, William Devol, William Pitt Putnam and |. J. P. Putnam and their associates were the corporators, and the first trustees were G. W. Barker, Owen Kranks and James M. Booth. 'The first principal was Paul Kendall. Instruction was given to the youth of both sexes during the period the school remained in existence, which was about ten years. The trustees erected a building for the school upon Second street, south of Butler. THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS.*

During the early years of the life of Marietta, while the several academies we have described were in existence, there were kept by divers persons at various times small select or private schools, and also the common district schools maintained under the law of 1821. There was little change or improvement prior to 1825. The small revenue then derived from the lease of school lands and the disfavor which the law of 1821 met with, here as elsewhere, in consequence of its charitable provisions for the poor, made the success of the schools dependent upon the liberality and wise encouragement they received from the citizens. This necessary support they received to an unusual degree.

Reorganization Of The Schools

In May, 1849, the schools of Marietta were reorganized, and a graded system, embracing a union of all the schools, was adopted. For some years previous, the schools were five in number, in as many separate and independent districts. Female teachers were employed in these separate schools during the summer, and in winter their places were given to male teachers. The schools, under this plan, were conducted from six to eight months each year. At Akron, and a number of other places throughout the State, the graded or union system had been tried with excellent results, and it was determined to try the experiment in Marietta. The plan was first suggested in September, 1848, at the annual meeting of one of the five districts. It was agreed at this meeting to invite the other four districts to consider the matter at a joint meeting. Asa result of this invitation, a joint meeting of all the directors was held, and a reorganization upon the union plan was recommended to the citizens. A public meeting being called, the change was endorsed, and as a result, in the following March, the first union board of education was elected. This board consisted of Dr. I. W. Andrews, T, W. Ewart, R. E. Harte, Lucius Brigham, E. H. Allen, and Robert Craw-

At first three grades were established, primary, secondary, and grammar. During the first year eight schools were established, to-wit: four primary, two secondary, and two grammar schools. 'These schools were taught in the buildings occupied by the district schools, two of which had been enlarged for the purpose. These schools were all taught by ladies except one grammar school for boys, which was taught by Mr. Theodore Scott.

High School

There was no high school until 1850, when Mr. E. D. Kingsley was chosen superintendent of the schools, and organized that department. The first class graduated from the high school in 1853, and.consisted of the following persons: Harriet L. Shipman, Sophia Browning, Mary C. Slocumb, Virginia N. Nye, Caroline E. Brigham, Maria R. Booth, Mary O. Tolford, Jane E. Butler, Elizabeth T. Soyez, Maria M. Morse, Vesta M. Westgate, Julia L. Holden, Rhoda M. Shipman, Mary P. Gilbert, John W. Morse, William B. Loomis, and Justus Morse, jr.

Superintendents And Principals

Among the superintendents of the Marietta schools since the reorganization may be named E. D. Kingsley who remained in charge until 1855. Hon. M. D. Follett, of Marietta succeeded Mr. Kingsley. He remained two years, when he resigned to enter the practice of the law. E. A. Jones, at present superintendent of the Massillon, Ohio, schools, served as superintendent for two years. The present incumbent, C. K. Wells, was chosen as principal of the high school in the fall of 1879, since which time he has also performed the duties of superintendent in whole or in part.

Among the teachers of the High school at different periods may be named J. O. Gould; Prof. Geo. R. Rossiter, now professor of mathematics in Marietta college; Rey. George R. Gear, now pastor of the Baptist society of Marietta; Miss Lizzie Anderson and others. In addition to the present superintendent, the Marietta schools are ably managed by Prof. S. S. Porter, who for years has been the principal of the Washington Street schools; by Miss Lizie Anderson principal of the Greene Street schools, and by C. W. Hudson principal of the Third Street schools. The report of Superintendent Wells for April, 1881, shows that there are at present employed in the Marietta schools twenty-three teachers; the total enrollment of pupils, one thousand one hundred and thirty-two, and the average daily attendance one thousand and thirty-one. This includes the colored school which numbers thirty pupils, with a daily attendance of twenty-three.

Reorganization Of Harmar Schools

Early in 1849, the attention of Douglas Putnam, Luther Temple and other citizens was called to the excellent results of the union or graded system which was then being introduced into many of the schools of the State, and through the interest of these gentlemen and others equally interested, the Harmar schools were reorganized upon the union plan in the fall of 1849. The first union board of education consisted of Douglas Putnam, Luther Temple, John Crawford, Samuel Bussard E. G. Smith and S. T. Jewell. The Rev. Mr. Bates of the academy, was chosen teacher of the high school, and superintendent of the schools. Mrs. J. P. Stratton was chosen teacher of the grammar school, while Miss Mattie Fearing, now the wife of Captain T. M. Turner, of Cincinnati, and Miss Mary Crawford were selected as primary teachers.

Mr. Bates remained as superintendent of the schools until 1852 when he resigned, and John Giles, of McConnelsville, Ohio, was chosen to fill the vacancy. Mr. Giles remained in charge until 1858, when he was superseded by Mr. Boreland. Miss Stratton remained in the grammar department doing excellent work until 1852. After the withdrawal of Miss Fearing, Miss Lucy Abbott, afterwards the wife of Hon. Amos Layman, was appointed as teacher.

Discontinuance Of The High School

In 1863 the high department had become so reduced in numbers that it was deemed advisable by the board of education to discontinue it. It was provided, however, that all who should complete the grammar school course, should be transferred to the Marietta high school, the tuition to be paid from the tuition fund of the Harmar board of education. This plan remained in operation until the fall of 1876, when the board determined to reduce the course of study to eight years, - four primary and four grammar - thereby abolishing high school instruction. This arrangement has been continued to the present.

Colored Schools

At the reorganization of the Harmar schools, the board determined to establish no class schools, and colored pupils were assigned, without reference to their color, to whatever grade of school their attainments entitled them.

Martha E. Grey was the first colored pupil who passed a successful examintion for entrance into the High school. This was in 1873. In September of the same year she applied for admission into the Marietta High school, but her request was not granted. A separate school for colored youth is maintained in Marietta, but colored pupils are now received into the High school.

Superintendents And Teachers In Harmar

After the withdrawal of Mr. Boreland as superintendent in 1860, Mr. W. H. G. Adney, now professor of sciences in Meadville college, was chosen. He remained but one year, being succeeded by Mr. George H. Howison. At the expiration of the year Mr. Howison resigned, and Mr. Boreland was again placed at the head of the schools. He, in turn, was succeeded by Sarah L. Bosworth. The following year, the Rev. William Wakefield, a member of the board of education, was appointed to take a partial supervision of the schools, and for this service he was allowed a compensation of one hundred and fifty dollars. Mr. Martin R. Andrews, a graduate of Marietta college, was afterwards chosen as superintendent. Mr. Andrews remained until 1870, when he resigned to accept the superintendency of the Steubenville, Ohio, schools. From 1871 to 1876, John T. Duff, a graduate of the Ohio university, was the superintendent, at which latter date he resigned to accept the superintendency of the Bellaire City schools. The present superintendent is Mr. John D. Phillips, who for many years was the principal of the Green Street grammar school of Marietta.

The superintendent of the Harmar schools is at present assisted by a corps of five teachers. The enrollment of pupils in the schools is about two hundred and eighty. Of the present corp of teachers, Miss Lydia N. Hart, and Miss Susan Daniels, have served continuously for fourteen and fifteen years respectively.

Marietta college owes its existence and success to the character of the men who began upon the Muskingum the settlement of the northwest. 'There was a deep conviction on the part of many of the most intelligent men in southeastern Ohio that a literary institution of high order was essential to the educational and religious interests of a large region, of which Marietta was the centre. This conviction was confirmed by the opinions of men of high standing both west and east.

The enterprise was undertaken by men who understood that a long and arduous work was before them. They knew that an institution conducted with reference to genuine and thorough culture, with no resort to superficial methods or temporary expedients, must be of slow growth. They had but moderate means from which to draw, but their gifts were most generous. They gave expecting to give again and again, as they have done. They believed that such an institution as they proposed to establish was indispensable, and their faith in its success was strong from the beginning.

The college was the natural outgrowth of this settlement by the Ohio company. The descendants of the men of the Revolution and their associates in the Ohio company, whose ideas of civil society were embodied in the immortal ordinance of 1787, were the founders of Marietta college, and they have been its warmest and most steadfast friends and its most generous benefactors. To speak of no others, the families of the two Putnams - General Israel and General Rufus - of Dr. Manasseh Cutler and General Benjamin Tupper, have furnished eight trustees of the college, five of whom still hold to this relation.

The charter of Marietta college bears date February 14, 1835. The institution had, however, been in operation a short time under another name. An act of incorporation had been obtained December 17, 1832, for "The Marietta Collegiate Institute and Western Teachters' Seminary." This charter gave no power to confer

*In 1876 President Israel Ward Andrews prepared a historical sketch of Marietta college, at the request of the bureau of education, for the Centennial exhibition. It was published in the Ohio Centennial Volume upon Educational Institutions. The history as it here appears embodies the greater part of the sketch originally prepared, with much new degrees, and contained a section authorizing any future legislature to amend or repeal it. A new charter was obtained two years later, free from the repealing clause and giving the power to confer degrees.

The same gentlemen were named as corporators in both charters, viz: Luther C. Bingham, John Cotton, Caleb Emerson, John Mills, John Crawford, Arius Nye, Douglas Putnam, Jonas Moore, and Anselem T. Nye, though two of them, Messrs. Arius Nye and John Crawford, retired from the board about the time the college charter was obtained.

These gentlemen, and their succeesors, were constituted a body corporate and politic with perpetual succession, with all the powers and privileges incident to a corporation, to be known and distinguished by the name and style of "The 'Trustees of Marietta College."

There is no restriction or requirement as to residence, religious belief, or any other qualification. 'The State has no management or control of the institution, and no State official is a trustee ex-officio. It is not under the direction of any religious denomination, nor has any ecclesiastical body the power to appoint or nominate trustees. It was intended to be an institution where sound learning should be cultivated under the best religious influences; a Christian college, controlled by a board of trustees, with power to fill all vacancies in their body.

The charter has been modified but once. An amendment made December 21, 1844, authorized the board of trustees to increase the number of members at their discretion, provided it should not consist of more than twenty-five. The full number of members has never been reached; the present number of elected members (the president of the college is a member ex-officio, and has been unanimously elected to the presidency of the board of trustees) is twenty-one.

Of the seven trustees who continued to act under the charter of 1835, one left the board in 1845, on his removal to the east, three have deceased and three are still connected with the college.

Rev. Luther G. Bingham, a native of Cornwall, Vermont, and graduate of Middlebury college, was pastor of the Congregational church at Marietta, though a member of the presbytery of Athens when the college was founded. In connection with Mr. Mansfield French, he had established a high school at Marietta, and the building they had erected became the property of the college. Mr. Bingham left Marietta for Cincinnati in 1838, and a few years later removed to Brooklyn, New York. He was very active in the early history of the college, and his connection with it as trustee continued till 1845.

Hon. John Cotton, M. D., a lineal descendent of the distinguished clergyman of that name, who came to Boston in 1633, was born at Plymouth, Massachusetts, September 9, 1792, and was graduated at Harvard in 1810. He established himself as a physician at Marietta, and remained here till his death, April 2, 1847. Dr. Cotton filled many positions of usefulness, and was a most valuable member of the board of trustees. He was elected president of the board at its organization in

Caleb Emerson, esq., was born at Ashby, Massachusetts, August 21, 1779, and came to Ohio in 1808. He was a lawyer by profession and a man of philosophic mind, enriched by very wide reading. He married a daughter of Captain William Dana, one of the pioneers, whose descendants are numerous and of the highest respectability. Mr. Emerson was a trustee till his death, March 14, 1853.

Jonas Moore, M. D., another of the founders of the college, was also a native of Massachusetts, born March 9, 1781. His early manhood was spent at the south, but for many years he was a citizen of Marietta. He was a warm friend of the college, and gave generously to its funds. Dr. Moore died March 24, 1856.

The three surviving founders, John Mills, Douglas Putnam and Anselem T. Nye, are all natives of Marietta. They have all been prominent business men, and identified with the most important enterprises of the place. Colonel Mills was treasurer of the college from its founding till 1850, rendering this service gratuitously, the treasury being also almost always overdrawn, sometimes to the amount of several thousand dollars. Mr. Putnam has been the secretary of the board from the beginning. Both have been members of the executive committee from the first, and they are the two largest donors. Colonel Mills gave one thousand dollars when the college was founded; his last gift was ten thousand dollars. The sum of his donations is nearly twenty-three thousand dollars. Mr. Putnam's first gift was two hundred dollars, and his last twenty-five thousand doilars; the whole amounting to about fifty-thousand dollars.

Between 1835 and 1845, when the amendment in the charter authorized an increase of members, there was but one addition to the board - Rey. Addison Kingsbury, D. D., of Zanesville, who was elected in 1838, and who is stilla member. Of those elected in 1845 and subsequently, the following gentlemen remained members till their decease: Henry Starr, esq., 1845-51; Rev. Charles M. Putnam, 1845-70; William Slocumb, esq., 1847-73; Noah L. Wilson, esq., 1849-67; Rev. Thomas Wickes, D. D., 1849-70; Hon. Simeon Nash, 1845-79; Hon. William R. Putnam, 1849-81; Samuel Shipman, 1859-80; Benjamin B. Gaylord, esq., 1864-80.

The Collegiate Institute went into operation in the autumn of 1833. Mr. Henry Smith, who was at the head of a high school in Marietta when the first charter was obtained, was elected professor of Latin and Greek in the winter of 1832-33. In May, 1833, Mr. Milo P. Jewett was made professor in the teachers' department, and in August Mr. D.. Howe Allen was chosen professor of mathematics, and Mr. Samuel Maxwell, principal of the preparatory department. A freshman class was formed that fall, but becoming reduced in numbers, its members fell back into the next class, which was graduated in 1838.

The relations of these gentlemen to the institution remained unchanged under the charter of 1835, Professor Jewett having been transferred in the summer of 1834 to

Thus, when the Collegiate Institute became Marietta college, the faculty consisted of five members, a president, who was also professor of moral and intellectual philosophy, a professor of languages, a professor of rhetoric and oratory, a professor of mathematics, and a principal of the preparatory department.

President Linsley remained at the head of the institute till 1846, when he accepted the pastorate of a church in Greenwich, Connecticut. He devoted himself to the duties of his office with the utmost zeal and fidelity, rendering fruitful servicé, both as an instructor and in the general work of administration. All who knew him will recognize the truthfulness of the words penned by his successor concerning him:

To the deep-toned piety and spiritual fidelity of Dr. Linsley, the institution is largely indebted for the internal religious influence which prevailed, and the frequent and powerful revivals of religion which blessed it during the period of his presidency; and to his earnest conviction of the importance of the institution to the cause of Christ, and his stirring appeals from the pulpit, is to be ascribed much of the public confidence which it has secured, and the favor which it has met with from the friends of Christian education, both east and west.

Dr. Linsley was born at Cornwall, Vermont, July 16, 1790; was graduated at Middlebury college, 1818, was tutor from 1813 to 1815; practiced law at Middlebury, 1816-22; pastor of the South Congregational church, Hartford, Connecticut, 1824--32; pastor of Park Street" church, Boston, Massachusetts, 1832-35; president of Marietta college, 1835--46; pastor of the Second Congregationel church at Greenwich till his death, March 22, 1868. He received the degree of D.D. from Middlebury in 1837, and was a trustee of Yale college from 1855 till his death.

President Linsley was succeeded in the presidency by Professor Henry Smith, who had been Professor of Languages from the foundation of the college. The institution was fortunate in all the members of its first faculty. Four of them came directly from the Theological seminary at Andover, and their subsequent success attests the good judgment of the trustees in their appointment. Dr. Smith remained in the college longer than any of his associates, and his department of instruction furnished the opportunity to leave a decided impress upon the institution in its forming period. While those associated with him in laying the foundations of the college were men of fine ability and high attainments, some of them eminently so, it is not doing them injustice to say that the college is more indebted to him than to any other of its instructors for shaping its character, and making it a place of genuine and thorough culture. Few men have combined in a higher degree than Dr. Smith broad and exact scholarship, ability in instruction, and eminence in the pulpit. He resigned the presidency in the winter of 1854~5, and accepted an invitation to the chair of sacred rhetoric in Lane seminary, with which institution he was connected to the time of his death, with the exception of a few years at Buffalo, New York, as pastor of the North Presbyterian church. President Smith was graduated at Middlebury college in 1827, and was tutor there from

1828 to 1830. He received the honorary degree of D.D. at Middlebury in 1847, and that of LL.D. at Marietta in 1874. He died at Walnut Hills, January ra, 1879.

Professor Jewett (a graduate of Dartmouth in 1828), left the college in 1838. For many years he was at the head of a female seminary in Alabama, and then removed to Poughkeepsie, New York. It was during his residence there that Mr. Matthew Vassar decided to appropriate a portion of his property to the founding of a college for young ladies; and it was, doubtless, owing in part at least, to the influence of Professor Jewett, that this munificent gift, originally intended for another purpose, took an educational direction. He was appointed the first president of Vassar college, and visited Europe to examine institutions with reference to methods of instruction and courses.of study. He is now living in Wisconsin. 'The degree of doctor of laws was conferred on Professor Jewett in 1861, by the university of Rochester, New York.

Professor D. Howe Allen (Dartmouth, 1829) was transferred from the chair of mathematics to that of rhetoric and oratory, at his own request, in 1838, on the resignation of Professor Jewett. His fitness for successful work as an instructor, and his personal influence over young men, were remarkable, and his loss was seriously felt when he accepted an invitation to Lane seminary in the early autumn of 1840. As professor of sacred rhetoric, and afterward of theology, he was eminently successful. Professor Allen was born at Lebanon, New Hampshire, July 8, 1808. The honorary degree of doctor of divinity was conferred upon him by Marietta college in 1848. His connection with Lane seminary remained till his death, though for some years he was laid aside from active duty. He died November 9g, 1870.

Professor Samuel Maxwell (Amherst, 1829) was connected with the institution for more than twenty years, for the greater part of the time being in charge of the academy or preparatory department. He was a man of great personal excellence, and was most conscientious in the discharge of his duties. In 1855 he relinquished that work, and established a boarding school for lads. He was born at Lebanon, Connecticut, March 9, 1804, and died at Marietta, January 24, 1867.

Of the orginal faculty of five,* one only is now living - Doctor Milo P. Jewett. The following gentlemen have been professors for various periods, but are not now in active duty: Professor John Kendrick, a graduate of Dartmouth, 1826, and valedictorian of the class to which Chief Justice Chase bclonged, succeeded Professor Allen in the chair of rhetoric, etc., in 1840, having for some years previously been a member of the faculty of Kenyon college. He was transferred to the department of ancient languages when Dr. Smith became president in 1846. In 1866 the department was divided, Dr. Kendrick retaining the Greek. He resigned in 1873,

Professor Hiram Bingham, a graduate of Middlebury, 1839, occupied the chair of geology and chemistry from 1846 to. 1849, since which time he has been in the work of the ministry in northern Ohio.

Professor Ebenezer B. Andrews, an alumnus of the college, of the class of 1842, was elected to the department of geology, etc., in 1851. With the exception of two years in thearmy as colonel of the Thirty-sixth Ohio volunteer infantry, he continued to discharge the duties of this professorship till 1870, when he resigned to enter the service of the State in the geological survey. +

Professor Addison Ballard (Williams college, 1842) was professor of mathematics and natural philosophy from 1855 to 1857, having previously held the chair of rhetoric at Williams college. He is now professor at Lafayette college, Kaston, Pennsylvania. t

Dr. Ballard was succeeded by Professor Evan W. Iivans (Yale, 1851), who occupied the mathematical chair till 1865. On the organization of Cornell university he was elected professor of higher mathematics in that institution. He died in 1874.

In 1860 Mr. Edward P. Walker (Marietta, 1856) was appointed professor of rhetoric and English literature. He had been tutor from 1856 to 1857. The hopes cherished by his friends and associates, that a long career of usefulness was before him, were cut off by his death, December 27, 1861.

After the resignation of Dr. E. B. Andrews, in 1870, the vacancy was filled by the appointment of Mr. William B. Graves (Amherst, 1862). Professor Graves had charge of the chemical and geological department till 1874, when he accepted an appointment in the Agricultural college at Amherst, Massachusetts.

Professor S. Stanhope Orris (College of New Jersey, 1862), succeeded Professor Kendrick in the Greek chair in 1873. He resigned in 1877 to accept the same chair at Princeton. -

The gentlemen named above are all, besides the present faculty, who have held permanent professorships in the college, though a number have been acting professors for short periods, or have been lecturers. George O. Hildreth, M. D., lectured on chemistry and mineralogy from 1840 to 1843. Timothy S. Pinneo, M. D., was acting professor of mathematics in 1843-4. Professor Alonzo Gray gave instruction in 1844~5, and Professor W. W. Mather in the same department in 1845-6. Professor George R. Rosseter had charge of the Mathematical department in 1850-1, and Professor William Porter, now of Beloit college, gave instruction in the classical department from' 1850 to 1852. Charles H. Raymond, M. D., lectured on chemistry in 1850--1, and Rey. Charles S. Le Duc gave instructions in mathebeen professor matics in 1852--3. Professor Erastus Adkins, formerly of Shurtleff college, gave instruction in Greek from 1857 to 1859, and in Greek and rhetoric from 1864 to 1866. Professor John N. Lyle, now of Westminster college, Missouri, had charge of the department of mathematics and natural philosophy from 1866 to 1868.

Israel Ward Andrews, LL. D., succeeded Dr. Smith as president, being elected in January, 1855. He has filled this position continuously since, and_ served longer than any college president in the west, and, with perhaps one exception, longer than any in the United States. He entered the college as a tutor in the fall of 1838, having graduated from Williams college in the previous year, and taught an academy for a short time at Lee, Massachusetts.

In April, 1839, he was elected professor of mathematics, in which capacity he was employed until his presidency began. Dr. Andrews is the son of Rev. William and Sarah (Parkhill) Andrews, and was born at Danbury, Connecticut, January 3, 1815. He received the degree of D. D., from Williams' college in 1856, and that of LL. D. from Iowa in 1874, and from Wabash college in 1876.

Professor George R. Rosseter (Marietta, 1843,) was tutor from 1845 to 1847; acting professor of mathematics in 1850-1; principal of the academy from 1864 to 1868; and then was elected to the chair of mathematics, natural philosophy and astronomy.

Professor John L. Mills (Yale, 1835) was tutor at Yale from 1858 to 1861, professor of mathematics, etc., here from 1865 to 1866, and was then transferred to the chair of Latin.

Professor David E. Beach (Marietta, 1859) was principal of the academy for two years, from 1859 to 1861, and in 1869 was appointed prufessor of moral philosophy and rhetoric.

Professor Thomas D. Biscoe, a graduate of Amherst in 1863, tutor there one year, and Walker instructor in mathematics from 1866 to 1869, was appointed professor of chemistry and geology in 1874.

Professor Irving J. Manatt (B..A., Iowa college, 1869, and Ph. D., Yale, 1873) was tutor at Iowa college one year, acting professor at Dennison university two years, and was elected professor of Greek at Marietta in 1877.

Professor Martin R. Andrews (Marietta, 1869) has been principal of the academy since 1879, and the present tutor is Mr. William A. Batchelor, of the class of 1878.

It has been stated above that Professor Maxwell, the first principal of the academy, continued in charge of it till 1855. Since that time some graduate of the college has been principal, with the exception of two years, from 1862 to 1864, when it was under the care of Rey. Edward F, Fish, a graduate of Hamilton college.

Of the tutors, all have been alumni of the college except for the year 1838-9. The whole number of instructors - presidents, professors, principals of the academy, and tutors - has been forty-seven, of whom thirty-one have been Marietta graduates. 'The institution has thus honored its own educational work by calling back its alumni, and committing to them the responsible work of instruction.

The experience of the college is decidedly favorable to the election of young men as professors. It has been seen that four of the five gentlemen composing the first faculty came directly from the theological seminary. Of the eighteen different professors, five only had been engaged in other professional work. 'These five had been pastors of churches, but, with one exception, that of President Linsley, their periods of clerical service had been short, ranging from two to six years. All but one entered upon their duties as professors at an early age. Twelve of the eighteen had been tutors, here or elsewhere, before becoming professors. Two of the three presidents were elected from the corps of professors; in both cases men who had come here in early manhood. The aggregate time spent by these two in the work of instruction in the college has amounted to sixty-five years.

One feature of the college was modified after a few years' experience. When the institution was opened, provision was made for daily labor, agricultural and mechanical, and each student was required to work three hours a day in summer, and two in winter. As early as 1838 the shops were directed to be rented, and manual labor became optional. The last mention of it in the annual catalogue is found in that for 1842-3.

Plan Of Education And Course Of Study

In founding the institution, it was the purpose to establish a genuine college of the New England type. It has been seen that all the members of the original faculty had been educated in the eastern colleges, and the same is true of those trustees who had received a liberal education. Of the eighteen who have held permanent chairs in the college, three were graduates of Middlebury college, three of Dartmouth, two of Amherst, twa of Williams, two of Yale, one of Princeton, one of Iowa, and four of Marietta. The institution was thus molded after the New England type, and its course of study and general plan continue to be substantially the same as in those colleges.

At first special arrangements were made for the instruction of teachers; but that department soon took the form of the scientific course, found in so many colleges, embracing all the languages pursued in the classical course except the ancient languages, with some additional work in mathematics and its applications. But while this course, though inferior to the classical, was good in itself, as is shown in the case of the few students who completed it, the difficulty was that the students did not remain to finish it. Whatever may have been the cause, this was the fact. While the regular course was completed by over sixty.per cent. of those who entered it, this short course of three years was completed by only six per cent.

studies of which are the same as in the classical, except the Greek. For this the modern languages are substituted, both in the preparatory department, and in college.

With scarcely an exception, the professors have given no instruction in the preparatory department, nor have their energies been exhausted in attempting to carry on a number of parallel courses of study. Their strength has been concentrated upon the proper undergraduate course, and they believe that the result has shown the wisdom of this policy. The requisites for admission have been gradually increased, and such changes have been made from time to time in the studies of the course as experience and the progress of the times have made desirable. The optional system has not been regarded with favor. The first president, in his inaugural address, characterizes the theory that each should follow his own predilections, and pursue those studies only for which he has the most relish and the best capacity, as fallacious in theory and mischievous in practice. The same system was also discussed by the present president at his inauguration in 1855. He says: "This college has not wasted her energies, or jeoparded the interests of her young men by any rash experiments. She has pursued that course which the experience of the past and the wisdom of the most learned have pronounced to be the best adapted to secure the highest and most symmetrical development of the human intellect."

Whatever changes have taken place, the principles underlying and guiding have remained the same. Marietta has no hesitation in declaring a decided preference for the methods adopted at Yale and Williams over those at Charlottesville and Ithaca.

The custom, well nigh universal forty years ago, of attending morning prayers and recitation before breakfast, and at a very early hour, was changed at Marietta in 1840.

Religious Influences

The founders of the college were religious men, and their purpose was to establish a Christian institution. The design and aim have been to furnish the best facilities for instruction in all the branches of a liberal, nonprofessional education, and at the same time to bring the students under religious influences. A leading object was the training of young men for the work of the gospel ministry. One of the first donations was the sum of five thousand dollars, given by Deacon Samuel Train, of Medford, Massachusetts, toward a fund for aiding the students who were preparing for this work. But the institution is under no ecclesiastical control, and neither charter nor by-laws imposes any restriction in the election of trustees or professors. The first board of trustees, nine in number, had in it members of five different denominations. And the fund spoken of above is used to aid young men of promise belonging to any evangelical denomination.

The chapel services, held every morning, and attendance upon which is obligatory, consist usually of reading the Scriptures, singing and prayer. Until 1868 there was a chapel service every evening also. There is no chaplain, and on the Sabbath students attend those churches in town which their parents prefer, there being no preaching service in the chapel. All the classes have a Biblical exercise on Monday morning.

Thirty-seven per cent. of the alumni have studied for the ministry. It may also be stated that seventy-seven per cent. were professedly religious men at the time of their graduation, and that twenty-four per cent. were converted in college.

Preparatory Department

From the first, a separate department has been in operation, with the object of preparing young men for college. Since 1840 it has been known as the Marietta academy. It has a permanent principal, who receives the same salary as a professor in the college. The course of study occupies three years, and the school, in its plan and appointments, is specially designed for those seeking a liberal education, though others are received. Of those admitted to the freshman class, about threefourths on the average are prepared at this academy. The average annual attendance, as shown from all the catalogues, is seventy-six.

The educational work of the college proper was carried on, till 1850, in a single building of very moderate dimensions. It is seventy-five feet by forty, four stories high, with a basement and an attic. The basement has long since ceased to be used for recitation rooms, as originally designed. The building is now used for students' rooms, except the Latin recitation room and the reading room. It was erected in 1832.

The second building is seventy-five feet by fifty-three, three stories high, with a tower. It was erected in 1850, according to the plans and under the supervision of Hon. R. E. Harte, of Marietta. On the first floor are the president's lecture room, the mathematical room, the chemical lecture room, and a working room for the chemical department. About half of the second story is occupied as a room for the college cabinet and apparatus. There are also the Greek room, the rhetorical room, and the Hildreth cabinet. In this last are deposited the specimens in natural history and geology presented to the college by the late S. P. Hildreth, LL. D. The two literary societies occupy the third floor.

This building, whose corner-stone was laid in 1845, with an address by Hon. Lewis Cass, who was a citizen of Marietta in his early manhood, was erected through the liberality of the people of Marietta. The room containing the cabinet and apparatus is named Slocomb hall, from William Slocomb, esq., one of the principal donors.

The third building of the group was finished in 1870, and was erected by the alumni and other students of the college. Its cost, including the fitting up of the two rooms of the libraries of the two literary societies, was about twenty-five thousand dollars. It is two stories high, and seventy-five by fifty feet on the ground. The lower story, which is sixteen and one-half feet high, is divided by a wide hall into two equal parts, one of which, intended for an alumni hall, is at present used as a chapel. The other half furnishes two fine rooms for the society libraries.

The whole of the second story, which is twenty feet high, is devoted to the college library. The room is surrounded with a gallery, and has twenty-five alcoves, each lighted with its own window.

On another part of the grounds is a building used for the preparatory department exclusively, thus keeping this department entirely distinct from the college. This building is of wood, while the others are of brick. The three forming the college group are on an elevated _portion of the grounds, with a beautiful slope in front.

The outlay for buildings has been moderate. The trustees have acted on the principle that the real efficiency of an institution of learning is in men, with books and apparatus to work with, rather than buildings. There has been no ambition to erect fine edifices.

Libraries, Cabinets, Etc

As early as December, 1834, Professor Henry Smith obtained leave of absence, with continuance of salary, to goto Europe for the purpose of study. His departure was delayed, however, till the summer of 1836, and meanwhile efforts were made to raise funds for the purchase of books andapparatus Most opportunely, though quite unexpectedly, the sum was increased by the gift of one thousand dollars from the estate of Samuel Stone, of Townsend, Massachusetts. A like amount was given to each of several colleges, for the purchase of books. The portion coming to Marietta was expended for philological works. Dr. Smith says: 'These books were carefully selected and purchased, for the most part, by a personal attendance upon the great auction sales of Leipsic and Halle. In this way the institution came into possession of one of the most valuable collections of classical works in the west, and for a sum probably less than onethird the price it would have cost in this country."

In 1850 a special effort was made by a few friends to increase the library. Mr. Douglas Putnam gave two thousand five hundred dollars, Mr, N. L. Wilson one thousand fine hundred dollars, Mr. William Sturges one thousand two hundred and fifty dollars, Colonel John Mills one thousand dollars, Mr. Winthrop B. Smith five hundred dollars, and others in smaller sums. President Smith expended most of this money abroad, thus increasing largely the number of works needed in the seyeral departments of instruction. Subsequent purchases have been made from year to year, almost all with reference to the wants of the professors. The college library is thus largely professorial, the literary societies providing for the current literature.

In 1850 Dr. Samuel P. Hildreth, an eminent naturalist of Marietta, gave to the college his cabinet of minerals, etc., together with some five hundred volumes, chiefly scientific and historical. He continued to add to this collection till his death in 1863, since which time

Mrs. E. W. Lord, of Batavia, New York, in 1877, gave to the college about one thousand volumes and five hundred pamphlets, including the very valuable collection of educational works belonging to her husband, the late Asa D. Lord, M. D., at the time of his death superintendent of the State Institution for the Blind at Batavia, and for many years one of the most prominent and successful educators in Ohio.

President Henry Smith gave to the college, by will, his library of some twelve hundred volumes, and thirteen valuable oil paintings. A portion of the books are already on the shelves.

The college has also received many valuable works from Hon. William A, Whittlesey and Hon. William P. Cutler, both of Marietta. From various other sources the college has received books and pamphlets relating to this part of the west, and to the governmental history of the State and Nation, making it unusually rich in works of this character. ;

The number of volumes in the college library, including the Hildreth collection, is seventeen thousand six hundred, and the whole number in the various libraries is twenty-nine thousand.

Besides the collections in the Hildredth cabinet, which are in a room by themselves, the college has a valuable collection of fossils, minerals, shells, etc. The whole have recently been arranged, and the number of specimens is over thirty thousand.

The apparatus, though not extensive, includes some valuable instruments. Among them area Holtz machine, induction coil, electric lamp, absorption spectroscope, binocular microscope, an ait-pump of great power, a fine Atwood's machine, a theodolite, sextant, etc. There is also a quadrant belonging to and long used by General Rufus Putnam, who held the office of surveyor-general under Paesident Washington. It was given to the college by his grandson, Hon. William Rufus Putnam,

College Societies

The two literary societies, the Alpha Kappa and the Psi Gamma, were formed in 1839, taking the place of the Phi Sigma, a society with two branches. They have large and handsome halls for their meetings, and commodious rooms for their libraries, which, together, contain over ten thousand volumes. There are four fraternities - three secret, and one anti-secret. Most of these have handsome halls. In 1860 achapter of the Phi Beta Kappa society was established by Dr. John Kendrick (Dartmouth), General T. C. H. Smith (Harvard), and Professor E. W. Evans (Yale). A boating association is in successful operation. Their boat-house, in the city park, is a tasteful structure, and they make much use of the unsurpassed facilities furnished by the Muskingum.

The first class was graduated in 1838. From that time the series has been unbroken. The whole number of graduates is five hundred and seventeen, of whom

The class (regular) of 1838 numbered four, that of 1875, numbered twenty-two. No class has been larger than that of 1875, and none smaller than that of 1838.

It has been stated before that over sixty per cent. of those entering the regular courses have completed the course. Taking all the catalogues published, extending from 1837-38 to 1880-81, the ratio of seniors to freshmen is as sixty-seven to one hundred. The ratio between the whole number of graduates and the whole number of freshmen is found to be the same - sixty-seven to one hundred, One-third of the alumni are from Washington county.

The graduates are distributed among the professions and occupations as follows: Clergymen, thirty-seven per cent.; business men, twenty-five per cent.; lawyers, seventeen per cent.; physicians, eight per cent.; teachers, eight per cent.; all others, five per cent.

Seventy-one of the alumni are the sons of clergymen - seventeen per cent. In an unusually large number of cases the college has had different students from the same families. Among her alumni may be found one hundred and fifty-one in groups of two, three and four in a family. Three families have sent four sons each; eleven have sent three each, and fifty-three have sent two each. Nineteen have graduated, whose fathers were students here before them. Forty of the graduates came from other colleges to finish their course here, and thirtyseven who have left Marietta, have received degrees elsewhere. It is believed that no student has been admitted here from another college, who did not bring the customary papers.

The following alumni have been missionaries: John F. Pogue, Sandwich Islands; Ira M. Preston, Africa; Nathaniel H. Pierce, American Indians; Jackson G. Coffing, Turkey; John H. Shedd, Persia; John P. Williamson, American Indians; Charles A. Stanley, China; William L. Whipple, Persia; John B. Cameron and William E. Fay are under appointment to go this year, one to Brazil and the other to Africa. Andrew J. McKim went to South America under the Seamen's Friends society.

The following have been professors in colleges: Erastus Adkins, Shurtleff college, and acting professor at Marietta; E. B. Andrews, Marietta college; George R. Rosseter, Marrietta college; R. A. Arthur, Ohio university; George H. Howison, St. Louis university, and Massachusetts institute of technology; Edward P. Walker, Marietta college; David E. Beach, Marietta college; John N. Lyle, acting professor at Marietta, and professor at Westminister college, Missouri; William G. Ballantine, Ripon college, Wisconsin, and Indiana university and Oberlin theological seminary.

Joseph F. Tuttle, D. D., has-been president of Wabash college since 1862; General Willard Warner was United States Senator from Alabama; Hon. Joseph G. Wilson was one of the supreme judges of Oregon, and member of Congress; Hon. William Irwin is now governor of California; Hon. Alfred T. Goshorn is director general of the centennial international exposition.

The precise number of those who entered the army in the great war of 1861-65 can not now be given, but the relative number was large, both of graduates and undergraduates. Among those who lost their lives were the valedictorians of the classes of 1859, 1860 and 1862 - Captain Theodore E. Greenwood, Lieutenant Timothy L. Condit, and Adjutant George B. Turner.

Honorary Degrees

The honorary degree of doctor of laws has been conferred on twenty gentlemen; that of doctor of divinity on thirty-one; that of doctor of philosophy on one, and that of master of arts on forty-four.

Grants And Endowments

The college has been sustained entirely by private generosity. It has never received from the State or Nation an acre of land or a dollar of money. It was not founded in consequence of any large gift from an individual or family, nor did the town vote, or the people pledge, any sum for the sake of securing the institution at that point. The first effort to raise funds was after the charter had been obtained, and this was to pay for the property which the trustees had purchased, at a cost of eight thousand dollars. This sum was secured at Marietta, three donors giving one thousand dollars each.

This was the small beginning. But the founders and friends of the institution appreciated the importance of the enterprise, and their gifts have increased with their ability. 'Their example has had its influence upon others, and thus the college has retained its old friends and been gaining new ones. As illustrative of this continuance of interest, and the increase in successive donations from the same persons, a fact or two may be stated. Among the donors in the first effort, made in the spring of 1833, to raise eight thousand dollars, were seven men who gave in sums ranging from fifty dollars to one thousand dollars, making an aggregate of two thousand two hundred and fifty dollars. The total gifts to the college made by these seven gentlemen up to this time amount to ninetyeight thousand dollars, or over forty times the sum given at first. In 1847 a gentleman in southern Ohio gave fifty dollars. In 1857 he gave five hundred dollars. About ten years later he gave five thousand dollars. It is by such men that Marietta has been sustained.

The college has a number of scholarships on the basis of one thousand dollars each, nearly all of which are in the gift of the institution. The ability of the college to aid deserving young men has been greatly increased

For some years prizes have been awarded to students in the three upper classes who have been distinguished for excellence in general scholarship during the previous year. Usually the sum of sixty dollars has been divided between the best two in each of these classes. Two small prizes for excellence in declamation have been given to two students in each of the sophomore and freshman classes. Recently rhetorical prizes have been awarded to the two or three in the junior class who have excelled in that department. These prizes are but partially endowed as yet, though they have been regularly paid. 'There is now also a prize in American history.

In 1843 an association was formed in the east under the name of the "Society for Promoting Collegiate and Theological Education at the West." Marietta was one of the institutions whose circumstances led to the formation of the society, and was one of the first five taken under its patronage. Aid was received through this source for about twenty years, and the cause of education owes great obligation to that society.

The college is beginning to receive aid in the form of legacies. Mrs. Mary Keyes and Mr. Daniel T. Woodbury, both of Columbus, made bequests of five thousand dollars each some years ago. President Henry Smith, who died in January, 1879, bequeathed his library and a collection of paintings, and made the college his residuary legatee, the bequest amounting to about thirty-four thousand dollars. Mrs. Smith has the use of the whole during her life. Bythewill of Hon. William Rufus Putnam, who died May 1, 1881, the college receives most of his property. It will probably be between thirty thousand and forty thousand dollars. About two years since Mr. and Mrs. Truman Hillyer, of Columbus, transferred to the college twenty-five thousand dollars, to which he has since added two thousand five hundred. This is subject to a life annuity.

It will be seen that bequests have already been made amounting to more than one hundred thousand dollars, and it is known that other persons have made testamentary provision, which will without doubt be secured to the college.

Allusion has already been made to the warm interest manifested in the college by the people of Marietta and its immediate vicinity. At its founding they gave generously, according to their ability, and each succeeding decade has witnessed a large increase in their benefactions. 'Their gifts to the present time have amounted to upwards of two hundred thousand dollars.

What has been said of the people where the institution is located may be as emphatically said of the trustees to whom the management of its affairs has been entrusted. The institution has been to them from the first a fosterchild. They have regarded themselves appointed not merely to manage and control but to nourish and strengthen. They have encouraged benefactions in others by making them themselves. Their donations

The alumni have manifested great liberality towards the college. Mention has already been made of the library building erected by them at a cost of twenty-five thousand dollars. Towards our alumni professorship more than sixteen thousand dollars has already been given. 'The various gifts from alumni and other former students amount to more than fifty thousand dollars.

John Mills, Anselem T. Nye, esq., Rev. Addison Kingsbury, D. D., Hon. William P. Cutler, General Rufus R. Dawes, Rev. Theron H. Hawks, D. D., Rev. William Addy, D. D., and M. P. Wells, esq., of Marietta; Douglas Putnam, of Harmar; Rev. E. P. Pratt, D. D., of Portsmouth; Rev. Henry M. Storrs, D. D., of Brooklyn, N. Y.; Francis C. Sessions, esq., Rev. William E. Moore, D. D., and Rev. Robert G. Hutchins, D. D., of Columbus; Rev. George M. Maxwell, D. D., Hon. Alfred T. Goshorn, William J. Breed, esq., and William H. Blymyer, esq., of Cincinnati; Hon. Charles W. Potwin, of Zanesville; Colonel Douglas Putnam, jr., and John Means, esq., Ashland, Kentucky.

The Medical Profession

Character of Early Physicians - Biographical Sketches - Jabez True, Solomon Drown, Thomas Farley, William Pitt Putnam, Josiah Hart, William B. Leonard, John Baptiste Regnier, Nathan MclIntosh, Robert Wallace, Samuel Prescott Hildreth, John Cotton, Jonas Moore, G. S. B. Hemstead, Morris German, Felix Regnier, Hugh Trevor, Shubel Fuller, Dr. Stearns, Wilson Stanley - Present Physicians - Seth Hart, George O. Hildreth, B. F. Hart, C. W. Eddy, J. D. Cotton, Simeon Hart, Samuel Hart, Z. D. Walter, James Mc- Clure, H. N. Curtis, Mrs. H. N. Curtis - Medical Societies.

Marietta has been favored with able and honest physicians since the year of the first settlement. It is frequently remarked that the professional classes of new settlements fill up with the failures of old and cultured communities. But the first settlement at Marietta was made under peculiar circumstances by some of the ablest and best men of New England, and among them were physicians of sterling qualities and genuine merit. It is the aim of this chapter to give sketches only of the more prominent practitioners from the first settlers to the present time.

Jabez True, son of Rev. Henry True, was born in Hamstead, New Hampshire, in 1760. It was the practice of the time for clergymen to instruct the youth and prepare young men for college. Mr. True had a class of this kind under his instruction. His son, Jabez, acquired sufficient knowledge of the languages to enable him to pursue a course of medicine with advantage. He read medicine in his native town, and completed his course He volunteered his services as surgeon of a privateer and sailed for Europe. Soon after commencing the cruise the vessel was wrecked on the coast of Holland, and the mariners thrown on the mercy of the Hollanders. Dr. True remained in Europe until the cessation of hostilities, when he returned to America and began the practice of his profession in New Hampshire.

Dr. True became a member of the Ohio company in 1787, and came tu Marietta in the spring of 1788. He built a small log office on Muskingum street. The new country did not afford a lucrative practice, but it was a fortunate circumstancethat skilled phyiscians were present. He was employed at the opening of the Indian war as surgeon's mate for the troops and rangers, at a salary of twenty-two dollars per month. During this time he also taught a school a part of the time in one of the blockhouses of the garrison at the Point.

The small-pox and scarlet fever broke out in 1790 and made it necessary for the doctor to visit the settlements, which, during the Indian war, could only be done by water as none but trained rangers trusted themselves to enter the roadless forest; visits at that time even by water were extremely hazardous, hut the sick required attention, and he frequently risked his life to respond to the calls of duty.

Dr. True was celebrated for his kindness and sympathy. So far as it was possible he patronized the prejudices of his patient and never resorted to radical remedies, except in cases of absolute necessity. 'The result of his calm, deliberative judgment was generally correct, and his treatment of diseases remarkably successful, which was doubtless owing to its simplicity, for it is a lamentable fact that too many die from too many and improper remedies as well as from disease itself."*

After the close of the Indian war he improved a farm on the Ohio about a miile from Marietta, and took an interest in agricultural pursuits. His practice extended over a large arca of territory, sometimes requiring him to ride twenty miles through forests and over bridgeless streams.

The practice of medicine at that time was by no means lucrative. The general poverty of the people necessitated low charges and in many cases no charges at all, neither for medicines or professional service.

Dr. True's devotion to the church cannot be omitted from any sketch of his life however brief. He joined the Congregational church at an early period of its organization and was for many yearsa deacon. His house was a home for itinerant preachers, and his purse always open to needy charities. He was the "Gains" of Marietta, although for a town of its population, it abounds in men zealous and liberal in promoting good works. Dr. True, for several of the last years of his life, served as county treasurer, a position which afforded him ease and a moderate income.

Captain Charles Mills, an amiable and excellent woman. He had no children, but the children of his wife were treated with all the love and affection of a real father. He died during the epidemic of 1823.

Dr. Solomon Drown is known rather as a scholar and man of letters than as a physician. He came to Marietta in the summer of 1788, and attended on General Varnum as counsel during his sickness. He was selected to pronounce the eulogy at his funeral, which was published at the time in New England. - He also delivered the address at the first Seventh of April celebration. About 1791 he was elected professor of botany and natural history in Brown university, of which he was a graduate. He filled the position for many years.

Dr. Thomas Farley came to Marietta in the summer of 1788 as the attending physician of General Varnum, who died of consumption in January, 1789. He wasa son of General Farley, of Ipswich, Massachusetts, and studied medicine at Salem, under Dr. Holyoke, in 1782. Colonel Barker says of him: 'He was a modest, amiable young man, always ready to obey the calls of humanity, and had the good will and confidence of all who knew him." He soon became discouraged with the new country and returned in the fall of 1790 to Massachusetts.

William Pitt, fourth son of Colonel William Putnam, and grandson of General Israel Putnam, was born in Brooklyn, Connecticut, in 1770. He attended the schools of the neighborhood in the winter and worked on a farm in the summer. He was placed under the tuition of Rev. Dr. Whitney at the age of sixteen, and pursued a course in Latin and other studies preliminary to reading medicine. At the age of eighteen he entered the office

-of Dr. Waldo, of Pomfret, the distinguished surgeon of the Revolution. He attended a course of lectures at Cambridge in 1791, and in 1792 came to Marietta. He spent a portion of his time at Belpre, where his brother lived, but the Indian war made general practice dangerous and unprofitable. In 1794 Dr. Putnam retured to Connecticut when he married Berthia G. Glysson, and in company with his father's family came to Marietta in 1795. In 1797 he purchased the lot on the corner of Fitth and Putnam streets, on which his brother David afterwards built the Mansion house, now occupied by Colonel Mills.

Dr. Putnam in 1799 having become discouraged, although he was highly esteemed and had a fair share of patronage, determined to give up practice and turn his attention to farming. He purchased two hundred acres on the Ohio river, eight miles above Marietta, and with characteristic energy plied his handin theclearing. The fatigue and exposure of forest life brought on bilious fever of which he died, October 8, 1800, leaving no children to inherit his name or fortune. His widow subsequently married General Edward Tupper.

Josiah Hart. - A venerable physician, during the early period of Marietta's existence was Josiah Hart, who was born in Berlin, Connecticut, in 1738. He attended Yale college for the purpose of preparing for the mirfistry, but after graduating in 1762 changed his intention and entered on a course of medicine. His first wife died in 1777, leaving seven children, two of whom settled in Ohio. He married, for his second wife, Mrs. Abigail Harris, a blood relative of the celebrated Miles Standish, whom Longfellow has immortalized.

Dr. Hart came to Marietta in 1796, and was in active practice until 1811, when he removed to his farm where he died from spotted fever in 1812. His wife died a few hours after and both were buried the same day.

Doctor Hart was one of the first deacons of the Congregational church and was a consistent, pious Christian. He had a strong love for science and was a regular attendant at the meetings of a chemical society, composed of physicians and others. 'This society met two or three evenings in a week, -where experiments were exhibited and lectures heard.

Doctor William B. Leonard, was born in England, in 1737, and was bred a surgeon. He was an associate of Apothecaries Hall, London, and in the prime of life served as surgeon in the British navy. In 1794 he determined to engage*in woollen manufacture: in America, and as machinery was at that time prohibited from being transported out of England, Doctor Leonard determined to clandestinly bring it on the vessel on which he had engaged passage, but was detected, and imprisoned. Having been discharged he came to America in 1797, and engaged in medical practice in Massachusetts until 1801, when he came to Marietta. Here he married Lydia Moulton, daughter of William Moulton, a highly respected pioneer. ¢

Doctor Leonard was a skilful surgeon, but was rough in his manners and language. His fantastic dress excited a great deal of merriment, and caused him to be followed about the streets by a company of boys, on whom he frequently showered terrific profanity. His dress was patterned after the gaudy fashion of the times of Queen Elizabeth. In person he was thin and spare with very slender legs. He wore a blue broadcloth coat trimmed with gold lace and enormous gilt buttons, a waistcoat of crimson velvet with enormous pocket flaps. His pantaloons were tight and of the same material. Tight silk stockings dressed his slender legs and heavy silver buckles ornamented the knees and shoes. On his head he wore a full flowing periwig, of which he had half a dozen varieties, and crowned with a cocked beaver hat. Over this clownish dress he wore a large scarlet cloak. Like his dress, his books, instruments, and skeletons were of previous centuries. Doctor Hildreth preserved several of these articles as curious relics. One of the books is entitled 'Secrets of Master Alexis," and is filled with such recipes as were in use then, centuries ago. The book was printed in 1562. Dr. Leonard died in 1806.

John Baptiste Regnier. - All the old citizens of the Duck Creek and Muskingum valleys and of Marietta rememper John Baptiste Regnier, and most of them cherish his memory as a personal friend. Medicine exerts a greater personal influence over its patients than any other profession. The patient who recovers from a serious malady is likely to retain feelings of the profoundest gratitude toward the man who has rescued him - from pain or death. "

Mr. Regnier was the son of a Parisian native, and was born in Paris in 1769. for fancy goods, and is said to have been a very handsome and stylish woman.

The family was loyal to the Government and the king, and as a consequence were sufferers of the convulsions which revolutionized France. John had acquired a good education and special attainments in architecture and drawing, which he intended to follow as a profession. Like all the better class of French students, he had also attended acientific lectures, and had paid particular attention to the department of medicine. In 1790, wher the young men were all called upon to enter the ranks of the revolutionists, the Regnier brothers who were loyalists decided upon leaving the country. John B., who was twenty years old, and Modeste, who was fourteen, joined the company of emigrants who had purchased lands from Joel Barlow, and came to the United States. They reached Marietta October 16, 1790. After a few days they embarked on boats, and proceeded to lands purchased from the Scioto Land company, and were among the founders of Gallipolis. Having lost their fortune and dreading the Indians, to whom they were unaccustomed, the two brothers left their forest home and went to New York. On their way up the Ohio the boat was upset and all the effects thrown out; among them was a curiously wrought octagonal cylinder, which was afterwards found in a sand-bar below, and exhibited in an eastern museum as a legacy of pre-historic art.

For the next eight or ten years Dr. Regnier suffered varying but cruel fortune. But those years of uncertainty and hardship threw him into the profession for which nature had intended him. In the year 1802 he entered the office of Dr. Lemoine, his French medical friend at Washington, Pennsylvania, and in 1803 came to Marietta for the purpose of entering the practice. Monsieur Thiery, a French baker, sold him a lot in Fearing township, on which he moved and made improvents. It soon became known that he was a "French doctor," and from that time on his practice grew and his purse was filled. 'There was an unusual amount of bilious fever, in the treatment of which he was remarkably successful. He also proved himself a skilled surgeon. One case particularly extended his reputation. A man had been caught in the branches of a falling tree and was bruised from head to foot. The pulsations of his heart had ceased and the body was already cold when the doctor arrived. He ordered the attendants to killa sheep and bring him the warm pelt as quickly as possible. The steaming skin was wrapped around the bruised and naked, body, and a cure, which seemed almost miraculous, was accomplished.

In 1808 Dr. Regnier removed to Marietta where he had previously been frequently called as counsel, and attending physician. His practice was extended over a wider range of territory, and drew heavily on his physical powers. In Marietta he became a great social as well as professional favorite. He was a cheerful and interesting talker, was full of sympathy and always ready to give assistance.

He purchased a six acre lot and laid out the finest "Tt was a model from which divers individuals improved their own and ultimately implanted

He was one of the original members of the State Medical society organized in 1812. In 1818 he was elected county commissioner. In 1819 hesold his property in Marietta, to Dr. John Cotton, and purchased three hundred and twenty acres of Jand on Duck creek. He built a flouring- and saw-mill and a brick dwelling house. He also laid out roads, and built bridges. Up to that time the country was unimproved, but in a few years a prosperous settlement had grown up. He left Marietta with the intention of freeing himself of his laborious practice, but found it impossible. He was still called upon by his old patrons, in serious cases, and _ his strong humanity did not permit him to refuse. Broken down by overwork, he died of bilious remittent fever in August, 1821. Dr. Hildreth, his cotemporary and friend, has said of him:

Close discrimination and accurate observation of all phases and shades of diseases gave him wonderful tact in prognosis, the base of all successful practice, while his knowledge of the proper remedies rendered him very successful in their application. His colloquia powers were unrivaled, and at the bedside his cheerful conversation aided by the deep interest he actually felt in the sick, with his kind, delicate manner of imparting his instructions, always left his patients better than he found them, and formed a lasting attachment to his person in all who fell under his care. His death was lamented as a serious calamity, and no physician in this region of country has since fully filled the place he occupied in the public estimation.

Nathan McIntosh. - The subject of this sketch possessed the characteristic energy of his family. He was the son of Colonel William McIntosh, of Needham, Massachusetts, and born in 1762. His father was a man of considerable local note, having commaded a company in the Continental army, and subsequently served as colonel of militia. He was one of the delegates in the convention in Boston, in 1788, on the adoption of the constitution of the United States.

Nathan McIntosh, after receiving a suitable education, studied medicine in Boston, and was admitted to practice in 1786. In 1788 he decided on going west, and started for Marietta on horseback. When he reached Meadville, Pennsylvania, he was attacked with small-pox, and suffered severely from the loathsome disease. He practiced for a short time at Hagerstown, Pennsylvania, and: Clarksburgh, Virginia, and then came to Marietta in 1790. He received the appointment of surgeon's mate at the Waterford garrison at the salary of twenty-two dollars a month. He married, in 1792, Rhoda Shepard, daughter of Colonel Enoch Shepard, of Marietta, and granddaughter of General Shepard, of Massachusetts.

In 1793 Dr. McIntosh decided to accept an invitation extended by leading citizens of Clarksburgh to locate at that place, and removed his family there in July, under escort of fifteen soldiers. He was soon in possession of a large practice, but being full of adventure suffered a serious financial misfortune. He contracted to build a bridge across the Monongahela river at Clarksburgh, and warranted it to stand'a certain length of time. But

Dr. McIntosh returned to Marietta in 1795 and resumed practice. His courteous and obliging manner and skill as a surgeon won him a large practice.

Jacob Young, the great itinerent Methodist, in his autobiography, commends the kindness of Dr. McIntosh in the most feeling terms. In 1805 the pioneer Methodist was stricken down with an attack of fever at a house where the surroundings were by no means pleasant. Dr. McIntosh took him to his house and not only doctored but nursed him during a long turn of sickness.

In religion Dr. McIntosh was a Halcyon, a sect embracing nearly the same doctrines propounded by the Second Adventists. He had previously been a Methodist. He wrote and lectured on religious and moral topics, being particularly severe on the secret societies. He published a volume on the subject of 'Scripture Correspondences."

Dr. McIntosh, about 1806, turned his attention to the manufacture of bricks and building brick houses, working diligently in the brickyard and on walls. He died of fever September 5, 1823, during the prevailing epidemic. His family consisted of four sons and two daughters, a full biography of one of whom - Enoch S., - will be found in the chapter on Waterford; the other children were Rhoda, wife of J. M. Chamberlain; William Whiting, Nathan Henry, Samuel Dooey, and Lucy Hulda, wife of Samuel Maxon, of Galia county.

Dr. Robert Wallace came from Pennsylvania to Marietta probably soon after the war. He was here in 1801. Dr. Regnier speaks of him as "a very intelligent druggist." A society of physicians and young men of scientific tastes, was formed in the early part of the century. Experiments were performed under Dr. Wallace's direction, and he also occasionally delivered scientific lectures. His oldest son, Mathew Wallace, was a Presbyterian clergyman. His second son, David, was a physician. The family removed to Cincinnati probably about 1809. Dr. David Wallace was one of the parties to the first and perhaps only duel in the history of the county. Inthe spring of 1801, a difficulty arose which resulted in Dr. Wallace challenging John Woodbridge to a duel. The island opposite Marietta was the place selected and pistols were the weapons chosen. The parties accordingly met, but Wallace's courage failed and he was willing to ask pardon. Woodbridge was not thus easily satisfied. He cut a stick and gave Wallace a good dressing. They were both present at the Seventh of April celebration, which occurred soon after. The song composed. for and sung upon that occasion closed with the stanza:

No preface is necessary to an outline of the life of Dr. Samuel P, Hildreth. The reader already knows him, but an index to the labors of his busy and useful life, will be of interest and value.

He was born in Methuen, Essex county, Massachusetts, September 30, 1783. He was the son of Dr. Samuel Hildreth, and a descendent of Richard Hildreth, whose name is found amongst a company of twenty from the towns of Woburn and Concord, who, in 1652, petitioned the general court of Massachusetts bay, fora tract of land on the west side of Concord, or Musketaquid river, where they say "they do find a very comfortable place to accommodate a company of God's people upon." Samuel Prescott was of the sixth generation from Richard. Until he was fifteen years old he labored on a farm, there acquiring industrious habits and the power of physical endurance. A social library in the town afforded access to books, and a taste for reading was acquired at an early age, and until his death he was a devourer of books. After finishing the course of the common schools, he spent four seasons in Phillips academy in Andover, and at Franklin academy, which prepared him for entering college. In place, however, of completing a college course, he entered the office of Dr. Kittridge at Andover, and began the study of medicine. He received a diploma in 1805, from the Medical Society of Massachusetts, having attended lectures at Cambridge university.

Dr. Hildreth began practice at Hemstead, New Hamshire, the native home of Dr. Jabez True. He boarded in the family of John True, esq., through whom he learned of the professional success of Dr. True and the prospects for a young man at Marietta. From his boyhood he had entertained a desire to see the far west, and in September, 1806, left his New England home in the hope of realizing his ambition. The journey to Marietta was performed on horseback and consumed about one month. He says in his autobiography, "Tt was a land of strangers; but he was young and his heart buoyant with hope and expectation of good fortune. He soon obtained a share of the practice, the only physicians then being Dr. True and Dr. Hart. Dr. Leonard had recently died, and Dr. McIntosh had abandoned medicine. His rides sometimes extended over thirty miles through the wilderness, the settlements being few and far between."

Belpre was at that time without a physician, and at the solicitation of leading citizens, Dr. Hildreth decided to locate there. He arrived at Belpre on the evening of December roth, justin time to see the deluded Blennerhassett leave his island paradise to embark in Aaron Burr's perilous expedition.

The summer of 1807 was a busy one for physicians. The epidemic which raged all along the Ohio was particularly severe in the neighborhood of Marietta. Few families at Belpre escaped. Dr. Hildreth was particularly fortunate in his treatment of these cases. Practice at Belpre was excessively laborious on account of the amount of riding necessary. Over exertion during the summer brought on an attack of inflammation of the hip which continued several months. In the spring of 1808 he returned to Marietta, where the practice required less riding. The epedemic of 1807 furnished him the subject for a paper which he printed in the tenth volume of the New York Medical Repository. became known as an acute, discerning investigator and faithful writer on scientific and historical subjects. He, however, continued his large and laborious practice until a few months before his death, in 1863. He said his profession, during earlier years, kept him busily engaged and his scientific and historical labor could be pursued only by saving the "'odds and ends of time."

Dr. Hildreth was a man of decided political opinions. In 1810 he was elected to represent Washington county in the legislature, and again reelected in 1811, when he defeated Judge Cutler, the Federalist candidate, by twenty votes. Hildreth was a supporter of Jefferson and Madison, whose political teachings at this time had displaced the doctrines of Washington and Hamilton. In the same campaign Hon. William Woodbridge defeated Hon. William R. Putnam for the State senate, Woodbridge being a Democrat and Putnam a Federalist. They were four able men, and after the administration of Monroe had broken party lines, all found a home in the political camp of the Whigs. Dr. Hildreth, however, was never again a candidate for office, but never neglected to vote. While in the legislature he drafted and succeeded in having passed the first law regulating the practice of medicine and establishing medical societies, which remained in force until 1819, when all laws on the subject were repealed.

Dr. Hildreth carried his research into almost every department of science, but natural history was particularly fascinating. In 1812 he published a paper in the Medical Repository on the American colombo, with a drawing of the plant. It is proper to state in this connection that he had a remarkable genius in drawing. Insects and plants were represented with scrupulous accuracy, and engravings made from them have a permanent yalue. The illustrations in his geological and botanical reports were prepared by his own hand. They show artistic ability, as well as accurate observation and close discrimination.

In 1822 he published in the New York Medical Repository two articles, one on hydrophobia and one on a curious case of Siamese twins, found in his obstetric practice. A full history of the epidemic of 1822-23 was published in the Journal of Medical Science, Philadelphia, in 1824. The author was well qualified to write on this subject, as he had visited daily sixty to eighty patients, and in August, 1823, was himself attacked. He arrested the disease in a few days by taking Jesuit's bark in quarter ounce doses. This was a trial of medicine to which few patients would submit. Sulphate of quinine had not yet come into use in Ohio, or by it many valuable lives might have been saved. An article was published in

1825 on the minor diseases, or sequela of the great epidemic, in the Western Journal of Medicine, Cincinnati. In 1819 he wrote a series of papers on the natural and civil history of Washington county, which appeared in Silliman's Journal in 1826. One of these articles gave a drawing and description of the spoonbill sturgeon found in the waters of the Ohio. In 1827, his articles contained descriptions and drawings of several freshwater shells found in the Muskingum, of which nothing had been known. His series of meteorological registers, published in that jouinal from 1828 till March, 1863, are useful for reference to writers on the climate of Ohio.