Muskingum County, Ohio - Chapter 4: Zanesville, 1882 (part 2 of 2)

In 185 1, the firm of Douglas, Smith & Co. was formed, and carried on the foundry business until the breaking out of the War of the Rebellion, and was then changed to Douglas Brothers, but failed soon after.

January ist, 1866, William M. Shinnick, Daniel Hatton, George D. Gibbons, and William J. Woodside, entered into partnership, under the name of Shinnick, Hatton & Co., for the purpose of doing foundry business, and occupied the old Blocksom foundry, on Fountain alley, which they enlarged. In 1870 this firm name was changed to Shinnick, Woodside & Gibbons. The establishment is known as the Union Foundry.

Iron Furnaces. - In 1818, Abraham Wood and Elias Eber.t, under the firm name of Wood & Ebert, started a blast furnace at the mouth of Simms' creek, where they made pig iron for a few years ; much of thfs was used in T. L. Pierce's foundry, and by the Reeves' in their nail and bar iron works. The business was closed in 1822.

In 1830, Jeremiah Dare was engaged in the manufacture of castings, machinery, etc. From this small beginning, sprung the great works of Duvall & Co., northeast corner of Third and Market streets.

In 1848, John Newell, W. T. Davis, John J. James, John H. Jones, Benjamin Louth, and William James, under the firm name of Newell, Davis, James & Co., with a capital of $20,000, was organized. The company passed through various vicissitudes until July 3d, 1857, when it was incorporated as the Ohio Iron Company, with a capital of $75,000. The directory, at the time of organization, consisted of Henry Blandy, President, C. W. Potwin, Secretary, Samuel Baird, Treasurer, E. B, Greene and E. E. Filmore.

The present officers are : President, James Herdman ; Secretary and Treasurer, Oliver Ong ; Superintendent, W. P. Brown ; Directors, James Herdman, M. Churchill, W. A. Graham, Thos. Griffith, F. J. L. Blandy, Alex. Grant and T. W. Gattrell.

In 1859, the Zanesville Furnace Company was organized, with the following membership : Nathan Gattrell, George A. Jones, William Fox, Joseph Black, John C. English, Samuel Baird, Charles W. Potwin, and Duston H. Willard.

The capital was divided into shares of $1,000 each. They manufactured pig iron. The business was purchased by the Ohio Iron Company, in 1862. The present officers of the Ohio Iron Company are: President, M. Churchill; Secretary and Treasurer, C. W. Greene.

Zanesville Gaslight Company. - The inflammable aeriform fluid was first evolved from coal by Dr. Clayton, in 1739. Its application to the purposes of illumination was first tried by Mr. Murdock in, Cornwall, in 1792. The first display of gaslights was made at Boulton & Watts' foundry, in Birmingham, England, on the occasion of the rejoicings for peace in 1802. Gas was permanently used, to the exclusion of lamps and candles, at the cotton mills of Phillips and Lee^ in Manchester, in 1805. The streets of New York, (the first in the United States), were first lighted with gas in the winter of 1823-4. The first gas used in Zanesville, Ohio, was in November, 1849, ^^^ Zanesville Gaslight Company having been incorporated and built in the early part of the same year.

The capital stock of this company - $50,000 - is held by about forty persons. From the time the works were built until 1867, one gasometer, or holder, was sufficient ; during that year another was built, and in 1880 a third was added.

From 1849 to 1852, John Graves was the Superintendent, and from that year until 1865 A. J. Printz held that position, since which time his son, Eugene Printz, has filled the office. In 1865, the company charged $4.18 per thousand feet for gas ; in 1880 it was reduced to $2.00 per thousand feet. In 1880 the number of consumei's amounted to 900, and the number of street lamps lighted 400, requiring about twenty miles of pipe, two miles of which was laid that year.

The Directors at once met and elected the following officers : A. C. Ross, President ; Alex. Grant, Treasurer ; A. Guille, Secretary ; Eugene Printz, Superintendent.

Glass. - The oldest specimen of glass bearing anything like a date, is a little molded lion's head, bearing the name of an Egyptian King of the eleventh dynasty. It is in the Slade collection of the British Museum. This djmasty may be placed about 2000 B. C. Glass was not only made but made with skill at that time, which shows that the art was nothing new. The invention of glazing pottery with a film, or varnish, of glass is so old that among the fragments which bear inscriptions of the early Egyptian monarchy, are heads, probably of the first dynasty. Of later glass, there are numerous examples, such as a head found at Thebes, which has the name of Queen Hatasoo of the eighteenth dynasty. Of the same period, are vases and goblets and many fragments. It cannot be doubted that the story of Pliny, which assigns the credit of the invention to the Phoenicians, is so far true, that these adventurous merchants brought specimens to other countries from Egypt.

The first glass works in Zanesville was duly chartered by the Legislature, May 13, 18 15, with a capital fixed at $50,000. [See book D., p. 631, Muskingum County Records.] The works were known as the "White Glass Works," and were located on the site that is now the southwest corner of Third and Market streets. Some of the first shareholders were Isaac Van Home, Samuel Sullivan, Samuel Hen-ick, Rees Cadwalader, David J. Marpole, John Hamm, and Ebenezer Buckingham. Samuel Sullivan was President of the company, and John Hamm, Secretary. Edmund Jones was Acting Superintendent. Elijah Ross made the blow pipes. Mr. Ross was the father of our worthy townsman, A. C. Ross.

In 1816, James Taylor and Alexander Culbertson built a window glass house on a site opposite the first canal locks, a little south of Slagor run. Mr. Culbertson operated there until 1823, when he died, after which Arnold Lippet, Thomas Murdock and Joseph Cassel operated the establishment, successively.

In 1820, Thomas Mark leased and operated the "White Glass Works." At the expiration of two years, the works passed into the hands of Rev. Joseph Shepherd, Charles Bostwick and James Ci'osby, and they continued the business until 1835, when Mr. Bostwick withdrew ; three years later, Mr. Shepherd retired, and Mr. Crosby continued the business alone until 1839, when he closed the works.

About 1842, George W. Kearns, Joseph Burns, W. F. Spence, Thomas Reynolds, George Wendt and Samuel Turner, practical glassblowers from Pittsburg, paid Mr. Crosby five hundred dollars each and began operating the works. They gave employment to about forty men. In 1844, Mr. Reynolds and Mr. Wendt sold their interest to the remaining partners ; in 1846, Messrs. Turner and Spence disposed of their interest. Subsequently, Arnold Lippet obtained an interest in the works. In 1848, Mr. Burgess withdrew, leaving Mr. Lippet alone - he abandoned the works - and, after operating the Cassel Window Glass Works as a bottle works for a short time, retired from the glass business.

Noah Kearns, R. N. Dunlap and Jacob Stimley have had an interest in these works at different periods. The business was discontinued in 1877.

In i860, G. W. Kearns, Noah Kearns and Joseph Burns rented, and soon after purchased, the Flint Glass House, built in 1852 by Wm. C. Cassel and Wm. Galligher, at the foot of Main street, In 1863, they built a new establishment - using the old one for a warehouse. The new works were operated in 1880 by Kearns, Herdman and Gorsuch. In 1864 Mr. Burns died, and his heirs withdrew their interest from the works. G. W. and Noah Kearns then built their glass house on the southwest corner of Main and First streets, and manufactured window glass exclusively. They ran both factories until 1868, when they were joined by James Herdman and Joseph T. Gorsuch ; in 1874, Wm. T- Gray became a member of the firm; in 1877, G. W. Kearns withdrew and built the Seventh Ward Bottle House, which is in successful operation.

For the data of Zanesville glass works, we are indebted to Messrs. G. W. Kearns, S. P. Bailey and William Bay, of Zanesville, and J. B. H. Bratshaw, of Detroit, formerly of this city.

Hatters. - 1800 - The beautiful hat and fur stores which adorn Zanesville, in our day, had their origin in a log shanty, in what is now the Seventh Ward, in 1806. A Mr. Molesberry began the manufacture of hats. He was the first hatter in Zanestown. James Jennings, hatter, came in 1801, and also located in "Natchez," now known as the Seventh Ward.

In 1803, David Herron came and built a log house, and in partnership with his brother James (who made the first brick in Zanesville), carried on the hatter's business for many years.

1805. - Mr. James Culbertson, the hatter, engaged in the manufacture of wool hats, -and caps from the skin of muskrat, coon and other fur-bearing animals, which were then plentiful in the countiy. Mr. Culbertson's shop was located on the southwest corner of Fifth and Market streets. In this shop was made the first silk hat manufactured in this city.

1812. - Among the first to engage extensively in the manufacture of felt hats, was Richard Galagher, at shop southwest corner of Fifth street and Locust alley. Here he carried on the business until 1832 ; he died at Louisville, Ky., while on his way home from a trading trip down the river.

Land Office. - In the year 1800, Wyllys Silliman was appointed Register, and General Isaac Van Vorne Receiver of the Land Office located at Zanestown.

"Land Office at Zanestown. - July ist, 1814. Whereas, it is provided by the 5th section of an act of Congress passed on the loth day of May, 1800, entitled "An Act to amend an Act providing tor the sale of the lands of the United States, in the territory northwest of the Ohio, and above the mouth of the Kentucky river,' as follows, viz : 'If any tract shall not be completely paid for within one year after the date of the last payment, the tract shall be advertised for sale by the Register 01 the Land Office within whose district it may lie, in at least five of the most public places in the said district, for at least twenty days before the day of the sale ; and he shall sell the same at vendue, during the session of the Court of Quarter Sessions of the county in which the Land Office is kept, for a pi'ice not less than the whole arrears due thereon, with the expenses of sale,' the surplus, if any, shall be returned to the original purchaser or to his legal representatives ; but if the sum due, with interest, be not bidden and paid, then the land shall revert to. the United States, and all monies paid therefor shall be forfeited, and the Register of the Land Office may proceed to dispose of the same to any purchaser, as in the case of other lands at private sale.

In fursnance whereof. Public notice is hereby given, that the following tracts not being completely paid for, and one year having elapsed since the last installment became due, the said tracts will be exposed for sale at public vendue, during the sitting of the Court,' on Monday, August 29th, at 10 o'clock a. m. Those tracts not sold may be entered next morning at 5 o'clock.'

If the owner, or owners, of any tract of land, or any person in his or her behalf, shall pay the purchase money, interest and costs, prior to the day designated for sale, no sale of such tract shall take place :

LivKRY Stable. - This is one of the necessities in every community, and yet seldom mentioned as such. The transition from village to city life, however, is demonstrated by the inauguration of the convenience of the livery stable, and the oldest inhabitant invariably recognizes this as a land mark and an important feature of the past.

Stable. - Horses, wagons, gigs and apparatus constituting a livery establishment, kept, to let, exchange, or sell, at'the stable in rear of the Zanesville Coffee House, where travelers and 3thers may be accommodated with the opportunity to barter, buy or sell any of the appurtenances common to the establishment, as their circumstances may dictate."

Marble Works. - Prior to 181 2, Rev. Joseph Shepherd was engaged in making tombstones, on North Fifth street, near Market street. At that time no marble was imported, and tomb stones were made of sand stone, and sometimes, though rarely, from lime stone. Preacher Shepherd worked during the week days at this business and preached on Sundays. The inscriptions on such stones yielded to the wintry blasts and scorching rays ot summer sun, and many, now to be seen in the City Cemetery, are as black as before they were cut.

In 1847, S. G. McBride bought out this business and continued it for some years. Such were the pioneers who opened the way for the present mammoth establishments ; whose rooms are adorned with rarest marbles and enduring granites, cut and shaped in significant beauty. Indeed, monumental architecture is now one of the fine arts.

Market House. - At a meeting of the Town Council, June 5, 1814, the expediency of erecting a public Market House was considered, and thereupon application was made to the County Commissioners for permission to erect a house for this purpose. The site chosen was known as the Public Square, the same now occupied by the court house and jail. The petition was not granted, and the Council decided to erect the building on Market street, east of Court alley, now occupied by the market house, and built a frame structure, fronting thirty-five feet on Market street and having a depth of fortythree feet. The contract was let to John L. and James Cochran, for one hundred and fifty dollars, and after its completion John L. Cochran was appointed Market Master, for which he was allowed fifty dollars per annum. He was also Town Marshal, with a compensation of one hundred and fifty dollars per annum.

As might be inferred, this market house was a frail structure, for none other could be built for the price, and it proved to be too slight to bear up the snow that fell on the roof, as on the 24th of January, 1863, it came down with a crash, killing, maiming, wounding and bi-uising many. From the "Courier" of that date, we learn that Mrs.. Mary A. Gary, wife ofD. B. Gary, attorney, then in the army, Mrs. Nelson, of the Third ward, Mrs. Smith, of South Sixth street, Christian Riedel, a baker, on Market street, were killed ; and Mr. Achauer, David Edwards, John Stevens, Wm. Taylor, H. McCall, Mr. Stotts, John O'Harra, Thomas Durban, Policeman, Joe Johnson, Mrs. Carlow, George Miller and Mrs. Miller, were wounded and bruised ; Amos Risley, John Beck and twenty others were bruised and otherwise injured.

Stone Masons. - In the fall of 1799, David Beam came to the new settlement. He built the stone chimney for John Mclntire's log cabin. In December, 1801, he built the stone chimney for J. F. Monroe's log house, on the southeast corner of Second and Main streets.

Thomas Goff learned the trade with Jacob and worked at it in 1812-13, and his son, William, became a bricklayer, but became partly insane from a blow on the head. "Billy Goft" was well known. Other masons of that period were Daniel Holton, Elijah H. Church and John P. Coulton. Mr. Church learned his trade with the latter. e. h. c.

Brick. - First made in 1802, by James Herron, brother of David, the hatter. In the following year, he made another kiln of bricks, Mr. Brazilla Rice, a New Englander, superintending the making and burning, on the ground at the head of Main street - the same ground now being occupied by the wagon and blacksmith shop bfelow 'Squire Herschy's residence. Afterwards, Mr. Brazilla Rice made several kiln of brick at the head of Marietta street.

Captain James S. Parkinson was an extensive brick manufacturer from about 1810, and later; his kilns were on his farm, two and a half miles southeast of Zanesville, on the Marietta road.

Matches. - Perhaps no industry apparently so small has made such strides as this. It is within the memory of the living that half a century ago, fire was obtained by many by rubbing dry pieces of wood together, and but a few years later by the flint and steel. These began to be superseded by the lucifer match, imported from England about 1833.

In 1834, Wm. G. Thompson, of the firm of Hoge & Thompson, Zanesville, analyzed the material upon some lucifer matches that they had imported from England, and after some experimenting produced a match equally as good and began the manufacture of matches at No. 82 Market street, and in a short time gave employment to about twenty-five girls in dipping matches. These were put up in boxes containing one hundred and sold at twenty-five cents per package. Almost the first matches they made were sent to New York city, on an oi-der, from which it may be inferred that no matches were made there. It is claimed that the first

Mills. - [Data largely obtained by E. H. Church.] From Marietta records it appears that in 1798 a mill for making flour was erected on Wolf Creek, about one mile above the mouth, by Colonel Robert Oliver, Major Hatffield White and Captain John Dodge, and it is said this was the first mill building in Ohio. The second was begun soon after by Enoch Shepherd, Colonel Ebenezer Sproat and Thomas Stanley, and located on Duck Creek, but "the Indian war" arid the floods of 1790 interrupted its operations.

In 1798, a floating mill was built five miles up the Muskingum river by Captain Jonathan Duval, which, according to Dr. S. P. Hildreth, "for §ome years did nearly all the grinding for the inhabitants on the Ohio and Muskingum for fifty miles above and below the mill." - ["Pioneer History of the Ohio Valley," p. 442, 1848].

In 1799 John Mathews built a floating mill, which was anchored. at the point of rocks, then on the west side of the river, close to where 'the Putnam Bridge' now is.

^'In the fall of 1801, the Springfield Company built a wing dam on the second falls, leaving the Zanesville shore open for boats to pass, and then built a grist and saw mill. The contract was let December 9th of that year to John Sharp, for $200 cash and three gills of whisky daily until the job was completed.

The first large grist mill in this part of the country was the Moxahala mill, completed in 1803 or 1804 by John Mathews. It was located at the falls of Jonathan's Creek, about a mile and a half below the mouth of that stream. People came from twenty-five and thirty miles -around to this mill.

In 1806, John Mclntire built a mill-race (north of Hatcher & Co.'s coffin factory) and a saw mill. Daniel McLain and David Urie dug the race, which filled with sand every time the river was up, so that the mill was not a success.

In 1831, Samuel Frazey built a grist mill on 'Flat Run' ; his brother-in-law, John Morrow, had charge of the run for a number of years and made first rate flour, several hundred barrels of which were sent to New Orleans by boats. The mill was about a mile from where the run emptied into the river and subsequently failed for want of water.

1816. - During this year, a company was formed composed of Colonel Andrew Jackson, Nathan Finley, Jeremiah Dare, Daniel Convers, Jeffrey Price, James Taylor, Thomas L. Pierce, Samuel Thompson, Christian Spangler and Alex. Adair, under the firm name of Jackson & Co., to build a mill. This firm erected what was known as Jackson & Co's mill, on the west side of the Muskingum, just north of the mouth of the Licking river. It contained two run of stone for grinding wheat and one run for making corn meal ; a saw mill and a linseed oil mill were subsequently attached. The oil mill was operated by Richard Fairlamb. The mill was in a three-story frame building built by Robert Fulton,. Isaac Hazlett and Daniel Convers. In 1840-41 the mill was torn down.

In 181 7 The Jackson Company Mill was built - located on the west side of Muskingum river, just north of the mouth of the Licking river - about forty feet from the old dam , and received its power through a small race - using what they called a reaction water-wheel - which was probably a turbine wheel. The company was coriiposed of Colonel Andrew Jackson, Natha:n Findley. Isaac Hazlett, Jeremiah Dare, Daniel Convers, Jeftry Price, James Taylor, Thomas L. Pierce, Samuel Thompson, Christian Spangler, and Alex. Adair. Jackson operated the riiill until near the time of his death, 1836. About the time this mill was in operation, and in the same mill, was a linseed oil mill, operated by Richard Fairlamb.

In 1818 and 1819 the Granger mill was built by James Granger, (father of Hon. M. M. Granger), on a site near the head of the canal and the old dam, just north of the Cassel mill. The building was 80x50, three stories, and had four irun of stone, and a capacity of one hundred barrels per day. An addition of 99x30 and two stories was added in 1822, and two more run of stone. Many farmers came sixty and seveiity miles to mill, and sold their wheat for twenty-five cents per bushel, to get money to pay for their land ; this was the only market in southeastern Ohio. The Granger mill burned down, August

?, 1829, and was not rebuilt. About this time, saac Dillon built a saw mill at the mouth of the Licking, north side, and subsequently a flour mill, just above the bridge, near the old dam, and leased the latter to several operators. This mill was carried away by high water in 1830, and in 1839 the saw mill was rebuilt, and in 1840 partially burned ; in 1843 it was rented to John Deavers, who operated it till 1845, when it was rented to Francis Cassidy and Robert Lee. and was subsequently sold to Mr. L. Cassidy, who operated it until 1847, when it was sold to James Miller, and he operated it until it was washed away in i860. Mr. J. Miller immediately erected a steam mill on the west side of the Muskingum river, at the foot of Mclntire avenue. This is now the only saw mill in Zanesville.

In 1825 George and Richard Reeve built their flouring mill at the east end of the Main street bridge, south side ; it had six run of stone and was operated until 1830, when Richard withdrew and was succeeded by George Reeve. Jr., son of one of the builders, who operated the mill for a number of years and became involved - a Wheeling bank aided them with money - taking a mortgage on the property which was forclosed in 1848, and the mill was idle until Juty, 1851, when Wm. Sturges, James McConnell and Chas. Blandy, under the firm name of McConnell & Blandy, bought the property for $18,000; the mill was remodeled and its capacity increased to 400 barrels per twenty-four hours. The mill was sold to Wm. Galigher in the spring of 1855 for $2i,cxx), and operated until the death of Mr. Galigher in i860, when Charles Galigher assumed the management until 1864 when the property was again involved. The mill was next operated by C. T. Aston in the interest of the mortgagees. About this time the State Board of Public Works seized the mill for arrears in water rent and leased the premises for thirty years to Ball & Cassidy, who subsequently transferred their lease to Paul H. Kemerer (about 1870).

In 1828-9 Isaac Dillon built the Pataskala mill and operated it until 1835, when he sold it to Moses Dillon, who, in turn, sold it to Solomon and William Sturges. The mill was built on the bank of the Licking. Mr. Dillon also erected a saw mill, woolen mill and flax seed oil mill. This woolen mill made the first figured woolen carpet in this part of Ohio. In 1855 , '^he mill was sold to William Beaumont; in i860 the north abutment of the dam gave away and these mills were greatly damaged. The oil mill was moved down the Muskingum liver and located next to Pratt's mill. The dam and mills were repaired by Mr. Beaumont. In 1868 a part of the dam washed out again, whereupon Mr. Beaumont built a new dam at a cost of $2,502. In 1872 the mill was completely overhauled and repaired and two turbine water wheels replaced the old reaction wheels. About the time Mr. Beaumont had his mill completed, he died, January 19th, 1873. The .mill was then operated by Mrs. William Beaumont. In 1828 the Cassel mill was built by Cushing, Martin and Pierce. In 1843 one-half the mill passed to the ownership of William C. Cassel, who, in 1852-3, made a brick addition to the mill, and about this time the entire ownership passed to him and he operated the mills for a quarter of a century, when, in 1873, he left it by will to his wife who caused it to be operated until 1875 when she leased it to Pickering, Grant & Co., who introduced some modern machinery and ran the mills until November ist, 1J81, when their lease expired and Mr. Cassel resumed control as per the following notice :

"Cassel & Co. - The undersigned, owner of the well known mills so long carried on by William C. Cassel, will continue the manufacture and sale ol flour, corn meal, buckwheat flour, mill feed, etc., under the old style of 'Cassel & Co.' She has engaged George H. Stewart, Esq., to act as her General Agent, and Captain Charles Grant as Mill Manager and Superintendent. Lydia Cassel."

'< 1 830 - Nash & Co. had a steam saw mill in operation near the north end of Third street bridge. Later this mill was owned and operated by Messrs Hughes & Spurck until it was torn down.

1832 - Jesse Dare and Alfred Printz built a two-story steam saw mill, a little north of Nash & Co.'s mill, in 1832 ; a peculiarity of this mill was that the engine was placed in the upper story of the building. The mill was in operation up to 1838. The Balentine & Clark mill was built in 18 17 for a brewery, and in 1835 was converted into a flour mill and run as such for two years, after which time it stood idle until 1842, when William Beaumont rented it for one year. About 1845, it was converted into a white lead works, which were short lived. The building was burnt in the spring of 1853."

1840. - Mr. Richard Fairlamb erected a flouring mill in 1840, using a part of the timber with which the old Jackson & Co. mill had been built. In this mill were also used the great French buhr stones, that were brought from Philadelphia in 1816 for the old Jackson mifl. These stones were said to have been six feet in diameter, and to have cost $8 per hundred pounds for transportation from place of purchase to Zanesville. The total freight bill is reported to have been $900. In 1841 Mr. Fairlamb added a saw-mill and a linseed oil mill to the flouring mill, and operated the whole until 1843, when Michael Dulty bought the property and run the mill until 1850. John S. Piatt then purchased the property, and he finally transferred it to Mr. Drosie.

In 1866, Daniel Applegate built the City Mill ,a brick structure running west from Potter Alley to Third strieet, where it has a frontage with two stores (Ward's and Clerhent's). The mill has six run of stone, with a capacity of 150 barrels per 24 hours, making only merchant flour ; no grist work done.

In 1878, the Pearl Mifli formerly City Power House No. I, built in 1844; the property was repaired and one story added by Josiah Allen in 1878, and the machinery and five run of stone put in, at a cost of $10,000. The capacity is 100 barrels per 24 hours. The greater part of the flour made in this mill finds an Eastern market. It is exclusively a wheat flour mill.

Interesting Facts in Flour Making. - The miller of to-day must not only be a machinist, comprehending the specific purpose of each piece of machinery, but, with the skill ot a manufacturer, he must be able to repair any defect or loss by wear that may occur, and thus keep the mill in running order. In this connection, he must unite that practical application of chemistry that regulates the movements of the machinery so as to secure the best flour.

The form and composition of a single grain of wheat must be understood, in order to discriminate between the different grades and separate them for the different qualities of flour ; some parts of the wheat being only fit for feed, while others yield the highest grade of flour.

These qualifications are made absolutely necessary by the inventor of the machinery, who has specially adapted each part to a work comprehended in what has been said as the qualification of a miller. ' For example : Before the introduction of the "New Process" of making flour, it was thought to be only necessary to clean the wheat reasonably well, grind it fine, and also make as few middlings as possible ; separate the flour, middlings, and bran, by bolting, re-grind the middlings, together with all the. impurities, such as fine bran, germ of the wheat, dust and fuzz from the crease in the wheat grain and its fuzz ends - the whole ground up, making a low grade of flour ; and consequently the wheat life was killed by too close grinding, and poor, heavy, soggy bread was the inevitable result. The exceeding fine grinding destroyed the cells in the wheat, thus taking awa}' its raising element, or quahty. The value of the "New Process" becomes more apparent when it is known that by studying the grain of wheat, the best flour is included in the middlings, which, in the old way of grinding, was made into the lowest grade of flour, because mixed with the impurities described above.

To purify the middlings, therefore, invited inventive talent of the highest order, since the machine must act mechanically and chemically, so to speak ; and, as a result, a multitude of devices involving these principles have been given to the miller-world, from which he must choose. And, it is needless to say, involving the most subtle power of analysis in order to determine the most perfect adaptation to the purpose intended. Among these are : the blast or suction of wind from a revolving fan, and the size of mesh in the bolting-cloth, which separates the fine particles of bran, fluff", and other impurities, from the middlings, leaving them sharp - resembling pure white sand. From the middlings thus purified, the flour so much prized by all who have used what is known as Patent flour, is made - grinding it with buhrs and bolting through fine cloth. The -use of the Purifier is a change for the better, by allowing the miller to grind higher, as he terms it, or with the stones at a greater distance apart, without fear of losing in yield and increasing the ratio of low grade flour ; thus avoiding the danger of sometimes getting a little too close in grinding, which would destroy the cells in the wheat and, of necessit}^ result in soggy bread, as stated. And it is found that the higher the grinding the larger the quantum of middlings, of which the highest grade of Patent flour is made ; and the flour from the first bolting (wheat flour, or clear flour) is more granular, whiter, and better. But this high grinding produces a heavy bran, leaving too large a quantity of flour adhering to the bran, and hence the necessity of a machine to get it off" in good shape for flour. Some grind the bran over on buhrs, others use machines for knocking or threshing ; but the most successful machine at present seems to be the sharp, corrugated roller, so arranged that one roller goes faster than the other, and the wheat, passing between the corrugations, is cleaned by the mode of applying the friction. For fvirther particulars, "The American Miller" and other publicatioirs furnish details. "The Brush Scourer," a superior machine, is also used. But this article is not intended to be a cyclopedia, and we pass on.

a temperature that is known to facilitate grinding into good flour, in cold weather - is used by many mills. A little reflection will show the wisdom of this, as frozen wheat will not grind to the same advantage as unfrozen grain.

The speed in running is an important factor in the manufacture of good flour. Formerly it was thought necessary to run four-foot stones from i8o to 210 revolutions per minute, and grind from 12 to 18 bushels of wheat per hour; now the mills that have the best reputation only run from 120 to 135 revolutions per minute and only grind from four to six bushels to the run of stone, thus avoiding undue heating of the chops, and leaving the flour, when bolted, free from injury by over-heating, and with all the life peculiar to healthy, perfect grain, and therefore affording the highest grade of healthy bread-food.

Nail Makers. - The first man in Zanesville to make a business of manufacturing nails was John Hough, who opened his shop at the foot of Main street in 1814. e. h. c.

" R. & G. Reeve inform the public that their Rolling Mill and Nail Factory are in operation (located at the east end of the upper bridge), and that they have an assortment of rolled iron and nails, which they will sell as low and on as good terms as they can be purchased in the Western country."

Richard Reeve and George Reeve, Sr., constructed a rude machine for the manufacture of cut nails, which was operated by horse power. This establishment was located on the south side of Main, near Sixth street, until 1819, when the machinery was removed to the corner of Main and River streets, where water power was used. This machine was similar to those now in use, but was not adapted to heading, which was done by hand. The iron used proved too brittle to work to advantage, and the business was abandoned in 1825-6. E. H. c.

Paper Manufacture in 1828. - Ezekiel T. Cox and Simeon Wright began the manufacture of paper in Zanesville in the fall of this year. Their mill was at the north end of seventh street. For many years this mill was the leading industry in Zanesville, and its products found a ready sale throughout the State.

In 1830, Simeon Wright sold his interest in the mill above mentioned to James L. Cox, when the firm name became " E. T. &J.L. Cox," and they continued the business until May I, 1836, when the mill was destroyed by fire. A brick building was immediately erected, however, on the old site, and the business continued under the following management, viz : Horatio J. Cox and Jonas L. Cox, the firm name being H. J. Cox & Co., who continued the business for twenty-one years, and then made an assignment to David Hull. The property passed into the hands of George Richtine & Co. : the company being George Richtine, Charles R.

In 1828, Ezekiel T. Cox and Simeon Wright, who were at that period operating a saw mill at the north end of Seventh street, in Zanesville, conceived the idea of establishing a paper mill in connection with their lumber mill, and proceeded at once to put their plans into execution by the erection of a wooden structure for this purpose, which was operated by the same power that propelled their saw mill. This was the initial or pioneer manufacturing industry of any note in the town of Zanesville, and was the second paper mill established in Ohio. Its machinery was simple, and the process crude, of converting rags into printing and writing papers, the sheets being formed by hand in a slow and tedious manner, in accordance with the primitive processes in use in those early times. This rude paper mill became a power in this Western country, its product finding a ready market throughout Central Ohio and in the Northwest, and in the Western Territories, until these had outgrown its power to supply the demand for paper, and for years, even to dates running not very far back into the past, this paper mill was identified with Zanesville as its leading landmark, in the minds of Western people scattered over a vast extent of territory.

In the early period of telegraphy the process of taking off messages was by passing narrow strips of soft white paper through an instrument that registered the words communicated by perforations on this paper. It was evident that the consumption of this paper must be large, but the process of supplying it was a slow, simple and tedious operation, performed by hand. A mechanic, who commenced employment in the Zanesville Paper Mill in 1838, and is still with it as its Superintendent, conceived the idea that this telegraph paper could be made and cut by machinery, and he soon successfully worked out a method of accomplishing this with perfect accuracy, and rapidly enough to supply the entire demand. His invention immediately met a great want in telegraphy, and there soon grew up a large demand, not only in this country but in Europe, and wherever the teregraph had strung its wires. It was made in rolls of six to seven inches diameter, and cut in strips of one inch in width, and formed a large, important and profitable element in the business of this mill for many years, as it was the only place where it was manufactured. The inventor, C. R. Hubbell, never patented his process, and numberless mills in the country experimented to copy or improve his method, but never succeeded. It has had its day, however, and has gradually gone into disuse.

For more than half a century the busy wheels of this paper mill have responded day and night continuously to the demands upon it. It furnishes employment, directly and indirectly, to many persons and families, and its work seems to be but fairly begun. It was identified with the first dawn of the prosperity of Zanesville, and its usefulness and prosperity will continue to be identical with the solid growth of its favored locality, and years will yet pass before its mission is fulfilled.

Hubbell, Thomas Hubbell and William Nutt, This firm conducted the business about one year, when Thomas Hubbell and William Nutt withdrew, and the business was continued by the remaining partners until April i, 1859, when C. ^* Hubbell sold his interest to James M. Leonard, and soon after this property was conveyed to Mrs. E. M. Gox, and the firm name became Elizabeth M. Cox & Co., and was managed by James L. Cox, her husband.

In 1869, Mrs. Cox sold a half interest to John Gilbert, and the firm name became Cox & Gilbert, and so continued until November i, 1868, 'when Jacob Glessner, John Gilbert and Terry became the owners of the mill, and shortly alter this Glessner & Gilbert purchased the. interest of Mr. Terry, and made valuable improvements. They continue to own and manage the establishment, and have won an enviable reputation for their products, far and near.

Mathews' Paper Mill. - The original purpose of the present building was a cotton factory ; it did not succeed, and after standing idle for a number of years was sold by the_^ Sheriff", about 1865, to Edward Mathews, who associated with him George Rishtine, for the purpose of paper making. Mathews & Co. removed the old machinery and placed apparatus and machinery for the manufacture of paper, and made sundry improvements and additions to the premises, at a cost of about twenty-five thousand dollars. Other additions, amounting to about fifteen thousand dollars, have been made since that time.

The firm of Mathews & Co. dissolved in 1876, since which time the business has been condvicted by E. Mathews, proprietor, Mr. George Rishtine, who has managed the business from the beginning, being retained in that capacity.

The mill began by making coarse wrapping paper and tea paper. Printing paper ahd manilia paper are the kinds now made, amounting in all to four thousand pounds daily. The amount of business done annually is about sixty thousand dollars. The monthly pay-roll is about one thousand dollars.

Early Painters. - E. H. Church was of the opinion that Wesley Alwine, who came in 1828, was the first to engage in painting for a business. He was " a genius in his way," and considered a fine workman. Merrick Barr came soon after and opened his shop in Putnam. Daniel McCarty (who prided himself in being one of the F. F. Vs., in spite of his name), worked for Barr, and they were fond of saying that their customers were "the old Yankees," meaning the Buckinghams, Sturges, Whipple, Putnam, Dr. Robert Saffbrd and Major Horace Nye.

Pa., came to Zanestown in the spring of 1808, and lived in a cabin adjoining Gen. Van Home's farm house, on the northeast corner of Main and Third streets, and began the manufacture of redware ; he built a moderate sized kiln and made plates, cups and saucers, besides other household articles. He was a sober, industi-ious man, born in the State of Delaware, April 10, 1772; he died on his farm in Falls township, October ^5) 1853. In 1840, Bernard Howson, John Hallam, George Wheaton and two other experienced pottei-s, originally from Staffordshire, England, came to Zanesville and engaged in the manufacture of potter's wares. In the spring of 1846, John Howson (brother of Beimard) joined the company, and this firm continued until 1852, when John Howson and his son Bernard became - sole owners. This pottery, from the last date up to 1863, did an annual business of $8,000. In 1863, John Howson died, and the business was continued by his son Bernard. About this time, the general business was making ink bottles. In 1874 the establishment was leased by Fisher and Lansing, of New York City, for the maufacture of fioor tiling.

In 1849, George Pyatt, from Staffordshire, England, came to Zanesville and began the maniifacture of Rockingham and yellow stoneware. In 185 1 , Mr. Pyatt and Christopher Goetz formed a partnership, which continued two years, when Pyatt removed to Cincinnati, where he started, one after another, about all of the early potteries of that city. In 1859, ^^'^ Pyatt and three other Englishmen removed to Kaolin, Mo., and there operated in the manufacture of white ware until the breaking out of the war, when Pyatt returned to Cincinnati, and in 1863 he returned to Zanesville and engaged with Mr. Howson until 1866, when he began business for himself. In 1878, he had enlarged his capacities for business by a ten horse power engine, boiler and suitable machinery, but died March 15, 1879. The business has been conducted by his son, J. G. Pyatt, since that time. They are known as the Tremont Pottery, and turn out about $2,000 worth of pottery annually.

In 1878, Calvin Bumbaugh bought a pottery in the Ninth Ward, known as the " Star Pottery," built in 1873 by Alfred Wilber ; seven men are employed there, and they turn out about eightyfive thousand gallons of ware annually.

Revenue, Internal. - Mr. John Reynolds, principal Assessor for the Fifth District of Ohio, appointed his Deputies May 2d, 1815, for that year. For Washington county, Colern C. Barton ; Muskingum county, James Victors, then living in West Zanesville ; Guernsey county. Dr. E. Lee ; Coshocton county, Lewis Vail ; Tuscarawas county, Robert F. Capis. This Internal

Revenue tax, was for tax on distilleries, licenses for merchants in retailing dry goods and liquors, and hotel-keepers, and for stamps for various purposes. Congress, at every session, would add to or modify the duty. The assessment for direct tax was on houses and lots, farms, carriages and harness, mills, furnaces, gold and silver watches, the value of slaves held, etc. There were several slaves held to Ohio at that time, that were taxed as other property.

Rope Walks. - October oth, 181 1, James Keller engaged in the manufacture of cordage, twines and rope. On the i8th of December, 1818, A. P. Westbrook entered into the same business, but on a much larger scale. We find the following in the Zanesville "Express," of January 13, 1819:

Factory. - The subscriber has commenced the manufacture of cordage of all kinds, and will keep constantly on hand, cables, well ropes, bed cords, plough lines, clothes lines, sacking lacings, twines, carpet chain, fishing, chalk and trout lines. N. B. - Highest price paid for hemp delivered at my place, next door to J. S. Dungan's hotel. Main street.

In 1833, Abraham Arter, from Hagerstown, Md., began the manufacture of rope on the site No. 61 Main street. Hemp was then the only material used, and was brought chiefly from Maysville, Ky., at a cost of about sixty dollars per ton. The price ranged as high as two hundred dollars per ton during the Southern rebellion. Mr. Arter continued the business until 1876.

In 1835, George L. Shinnick and John R. Howard began the business of rope making, on the site now the northwest corner of Main and Second streets, and continued until 1838, when they dissolved partnership, and Mr. Shinnick started his business on Howard, between Fifth and Sixth streets, and did a heavj' business, often shipping twenty-five tons of manufactured goods per month.

Salt Works. - 181 7 - Capt. James Hampson had a salt well and furnace at the mouth of Mill run. The well was bored during that year ; Samuel Clark (now living on North 5th street), an energetic boy, helped to bore the well. Capt. Hampson operated the furnace in 1820, and for five or six years later. e. h. c.

"Salt. The subscriber will sell Monopoly salt, of the verj- best quality, at a less price than E. Buckingham & Co., the apple and goose quill merchants of Putnam." [Salt was selling at $2 per bushel.]

In 1818, Thomas L. Pierce and G. A. Hall dug a salt well on the edge of the Mclntire saw mill race, near the south end of Second street, but the water proved too weak to make salt to profit. Several years afterward, Messrs. Lattimore & Worthington built a bath house over the well, and also kept a saloon in the building, but that business was abandoned.

In 1819, Alexander Culbertson sunk a salt well at the place where the lower canal locks now are. This well was three hundred feet deep. He made use of a hollow tree, about three feet in diameter and ten feet long, for a reservoir, which gave rise to the name it went by, "the Salt

Gum." The kettles used in boiling were made at the foundry of Thomas L. Pierce, who obtained the iron from Dillon's Falls. Mr. Culbertson did not make a very large quantity of salt any year, but kept the works in operation until his death. The price of salt at the works ranged from $1.32 to $1.35 per bushel.

In 1820-22, John Dillon sunk a well eleven hundred feet deep, a little below the Culbeitson well, but this proved too weak to be profitable.

About this time, Mr. Nathan C. Finley dug a salt well on the bank of the river, below Blue's tanyard, and manufactured salt there for a few years. Finding that the business failed to pay expenses, operations were suspended. Nearly opposite to this well, at the hollow gum, on the south side of the run which empties into the Muskingum at this point, another well was dug by Daniel Prouty and Merriam, but never went into operation. It was afterward owned by Mr. John Dillon.

In tho»e days, many persons endeavored to go into the manufacture of salt. The Pierce well, four miles above town, afterwards owned by Nathaniel Wilson ; the Herrick, Crom, Jackson and Chambers wells. Several of these manufactured salt for a few years, and then abandoned the enterprise. e. h. c.

"Salt. - At $1.50 per bushel, at Ayres Salt Works, eight miles below Zanesville, oh the Muskingum river. We are now making thirty bushels a day, and when our new kettles are in operation (which we are now putting in), we shall make eighty bushels per day.

No branch of manufacture on the Muskingum river has suffered more than the salt business. How many salt works there have been in the Muskingum Valley, between Zanesville and Marietta, can not now be stated, perhaps not less than fifteen. Of the eight that remain, although they have lost money, their owners have' hung on, persisting in getting a little salt to the market. And while the salt trade seems the last to be affected by the improved condition of business generally, the time of prosperity is evidently near at hand.

John Cain, shoemaker, resolved to try his fortune in the new settlement. "In those days" shoemakers went fi-om house to house and repaired old shoes and made new ones, taking part of their pay in board. This was facetiously styled "whipping the cat."

In-the fall of 1807, Joseph Church arrived from Bucks county. Pa. He was a boot and shoemaker, boot making being the more scientific branch of the trade. He worked for Levi Chapman, who owned the first tanyard started in this section. (This had been put in operation in 1802.) Mr. Church opened a boot and shoe shop - the first in the town - in the spring of 1808, and in September, of that year, married Miss Sarah Hart. The ceremony was performed at Robert Taylor's hotel, a log building that stood on the northwest corner of Main and Sixth streets, known also as Herron's corner. There being no minister stationed here at that time, the knot was tied by 'Squire Samuel Thompson. He died in 1863, in his 8ist year, and his wife died in 1871, in her 83d year.

April 3d, 1808, a solitary horseman, from Fayette county, Pa., arrived in Zanestown, and sojourned at Paul Hahn's tavern, near the lower ferry. The stranger was Solomon Deffenbaugh, a son of Crispin. He opened shop, the second of the kind, and nothing more is told of him but that "during the war of '12, he made shoes for thg soldiers, many of whom never returned, and he counted this labor lost." He died on his farm near Zanesville, December 11, 1869, in the 84th year of his age, and his wife followed to the same bourne, April 18, 1872, aged 81.

In 1 801, David Anson joined the settlement. His cabin was built on the site now known as 68 Main street, and served as his residence and shop. He was a leader and fond of exhibiting his muscle. In 1814, he succeeded in getting the craft to adopt the following scale of prices :

"Boot and Shoemakers' Prices, established April 19, 1814: Fair top Cossack boots, $14; plain Cossack boots, $12 ; Wellington boots, $8 ; footing boots, $4.87 ; fixing and bottoming boots, $4.50 ; bottoming old boots, $3.00 ; ladies laced boots, $4.50 ; ladies broad boots, $3.00."

In 1816, William and Aaron Kirk, John Burwell and William Luch were added to the craft, and in 1817 James Martin made known his intentions of "following the last." Henry Ford, Peter Gi-eaves, William Love, William Twaddle, James Milton, Jacob Walters, Henry Vincell, John Thompson, Thomas Hillier, Zacharias and Elijah Taylor, Jacob Stout, Elias Pike, William Forgraves, George Maneeley and S. S. Mann were subsequently numbered with the craft, but whether this proved to be the Mecca they had sought, we are not informed.

Soap. - Daniel Prouty began the manufacture of soap and candles in Zanesville in i8iij'0n the river bank between Fifth and Sixth streets. In 18 15 the works were purchased by N. & C. Wilson. This fii"m continued to do business until 1847, when the concern passed into the hands of Hiram Rogers and Dr. A. H. Brown. In 1848 Theodore Con vers bought the interest of Rogers, and the firm became Brown & Convers. In 1849, Mr. Brown transferred his interest to Mr. Convers, who continued the works until 1853, when William Shultz bought the establishment for sev- en thousand dollars. The capacity of the works at this time was about one hundred and fifty thousand pounds per annum. He operated the business until 1866, when his son, Robert D. Shultz, and his nephew, John Hoge, succeeded him in the management, and the firm became "Shultz & Co." These young men were ambitious to increase their business, and their name is not now confined to a local reputation. Their average yearly production is about five hundred thousand dollars.

In i8i5,Eber Merriam was engaged in the manufacture of soap. In 1818, a stock company was formed, and known as the Muskingum Manufacturing Company, of which company Mr. Merriam held two hundred and fifty shares, and George Abbott, Ephraim Abbott, and Nathaniel Wilson, a like amount. They manufactured soap and pearl-ash. Their works were first at the foot of Market street, and, later, at the foot of Fifth street.

In 1838, David Hahn, a German soap-boiler, engaged with N. Wilsoji & Co., to manage the soap business for them-, and continued in their employ and with their successors until 1863, when he began business for himself.

Street Railroads. - Zanesville Street Railroad Company - The charter was granted by the General Assembly of the State of Ohio, August 9th, 1875, to Josiah Burgess, Thomas B. Townsend, Edward T., Burgess, George W. Townsend, and Francis M. Townsend - incorporators, stockholders, and proprietors.

The following were the first oflicers elected : Josiah Burgess, President ; William. C. Townsend, Secretary ; Thomas B. Townsend, Treasurer. These oflicers have been retained to this day. September 7th, 1865, the City Council, by ordinance, opened the road, conveying by this act the right of way over the route selected. December 4th, 1875, the road was opened for travel, the' company having built three miles of track in eighty-seven days.

The Mclntirc Street Railway Company - Was chartered in December, 1875. The incorporators were : Josiah Burgess, Thomas B. Townsend, William C. Townsend, George W. Townsend, W. T. Gray, William T. Maher, and Thomas Lindsey, who were also incorporators, stockholders, and proprietors, with a capital of $10,000.

At a meeting of the stockholders, March 17, 1876, it was ordered thai this i-oad be built ; however, before it was completed, it was purchased by the Zanesville Street Railway Company, thus consolidating the two roads.

In 1877 ^^^ road was extended from the south end of Putnam Avenue to the Fair Grounds, a distance of three-quarters of a mile ; thus accommodating those attending the fairs, tilso picnics.

The companj' requires from fifty to sixt^- animals, which are chiefly mules, and they consume about 115 tons of hay and 4,000 bushels of corn annually.

There are two roads, the longest one leading from the Ohio Iron Works, through the city proper and over the Putnam bridge, through Putnam, to the Fair Grounds, a distance of three and three-quarters miles. The other extends' from Mclntire Terrace, West Zanesville, over the Main street bridge, eastward, on Main street, thence southwest to the Tile Works on Marietta street, a distance of two and one-quarter miles.

SuRVEVOiiS - 1879. - ]^^^ Mathews was in the employ of the Government, as a surveyor, in 1786. From 1799 to 1803, he and Ebenezer Buckingham surveyed many of the townships in Muskingum, Coshocton, and other counties, into sections, quarter-sections, and 80-acre lots.

Tanners - 1802. - Reuben Jennings started the first tanyard in Zanestown, in 1802. In 1804 he sold out to Levi Chapman. Moses Moorehead and Joseph Robertson opened their tannery, in the vicinity of town, December 24, 1806, and continued in the business until 1814, when Mr. Moorehead purchased his partner's interest and conducted the business himself until April 24, 1832, when he sold out to his brother, Thomas Moorehead, for $10,000 cash. At the death of Joseph Robertson, in 1844, the property was divided by order of Court, and one-half given to the Robertson heirs, the balance to Thomas Moorehead. The valuation of the whole was $8,000. This Mr. Moorehead continued the business until 1857, and sold out to his sons, Washington and William C, for $2,000. In April of that year, the property passed into the hands of George Kurtz, for the consideration of $1,500. In 1859, Jacob F. Greul and Christopher BishofT bought the business for thirteen hundred dollars, and operated the yard until 1866, when it was sold for building lots.

James Culbertson (hatter) came to Zanestown in 1805, and in 1809 sunk about fiftv-five vats, and did an extensive business until his death, which occurred in 1822 or "3, when the business was conducted by his sons, Samuel and Alexander. The yard was located on the northeast corner ot Fifth and Market streets. He lived on the north side of the Square until 1819, when Jolin Wilson built a two-story brick residence for him, \\hich is now a part of the American Mouse. In 1834-5 the stock was purchased b\' Doster & Darlinton, and the land sold for city lots by Mrs. Culbertson and sons. e. h. c.

Doster & Darlinton opened a tanyard, in the spring of 1830, on the south side of "the Old National Road," near its junction with the "Old Wheeling Road," on a tract of seven acres 01 land bought of Geo. Reeve. It was the largest tannery in Eastern Ohio, having one hundred vats, and doing a business of from forty to fifty thousand dollars annuall)-. They operated until 1844, when they closed out and sold the land in town lots.

The Bulletfn

The list of property heroin adycrlkcd is ilie Tnont enlensivc ever offered Jn this scclion ol the Slate, ind embrace? every charnclcr of propt)'!)' ihal may be ulasiilied under the name of Seal Esialc. From the small building lot, v/ortb one hundred dollars, "said on lonR lime and easy payments," lo the splendid lesidcnce worlll thousands of dollars, or the grand, farm of hundreds of acres, we pre^cnr a line real properly from which all reasonabla Ijuyers can make selccliona according to their t3.stes and ability.

lave aUo ,h3d aullr.in knowing thai we have been enabled to aid many worthy fimilic5, who have .hitherto .known only the tenant house and the monthly of the landlord, to occupy homes of their own. "Home, Sweet Home" is doubly dear to Those who before haye known no home Ihey could call theirxiwn. While, wilh great philanthroiiist?:, we Jiavc Jiot been able to give homes to worthy ones, tvc have endeavored, by jointing out ihs wny and aiding Ihem by methodi of tiut own, to .help men win for homca; nnd, if Ir, doing Ihie, our :names araldndly rcmcmbered^in, family circles happier byour cITorls, wc feel that

Real Estate Bulletin Spangler & Finley'S Horse And Carriage

In 1830, Gilbert Blue sunk vats and commenced the tanning' business, on his own land, on the Marietta road. The business was conducted by his son Curran, who subsequently opened a new yard on the River road, a short distance below the city; this was about 1847. He carried on business successfully for himself until 1876. In 1841, Gilbert Blue retired from the ministry and re-enteired the business arena.

N. G. Abbott and Charles Abbott formed a copartnership in 1844, and erected a tannery with twenty-four vats. This yard was near the Muskingum river, and j«st south of the old Rope Walk. Mr. Upton Downs conducted the business for them. Their specialty was tanning sheep skins ; (which they could do in twentyfour hours !) They bought sheep, killed them and rendei"ed all but "the hams into tallow for candles, most of which was sold at home. The hams were cured and sold in Boston, New Orleans and England. The skins were sold in Cincinnati and St. Louis. The wool was sold in Boston. They continued in this business until 1849, when the business was closed and the land passed into the hands of Harvey Darlinton.

Tavkrns and Hotels. - In the reign of Edward III. only three taverns were allowed in London, England - one in Chepe, one in Walbroke, and the other in Lombard street. "The Boar's Head" (tavern) existed in the reign of Henry IV., and was the rendezvous of Prince Henry and his dissolute companions. Shakspeare mentions it. as the residence of Mrs. Quickly : "And is not my hostess of the tavern a most sweet wench?" Of little less antiquity is the White Hart, Bishop's gate, established in 1480.

Our ancestors inaugurated taverns in this country, after the fashion of those in England referred to ; and although they were " restricted in London," in this country it became every man's privilege to keep tavern who deemed it expedient. At the tavern, news of almost any kind could be had ; hither men resoi-ted to chat on whatever interested them ; and while it was a common thing for liquor to be sold at the American tavern, they were more noted for innocent pastime, the diffusion of rumors, and now and then a rare bit of eloquent opinion as to how the affairs of State or the Nation ought to be conducted, than as places of debauch.

As we have seen in rehearsing the doings of the first settlers, John Mclntire built a cabin, and, purposely, large enough "to keep tavern ;" this was in 1799, and on the site now known as the southwest corner of Second and Market streets. Hon. Lewis Cass, in his "Camp and Court of Louis Phillipe," has made this tavern famous in history, an account of which will be found elsewhere in this work.

^^ Green's Tavern. " - Built during the winter of i^^g - a story and a half double cabin, with a Spacious hall through the middle, stood about at the head of Main street, opposite SiUiman street.

In 1800, came David Harvey, from Frederick, Md., purchased the lot now the southeast corner of Third and Main streets, and built a twostory hewed log house thereon, and in the fall of that year "opened tavern." Harvey assumed to keep a "first-class house." He purchased the right of way from his house to. the ferry and the ford, in a direct line, which wa:s diagonally across the intervening squares - and at the ford and ferry which was at the foot of Fifth street, he had signs pointing to "Harvey's Tavern." This* road was called "Harvey's bridle path." As will be seen elsewhere, the first session of court was held at Harvey's Tavern ; and the first plastering done in Zanestown was in Harvey's bar room, by James Lindsey, in 1804. Harvey died at the age of 71, March 19, 1815.

In 1805, Robert Taylor opened tavern on the southwest corner of Main and Sixth streets, and remained there two years, when he removed to a frame house on a portion of the ground now occupied by the Clarendon Hotel, with the sign of the "Orange Tree." Here the Legislature in 1810-12 made headquarters.

In 1805, William Montgomery built a frame house on the northeast corner of Main and Sixth streets, in which Nathaniel Roberts opened tavern in 1806, with the sign of "Rising Sun.'" Mr. C. Pratt purchased this property in 1808 and put up a sign "Red Lion ;" in 1816 this place was kept by Thomas Flood, with the sign "General Washington." This was specially the headquarters for Virginians and "Democratic Republicans."

In 1806, General Isaac Van Home purchased the ground on the northeast corner of Main and Fifth streets and erected a two-story house, which was afterward known as the "Wickham Hotel ;" this building was subsequently removed to the southwest corner of Main and Fourth streets, and continued to be known as above. In 1818, John S. Dugan erected a three-story brick, on the southwest corner of Main and Fifth streets, and kept hotel ; this house was subsequently known as the National Hotel, kept by Harry Orndorft".

occupied by Mr. C. E. Munsons's residence ; the second floor was a dancing hall and concert room. William Burnham was the first "landlord," and kept the house until 1811, when he removed to the southwest corner of Second and Main streets - a frame building owned by Gen. Isaac Van Home, and there kept tavern with the sign of the "Merino Ram."

In 1806, Benoni Pearce kept the hotel built by Gen. Van Home, on the northeast comer of Fifth and Main streets, the site now occupied by the Zane House. He was succeeded in 1806 by James Reeve, who had the sign of the " Western Star," and kept there until 1814.

The " Green Tree," on the southeast corner of Fourth and Main streets, was kept by John S. Dugan in 1817. This house had some highly honored guests ; President Monroe, accompanied by Gen. Lewis Cass ; Gen. Brown, Commanderin-chief of the U. S. Army, and Gen. McComb, with. their body guard, consisting of two men in livery, were quartered there when passing through this then " great and beautiful northwest country ! " At this house, in 1820, an entertainment for the benefit of the Greeks, who were in rebellion against the Turks, was given ; and here, "Julia Dean," the afterwards popular actress, made her debut.

The following is a petition for the license of tavern keepers, store keepers, and ferries : "To the Honorable, the Associate Judges of the Court of Common Pleas, for the county of Muskingum, in the State of Ohio, for the August term 1807."

" We, the undersigned, your petitioners, residing in said countj^ do recommend Peter Speck, Benoni Pearce, Jacob Good, Andrew Moon, John Gardner, Charles Williams, Paul Hahn, Michael Hoffman, Thomas Knowles, George Heap and Thomas Ward as fit and proper persons to keep public houses of entertainment, at their respective places in Zanesville and Muskingum county, and are of the opinion that a license may be granted them.

" We also recommend David Peter, Jeffrey Price and Increase Mathews as fit and proper persons to keep stores for the sale of foi'eign merchandise in Muskingum county.

" We also recommend Rufus Putnam and others, and John Mclntire, to keep ferry, as formerly at Zanesville. August 20, 1807. (Signed) William Newell, Levi Whipple, Samuel Beach, Alex. McCoy, B. Buckingham, Increase Mathews, A. Briggs, Benjamin Tupper, David Stickney, E. Buckingham, John Leavins, John Lehew, Abel Lewis, Robt. Taylor, John Heckewelder, David Peter, Peter Guests, John Knisely, Phillip Minnick, John Ziegler, Abram Mosser, George Pease, John Newton, John Henry, Thomas Roe, David I. Marple, Isaac Hazlett, James Taylor, John Mathews, William Montgomery, John Gardner, Christian Spangler, Henry Crooks, David Vandenbark and Daniel Convers."

In 1842-43 Dr. Hamm contracted with James Ramage to remove the Taylor tavern, and erect a brick building for hotel purposes. Mr. Ramage did the wood work and E. H. Church the stone and brick work. "Joe " Stacy kept the house, and it was known as " Stacy's Hotel," and as it changed hands it became the " Winslow House," "Mclntire House," " Mills House," and finally was taken away and the present magnificent building, " The Clarendon," was erected in 1877. E. H. Church, the skillful and faithful mechanic, superintended the stone and brick work.

St. Lawrence Hotel, southwest comer of Main and Fourth streets, was erected in 1859 by Dr. Alfred Merrick, but was used for public offices until 1872, when it was leased to J. T. Brown, who kept it as a private boarding house until 1873, when it was enlarged and fitted up for a Hotel. Dr. Merrick died in August of that year, and in 1874 ^^^ son, Charles E. Merrick, and his father's administrator, Allen Miller, furnished the house and leased it to Capt. Joseph McVey, long and favorably known in this valley. The Capt. named the house " St. Lawrence," in compliment to Mrs. C. E. Men-ick, nee Lawrence. Chas. E. and Mrs. Merrick were the first guests when the house was opened. The hotel has passed through the management of the following persons : Capt. McVey, David B. Roush, " Lou." B. Cook, C. C. Gibson and is now in the management of Wm. M. Bisant. Capt. McVey has been identified with the hotel, with but a short intermission, from the beginning, and is now a veteran hotel, keeper, retained in that service.

The American Encaustic Tiling Company, LIMITED. - The manufacture of tiling for floors and hearths is now very ornamental and in general use. The industry was inaugerated in this county by Messrs. Fisher and Lahsihg, of New York, who, in 1874, engaged Mr. F. H. Hall, a native of Muskingum, to experiment with the clay and select a location, with the view of establishing works here. He rented an old pottery on Hughes street, near the canal, and with a small force and machinery sufficient to make the test, procured clay from the hills south of the Marietta road, and found it good in two varieties, one burning red, and the other buff, and as other colors could be made by the desired pigments, it was determined to go on and inauger- ate the business in a permanent manner. In 1876, Gilbert Elliott succeeded Mr. Hall as manager, and continued in that capacity until March I, 1879, when he was succeeded by Martin Lipe, and George A. Stanbery as general superintendent, and on the twentieth of the same month the present company was formed.

Their present buildings were erected in 1878, and include five large kilns. The total cost was thirty-five thousand dollars. The importance of this industry is constantly developing, as the clay is abundant and the product both beautiful and durable, and supplies a want heretofore met only by Staffordshire, England, from whence it was imported, being brought as ship ballast. The American tile is far more beautiful in every respect, and clay arid coal being so abundant, tiling is now afforded at lower rates than the Staffordshire.

Tin and Copper Smiths. - ^John Dulty, Sen., from Wheeling, Va., started his son George in this business in 1809. About the first work he did, was to make the ball for the top of the cupola of "old 1809," court house. George returned to Wheeling and was succeeded by his brother John, in 18 11, and he returned to Wheeling soon after and remained until after the close of thewar of 181 2, when he returned and continued the business alone until 1826, when his brother Michael joined him. In 1830, they built a two story brick store, where Benijett's jewelry place now is, and did a wholesale and retail business. They sold the first cook stove, out of a store in this county, in 1826. In 1843, Michael withdrew. In 1850, he bought the concern of his brother, and continued the business until the fall of 1854, then sold to J. L. Thacker. Mr. Dulty purchased the place formerly owned by Hon. Seth Adams, on River road, and there planted a vineyard.

The First Tobacconist. - In the spring of 181 7, Mr. J. L. Cochran engaged in the business of a tobacconist in Mud Hollow, on Main street, between Sixth street and Sewer alley, on the ground now occupied by property owned by C. Geis. He manufactured cigars, chewing and smoking tobacco for a great many years. His sign was a negro about three feet high, called Congo. In one hand the little black fellow held a bunch of cigars, in the other a box of snuff. The young chap was not flesh and bone, but wood. Wesley Alwine gave him the ebony tint.

Daniel Christ was one of the tobacconists in an early day. His residence was on the site afterwards owned by McMitchell & Henry Bimple, on Fourth .street, and his shop was by the side of his dwelling. His sign read, "Daniel Christ, Tobacconist." The boys all knew that shop, and used to delight to sing out his name and business. About 1827 or '28, Mr. Christ and Parson Shide got on a spree together, and though much attached to each other, they got into a dispute, which some wags managed to have settled according to the southern code, and so they agreed to fight a. duel with horse pistols - pistols well known to the old settlers. They are seldom seen now. At Galigher's, in those early times, there were chaps who always took delight in pushing forward anything which would afford innocent sport. So arrangements were made to have the matter of honor settled immediately,. in the third story of Galigher's store I'oom, The weapons, as before mentioned, were horse pistols - a very formidable weapon, and the distance twenty paces. Jimsey Culbertson and Nev Thompson were the seconds, Billy Galligherthe umpire.

In addition to the seconds, several intimate friends of the principals were present. The principals were in earnest. With them it was a matter of honor, which might result in the death of one or both. It was a serious matter. And yet it was an affair of honor, and if a man kills his nearest and dearest friend, his honor must be maintained unsullied. One gentleman heedlessly had made some remark during the dispute which seemed to impugn the honor of his friend and comrade. The gentleman, in a gentlemanly way, demaded a retraction on the spot. The other gentleman not meaning to impugn the honor of any one, and not believing that any remark he had made could be so construed, his honor would not permit him to retract. In fact he had nothing to retract. Friends interested by the friends only made matters worse. And to the regret of principals and their friends, it was found that it was necessary to prepare coffee and pistols for two. The gentlemen had nerve. They marched up boldly to the third story, their seconds, carrying the horse pistols, accompanying them.

In silence, twenty paces were measured off. The parson, during these proceedings, thinking derhaps that his last day upon earth had probably come, made a beautiful prayer. The seconds, in whispers, addressed each other. Everything was still and quiet, and the proceedings partook veiy much of the character of a funeral. The gentlemen were stationed twenty paces from each other, back to back. The horse pistols, each loaded with powder and a light paper wad, were placed in their hands by the seconds. And now came: "One,'" "Two," "Fire!" at which command Mr. Christ, in his eagerness to whirl around first and get in the first fire upon the Parson, accidently shot his pistol off in turning. The Parson, now seeing his opponent at his mercy, became magnanimous and fired his pistol towards the ceiling. And thus this affair of honor was settled satisfactorily to both parties, without bloodshed.

Edge Tools. - In 1817, Thomas Adams, James Crosby and Thomas L. Pierce established an edge tool manufactory in West Zanesville. They made scythes, sickles, axes etc. Their wares were said to be equal to the best EngHsh make, but owing to local prejudice, were not salable at home. They, therefore, adopted the ruse of sending them to Pittsburg, where they were branded "Pittsburg Manufacturing Company," and reshipped to Zanesville and other western towns and sold readily at good prices ; but such additional expense rendered the business unprofitable, and it was ultimately abandoned, about 1848.

''' Auger Making. - The subscriber informs the public that he has taken the shop adjoining the old glass works, opposite the pottery of Judge SuUivan, in Zanesville, where he will carry on the business of auger making in all its branches. The articles will be made of the best materials, and all orders will be promptly attended to. - ["Muskingum Messenger," January 28, 1818.]

In 1819, William McCurdy engaged in the manufacture of edge tools, augefs, hoes, etc. His establishment was on the corner of Fountain alley and Fifth street. He subsequently sold out to William Langle3^

Wagon Makers. - William Schutz came from Winchester, Virginia, and opened a wagon shop in 1832, and continued the business with success until 1849. He made coaches for the Ohio Stage Company, and tradition informs us they rode as easy as the famous " Concord," of later times.

July 28, 1873, the Brown Manufacturing Company was incorporated, under the management of a Board of Directors, the first of whom were Peter Black, W. A. Graham, F. J. L. Blandy, Colonel M. Churchill, James Herdman, Thomas Griffith and William P. Brown.

Wool Carding. - The Putnam Manufacturing Company, about June 20th, 1816, put in operation three wool carding machines, at their factory in Putnam, two for carding common ;ind one for carding merino wool. "These machines were made under the superintendence of Mr. Hopkins, and equal to, if not surpassing any in the United States." The company announced themselves ready to receive wool at their factory, which was at the west end of the lower bridge, and which, they said, "must be bought in sheets or blankets, having been picked clean of sticks, burs, etc. ; one pound of clean grease, hog's lard or fresh butter, must be put in every eight pounds of common wool ; every twelve pounds of merino wool must have one pint of sweet oil put into it. If the owner of the wool can not conveniently procure sweet oil, it will be furnished by the company at his expense. If the common wool is prepared as above stated, and the merino wool as stated below, the Superintendent engages to pay for the wool, if the owner shall not receive good rolls.

Method of Preparing Merino Wool - Wash it in a mixture of three parts water and one part chamber lye, in which put a small quantity of hard soap ; heat it slowly until it comes near to boiling, stir well during the process, then rinse it well in a basket,to keep it from matting ; when dry, you may put in your oil, etc. - ["Muskingum County Messenger]. J. D."

Woolen Mills. - Jeremiah Dare first operated a small mill that stood on the site occupied by the woolen mill on Main street, near the bridge, which was described as "just below the Granger mill." It was leased of J. R. Thomas. In 1822, he took his son Jesse in with him, and they operated until April, 1838, when his son, "Thomas J., purchased a half interest, and in after years came to own the whole. In November, 1840, this mill was burned with its contents, but was rebuilt by Jeremiah Dare, and nearly ready for operation by April, 1841.

The new and improved machinery and increased capacity enabled the operator to do a much larger business. Thomas J. Dare died January 22, 1865, and after this time Jeremiah Z., Thomas J., Jr., and Lewis Dare conductdU the business until December, 1878, when the mill was closed.

Isaac Dillon's woolen factory was built before 1817, as appears from his advertisement in the Zanesville "Express" in October of that year, in which it is stated that "George Brooke has taken the clothing works at the mouth of Licking creek. West Zanesville, the property of Isaac Dillon, to full, dye and dress woolen goods." Added to this, was "a carding mill, builtin 1821 or 2 ; the buildings extended to the side of the bridge, were two-stories high, with a basement used for a store. Moses Wheeler, Moses Dillon and Clement Brooks were clerks for Mr. Dillon. Their foreman was Mr. R. Taylor, from Rhode from Ireland. They manufactured broadcloth, satinet, flannel and blankets. In 1827, they purchased a loom for making figured carpets. Their first carpet was an ingrain, all wool, with the rose and thistle in the figure, large and handsome, and sold to Mrs. Dr. Washington Morehead, of Zanesville, and'regarded as very fine. Mr. Dillon was an enterprising man and a decided acquisition to the community. Mr. William Johnson leased the wool carding machine of Mr. Dillon, May 12, 1819, as also appears from the Zanesville "Express," but the duration of the lease is not stated.

American Encaustic Tile Company

Thg pioneer establishment for the manufacture of Encaustic Tile is that which is novr widely Icnown by the above title. It is an Incorporated company, the principal interest being owned in New Yorlc. The works are quite extensive, and are located on Marietta street, Zanesville. They were built at a large outlay of money. The machinery was built to order, and is of the most practical pattern. The employes are eighty in number, the majority of whom are skilled workmen. Shipments are made from Maine to Oregon, and from San Francisco to New York. These goods are also sold to the

The officers of the Company are B. Fletcher, President; George E. Lansing, Treasurer ; Wm. G. Flammer, Secretary, and George A. Stanberry, Superintendent of works. Among the many notable public buildings fitted up by this enterprising company may be mentioned the Exchange Hotel, at Columbus, Ohio ; the Court House, Indianapolis, Indiana, and the Schultz Opera House, of Zanesville.

Samuel W. Clark'S Lumber Yard

About fifty years ago Mr. Samuel Clark opened a Lumber Yard at the west end of Market street, where he continued in business over thirty years, when he formed a. partnership with .Tames Herdman, under the firm name of Clark & Herdman, and remained in that business relation until January 4, 1873, at which time he disposed of his interest in the firm. On March 4, 1873, Samuel W. Clark, a son of Samuel Clark, and who had been a clerk for Clark & Herdman for several years, started a lumber office on the corner of Underwood and Tarrier streets, remaining in that place for more than six years. In July of 1879 he removed his office to the corner of Underwood and Kelley streets, where he still continues, and now has in his warehouses more than four times his original stock of dressed lumber. He has also increased his yard room, and now occupies ground on the north side of Price street, and on the corner of Howard and Fifth streets. He keeps constantly on hand a large stock of Oak, Fine and Poplar Lumber, Bash, Doors, etc. Has Pine Shingles under shed and in warehouses. Pine and Oak Flooring, Pine and Poplar Siding, Cornice, Base Boards, Door Jambs, Casings, etc., ripped and ready for immediate use. He makes Mantels, Doors, Window Frames, glazes Sash, and has large and small framing timber. He also sells Builders' Hardware, Fire Fronts, Spouting, Pickets, etc. In fact, aims to give persons desirous of building a complete outfit. Persons who anticipate building houses, barns, or do repairing work, are cordially invited to call and examine his stock. He is confident that he can make it to their interest to deal with him.

It is gratifying to know thac so enlightened a body as "Ohio's Editors" have found "the City of Natural Advantages" all that they anticipated, and more, and that they could so heartily express the encomiums uttered while here, and make Zanesville industries the theme of gratulation and emulation in the columns of the papers over which thej^ preside. Especially, as "the programme arranged by the committee for that department, for the entertainment of "Ohio's Editors," comprised only the most prominent ; anticipating that even such a list must prove too long for the time at their disposal. The programme was followed, however, and with a degree of interest rarely equaled and never surpassed. It is deemed a proper closing of the recital of the foregoing pages, to give a classified list and directory of the industries of Zanesville for the above year :,

Brown Manufacturing Co., s.w.c. Underwood and Railroad. Christ, J. L., s.s. Marietta, b. 7th and Sth. Coon, George W., 3 W. Main, 7th ward. Doudna, J., 190 Putnam ave. Gebele, Sebastian, w.s. Amelia, b. Lee and Jackson.