Morrow County, Ohio - Chapter 9 (1 of 2 so headed), 1880 (part 1 of 2)

Chapter 9

FIRST TERRITORIAL REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS - DIVISION OF THE TERRITORY - FORMATION OF STATES - MARIETTA SETTLEMENT - OTHER SETTLEMENTS - SETTLEMENTS IN THE WESTERN RESERVE - SETTLEMENT OF THE CENTRAL VALLEYSFURTHER SETTLEMENTS IN THE RESERVE AND ELSEWHERE.

THE ordinance of 1787 provided that as soon as tliere were 5,000 persons in tlie Territory, it was entitled to a representative assembly. On October 29, 1798, Governor St. Clair gave notice by proclamation, that the required population existed, and directed that an election be held on the third Monday in December, to choose representatives. These representatives were required, when assembled, to nominate ten persons, whose names were sent to the President of the United States, who selected five, and with the advice and consent of the Senate, appointed them for the legislative council. In this mode the Northwest passed into the second grade of a Territorial government.

The re])resentatives, elected under the proclamation of St. Clair, met in Cincinnati, January 22, 1799, and under the provisions of the ordinance of 1787, nominated ten persons, whose names were sent to the President. On the 2d of March, he selected from the list of candidates, the names of Jacob Burnet, James Findlay, Henry Vanderburgh, Robert Oliver and David Vance. The next day the Senate confirmed their nomination, and the first' legislative council of the Northwest Territory was a reality.

The Territorial Legislature met again at Cincinnati, September 10, but, for want of a quorum, was not organized until the 24th of that month. The House of Representatives consisted of nineteen members, of whom seven were from Hamilton County, four from Ross - erected by St. Clair in 1798; three from Wayne - erected in 1796; two from Adams - erected in 1797; one from Jefferson - erected in 1797 ; one from Washington - erected in 1788; and one from Knox - Indiana Territory. None seem to have been present from St. Clair County (Illinois Territory).

After the organization of the Legislature, Governor St. Clair addressed the two houses in the Representatives' Chamber, recommending such measures as, in his judgment, were suited to the condition of the country and would advance the safety and prosperity of the people.

The Legislature continued in session till the 19th of December, when, having finished their business, they were prorogued by the Governor, by their own request, till the first Monday in November, 1800. This being the first session, there was, of necessity, a great deal of business to do. The transition from a colonial to a semi-independent form of government, called for a general revision as well as a considerable enlargement of the statute-book. Some of the adopted laws were repealed, many others altered and amended, and a long list of new ones added to the code. New offices were to be created and filled, the duties attached to them prescribed, and a plan of ways and means devised to meet the increased expenditures, occasioned by the change which had now occurred.

As Mr. Burnet was the only lawyer in the Legislature, much of the revision, and putting the laws into proper legal form, devolved upon him. He seems to have been well fitted for the place, and to have performed the* laborious task in an excellent manner.

The whole number of acts passed and approved by the Governor, was thirty-seven. The most important related to the militia, the administration of justice, and to taxation. During the session, a bill authorizing a lottery was passed by the council, but rejected by the Legislature, thus interdicting this demoralizing feature of the disposal of lands or for other purposes. The example has always been followed by subsetjuent legislatures, thus honorably characterizing the xVssembly of Ohio, in this respect, an example Kentucky and several other States might well emulate.

Before the Assembly adjourned, they issued a congratulatory address to the people, enjoining them to " Inculcate the principles of humanity, benevolence, honesty and punctuality in dealing, sincerity and charity, and all the social afiections." At the same time, they issued an address to the President, expressing entire confidence in the wisdom and purity of his government, and their warm attachment to the American Constitution.

Tlio vtili- (111 this address proved, however, that the dirt'ereiu-i's of njiiiiiun agitatiiii; the Eastern States had penetrated the West. Eleven Representatives voted for it, and tive against it.

One of tlie important duties that devolved on this Legislature, was the election of a delegate to Congre.ss. As soon as the Governor's proclamation made its appearance, the election of a person to till that position excited general attention. Before the meeting of the Legislature public opinion had settled down on William Henry Harri.son, and Arthur St. (Mair, Jr., who eventually were the only camlidates. On the 'M of October, the two houses met and proceeded to a choice. Eleven votes were cast fitr Harri.sou, and ten for St. Clair. The Legislature prescribed the form of a certificate of tlie election, which was given to ILirri.son, who at once resigned his office <is Secretary of the Territory, proceeded to Philadelphia, and took his seat, Congress being then in ses.sion.

he represented the Territory but one year, "' says Judge Burnett, in his notes, " he obtained some important advantages for his constituents. He introduced a resolution to sub-divide the surveys of the public lauds, and to offer them for sale in smaller tracts ; he succeeded in getting that measure through both houses, in opposition to the interest of speculators, who were;, and who wished to be, the retailers of the land to the poorer clas.ses of the community. His proposition became a law, and was hailed as the most beneficent act that Congress had ever done for the Territory. It put in the power of every industrious man, liowever poor, to become a freeholder, and to lay a foumlation for the future support and comfort of his family. At the same session, he obtained a liberal extension of time for the pre-emptioners in th(! northern part of the Miami purchase, which enabled them to secure their forms, and eventually to become independent, and even wealthy."

The first session, as has been noticed, closed December 1!). Gov. St. Clair took occasion to enumerate in his speech at the close of the session, eleven acts, to which he saw fit to apply his veto. These he had not, however, returned to the Assembly, and tlu'reby saved a long struggle between the executive and legislative branches of the Territory. Of the eleven acts enumerated, six related to the fitrmation of new counties. These were mainly disproved by St Clair, as he always sturdily maintained that the power to erect new counties was vested alone in the Executive. This free exercise of the veto power, especially in relation to new counties, and his controversy with the Legislature, tended only to strengthen the popular discontent regarding the Governor, who was never fully able to regain the standing he held befi)re his inglorious defeat in his campaign against the Indians.

While this was being agitated, another (jucstion came into prominence. Ultimately, it settled the powers of the two branches of the government, and caused the removal of St. Clair, then very distasteful to the people. The opening of the present century brought it fully before the people, who began to agitate it in all their assemblies.

The great extent of the Territory made the o})erations of government extremely uncertain, and the power of the courts practically worthless. Its division was, therefore, deemed best, and a committee was appointed by Congress to inquire into the matter. This committee, the Hd of March, 1800, reported upon the subject that, "In the three western counties, there has been but one court having cognizance of crimes in five years. The immunity which offenders experience, attracts, as to an asylum, the most vile and abandoned criminals, and, at the same time, deters u.seful and virtuous citizens from making settlements in such society. The extreme necessity of judiciary attention and assistance is experienced in civil as well as criminal cases. The sup]>lying to vacant places such necessary officers as may be wanted, such as clerks, recorders and others of like kind. Is, from the impossibility of correct notice and information, utterly neglected. This Territory is exposed as a frontier to foreign nations, whose agents can find sufficient interest in exciting or fomenting insurrection and discontent, as thereby they can more easily divert a valuable trade in furs from the Ilnited States, and also have a part thereof on which they border, which feels so little the cherishing hand of their proper governuient, or so little dreads its energy, as to render their attachment perfectly uncertain and ambiguous.

" The committee would further suggest, that the law of the 3d of March, 1791, granting land to certain persons in the western part of said I'erritory, and directing the laying-out of the same, remains unexecuted; that great discontent, in consequence of such neglect, is excited in those who are interested in the provisions of said laM's, which ref(uire the immediate attention of this Legi.slature. To minister a remedy to these evils, it occurs to this committee, that it is expedient that a division of said Territory into two distinct and separate governments should be made ; and that such division be made l)y a line beginning at the mouth of the great Miami River, running directly north until it intersects the boundary between the United States and Canada." *

The recommendations of the committee were favorably received by Congress, and, the 7th of May, an act was passed dividing the Territory. The main provisions of the act are as follows :

"That, from and after the 4th of July next, all that part of the territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio River, which lies to the westward of a line beginning at the Ohio, opposite to the mouth of the Kentucky River, and running thence to Fort Recovery, and thence north until it intersects the territorial line between the United States and Canada, shall, for the pui'pose of temporary government, constitute a separate Territory, and be called tlie Indiana Territory.

"There sliall be established within the said Territory a government, in all respects similar to that provided by the ordinance of Congress passed July 13, 1797." t

The act further provided for representatives, and for the establishment of an assembly, on the same plan as that in force in the Northwest, stipulating that until the number of inhabitants reached five thousand, the whole number of representatives to the General Assembly should not be less than seven, nor more than nine ; apportioned by the Governor among the several- counties in the new Territory.

The act further provided that " nothing in the act should be so construed, so as in any manner to affect the government now in force in the territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio River, further than to prohibit the exercise thereof within the Indiana Territory, from and after the aforesaid 4th of July next.

" Whenever that part of the territory of the United States, which lies to the eastward of a line beginning at the mouth of the Great Miami River, and running thence due north to the territorial line between the United States and Canada, shall bo erected into an independent State, and admitted into the Union on an ecjual footing with the original States ; thenceforth said line shall become and remain permanently, the boundary line between such State and the Indiana Territory."

It was further enacted, " that, until it shall be otherwise enacted by the legislatures of the said territories, respectively, Chillicothe, on the Scioto River, shall be the seat of government of the territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio River; and that St. Vincent's, on the Wabash River, shall be the seat of government for the Indiana Territory." *

Connecticut, in ceding her territory in the West to the General Government, reserved a portion, known as the Connecticut Reserve. When she afterward disposed of her claim in the manner narrated, the citizens found themselves without any government on which to lean for support. At that time, settlements had begun in thirty-five of the townships into which the Reserve had been divided ; one thousand persons had established homes there ; mills had been built, and over seven hundred miles of roads opened. In 1800, the settlers petitioned for acceptance into the Union, as a part of the Northwest ; and, the mother State releasing her judiciary claims, Congress accepted the trust, and granted the request. In December, of that year, the population had so increased that the county of Trumbull was erected, including the Reserve. Soon after, a large number of settlers came from Pennsylvania, from which State they had been driven by the dispute concerning land titles in its western part. Unwilling to cultivate land to which they could only get a doubtful deed, they abandoned it, and came where the titles were sure.

Congress having made Chillicothe the capital of the Northwest Territory, as it now existed, on the 8d of November the General Assembly met at that place. Gov. St. Clair had been made to feel the odium cast upon his previous acts, and, at the opening of this session, expressed, in strong terms, his disapprobation of the censure cast upon him. He had endeavored to do his duty in all cases, he said, and yet held the confidence of the President and Congress. He still held the office, notwithstanding the strong dislike against him.

At the second session of the Assembly, at Chillicothe, held in the autumn of 1801, so much outspoken enmity wa.s expressed, and so much abuse heaped upon the Governor and the Assembly, that a law was passed, removing the capital to Cincinnati airuiu. It w;i.s not dostinoil, however, that the 'rorritorial Assembly should meet agaiu anywhere. The unpopularity of the Governor caused many to lonu; for a State tjovernment, where they could choose their own rulers. The unpopularity of St. Clair aro.se partly from the feelinj;- connected with liis deieat; in part irom his beinj:; connected with the Federal party, fast falling into disrepute; and, in part, from his a.ssuming powers which most thought he had no right to exercise, especially the power of subdividing the counties of the Territory.

The opposition, though powerful out of the Assembly, was in the minority there. During the month of December, 1801, it was forced to protest against a measure brought forward in the Council, for changing the ordinance of 1787 in such a manner as to make the Scioto, and a line drawn from the intersection of that river and the Indian boundary to the western extremity of the Reserve, the limits of the most eastern State, to be formed from the Territory. Had this change been made, the formation of a State government beyond the Ohio would have been long delayed. Against it, Representatives Worthington,Langham, Darlington, Massie, Dunlavy an<l -Morrow, recorded their protest. Not content with this, they sent Thomas Worthington, who obtained a leave of absence, to the seat of govermnent, on behalf of the objectors, there to protest, before Congress, against the propo.sed boundary. While Worthington was on his way, Massie presented, the 4th of January, 1802, a resolution for choosing a committee to address Congress in respect to the proposed State government. This, the next day, the House refused to do, by a vote of twelve to five. An attempt was next made to procure a cen.sus of the Territory, and an act for that purpose passed the House, but the Council postponed the consideration of it until the next session, which would commence at Cincinnati, the fourth Monday of November.

Meanwhile, Worthington pursued the ends of his mission, using his influence to effect that organization, "which, terminating the influence of tyranny,' was to '-meliorate the circumstances of thousands, by freeing them from the d(»mination of a despotic chief." His efforts were successful, and, the 4th of March, a report was made to the Hou.se in favor of authorizing a State convention. This report was based on the assumption that there were now over sixty thousand inliabitants in the proposed boundaries, estimating that emigration had increased the census of 1800, which gave the Territory forty-five thou.sand inhabitants, to that number. The convention was to ascertain whether it were expedient to form such a government, and to prepare a constitution if such organization were deemed best. In the formation of the State, a change in the boundaries was proposed, by which all the territory north of a line drawn due east from the head of Lake Michigan to Lake Erie was to be excluded fi'om the new government about to be called into existence.

The committee appointed by Congress to report upon the feasibility of forming the State, suggested that Congress reserve out of every township sections numbered 8, 11, 2G and 29, for their own use, and that Section 1() be reserved for the maintenance of schools. The committee also suggested, that, ''religion, education and morality being neces.sary to the good government and happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall be forever encouraged."

Various other recommendations were given by the committee, in accordance with which. Congress, April 30, passed the resolution authorizing the calling of a convention. As this accorded with the feelings of the majority of the inhabitants of the Northwest, no opposition was experienced ; even the Legislature giving way to this embryo government, and failing to assemble according to adjournment.

members were generally Jeffersonian in their national politics, and had been opposed to the change of boundaries proposed the year before. Before proceeding to business, Gov. St. Clair proposed to address them in his official character. This proposition was resisted by several of the members; but, after a motion, it was agreed to allow him to speak to them as a citizen. St. Clair did so, advising the postponement of a State government until the people of the original eastern division were plairdy entitled to demand it, and were not subject to be bound by conditions. This advice, given as it was, caused Jeflterson instantly to remove St. Clair, at which time his ofhce cea.sed.* "When the vote was taken," says Judge Burnet, "upon doing what

*After this, St. Clair roturnp'i to his oW home in the Liponier ValUv, IVnnsylvania, where he lived willi his chililivn in aliuuHt abject poverty. He hail lost money in his jmblic life, as he gave close attention to public affairs, to the detriment of his own business. He presented a claim to Ooncress, afterward, for supplies funiii-lied to the army, but the claim was outlawed. After tryiuR in vain to get the claim allowed, ho returned to his home. Pennsylvania, le'trning of his distress, granted him an ant-.iiity of ?.'$')(), afterward raised to Sti'^O. He lived to enjoy this but a short time, bis death occurring August 31, 1818. Ho was eighty-four years of age.

" To every person who has attended to this subject, and who has consulted the maps of the Western country extant at the time the ordinance of 1787 was passed. Lake Michigan was believed to be, and was represented by all the maps of that day as being, very flir north of the position which it has since been ascertained to occupy. I have seen tlie map in the Department of State which was before the committee of Congress who framed and reported the ordinance for the government of the Territory. On that map, the southern boundary of Michigan was represented as being above the forty-second degree of north latitude. And there was a pencil line, said to have been made by the committee, passing through the southern bend of the lake to the Canada line, which struck the strait not far below the town of Detroit. The line was manifestly intended by the committee and by Congress to be the northern boundary of our State; and, on the principles by which courts of chancery construe contracts, accompanied by plats, it would seem that the map, and the line referred to, should be conclusive evidence of our boundary, without reference to the real position of the lakes.

'-When the convention sat, in 1802, the underderstanding was, that the old maps were nearly correct, and that the line, as defined in the ordinance, would terminate at some point on the strait above the Maumee Bay. While the convention was in session, a man who had hunted many years on Lake Michigan, and was well acquainted with its position, happened to be in Chillicothe, and, in conversation with one of the members, told him that the lake extended much farther south than was generally supposed, and that a map of the country which he had seen, placed its southern bend many miles north of its true position. This information excited some uneasiness, and induced the convention to modify the clause describing the north boundary of the new State, so as to guard against its being depressed below the most northern cape of the Maumee Bay."* their agreement was ratified and signed, as was also the constitution of the State of Ohio - so named from its river, called by the Shawanees Ohio, meaning beautiful - forming its southern boundary. Of this nothing need be said, save that it bore the marks of true democratic feeling - of full faith in the people. By them, however, it was never examined. It stood firm until 1852. when it was superseded by the present one, made necessary by the advance of time.

The Greneral Assembly was required to meet at Chillicothe, the first Tuesday of March, 1803. This change left the territory northwest of the Ohio River, not included in the new State, in the Territories of Indiana and Michigan. Subsequently, in 1800. Indiana was made a State, and confined to her present limits. Illinois was made a Territory then, including Wisconsin. In 1818, it became a State, and Wisconsin a Territory attached to Michigan. This latter was made a State in 1837, and Wisconsin a separate Territory, which, in 1847, was made a State. Minnesota was made a Territory the same year, and a State in 1857, and the five contemplated States of the territory were complete.

Preceding pages have shown how the territory north of the Ohio River was peopled by the French and English, and how it came under the rule of the iVmerican people. The war of the Revolution clo.sed in 1783, and left all America in the hands of a new nation. That nation brought a change. Before the war, various attempts had been made by residents in New England to people the country west of the Alleghanics. Land companies were formed, principal among which were the Ohio Company, and the company of which John Cleves Symmes was the agent and chief owner. Large tracts of land on the Scioto and on the Ohio were entered. The Ohio Company were the first to make a settlement. It was organized in the autumn of 1787, November 27. They made arrangements for a party of forty-seven men to set out for the West under the supervision of Gren. Rufus Putnam, Superintendent of the Company. Early in the winter they advanced to the Youghiogheny River, and there built a strong boat, which they named '"Mayflower." It was built by Capt. Jonathan Devol, the first ship-builder in the West, and, when completed, was placed under his command. The boat was launched April 2, 1788, and the band of pioneers, like the Pilgrim Fathers, began their voyage. The 7th of the month, they arrived at the mouth of the Muskingum, tlit'ir destimition, opposite Fort Harinar,* erected in the autuinu of 1785, by a dotaehmcnt of Uiiitt'd States troops, under couniiand of Maj. Jolin Doughty, ami, at the date of the INIayflower's arrival in possession of a company of soldiers. L'luU'r the {)rotectiou of those troops, the little baud (tf men I»(\<ian their labor of laying out a town, and eommcneed to erect houses for their own and subseipu'ut emiiirants' occupation. The names of these pioneers of Ohio, as far as can now be leiu'ued, are as follows:

Gen. Putnam, Return Jonathan IMoigs, Win-^ throp Sargeant (Secretary of the Territory ), Judges Parsons and Varuum, Capt. Dana, Capt. Jonathan Devol, Joseph Barker, Col. Battelle, iMaj. Tyler, Dr. True, Capt. \Vm. Gray, Capt. Lunt, the Bridges, KbeneziT and Thomas Cory, Andrew Mc- Clnre, Wni. Ma.son, Thomas Jjord, Wm. Gridley, HJilbert Devol, Moody Kussels, Dea\'ens, Oakes, Wright, Clough, Green, Shi{)man, Dcn'anee, the Masons, and others, whose names are now beyond recall.

On the I'Jth of July, the first boat of families arrived, after a nine-weeks journey on the way. They had traveled in their wagons as far as Wheeling, where they built large flat-l^oats, into which they loaded their effects, including their cattle, and thence passed down the Ohio to their destination. The families were those of Gen. Tupper, Col. Ichabod Nye, Col. Cushing, Maj. Col)urn, and Maj. Goodal. In these titles the reader will observe the preponderance of military distinction. Many of the founders of the colony had served with much valor in the war fctr freedom, and were well prepared for a life in the wilderuess.

'I'hcy began at once the construction of houses from the forests about the confluence of the rivers, guarding their stock by day and penning it by night. Wolves, bears and Indians were all about them, and, here in the remote w'ilderness, they were obliged to always be on their guard. From the ground where they obtained the timber to erect their houses, they soon produced a few vegetables, and when the families arrived in August, they were able to set before them food raised for the

outlines of Fort Harmar formod a regular pentagon, embracing within the area about three-fourths of an acre. Its walls were fiirni-d of large horizontjtl timbers, and the bastions of large uprighttimbersaboutfourteen feet in height, fastenrd to each olhnr by Htrips cf timber, tree-niiiloil iiit.i each iiicket. In the rear of the fort Miij. Hoiighty lai<l out fine gardens. It continued to be occupied by Tuited States troops until September 17'."ii, when they were ordered to ("incinnati. A company, under ('apt. Haskell, continued to make the fort their head<|narters during tht^ Indian war, occaaionally ansisting the colonisb at Marietta, Belpre and Waterford agairiKt tliK Indians. When not needed by the troops, the fort was used by the people of Marietta.

first time by the hand of American citizens in the Ohio Valley. One of those who came in August, was Mr. Thomas Guthrie, a settler in one of the western counties of Pennsylvania, who brought a bushel of wheat, which he sowed on a plat of ground cleared by himself, and from which that fall he procured a small crop of wheat, the first grown in the State of Ohio.

The Marietta settlement was the only one made that summer in the Territory. From their arrival until October, when Governor St. Clair came, they were busily employed making houses, and preparing for the winter. The little colony, of which Washington wrote so favorably, met on the 2d day of July, to name their newborn city and its public sqares. Until now it had been known as " The Muskingum" simply, but on that day the name JMarietta was formally given to it, in honor of Marie Antoinette. The -ith of July, an ovation was held, and an oration delivered by James M. V'arnuin, who, with S. H. I'arsons and John Arm- .strong, had been a})pointed Judges of the Territory. Tlius, in the heart of the wilderness, miles away from any kindred post, in the forests of the Great West, was the Tree of Libprty watered and given a hearty growth.

On the morning of the 9th of July, Governor St, Clair arrived, and the colony began to assume form. The ordinance of 1787 had provided for a form of government under the Governor and the three Judges, and this form was at once put into force. The 25th, the first law relating to the militia was published, and the next day the Governor's proclamation appeared, creating all the country that had been ceded by the Indians, east of the Scioto River, into the county of Washington, and the civil machinery was in uu)tion. From that time forward, this, the pioneer settlement in Ohio, went on prosperously. The 2d of September, the first court in the Territory was held, but as it related to the Territory, a narrative of its proceedings will be found in the history of that part of the country, and need not be repeated here.

The 15th of July, Gov. St. Clair liad published the ordinance of 1787, and the commissions of himself and the three Judges. He also assembled the people of the settlement, and cx])laiiK'd to them tlu! ordinance in a speech of considerable length. Three days after, he sent a notice to the Judges, calling their attention to the subject of organizing the militia. Instead of attending to this important matter, and thus providing for their safety should trouble with the Indians arise, the

Judges did not even reply to the Governor's letter, but sent him what they called a ''project" of a law for dividing real estate. The bill was so loosely drawn that St. Clair immediately rejected it, and set about organizing the militia himself. He divided the militia into two classes, "Senior" and ''Junior, ' and organized them by appointing their officers.

In the eFunior Class, Nathan Goodale and Charles Knowls were made Captains ; Watson Casey and Samuel Stebbius, Lieutenants, and Joseph Lincoln and Arnold Colt, Ensigns.

The Governor next erected the Courts of Probate and Quarter Sessions, and proceeded to ap- ])oint civil officers. Rufus Putnam, Benjamin Tupper and Winthrop Sargeant were made Justices of the Peace. The lUlth of August, the day the Court of Quarter Sessions was appointed, Archibald Cary, Isaac Pierce and Thomas Lord were also appointed Justices, and given power to hold this court. They were, in fact. Judges of a Court of Common Pleas. Keturn Jonathan Meigs was appointed Clerk of this Court of Quarter Sessions. Ebenezer Sprout was appointed Sheriff of Washington County, and also Colonel of the militia; William Callis, Clerk of the Supreme Court; Kufus Putnam, Judge of the Probate Court, and 11. J. Meigs, Jr., Clerk. Following these appointnunits, setting the machinery of government in njotion, St. Clair ordered that the 25th of December be kept as a day of thanksgiving by the infant colony for its safe and propitious beginning.

During the fall and winter, the settlement was daily increased by emigrants, so much so, that the greatest difficulty was experienced in finding them lodging. During the coldest part of the winter, when ice covered the river, and prevented navigation, a delay in arrivals was experienced, only to be broken as soon as the river opened to the beams of a spring sun. While locked in the winters embrace, the colonists amused themselves in various ways, dancing being one of the most prominent. At Christmas, a grand ball was held, at which there were fifteen ladies, "whose grace," says a narrator, "equaled any in the East." Though isolated in the wilderness, they knew a brilliant prospect lay before them, and lived on in a joyous hope for the future.

which occupied their time until the winter of 1791, During the interval, fortunately, no hostilities from the Indians were experienced, though they were abundant, and were frequent visitors to the settlement.

From a communication in the American Pioneer, by Dr. S. P. Hildreth, the following description of Campus Martius is derived. As it will apply, in a measure, to many early structures for defense in the West, it is given entire :

" The fort was made in the form of a regular parallelogram, the sides of each being 180 feet. At each corner was erected a strong block-house, surmounted by a tower, and a sentry box. These houses were twenty feet square below and twentyfour feet square above, and projected six feet beyond the walls of the fort. The intermediate walls were made up with dwelling-houses, made of wood, whose ends were whip-sawed into timbers four inches thick, and of the requisite width and length. These were laid up similar to the structure of log houses, with the ends nicely dove-tailed together. The whole were two stories high, and covered with shingle roofs. Convenient chimneys were erected of bricks, for cooking, and warming the rooms. A number of the dwellings were built and owned by individuals who had families. In the west and south fronts were strong gateways ; and over the one in the center of the front looking to the Muskingum River, was a belfry. The chamber beneath was occupied by Winthrop Sargeant, as an office, he being Secretary to the Governor, and performing the duties of the office during St. Clair's absence. This room projected over the gateway, like a block-house, and was intended for the protection of the gate beneath, in time of an assault. At the outer corner of each block-house was erected a bastion, standing on four stout timbers. The floor of the bastion was a little above the lower story of the block-house. They were square, an<l built up to the height of a man's head, so that, when he looked over, he stepped on a narrow phitform or " ban((uet" running around thesides of the bulwark. Port-holes were made, for musketry as well as for artillery, a single piece of which was mounted in the southwest and northeast bastions. In these, the sentries were regularly posted every night,, as more convenient than the towers ; a door leading into them from the upper story of the block-houses. The lower room of the southwest block-house was occupied as a guard-house.

and irstiiiir on i<Umt rails. Twenty foot in advance of those, was a row of very stronj; and lariio jiickets, sot upright in the earth. (Jatoways tlirouyh these, admitted the inniato.s of the garrison. A low foot beyond the row of outer ])alisades wa.s jtlaeod a row of ahattis, made from the tops and branches of trees, sharpened and pointing; outward, .so that it would have been very difficult for an enemy to have penetrated within their outworks. The dwellinii-houscs occupied a sj)ace from fifteen to thirty feet each, and were sufficient for the accommodation of forty or fii'ty families, and did actuallv contain from two hundred to three huntlre<l persons durin;;- the Indian war.

" Before the Indians commenced hostilities, the blockdiou.ses were occupied a.s follows : The southwest one, by the family of (Jov. 8t. Clair; the northeast one as ati office for the Directors of the (V)m{)any. The area within the walls was one hundred and forty-four feet S(juare, and afforded a tine parade ground. In the center, was a well ei^lity feet in depth, for the supply of water to the inhal)itants, in case of a siege. A large sun-dial stood for many years in the square, placed on a handsome post, and gave note of the march of time.

" After the war commenced, a regular military corps was organized, and a guard constantly kept night and day. The whole establishment formed a very strong work, and reflected great credit on the head that i>lanni'd it. It was in a manner imjiregnable to the attacks of Indians, and none l)ut a regular army with cannon could have reduced it. The Indians possessed no such an armament.

" The garrison stood on the verge of that beautiful plain overlooking the Mu.skingum, on which are seated those celebrated remains of anti<|uity, erected probably for a similar purpose - the defense of the inhabitants. The ground descends into shallow ravines on the north and south sides ; on the west is an abrupt descent to the river bottoms or alluvium, and the ea.st passed out to a level plain. ( )n this, the ground was cleared of trees beyond the reach of rifle shots, so as to affi)rd no shelter to a hidden foe. Kxtensive fields of corn were grown in the midst of the standing girdled trees beyond, in after years. The front wall of pali.sades was about one hundred and fifty yards from the Muskingum River. The appearance of the fort from without wa.s imposing, at a little di.stance re- .scmbling the military castles of the feudal ages. Between the outer palisades and the river were laid out neat gardens for the use of Gov. St. Clair

'-Opposite the fort, on the shore of the river, was built a suljstantial timber wharf, at which was moored a fine cedar barge for twelve rowers, built by Capt. Jonathan Devol, for Gen. Putnam ; a number of pirogues, and the light canoes of the country ; and last, not least, the ^Mayflower, or ' Adventure Galley,' in which the first detachments of colonists were transported from the.^^hores of the ' Yohiogany ' to the banks of the Muskingum. In these, especially the canoes, during the war, most of the communications were carried on between the settlements of the Company and the more remote towns above on the Ohio River. Traveling by land was very hazardous to any but the rangers or spies. There were no roads, nor bridges across the creeks, and, for many years after the war had ceased, the traveling was nearly all done by canoes on the river."'

Thus the first settlement of Ohio provided for its safety and comfort, and provided also for that of emigrants who came to share the toils of the wilderness.

The next spring, the influx of emigration was so great that other settlements were determined, and hence arose the colonies of Belpre, Waterlbrd and Duck Creek, where they began to clear land, sow and plant crops, and build houses and stockades. At Belpre (French for "beautiful meadow"), were built three stockades, the upper, lower and middle, the last of which was called " Farmers' Castle," and stood on the banks of the Ohio, nearly opposite an island, afterward famous in Western history as Blennerhasset's Island, the scene of Burr s conspiracy. Among the persons settling at the upper stockade, were Capts. Dana and Stone, Col. Bent, William Browning, Judge Foster, John RoAvse, Israel Stone and a Mr. Keppel. At the Farmers' Castle, were Cols. Cushing and Fisher, Maj. Haskell, Aaron Waldo Putnam, Mr. Sparhawk, and, it is believed, George and Israel Putnam, Jr. At the lower, were Maj. Goodale, Col. Rice, Esquire Pierce, Judge Israel Loring, Deacon Miles, 3Iaj. Bradford and jMr. Goodenow. In the summer of ] 789, Col. Ichabod Nye and some others, built a block-house at Newberry, below Belpre. Col. Nye sold his lot there to Aaron W. Clough, who, with Stephen Guthrie, Joseph Leavins, Joel Oakes, Eleazer Curtis, Mr. Denham J. Littleton and Mr. Brown, was located at that place.

" for men in these circumstances, was made to secure food for future difficulties. Col. Oliver, INIaj, Hatfield White and John Dod<]je, of the Waterford settlement, began mills on Wolf Creek, about three miles from the fort, and got them running; and these, the first mills in Ohio, were never destroyed during the subse(juent Indian w^ar, th(jugh the proprietors removed their fauiiles to the fort at IMarictta. Col. E. Sproat and Enoch Shepherd bi'gan mills on Duck t^reek, three miles from jNIarietta, trom the completion of which th(!y were driven by the Indian war. Thomas Stanley began mills fiirther up, near the Duck Creek settle meiit. These were likewise unfinished. The Ohio Company built a large horse mill near Campus Martius, and soon after a floating mill."'

The autumn before the settlements at Belpre, Duck Creek and Waterford, were made, a colony was planted near the mouth of the Little INIiamt River, on a tract of ten thousand acres, purchased IromSymmes by Maj. Benjamin Stites. In the preceding pages may be found a history of Symmes' purchase. This colony may be counted the second settlement in the State. Soon after the colony at Marietta was.founded, steps were taken to occupy separate portions of Judge Symmes' purchase, between the Miami Rivers. Three parties were formed for this purpose, but, owing to various delays, chiefly in getting the present colony steadfast and safe from future encroachments by the savages, they did not get started till late in the fall. The first of these parties, consisting of fifteen or twenty men, led by Maj. Stites, landed at the mouth of the Little Miami in November, 1788, and, con.structing a log fort, began to lay out a village, called by them Columbia. It soon gTCW into prcminence, and, before winter had thoroughly set in, they were well prepared for a frontier life. In the party were Cols. Spencer and Brown, Maj, Gano and Kibbey, Judges Goforth and Foster, Rev. John Smith, Francis Dunlavy, Capt. FUnn, Jacob White, John Riley, and ]Mr. Hubbell.

All these were men of energy and enterprise, and, with their comrades, were more numerous than either of the other parties, who commenced their settlements below them on the Ohio. This village was also, at first, more flourishing; and, for two or three years, contained more inhabitants than any other in the Miami purchase.

The second IMiami party was formed at Liinestone, under Matthias Denham and Robert Patterson, and consisted of twelve or fifteen persons. They landed on the north bank of the Ohio, opposite the mouth of the Licking River, the 24th of December, 1788. They intended to establish a station and lay out a town on a plan prepared at Limestone. Some statements affirm that the town was to be called " L-os-aiUi-ville,'' by a romantic school-teacher named Filson. However, be this as it may, Mr. Filson was, unfortunately for himself, not long after, slain by the Indians, and, with him })robably, the name disappeared. He was to have one-third interest in the proposed city, which, when his death occurred, was transferred to Israel Ludlow, and a new plan of a city adopted. Israel Ludlow surveyed the proposed town, whose lots were principally donated to settlei's upon certain conditions as to settlement and improvement, and the embryo city named Cincinnati. Gov. St. Clair very likely had something to do with the naming of the village, and, by some, it is asserted that he changed the name from Losantiville to Cincinnati, when he created the county of Hamilton the ensuing winter. The original purchase of the city's site was made by Mi*. Denham. It included about eight hundred acres, for which he paid 5 shillings per acre in Continental certificates, then worth, in specie, about 5 shillings per pound, gross weight. Evidently, the original site was a good investment, could Mr. Denham have lived long enough to see its present condition.

The third party of settlers for the Miami purchase, were under the care of Judge Symmes, himself They left Limestone, January 29, 1789, and were much delayed on their downward journey by the ice in the river. They reached the '- Bend," as it was then known, early in February. The Judge had intended to found a city here, which, in time, would be the rival of the Atlantic cities. As each of the three settlements aspired to the same position, no little rivalry soon manifested itself The Judge named his proposed city North Bend, from the fact that it was the most northern bend in the Ohio below the mouth of the Great Kanawha. These three settlements antedated, a few months, those made near Marietta, already described. They arose so soon afcer, partly from the extreme desire of Judge Symmes to settle his purchase, and induce emigration here instead of on the Ohio Company's purchase. The Judge labored earnestly for this purpose and to further secure him in his title to the land he had acquired, all of which he had so far been unable to retain, owino; to his inability to meet his payments.

Judi;o Syninu's inuud ho must jtrovido for the safety of tlie settlers on his purchase, and, after earni'.>^tly .solieiting Gen. llarniar, eommander of tlie Western posts, sueeeeded in ohtainini:; a detaelunentof iorty-eight men, under Capt. Koarscy, to protect the improvements just commencini; on the Miami. This detachment reached Limestone in l)ecend)er, 1788. Part was at once sent forward to guard Maj. Stites and his pioneers. Judge Symmes and his party started in January, and, ahout Fehruary 2, reached Columbiji, where the Captain expected to find a fort erected for his use and shelter. The flood on the river, however, defeated his purpose, and, as he was unpre])ared to erect another, he determined to go on down to the garrison at the falls at Louisville. Judge Synnnes was stHMiuonsly ojjposed to his conduct, as it lefb the colonies unguarded, but, all to ntt purjuise; the Captain and his command, went to Louisville early in ]March, and left the Judge and his settlement to protect themselves. Judge Symmes immediately sent a strong letter to JNIaj. Willis, commanding at the Falls, complaining of the conduct of Capt. Kearsey, representing the exposed situation of the Miami settlements, stating the indications of hostility manifested by the Indians, and requesting a guard to be sent to the Bend. This reipiest was at once granted, and En.sign Ijucc, with seventeen or eighteen soldiers, sent. They were at the settlement but a short time, when they were attacked by Indians, and one of their number killed, and four or five wounded. They repulsed the savages and saved the settlers.

The site of Symmes City, for such he designed it should idtimately be called, was above the reach of water, and sufiiciently level to admit of a convenient settlement. The city laid out by Symmes was truly magnificent on paper, and promised in the future to fulfill his most ardent hopes. The plat included the village, and extended across the peninsula between the Ohio and Miami llivers. Each settler on this ]ilat was promised a lot if he would improve it, and in cimforniity to the stipulation, Juilg(! Synniies soon found a large number of persons applying for residence. As tlie number of these adventurers incre^ised, in conse(|uenc(! of this provision and the prot<;ction of tlu; military, the Judge was induced to lay out another village .six or seven miles up the river, which he called South Bend, where he disposed of some donation

During all the time these various events were transpiring, but little trouble was experienced with the Indians. They were not yet disposed to evince hostile feelings. This would have been their time, but, not realizing the true intent of the whites until it was too late to concpier them, they allowed them to become ])repared to withstand a warfare, and in the end wereobliged to suffer their hunting-grounds to be taken from them, and made the homes of a race destined to entirely supercede them in the New World.

By the means sketched in the foregoing pages, were the three settlements on the Miami made. By the time those adjacent to JNLn-ietta were well established, these were firmly fixed, each one striving to become the rival city all felt sure was to arise. For a time it was a matter of doubt which of the rivals, Columbia, North Bend or Cincinnati, would eventually become the chief seat of business.

In the beginning, Columbia, the eldest of the three, took the lead, both in number of its inhabitants and the convenience and appearance of its dwellings. For a time it was a flourishing place, and many believed it would become the great business town of the Miami country. That apparent fact, however, lasted but a short time. The garrison was moved to Cincinnati, Fort Washington built there, and in spite of all that Maj. Stites, or Judge Symmes could do, that place became the metropolis. Fort Washington, the most extensive garrison in the West, was built by Maj. Doughty, in the summer of 178i), and from that time the growth and future greatness of Cincinnati were assured.

The first house in the city was built on Front street, east of and near Main street. It was simply a strong log cabin, and was erected of the forest trees cleared away from the ground on which it stood. The lower part of the town was covered with sycamore and maple trees, and the upper with beech and oak. Through this dense forest the streets were laid out, and their corners marked on the trees.

The settlements on the IMiami had become sufficiently numerous to warrant a separate cimnty, and, in .January, ITIM), (Jov. St. Clair and his Secretary arrived in (Mncinnati, and organized the county of Hamilton, so named in honor of the illustrious statesman by that name. It included all the country north of the Ohio, between the Miamis, as far as a line running " due east from the

Standing Stone forks " of Big Miami to its intersection with the Little Miami. The erection of the new county, and the appointment of Cincinnati to be the seat of justice, gave the town a fresh impulse, and aided greatly in its growth.

Through the summer, but little interruption in the growth of the settlements occurred. The Indians had permitted the erection of defensive works in their midst, and could not now destroy them. Thry were also engaged in traffic with the whites, and, though they evinced signs of discontent at their settlement and occupation of the country, yet did not openly attack them. The truth was, they saw plainly the whites were always prepared, and no opportunity was given them to plunder and destroy. The Indian would not attack unless success was almost sure. An opportunity, unfortunately, came, and with it the horrors of an Indian war.

In the autumn of 1790, a company of thirtysix men went from Marietta to a place on the Muskingum known as the Big Bottom. Here they built a block-house, on the east bank of the river, four miles above the mouth of Meigs Creek. They were chiefly young, single men, but little acquainted with Indian warfare or military rules. The savages had given signs that an attack on the settlement was meditated, and .several of the knowing ones at the strongholds strenuously opposed any new settlements that fall, advising their postponement until the next spring, when the question of peace or war would probably be settled. Even Gen. Putnam and the Directors of the Ohio Company advised the postponement of the settlement until the next spring.

The young men were impatient and restless, and declared themselves able to protect their fort against any number of assailants. They might have easily done so, had they taken the necessary precautions ; but, after they had erected a rude block-house of unchinked logs, they began to pass the time in various pursuits ; setting no guard, and taking no precautionary measures, they left themselves an easy prey to any hostile savages that might choose to come and attack them.

About twenty rods from the block-house, and a little back from the bank of the river, two men, Francis and Isaac Choate, members of the company, had erected a cabin, and commenced clearing lots. Thomas Shaw, a hired laborer, and James Patten, another of the associates, lived with them. About the same distance below the block-house was an old "Tomahawk Improvement" and a small cabin, which two men, Asa and Eleazur Bullard, had fitted up and occupied. The Indian war-path, from Sandusky to the mouth of the Muskingum, passed along the opposite shore of the river.

" The Indians, who, during the summer," says Dr. Hildreth, " had been hunting and loitering about the Wolf Creek and Plainfield settlements, holding frequent and friendly intercourse with the settlers, selling them venison and bear's meat in exchange for green corn and vegetables, had withdrawn and gone up the river, early in the autumn, to their towns, preparatory to going info winter (quarters. They very seldom entered on any warlike expeditions during the cold weather. But they had watched the gradual encroachment of the whites and planned an expedition against them. They saw them in fancied security in their cabins, and thought their capture an easy task. It is said they were not aware of the Big Bottom settlement until they came in sight of it, on the opposite shore of the river, in the afternoon. From a high hill opposite the garrison, they had a view of all that part of the bottom, and could see how the men were occupied and what was doing about the block-house. It was not proi ected with palisades or pickets, and none of the men were aware or prepared for an attack. Having laid their plans, about twilight they crossed the river above the garrison, on the ice, and divided their men into two parties - the larger one to attack the block-house, the smaller one to capture the cabins. As the Indians cautiously approached the cabin they found the inmates at supper. Part entered, addressed the whites in a friendly manner, but soon manifesting their designs, made them all prisoners, tieing them with leather thongs they found in the cabin."

At the block-house the attack was far different. A stout iNIohawk suddenly burst open the door, the first intimation the inmates had of the presence of the foe, and while he held it open his comrades shot down those that were within. Rushing in, the deadly tomahawk completed the onslaught. In the assault, one of the savages was struck by the wife of Isaac Woods, with an ax, but only slightly injured. The heroic woman was immediately slain. All the men but two were slain befi)re they had time to secure their arms, thereby paying for their failure to properly secure themselves, with their lives. The two excepted were John Stacy and his brother Philip, a lad sixteen years of age. John escaped to the roof, where lie was shot by the Indians, while begging tor his life. The firing at the l)l(ick-h()iise alarmed the BuUards in their v:'abin, and hastily )»arring the door, and securing their annsand ammunition, they fled to the woods, ami t-seaped. Alter the slaughter was over, the Indians began to cullect thejtlunder, and in doing so discovered the lad Philip Stacy. They were about to dispatch him, but his entreaties softened the heart of one of the chiefs, who took him as a captive with the intention of adopting him into his family. The savages then piled the dead bodies on the floor, covered them with other portions of it not needed for that purpose, and set tire to the whole. The building, being made of green logs, did not burn, the flames consuming only the floors and roof, leaving the walls standing.

Tiiere were twelve persons killed in this attack, all of whom were in the ])rime of life, and valuable aid to the settlements. They were well provided with arms, and had they taken the necessary precautions, always pressed upon them when visited by the older ones from Marietta, they need n(jt have suffered so terrible a fate.

The Indians, e.vultant over their horrible victory, went on to Woll'"s mills, but here they found the people pre|iared, and, after reconnoitering the place, made their retreat, at early dawn, to the great relief of the inhabitants. Their number was never definitely known.

The news reached Marietta and its adjacent settlements .soon after the massacre occurred, and struck terror and dismay into the hearts of all. .Many had brothers and sons in the ill-fated party, and mourned, their lo.ss. Neither did they know what place would fall next. The Indian hostilities had begun, and they could only hope for peace when tlie savages were eftectually concjuered.

The next day, Capt. Rogers led a party of men over to the Big Bottom. It was, indeed, a melancholy sight to the poor borderers, as they knew not now how soon the same fate inight befall themselves. The fire had so disfigured tlu-ir comrades that but two, Kzra Putnam and William Jones, were recognized. As the groun<l was frozen outside, a hole was dug in the earth underneath the block-house floor, and the bodies consigned to one grave. No further attem]it was made to settle here till after the ])eace of 17I>5.

The outbreak of Indian hostilities put a check on further ststtlement.s. Those that were established were put in a more active state of defense, and every preparation made that could be made for the impending crisis all felt sure must come. Either the Indians must go, or the whites must retreat. A few hardy and adventurous persons ventured out into the woods and made settlements, but even these were at the imminent risk of their lives, many of them perishing in the attempt.

The Indian war that followed is given fully in preceding pages. It may be briefly sketched by stating that the first campaign, under (ten Harmar, ended in the defeat of his army at the Indian villages on the Miami of the lake, and the rapid retreat to Fort Washington. St. Clair was next commissioned to lead an army of nearly three thousand men, but these were furiously attacked at break of day, on the morning of November 4, 1791, and utterly defeated. Indian outrages sprung out anew after each defeat, and the borders were in a continual state of alarm. The most terrible sufferings were endured by prisoners in the hands of the savage foe, who thought to annihilate the whites.

The army was at once re-organized. Gen. Anthony Wayne put in command by Washington, and a vigorous campaign inaugurated. Though the savages had been given great aid by the British, in direct violation of the treaty of 178H, Gen. Wayne pursued them so vigorously that they could not withstand his army, and, the 2()th of August, 1794, defeated them, and utterly annihilated their forces, breaking up their camps, and laying waste their country, in some places under the guns of the British forts. The victory showed them the hopelessness of contending again.st the whites, and led their chiefs to sue for peace. The British, as at former times, deserted them, and they were again alone, contending against an invincible foe. A grand council was held at Greenville the 3d day of Augu.st, 1795, where eleven of the most powerful chiefs made peace with Gen. Wayne on terms of his own dictation. The boinulary established by the old treaty of Fort Mclntt)sh was confirmed, and extended westward from Jjoramie's to Fort Recovery, and thence southwest to the mouth of the Kentucky River. He also purchasi>d all the territory not before ceded, within certain limits, comprehendiTig, in all, about four-fifths of the State of Ohio. The line was long kiiown as '' The Greenville Treaty line." Upon these, and a lew other minor conditions, the United States received the Indians under their protection, gave them a large number of presents, and practically closed the war with the savages.

The only settlement of any consequence made during the Indian war, was that on the plat of Hamilton, laid out by Israel Ludlow in December, 1794. Soon after, Darius C. Orcutt, John Green, William Mc- Clennan, John Sutherland, John Torrence, Benjamin F.Randolph, Benjamin Davis, Isaac Wiles, Andrew Christy and William Hubert, located here. The town was laid out under the name of Fairfield, but was known only a short time by that name. Until ISO], all the lands on the west side of the Great Miami were owned by the General Government ; hence, until after that date, no improvements were made there. A single log cabin stood there until the sale of lands in April, 1801, when a company purchased the site of Rossville, and, in March, 1804, laid out that town, and, before a year had passed, the town and country about it was well settled.

The close of the war, in 1795, insured peace, and, from that date, Hamilton and that part of the Miami Valley grew remarkably fast. In 1803, Butler County was formed, and Hamilton made the county seat.

On the site of Hamilton, St. Clair built Fort Hamilton in 1791. For some time it was under the command of Maj. Rudolph, a cruel, arbitrary man, who was displaced by Gen. Wayne, and who, it is said, perished ignobly on the high seas, at the hands of some Algerine pirates, a fitting end to a man who caused, more than once, the death of men under his control for minor offenses.

While the war with the Indians continued, but little extension of settlements was made in the State. It was too perilous, and the settlers preferred the security of the block-house or to engage with the army. Still, however, a few bold spirits ventured away from the settled parts of the Territory, and began life in the wilderness. In tracing the histories of these settlements, attention will be paid to the order in which they were made. They will ha given somewhat in detail until the war of ISl:^, after which time they become too numerous to follow.

The settlements made in Washington - Marietta and adjacent colonies - and Hamilton Counties have already been given. The settlement at Gallia is also noted, hence, the narration can be resumed where it ends prior to the Indian war of 1795. Before this war occurred, there were three small settlements made, however, in addition to those in Washington and Hamilton Counties. They were in what are now Adams, Belmont and Morgan Counties. They were block-house settlements, and were in a continual state of defense. The first of the.se, Adams, was settled in the winter of 1790-91 by Gen. Nathaniel Massie. near where' Manchester now is. Gen. Massie determined to settle here in the Virginia Military Tract - in the winter of 1790, and sent notice throughout Kentucky and other Western settlements that he would give to each of the first twenty-five families who would settle in the town he proposed laying out, one in-lot, one out-lot and one hundred acres of land. Such liberal terms were soon accepted, and in a short time thirty families were ready to go with him. After various consultations with his friends, the bottom on the Ohio River, opposite the lower of the Three Islands, was selected as the most eligible spot. Here Massie fixed his station, and laid off into lots a town, now called INIanchester. The little confederacy, with Massie at the helm, went to work with spirit. Cabins were raised, and by the middle of March, 1791, the whole town was inclosed with strong pickets, with block-houses at each angle for defense.

This was the first settlement in the bounds of the Virginia District, and the fourth one in the State. Although in the midst of a savage foe, now inflamed with war, and in the midst of a cruel conflict, the settlement at Manchester suffered less than any of its cotemporaries. This was, no doubt, due to the watchful care of its in habitants, who were inured to the rigors of a frontier life, and who well knew the danger about them. " These were the Beasleys, Stouts, Washburns, Ledoms, Edgingtons, Denings, Ellisons, ITtts, IMcKenzies, Wades, and others, who were fully equal to the Indians in all the savage arts and stratagems of border war."

As soon as they had completed preparations for defense, the whole population went to work and cleared the lowest of the Three Islands, and planted it in corn. The soil of the island was very rich, and produced abundantly. The woods supplied an abundance of game, while the river furnished a variety of excellent fish. The inhabitants thus found their simple wants fully supplied. Their nearest neighbors in the new Territory were at Columbia, and at the French settlement at Gallipolis ; but with these, owing to the state of the country and the Indian war, they could hold little, if any, intercourse.

The sta-tion being established, Massio continued to make locations and surveys, (treat ju'ecautions were necessary to avdid the Indians, and even the closest viiiilance did not always avail, as the everwatchlul loo was always ready to spring ui>(.ii the settlement, could an uniiuardcd UKtnient be observed. l)iirini;' one of the sprinij months, Gen. Massie, Israel Donalson. William Jjytle and James Little, while out on a survey, were surprised, and Mr. Donalsou captured, the others escaping at great peril. Mr. Donalsou escaped during the march to the Indian town, and made his way to the town of Cincinnati, after suft'erijig great hardships, and almost perishing from hunger. In the spring of 1T!>3, the settlers at Manchester commenced clearing the out -lots of the town. While doing so, an incident occurn^d, which shows the danger to which they were daily exposed. It is thus related in Howes Collections :

'- Mr. Andrew Ellison, one of the settlers, cleared an out-lot innuediately adjoining the fort. He had completed the cutting of the timber, rolled the logs together, and set them on fire. The next morning, before daybreak, Mr. Ellison opened one of the gates of the fort, and went but to throw his logs together. By the time he had finished the job, a number of the heaps blazed up brightly, and, as he was pas.sing from one to the other, he observed, by the light of the fires, three men walking briskly toward him. This did not alarm him in the least, although, he said, they were dark-skinned fellows; yet he concluded they were the Wades, whose complexions were very dark, going early to hunt. He continued to right his log-heaps, until one of the fellows seized him by the arms, calling out, in broken English, ' How do ? how do? ' He instantly lo(»ked in their faces, and, to his surprise and horror, found himself in the clutches of three Indians. To resist was usciless.

" The Indians (|ui(kly nu)ved off with him in the direction of l*aint Creek. When breakfast was ready, Mrs. Ellison sent one of her children to a.sk its father home; but he could not be found at the log-heaps. His absence created no immediate alarm, as it was thought he might have started to hunt, after com])leting his work. Dinner-tiuu! arrived, and, l<]lli.son not returning, the family becanu" uneasy, and !)egan to suspect some accident had happened to him. His gun-rack was examined, and there hung his rifles and his pouch. Gen. iMassie raist'd a party, made a circuit around the ])lace, finding, afh-r somc^ search, the trails of four men, one of whom had on shoes; and the fact that Mr. Ellison was a prisoner now became apparent. As it was almost night at the time the trail was discovered, the party returned to the station. Early the next morning, preparatit)ns were made by Gen. Massie and his i'riends to continue the search. In doing this, they found great difficulty, as it was so early in the spring that the vegetation was not gro\?n sufficiently to show plainly the trail made by the savages, who took the precaution to keep on high and dry ground, where their feet would make little or no impression. The party were, however, as unerring as a pack of hounds, and followed the trail to Paint Creek, when they found the Indians gained so fast on them that pursuit was useless.

"The Indians took their prisoner to Upper Sandusky, where he was compelled to run the gantlet. As he was a large, and not very active, man, ht5 received a severe flogging. He was then taken to Lower Sandusky, and again com]ielled to run the gantlet. He was then takt'U to J)etroit, where he was ransomed by a British officer for $100. The officer proved a good friend to him. He sent him to Montreal, whence he returned home before the close of the summer, much to the joy of his family and friends, whose feelings can only be imagined."

"Another incident occurred about this time," says the same volume, "which so aptly illustrates the danger of frontier life, that it w^ell deserves a place in the history of the settlements in Ohio. John and Asahel Edgington, with a comrade, started out on a hunting expedition toward Brush Creek. They cam])ed out six miles in a northeast direction from where West Union now stands, and near the site of Treber's tavern, on the road from Chillicothe to Maysville. They had good success in hunting, killing a number of deer and bears. Of the deer killed, they saved the skins and hams alone. They fleeced the bears ; that is, they cut oft' all the meat which adhered to the hide, without skinning, and left the bones as a skeleton. They hung up the })roceeds of their hunt, on a scaffold out of the reach of wolves and other wild animals, and returned to Manchester for ])aek-liorses. No one returned to the canij) with tlu^ Kdgingtons. As it was late in l)ecemb(!r, few apprehended danger, as the winter season was usiudly a time of re- ])Ose from Indian incursions. When the Edgingtons arrived at their camp, they alighted from their lu)r.ses and were pre]iaring to start a fire, when a platoon of Indians fired upon them at a distance of not more than twenty paces. They had evidently found the results of the white men's labor, and expected they would return lor it, and prepared to waylay theiu. Asahel Edgington fell dead. John was more fortunate. The sharp crack of the rifles, and the horrible yells of the savages as they leaped from their place of ambush, frightened the horses, who took the track for home at full speed. John was very Sctive on foot, and now an opportunity oifered which required his utmost speed. The moment the Indians leaped I'rom their hiding-place, they threw down their guns and took after him, yelling with all their power. Edgington did not run a booty race. For about a mile, the savages stepped in his tracks almost before the bending grass could rise. The uplifted tomahawk was frequently so near his head that he thought he felt its edge. He exerted himself to his utmost, while the Indians strove with all their might to catch him. Finally, he began to gain on his pursuers, and, after a long race, distanced them and made his escape, safely reaching home. This, truly, was a most fearful and well-contested race. The big Shawanee chief, Capt. John, who headed the Indians on this occasion, after peace was made, in narrating the particulars, said, " The white man who ran away was a smart fellow. The white man run ; and I run. He run and run ; at last, the white man run clear off from me."

The settlement, despite its dangers, prospered, and after the close of the war continued to grow rajtidly. In two years after peace was declared, Adams County was erected by proclamation of Gov. St. Clair, the next year court was held, and in 1 804, West Union was made the county seat.

During the war, a settlement was commenced near the present town of Bridgeport, in Belmont County, by Capt. Joseph Belmont, a noted Delaware Revolutionary officer, who, because his State could furnish only one company, could rise no higher than Captain of that company, and hence always maintained that grade. He settled on a beautiful knoll near the present county seat, but erelong suffered from a night attack by the Indians, who, though unable to drive him and his companions from the cabin or conquer them, wounded some of them badly, one or two mortally, and caused the Captain to leave the frontier and return to Newark, Del. The attack was made in the spring of 1791, and a short time after, the Captain, having provided for the safety of his family, accepted a commission in St. Clair's army, and lost his life at the defeat of the General in

November. Shortly after the Captain settled, a fort, called Dillie's Fort, was built on the Ohio, opposite the mouth of Grave Creek. About two hundred and fifty yards below this fort, an old man, named Tato, was shot down at his cabin door by the Indians, just as he was in the act of entering the house. His body was pulled in by his daughter-in-law and grandson, who made an heroic defense. They were overpowered, the woman slain, and the boy badly wounded. He, however, managed to secrete himself and afterward escaped to the fort. The Indians, twelve or thirteen in number, went off unmolested, though the men in the fort saw the whole transaction and could have punished, them. Why they did not was never known.

On Captina Creek in this same county, occurred, in May, 1794, the " battle of Captina," a famous local skirmish between some Virginians fi-om Fort Baker, and a party of Indians. Though the Indians largely outnumbered the whites, they were severely punished, and compelled to abandon the contest, losing several of their bi'avest warriors.

These were the only settlements made until 1795, the close of the war. Even these, as it will be observed from the foregoing pages, were temporary in all cases save one, and were maintained at a great risk, and the loss of many valuable lives. They were made\n the beginning of the war,and such were their experiences that further attempts were abandoned until the treaty of Greenville was made, or until the prospects for peace and safety were assured.

No sooner, however, had the prospect of (piiet been established, than a revival of emigration began. Before the war it had been large, now it was largely increased.

Wayne's treaty of peace with the Indians was made at Greenville, in what is now Darke County, the 3d of August, 1795. The number of Indians present was estimated at 1,300, divided among the principal nations as follows : 180 Wyandots, 381 Delawares, 143 Shawanees, 45 Ottawas, 46 Chippewas, 240 Pottawatomies, 73 Miamis and Eel River, 12 Weas and Piankeshaws, and 10 Kickapoos and Kaskaskias. The principal chiefs were Tarhe, Buckongahelas, Black Hoof, Blue Jacket and Little Turtle. Most of them had been tampered with by the British agents and traders, but all had been so thoroughly chastised by Wayne, and found that the British only used them as tools, that they were quite anxious to make peace with the " Thirteen Fires." By the treaty, former ones were established, the boundary lines confirmed and eiilaruvd, an c'Xihani;e and delivery of prisoners erteeted, and permanent peace assured.

In the latter part of Septendjer, after the treaty of Greenville, Mr. Bedell, from New Jersey, selected a site for a home in what is now Warren County, at a place since known as " Bedell's Station," about a mile .south of Union V'illage. Here he erected a block-house, as a defense aiiainst the Indians, amoni;- wbom were many renegades as among the whites, who would not respect the terms of the treaty. Whether Mr. Bedell was alone that tidl, or whether he was joined by others, is not ni>w accurately known. However that may be, he was not long left to himself; for, ere a year had elapsed, cjuite a nuudjcr of settlements were made in this part of the Territory. Soon after his settlement was made, Gen. David Sutton, Capt. Nathan Kelley and others began pioneer life at Deerfield, in the same locality, and, before three years had gone by, a large number of New Jersey people were established in their homes; and, in 18(K^, the county was formed from Hamilton. Among the early settlers at Deerfield, was Capt. Robert Benham, who, with a companion, in 1779, sustained themselves many days when the Captain had lost the use of his legs, and his companion his arms, from musket-l)alls tired by the hands of the Indians. They were with a large party commanded by ]Maj. Rodgers, and were furiously attacked by an immense number of savages, and all but a few .slain. The event happened during the war of the Revolution, before any attempt was made to settle the Northwest Territory. The party were going down the Ohio, probably to the falls, and were attacked when near the site of Cincinnati. As mentioned, these two men sustained each other many days, the one having perfect legs doing the necessary walking, carrying his comrade to water, driving up game for him to .shoot, and any other duties necessary; while the one who had the use of his arms could dress his companion's and his own wounds, kill and cook the game, and perform his share. They were rescued, finally, by a flat-b(jat, whose occupants, for awhile, pa.ssed them, fearing a decoy, but, becoming convinced that such was not the case, took them on down to Louisville, where they were nursed into perfect health.

A settlement was made near tlie present town of Lebanon, the county seat of Warren County, in the .spring of 17!)(), by Henry Taylor, who built a mill one mile west of the town site, on Turtle

Creek. Soon after, he was joined by Ichabod Corwin, John O.sbourn, Jacob Vorhees, Samuel Shaw, Daniel Bonte and a Mr. Manning. When Lebanon was laid out, in 1803, the two-story log house built in 1797 by Ichabod Corwin was the only building on the plat. It was occupied by Ephraim Hathaway as a tavern. He had a black horse painted' on an immense board for a sign, and continued in business here till 181U. The same year the town was laid out, a store was opened by John Huston, and, from that date, the growth of the county was very prosperous. Three years after, the Western Star was established by Judge John McLain, and the current news of the day given in weekly editions. It was one of the first newspapers established in the Territory, outside of Cincinnati.

As has been mentioned, the opening of navigation in the spring of 179(5 brought a great flood of emigration to the Territory. The little settlement made by Mr. Bedell, in the autumn of 1795, was about the only one made that fall ; others made preparations, and many selected sites, but did not settle till the following spring. That spring, colonies were planted in what are now Montgomery, Licking, Ross, Madison, Mahoning, Trumbull, Ashtabula and Cuyahoga Counties, while preparations were in turn made to occupy additional territory, that will hereafter be noticed.

The settlement made in Montgomery County was begun early in the spring of 179G. As early as 1788, the land on which Dayton now stands was selected by some gentlemen, who designed layingout a town to be named Venice. They agreed with Judge Symmes, whose contract covered the place, for the purchase of the lands. The Indian war which broke out at this time prevented an extension of settlements from the immediate neighborhood of the parent colonies, and the project was abandoned by the purchasers. Hoou after the treaty of 1795, a new company, compo.sed of Gens. Jonathan Dayton, Arthur St. Clair. James Wilkinson, and Col. Israel Ludlow, })urchased the land between the Miamis, around the mouth of Mad River, of Judge Symmes, and, the 4th of November, laid out the town. Arrangements were made for its settlement the ensuing spring, and donations of lots, wdth other privileges, were offered to actual settlers. Forty-si.\ persons entered into engagements to remove from Cincinnati to Dayton, but during the winter most of them scattered in different directions, and only nineteen fulfilled their contracts. The fir.st families who made a permanent residence here, arrived on the first day of April, 17i)G, and at once set about establishing homes. Judge Symmes, however, becoming unable soon after to pay for his j)urchase, tlie land reverted to the United States, and the settlers in and about Dayton found themselves without titles to their lands. Congress, however, came to the aid of all such persons, wherever they had purchased land of Symmes, and passed a pre-emption law, under which they could enter their lands at the regular government price. Some of the settlers entered their lands, and obtained titles directly from the I i^nited States ; others made arrangements with Daniel C. Cooper to receive their deeds from him, and he entered the residue of the town lands. He had been the surveyor and agent of the first company of proprietors, and they assigned to him certain of their rights of pre-emption, by which he became the titular owner of the land.

When the State government was organized in 1803, Dayton was made the seat of justice for Montgomery County, erected the same year. At that time, owing to the title question, only five families resided in the place, the other settlers having gone to farms in the vicinity, or to other parts of the country. The increase of the town was gradual until the war of 1812, when its growth was more rapid until 1820, when it was again checked by the general depression of business. It revived in 1827, at the commencement of the Miami Canal, and since then its growth has always been prosperous. It is now one of the best cities in Ohio. The first canal boats from Cincinnati arrived at Dayton January 25, 1829, and the first one from Lake Erie the 24th of June, 1845. In 1825, a weekly line of stages was established between Columbus and Cincinnati, via Dayton. Two days were occupied in coming from Cincinnati to Dayton.

On the 18th of September, 1808, the Dayton Repertory was established by William McClureand George Smith. It was printed on a foolscap sheet. Soon after, it was enlarged and changed from a weekly to a daily, and, ere long, found a number of competitors in the field.

In the lower part of Miamisburg, in this county, are the remains of ancient works, scattered about over the bottom. About a mile and a quarter southeast of the village, on an elevation more than one hundred feet above the level of the Miami, is the largest mound in the Northern States, excepting the mammoth mound at Grave Creek, on the Ohio, below Wheeling, which it nearly equals in dimensions. It is about eight hundred feet around the base, and rises to a height of nearly seventy feet. When first known it was covered with forest trees, whose size evidenced great age. The Indians could give no account of the mound. Excavations revealed bones and charred earth, but what was its use, will alway;; remain a conjecture.

One of the most important early settlements was made co temporary with that of Dayton, in what is now Ross County. The same spring, 170(), (juitc a colony came to the banks of the Scioto lliver, and, near the mouth of Paint Creek, began to plant a crop of corn on the bottom. The site had been selected as early as 1792, by Col. Nathaniel Massie* and others, who were so delighted with the country, and gave such glowing descriptions of it on their return - which accounts soon circulated through Kentucky - that portions of the Presbyterian congregations of Caneridge and Concord, in Bourbon County, under Rev. Robert W. Finley, determined to emigrate thither in a body. They were, in a measure, induced to take this step by their dislike to slavery, and a desire for freedom from its baleful influ2nces and the uncertainty that existed regarding the validity of the land titles in that State. The Rev. Finley, as a preliminary step, liberated his slaves, and addressed to Col. Massie a letter of inquiry, in December, 1794, regarding the land on the Scioto, of which he and his people had heard such glowing accounts.

"The letter induced Col. Massie to visit Mr. Finley in the ensuing March. A large concourse of people, who wished to engage in the enterprise, assembled on the occasion, and fixed on a day to meet at the Three Islands, in Manchester, and proceed on an exploring expedition. Mr. Finley also wrote to his friends in Western Pennsylvania

* Nathaniel Massie was bom in Goochland County, Va., December 28, 1703. In 1780, he engaged, for a short time, in the Revolutionary war. In 1783, he left for Kentucky, where he acted as a surveyor. He was afterward made a Government surveyor, and labored much in that capacity for early Ohio proprietors, being paid in lauds, the amounts graded by the danger attached to the survey. In 1791, he established the settlement at Manchester, and a year or two after, continued his surveys up the Scioto. Here he whs continually in great danger from the Indians, but knew well how to guard against them, and thus preserved himself. In 1796, he established the t'liillicothe settlement, and made bis home in the Scioto Valley, being now ac extensive land owner by reason of his long surveying service. In 1807, he and Return J. Meigs were competitors for the office of Governor of Ohio. Meigs was elected, but Massie contested his eligibility to the office, on the grounds of his absence from the State and insufficiency of time as a resident, as required by the Constitution. Meigs was declared ineligible by the General Assembly, and Massie declared Governor. He, however, resigned the office at once, not desiring it. He was often Representative afterward. He died November 13, 1813.

'- About sixty men met, afcordinj; to appointment, who were divided into three eompanies, under Massie, Finley and Falenash. They proceeded (III their route, without interruption, until they struck the falls of Faint Creek. Froceeding a shiirt di.xtanc-e down that .stream, they suddenly found thi'uisi'lves in the vicinity of some Indians who had fncam})ed at a place, since called Reeve's Cro.ssing, near the present town of Jiainbridge. The Indians were of tho.se who had refused to attend Wayne's treaty, and it was determined to give them battle, it being too late to retreat with safety. The Indians, on being att;icked, soon fled with the loss of two killed and .several wounded. One of the whites only, Joshua Robinson, was mortally wounded, and, during the action, a Mr. Armstrong, a pri.-^oner among the savages, escaped to his own people. The whites gathered all their plunder and retreated a.s far as Scioto Brush Creek, where they were, according to expectation, attacked early the next morning. Again the Indians were defeated. Only one man among the whites, Allen (iilfillan, wa.s wounded. The party of whites contiiuied their retreat, the next day reached .Manchester, and separated for their homes.

" After Wayne's treaty, Col. Massie and several of the old explorers again met at the house of Rev. Finley, formed a company, and agreed to make a .settlement in the ensuing .spring (1796), and raise a croj) of corn at the mouth of Paint Creek. According to agreement, they met at IManchester about the first of April, to the number of forty and upward, from Mason and Bourbon Counties. Among them were Joseph McCoy, Benjamin and William Rodgers, David Shelby, James Harrod, Ileury, Bazil and Reuben Abrams, William Jamison, James Crawford, Samuel, Anthony and Robert Smith, Thomas Dick, William and James Kerr, George and James Kilgrove, John Brown, Samuel and Robert Templeton, Fergu.son Mo<jre, William Nicholson and .James B. Finley, later a prominent local Methodi.st minister. On starting, they divided into two companies, one of which struck across the country, while the other came on in pirogues. The first arrived earliest on the spot of their intended settlement, and iiad eommen ed erecting log huts above the mouth of Faint Creek, at the 'Prairie Stati(m,' Ijcfore the others had come on by water. About three hundred acres of the prairie were cultivated in corn that sea.son.

" In August, of this year - 1796 - Chillicothe* was laid out by Col. Massie in a dense forest. He gave a lot to each of the first settlers, and, by the beginning of winter, about twenty cabins were erected. Not long after, a ferry was established, across the Scioto, at the north end of Walnut street. The opening of Zane's trace produced a great change in travel westward, it having previously been along the Ohio in keel-b(«its or canoes, or by land, over the Cumberland Mountains, through Crab Orchard, in Kentucky.

" The emigrants l)rought corn-meal in their pirogues, and after that was gone, their j)rincipal meal, until the next summer, was that pounded in hominy mortars, which meal, when made into bread, and anointed with bear's-oil, was quite palatable.

" When the settlers first came, whisky was $4.50 per gallon; but, in the spring of 1797, when the keel-boats began to run. the Monongahela whiskymakers, having found a good market for their firewater, rushed it in, in such (ptantities, that the cabins were crowded with it, and it soon fell to 50 cents. Men, women and children, with some exceptions, drank it freely, and many who had been respectable and temperate became inebriates. Many of Wayne's soldiers and camp-women .settled in the town, so that, for a time, it became a town of drunkards and a sink of corruption. There was, however, a little leaven, wdiich, in a few months, began to develop itself.

'In the spring of 1797, one Brannon stole a great coat, handkerchief and shirt. He and his wife absconded, were pursued, caught and brought back. Samuel Smith was appointed Judge, a jury impanneled, one attorney appointed by the Judge to manage the prosecution, and another the defense ; witnesses were examined, the case argued, and the evidence summed up by the Judge. The jury, having retired a few moments, returned with a verdict of guilty, and that the culprit be sentenced according to the discretion of the Judge. The Judge soon announced that the criminal should have ten lashes on his naked back, or that he should sit on a bare pack-saddle on his pony, and that his wife, who was suppo.sed to have had some agency in the theft, should lead the pony to every house in the village, and proclaiu), 'This is

*''hillicnthe ,ippear8 to have been a favorite name atiKing the Ttidians, as many localities were known by that name. Col. John Johnston says : "Chillicothe is the name of one of the principal tribes of the Shawanees. They would say, Chil-ircothc otany, i. e., Chillicothe town. The Wyandots wonid .say, tor Chillicothe town, Tat-a-ra-ra, Do-tia, or town at the leaning of the bank."

Brannon, who stole the great coat, handkerchief and shirt ; ' and that James B. Finley, afterward Chaplain in the State Penitentiary, should see the sentence faithfully carried out. Brannon chose the latter sentence, and the ceremony was faithfully performed by his wife in the presence of every cabin, under Mr. Finley's care, after which the couple made off. This was rather rude, but effective jurisprudence.

" Dr. Edward Tiffin and Mr. Thomas Worthington. of Berkley County, Va., were brothers-in-law, and being moved by abolition principles, liberated their slaves, intending to remove into the Territory. For this purpose, Mr. Wt)rthington visited Chillicothe in the autumn of 1797, and purchased several in and out lots of the town. On one of the former, he erected a two-story frame house, the first of the kind in the village. On his return, having purchased a part of a farm, on which his family long afterward resided, and another at the north fork of Paint Creek, he contracted with Mr. Joseph Yates, a millwright, and Mr. George Haines, a blacksmith, to come out with him the following winter or sprijig, and erect for him a grist and saw mill on his north-fork tract. The summer, fall and following winter of that year were marked by a rush of emigration, which spead over the high bank praii'ie, Pea-pea, Westfall and a few miles up Paint and Deer Creeks.

" Nearly all the first settlers were either regular members, or had been raised in the Presbyterian (Church. Toward the fall of 1797, the leaven of piety retained by a portion of the first settlers began to diffuse itself through the mass, and a large log meeting-house was erected near the old gi-aveyard, and Rev. William Speer, from Pennsylvania, took charge. The sleepers at first served as seats for lu;arers, and a split-log table was used as a pulpit. Mr. Speer was a gentlemanly, moral man, tall and cadaverous in person, and wore the cocked hat of the Revolutionary era.

"Thomas Jones arrived in February, 1798, bringing with him the first load of bar-iron in the Scioto Valley, and about the same time Maj. Elias Tjangham, an officer of the Revolution, arrived. Dr. Tiffin, and his brother. Joseph, arrived the same month from Virginia and opened a store not far from the log meeting-house. A store had been opened previously by John McDougal. The 17th of April, the lamilies of Col. Worthington and Dr. Tiffin arrived, at which time the first marriage in the Scioto Valley was celebrated.' The parties were George Kikore and Elizabeth Cochran. The ponies of the attendants were hitched to the trees along the streets, which were not then cleared out, nearly the whole town being a wilderness. Joseph Yates, George Haines, and two or three others, arrived with the families of Tiffin and Worthington. On their arrival there were but four shingled roofs in town, on one of which the shingles were fastened with pegs. Col. Worthington's house was the only one having glass windows. The sash of the hotel windows was filled with greased paper.

"Col. Worthington was appointed by (ren. Rufus Putnam, Surveyor General of the Northwest Territory, surveyor of a large disti-ict of Congress lands, on the east side of the Scioto, and Maj. Langham and a Mr. Matthews, were appointed to survey the residue of the lands which afterward composed the Chillicothe land district.

"The same season, settlements were made about the Walnut Plains by Samuel McCulloh and others; Springer, Osbourn, Dyer, and Thomas and Elijah Chenowith, on Darly Creek ; Lambei'ts and others on Sippo; on Foster's Bottom, the Fosters. Samuel Davis and others, while the following families settled in and about Chillicothe: John Crouse, William Keys, William Lamb, John Carlisle, John McLanberg, William Chandless, the Stoctons, Greggs, Bates and some others.

"Dr. Tiffin and his wife were the first Methodists in the Scioto Valley. He was a local preacher. In the fall, Worthington's grist and saw mills on the north fork of Paint Creek were finished, the first mills worthy the name in the valley.

" Chillicothe was the point from which the settlements diverged. In May, 1799, a post office was established here, and Joseph Tiffin made Postmaster. Mr. Tiffin and Thomas Gregg opened taverns; the first, under the sign of Gen. Anthony Wayne, was at the corner of Water and Walnut streets; and the last, under the sign of the 'Green Tree,' was on the corner of }*aint and Water streets. In 1801, Nathaniel Willis moved in and established the Scioto Gazette^ probably, the second paper in the Territory."*