Calumet Township (part 5 of 7)

Southeast of the depot, at the junction of Stepheninn* Avenue and One Hundred anil Twelfth Street stands the Market House, wherein meats and vegetables arc exposed for sale, and butchers and green grocers are restricted to this building to pursue their business. Upon the second floor is a large hall where religious services and public meetings are held. Its seating capacity is six hundred persons. South from the depot, along the One Hundred and Eleventh Street Boulevard or Florence Avenue 1, the visitor arrives at the Pullman Depot, standing upon the line of the Chicago, Pullman & Southern Railroad, winch line is operated in the interests, and for the benefit, of the manufactures of Pullman, and those who promote them. The depot is one hundred and seventy-five feet by thirty feet, and is characterized by the same architectural elegance and taste that defines other buildings in Pullman. Northeast of this depot stands the gas works. The building is one hundred feet by one hundred and thirty feel, ami therein is manufactured about one hundred thousand feet of Lowe water-gas per diem. This gas is made from naphtha and coal ; the naphtha being passed through incandescent coal, while commingled with superheated steam. The gas thus formed is then passed through lime, which abstracts all impurities. The gas works are under the charge of Kdgar Williams, who is al>o the eugineer-in-charge of the various municipal works. At the gas works also are kept gas pipes, fittings and fixtures. The city has eight miles of gasmains, and two hundred and fifty street lamps, which are supplied from these: works, the gas is largely used for conking and healing purposes ; the Hotel Florence using it exclusively to heat its kitchen ranges. At the foot of the Boulevard,' on the shore of I-ike Calumet, stand the Grand Stands. It is an accepted physiological dictum that the plav of those engaged in laborious occupations, to Ik acceptable to them, must be of an atheletic character ; it is also a necessity for the health of those engaged in sedentary employments that they should engage in outdoor amusements, anil to fulfill these two requirements, Mr. Pullman determined to make grounds suitable for the purpose. A dredging-machine was accordingly set to work, and by its means a piece of land was separated from the main land ; the channel thus made formed an excellent water-course for boating purposes, and a skating-pond in winter, although the Calumet Lake makes an excellent rmk. A bridge connects the island with the main land. The base-ball and cricket park is on the main land, immediately south of the gasworks. The action of Mr. Pullman in providing the land-and-water arena was heartily appreciated.

and an Athletic Association formed. The officers are: E. W. Henricks, president ; I). R. Martin, vice-president ; J. P. Hopkins, treasurer ; Alex. Harper, secretary, and W. C. Dole, [r , athletic instructor. The directors arc: E. W. Henricks, J. P. Hopkins. |. L. Woods. M. A. Lincoln. F. A. Secord, J. W. Hazl'ehurst. Jesse Warded, John McLean, A. Rapp, D. R. Martin, and Alex. Harper. The Pullman Athletic Association is one of the clubs constituting the Mississippi Valley Amateur Rowing Association, whose sixth annual regatta was held at Pullman, on July 27 and 28, 1883. The Pullman boat Club furnished contestants at the regatta as follows: Four-oared gig: < >. L.Holmes, D. R. Martin, J. E. Hinkins, J. M. Price ; coxswain, C. Bronson. Six entries, Senior four : Same oarsmen. Six entries. Six-oared barge: O. L. Holmes, I). R. Martin, J. E. Hinkins J. M. Price, Hawkes, Hubert Woods ; coxswain, C. Bronson. Six entries. The regatta was a success, but the coffers of the Athletic Association was not aggrandized by its occurrence; this the officers intend to remedy, and as they arc all practical business men. as well as anient acolytes of the Temple of Hercules, it is confidently predicted that future exhibitions, under the auspices' of the Athletic Association, will be profitable as well as pleasurable. They have an excellent gymnasium, and in addition to the boat club, have a cricket club and a base-ball club, of which C. L. Stokes and L. Reisarc captains respectively. A foot-ball club is also in process of formation. ( )n the island is a race-course, about one sixth of a mile in length, for pedestrian races, and, within the racecourse, an excellent tennis ground ; and the grand stands can accommodate about seven thousand spectators. Standing in the vicinity of the grand stands and looking westward up Florence Avenue, or One Hundred and Eleventh Street Boulevard, the spectator can see some of the most elegant of the residences of Pullman, and the beautiful Arcade Square. Light and air, cleanliness and beauty, utility and comfort are written all over Pullman ; in its houses, its roads, its markets, its plats of beautiful flowers and, most important testimony of all, in the faces and figures of its workingmen. The houses are graded in size and elegance according to the rent exacted in return for their occupancy. But they are not classified like barracks ; the design is characteristically uniform, but without painful sameness, and there are pretty and distinctive features about each block of buildings. The rent paid ranges from $(> to §65 a month, the average rent being aboM §14. In all the houses arc gas and water, and where else can a brick house be rented with these advantages for $14 a month? ami that, too, in a city where markets are convenient, traveling facilities plentiful and health smiles from the faces o1 fir little children? I sually in .1 1 ity 1 heap rents typify cither undesirable localities or an undesirable house; here, in Pullman, all the houses and localities are desirable, and no sewer-gas taints the residence ami wrecks fair young lives with its insidious poison. Many voices have praised (leorge M. Pullman, but no eulogy could be sweeter, tenderer and more befitting than the sparkling eyes, rosy cheeks and joyful voices of the hundreds of little children whoso happiness is a gift from (ieorge M. Pullman. How? lb" has provided their parents with healthy homes at a low rental - the money saved is so much more to spend on the clothes of wife and children; he has removed the infernal saloon far from the sober homes of the workmen - the moneysaved is so much available capital devoted to home uses; he has provided excellent schools - knowledge is power, and an employed mind is a healthful and happy mind, and this health and happiness is communicated to the body; his careful sanitary precautions and method allow fresh, pure air to be continually the possession of the Pullman children - their clear voices rinif a silvery chime of happy thanks to him, that spreads far, far through the ether until it splashes - a voiceless melody - at the feet of Him who so loved little children. Chicago has many causes for just pride, and none more proper than in the fact of George M. Pullman being her citizen; a man whose digging after lucre unearths blessings for his workmen, and of whom it could be fitly said: " Write him as one who loved his fellow-men." A prosaic, statistical fact indorses this eulogium upon the sanitation of the city, that for two years ending July i, iSSj, there were only twenty-three deaths from zymotic diseases, less than !three per annum for every one thousand of population; all the deaths in Pullman for that period were less than sev en per annum for each one thousand of population, while the average of deaths to each one thousand of the population of the world is thirty-two.

One mile south of the town is the Brick Yard, where about four hundred workmen are employed, and 2:0,- 000 brick per day can be manufactured. K. 11. Callaway is superintendent of the brick yard, and the brick manufactured there is selected, on account of its superiority, for use in the tunnel being constructed, by the village of Hyde Park, under Lake Michigan. South of the brick yard are two hundred acres of land, comprising a territorial exponent of a knotty matter, that has long troubled municipal and village governments. This mute demonstrant of the problem is known as the Pullman Sewage Farm. This comprises one hundred ami fifty acres, and is under the management of E. T. Martin, and yields all kinds of vegetables in their season, and those of the best. There is no ffttid or unpleasant odor fifty feet from the farm while it is being flooded; what little odor there is is rapidly disinfected by the deodorizing power of the soil. The matins ofrtanJi of the distribution of the sewage will be found in the article upon the Water Tower; it will suffice to say here, that the farm has demonstrated the perfect capacity of an acre of land to assimilate the focal deposit of one hundred persons; and transmute that which is utterly worthless and obnoxious into clean, healthful vegetables, without the assistance of any agent save the illimitable chemical laboratory of nature'. It is contemplated also to establish a dairy farm, of one hundred acres, in the vicinity of the sewage farm.

To return to Florence Avenue. North of the avenue and fronting toward Pullman Boulevard are a massy pile of buildings, technically known as the Front Ereeting Shops of the Pullman Palace Car Company. All the work-buiidings are built of Pullman brick,' faced with Indiana pressed brick, with trimmings of Herea sandstone. The one now under consideration is approached by a finely graveled drive, meandering through a model lawn, which extends from the base of the building to the edge of l^ake Vista The building is seven hundred feet western front by eighty-six feet deep. The office building occupies one hundred feet in the center and is three stories in height, surmounted by a clock-tower one hundred and forty feet high. The offices are elegant and commodious', and in one of them is the office of A. Rapp, the general manager of this vast system of car manufacture. On each side of the office building arc the erecting shops, each three hundred feet by eighty-six feet.whcrcin are twenty four stalls supplied with tracks to run the Pullman airs in and out.

These stalls abut on a wide court, beyond which is the rear erecting shop. Along this court are two very wide railroad tracks, and one, between them, of a narrow gauge. These tracks are a peculiar labor-saving institution; upon the center rails runs a dummy engine, and upon the side rails are platforms, whereon are rails of the standard gauge laid transversely to the rails whereon the platforms are run. The use of these platforms is to be moved by the dummy, opposite to the various stalls where specific and exact parts of the work are performed upon a car; a cable is attached to the partlylinished air - that runs around a drum in the dummy - the car is hauled out of the stall onto the platform; the dummy steams up and halts opposite to the stall where the car is to receive its next stratum of progress, and the car is run into that stall, from which, when it has underwent the process bestowed upon it there, it is taken to the next stall, and from that to the next stage of stall-ic and progressive construction. There are twentyfour of these stalls representing twenty-four stages of progress in car-building; the embryonic mass of rough timbers and car-trucks in the first stall proceeds through its various mechanical and distinct processes, until it emerges from the twenty-fourth ehrysalide stall a perfeet butterfly of a dining-room or sleeping car. The vast amount of labor saved by the use of these platforms, and the utilization of the dummy as a traction engine, can readily be comprehended, when it is known that between thirty and forty men were formerly employed to run the cars in and out of the stalls. F'ach stall has its corps of workmen, and their portion of the work is always the same; under their skillful and apportioned labor two sleeping cars per diem can be manufactured.

In the rear, or cast, of the court yard are the Rear Erecting Shops, four hundred feet by eighty-six feet; the equipment anil paint shops, one hundred feet by eighty-six feet, and the wood machine shop two hundred feet by two hundred feet In these buildings the various parts of cars are manufactured by the thousand, the wood-working being under the charge of 1). Martin, superintendent of carpentry. In the rear of the rear erecting shops are the freight shops, whose name implies their use; thev are five hundred feet by eighty-six feet.

Upon the north end of the rear erecting shops and the wood-work ing shops is the Engine-Room and Boilcr- House, a building having eighty-six feet frontage, by two hundred feet in depth. The engine room is eighty feet square, and the frontage of this, added to the rear erecting shops, makes the frontage of that pile of building! nine hundred feet. Within this room is the great Corliss Engine - the musical instrument of applied mechanics. It was brought to Pullman in sections, and its transportation required thirty-live freight cars. Ihe weight of this engine is one million three hundred and sixty-nine thousand five hundred and eighty eight pounds; its horse-power is nominally twenty-four hundred, and its cost was §114,000. When Pullman was formally opened on April 2. 1881. the engine was set m motion 'for the first time in this place bv Miss Florence, the little daughter of Mr. Pullman. This mighty engine moves all the machinery of Pullman: from the delicate scroll saw to the hammei striking fifteen hundred pounds, thev all receive their impetus from the Corliss engine. It is thirty feet high, has two cylinders eight and one-third feet long and three and one-half feet in diameter; the fly-wheel is thirty feet in diameter, weighs fifty-six tons, and at its average rate of speed makes thirty - six revolutions per minute. The driving shaft is "me inches in diameter and, bv intricate systems of auxibarv shafts, cog-wheels and belts, is the Dens in Mackitia which move all the machinery in the vast area of fifteen acres of work-shops. In the rear of the engine-room is the toiler-house occupying one hundred and fourteen feet by fifty feet, and containing twelve boilers twelve feet long by six feet in diameter, in which steam is generated by means of shavings, delivered from the woodworking shop by a blower, and coal. The smoke is carried away from the furnaces by a hexagonal smokestack one hundred and seventy-six feet high. Steam is also furnished, wherever it is needed in heating offices or buildings, by underground pipes from the boilerhouse. In rear of the boiler-house are drying-kilns one hundred and fifty feet by ninety feet, and a warehouse for the dried lumber sixty feet by seventy-six feet. The capacity of the kiln is sixty-four thousand feet of inch pine lumber per diem.

North of the engine and toiler houses is an avenue that abuts at its eastern extremity u|>on the Water Tower, the front of the tower being atom two hundred and fifty feet from the front line of the front erecting shops ' The Water Tower is one hundred and ninety-five feet high, and is a quadrangle, of seventy foot sides, for one hundred feet in height, above which it is Octagonal, tapering gradually to the cupola. In the tipper or tenth story of the tower is a large tank fifty-six feet in diameter, thirty feet deep, and having half a million gallons receptivity. The tank is supported upon a series of iron trusses, that are capable of upholding a weight of four million pounds; the supports themselves having a ponderosity of three hundred and fifty tons of iron. The pumping machinery at the base of the tower forces the water for the Supplying of Pullman up into this tank, from which it is distributed throughout the city. The water is furnished by the water works of the village of Hyde Park, and the'amouiu of water used in the three mouths ending December 31, 1883, was by actual meter measurement, 72.762,448 gallons, costing the Pullman authorities, at the contract price of $50 per million .gallons, $3,638.12; or over forty dollars per diem. The basement and first story are of CUt stone, the stories &bove are of brick with stone trimmings. Above the tank is an observatory from whence the beautiful land and water-scape can be viewed. On the third floor the Pullman Hand meet for practice; II. K. ("rooks, leader. Attached to the organization is a string band In the basement are the Cope and Maxwell pumping engines that have a capacity of five million gallons in twenty-four hours, which pump about one million gallons of st-wage per diem and from three-quarters of a million to one million gallons of water per diem; and underneath the floor of the machinery room is a vaulted reservoir, seventy feet square nad thirty feet deep. Into this chamber, or reservoir, all the sewage and stereoraceous matter of the city is drained. The method of its disposal constitutes one of the marvels of Pullman. This is a product of the ingenuity of Benezctte Williams, civil engineer, in applying what is termed the separate system of sewerage and is thus, in effect, described by Mr. Williams,* who is now the consulting engineer of Pullman. The site of Pullman, a broad, flat prairie upon the border of a shallow, inland lake, three miles long by one and a half miles wide, rendered it impracticable to have a gravity discharge for the sewage, ami to defile the waters of Lake Calumet would merely be sowing the germs of disease and death. It was therefore necessary to pump the sewage, and to pump it away from Pull- man, but to what point ? Lake Michigan was six and one-half miles away, and the sewage could be pumped there, but the economic guardian genius of Pullman forbade the wasting of matter that could be utilized upon a sewage-farm. A sewage-farm was therefore determined upon, and the present farm was prepared for the reception of the sewage. The laying of the sewers was commenced in August. 1880. and in February, 1S.S1, the method of d sposal of the excreta was decided upon. In October, 1S81, the system was inauguralcd by starting the sewage pumps. In this system no rainwater or surface drainage is allowed in the sewers - thus the drainage into Lake Calumet is not infected with Hastiness - and therefore the clixiae can be of small diameter compared with those that are used in cities, and do duty both for sewage and drainage. Drains connecting with the houses are of iron, and. having air and water-tight joints, preclude any escape of sewer gas, and all drains above ground arc made of wrought iron, also with absolutely tight joints. These pipes, drains and mains - varying from four to eighteen inches in diameter - convey the compost to the reservoir under the Water Tower. From the top of this reservoir runs a twenty-inch pipe to the smoke-slack of the boiler-house furnac es, and the immense draft of this chimney creates a continuous vacuum in the twentyinch pipe, which the mcphitic air in the reservoir rushes to fill. In addition to this means of removing fetor, there are eight ventilating flues that run up. with a diameter of twelve inches, in the buttresses of the Water l ower; the object of these methods is so thoroughly attained that, standing over the trap in the roof of the reservoir and the floor of the pumpinghouse, it is impossible to detect any foulness in the atmosphere. The sewage is (lumped without screening by the two engines hereinbefore adverted to. and valves of special make are used. Cotton waste, lumps of wood, cloths, sticks, toots, and an occasional feline carcass pass through the pumps without detriment or injury to the latter. The cast-iron main that conveys the sewage to the farm is twenty inches in diameter and nearly three miles long. At the farm is a closed screening tank made of one-quarter inch boiler iron, six feet in diameter and twenty-four-feet long. 'The sewage enters this tank from the main and strikes a strainer with half .111 inch mesh, and then is passed out on the other side of the upright tank. The entrance and exit main is a little over half way up the tank, and the screened matter falls to the bottom of the lank, from whence it is removed from time to time, the tank being elevated sufficiently for a wagon to drive underneath, or it can be removed by means of a blow-off pipe. 'The sewage upon leaving the tank passes through a pressureregulating valve which limits the pressure upon the distributing pipes to about ten pounds. 'The main distributing pipe has a diameter of eighteen inches, and from this main line four nine-inch pipes three hundred and fifteen feet apart are laid across a sixty-acre field. At every three hundred and twenty feet on each :i ic of nine-inch pipe there is a hydrant through which - and hose if needful - the sewage is spouted onto the area of two and one-third acres, flooded by each hydrant. By means of furrows the liquid compost is spread over the soil as in surface irrigation. In the one hundred and sixty acres comprising the sewage-farm there are atout thirty-five miles of under drains and distributing pipes. One other item is of great interest to those interested in the sewage problem thus demonstrated, and it is stated by Benezctte Williams as follows: "'The pumps, screening-tank and pressure- regulating valve arc so arranged and are so dependent upon one another that notwithstanding the use of clay pipes for distributing the sewage, the workmen on the farm ran control the quantity of sewage received with perfect safety. They can close and open hydrants to any desired extent and vary the amount of sewage discharged almost as they please without danger or inconvenience. The operation is this : If the sewage is flowing at any given rate and one or mure outlets be closed, the effect is to partially close the self-regulating valve by a slightly increased pressure on the distributing pipes, and to transmit from the valve through the force main an increased pressure to the pumps, which arc provided with a steam regulator that reduces the pressure of steam admitted to the cylinders. In order to avoid all possibility of injury to pipes or pumps in this operation, a stand-pipe with two overflows is provided at the pumps, as well as one at the regulating valve, so that there- is an absolute guarantee against damage from the failure of any mechanical appliance. The stand-pipe connected w'ith the pump-main in the tower is - measuring from datum - fifty feet high to the first overflow, and ninety feet high to the second overflow. These overflows are connected with a pipe which returns the sewage to the reservoir below the pumps. So that if every outlet is closed at the farm the pumps could continue to run with freedom. Should the pressure-regulating valve fail to perform its functions, the overflow pipe will then protect the clay distributing pipes from undue pressure." This is a resum/ of the mechanical part of the process, and the question that next arises is: Is it remunerative ? To which it maybe answered, yes. During the season of 1SS3 there were produced:

Experience has demonstrated that of these vegetables all thrive well on sewage farms but |K>tatoes. and the cultivation of those tubers on the Pullman farm will be discontinued. The harsh, cold weather of the past agricultural season seriously impeded the tillage of the farm, and injured the crops, despite which two disadvantages the farm made an excellent financial showing, and this year, provided the weather is reasonably clement, the farm will pay a handsome percentage of interest upon the money invested in its creation, anil thereby another economic question of great and cosmopolitan interest will be solved by I'uUman.f One chemical fact, in connection with the farm, demonstrates how thoroughly the earth performs its wort ol cleansing and purifying ; the sewage water after |>assmg through the under-drains is more limpid than that of Calumet Lake. A canal from the northern end of Lake Calumet to the Calumet River, running a little north of One Hundred anil Tenth Street, is a commercial necessity, and has been favorably reported upon bv the United States Engineer Department. This would afford easy and quick communication from Pullman with Lake Michigan, and would also be beneficial to Cummings and the Calumet Iron & Steel Company.

Bast of the Water Tower is a Boiler House, fortv feet by seventy feet, whose three boilers manufacture steam' for the drying kiln, which is immediately south of the boiler-house.

North of the avenue leading to the Water Tower is the Iron Machine -Shop, one hundred and three feet front by two hundred feet in depth, in which building the nickel and silver plating is performed and the disciples of Tubal Cain work in iron ami brass.

North of this building, with which it is connected, is the Blacksmith Shop, a building of one hundred and twenty-eight feet frontage by two hundred feet deep. Herein are seventy forges and the anvil chorus is performed by stalwart smiths who don't stand " under the spreading chestnut tree." There are also three powerful Sturlcvant blowers used in the blacksmith shop. A coalhouse, twenty-five by sixty-five feet in area, warehouses the fuel used in the blacksmith shop and protects it from the weather.

Immediately in rear of the blacksmith shop is the Hammer Shop, one hundred and sixty feet by two hundred and fifty feet. It is a hip-roofed building, with a lantern on top, furnishing light and ventilation to the workmen. In this building are the ponderous hammers, whose nicety of adjustment enables them to strike a blow of fifteen hundred pounds or crack the shell of a filbert with equal facility and precision ; and by these Titanic means the heavy-forging, such as caraxles, etc., is performed.

North of the blacksmith shop are the Allen Paper Car-Wheel Works, 'These works occupy a building three hundred and seventy feet frontage by one hundred ami fifty feet ; or rather two buildings forming, with the connection in the center, an " H "-shaped building, fronting the street laterally. 'This manufacture is carried on under the superintendent-}- of John I.. Woods, and consists in converting straw-board into a substance somewhat resembling boxwood, and enclosing this paper block in a steel tire, and with iron plates front and back of the woody-paper substance. The book-keeper, P. H. T-'enno. accompanied the collaborator through the works, and the reader can, in imagination, perform the same tour. At Morris, 111., the company have a straw-board mill where the substance is made that is the laminated foundation of the work : it resembles ordinary grocers' wrapping-paper. The sheets of paper are cut into circles, the diameter of ^ which corresponds to the inside diameter of the tire of the wheel to be manufactured, and with a hole in the center of the sheets the sue of the axle. These sheets are pasted together for one layer, six sheets per layer, and are then placed in a drying-room. Then the layers arc pasted with common flour-paste, re-pressed and re-dried. 'The ultimate pressure exerted is eight hundred tons, to which compression the layers are subjected for three hours. The embryo wheel is then taken to the lathe-room and fastened on a frame where, with diamond-edged tools, it is turned down to the required diameter and smoothed off in the same manner as wood. The compressed paper block is susceptible of as high a polish as box-wood. From the lathe-room the paper wheel is taken back to the hydraulic presses, where the steel tire is placed, then a plate that fits inside the tire and rests against a flange on the interior diameter of the tire, then the paper block is placed on the plate and pressed into place. The paper blockis just a little too large in its diameter for the tire, and has to be stmeezed into place : this makes the block fit En ugly in the inner diameter "f the tire. After tlie paper block is forced into place, another piatc is put on the uuplalcd side of the wheel, and it is taken to the drill where holes are bored through plates and paper. Into these holes bolts are driven and set: tired with nuts, and a steel center is then placed in the wheel, which is cast in the foundry in rear of the main works. The paper block weighs one hundred and eighty pounds ; the weight of a large wheel is one thousand and eighty pounds. The capacity of the works is thirty wheels per diem. The wheel is used exclusively by the Pullman Palace Car Company on those sleepingcars whereon the expense of maintaining trucks is borne by the company. This building extends to the limit of Pullman proper. In the rear of the workshops, and extending to the shores of Lake Calumet, are lumber-yards, whereon are piled hundreds of thousands of feet of lumber and timbers; side-tracks and switches abound, and other devices for utilizing the mechanical powers and economizing manual lalx>r are dispersed throughout the vast grounds.

Northeast of the Allen works are the buildings of the Pullman Iron and Steel Works, at present employed in the manufacture of an improved railroad spike, for which great Superiorities are claimed - apparently with reason. The proprietors are, however, putting in iron and steel har-mills. The manufacture at present is fifty tons of spikes per diem, in the making of which product eighty tons of iron and steel are used daily. General work is also maintained upon the buildings, making the plant and erecting the bar mills. The present works are in a building one hundred and forty-four feet by two hundred feet, and therein one hundred men are employed. The officers of the company are I.. M. Johnson, president ; VV. K. Harrows, vice-president ; Frank II. Felt, secretary and treasurer, and James P. Perkins, general manager. West of the Pullman Iron and Steel Works are the new wood-working shops and the freight-house ; and closely adjacent thereto is the round-house for the many locomotives employed in and around Pullman.

SAMUEL A. ALLEN, foreman of the machine simp nf the Allen Paper Car-Wheel Works, was born at Hudson. N. V., Novembers;. 1S5.2. He was there raised, ami at the a.;c of sixteen began lo leam the trade of machinist. August I, I SS 3, he took hi* present position, having previously worked ill similar establishment aT Albany and Hudson, K. Y .

S. S. BEMAN, architect of Pullman, was born in Brooklyn. N. V'., in 1353. and was there raised. He studied his profession under the well-known architect, Richard Upjohn of New York, the designer of Trinity Church of that city. At the age of twcniysix he began the designs for the new city of Pullman and the exiensive car works of that plac. lie came to Chicago December 24. 1879, and perfecting the plans during the winter, commenced the foundation* »f Pullman the following spring, and the great work of building the cily »u carried on under hi* personal direction to its present slate of completion. He is thedciigner of all the buildings of Pullman, including the Arcade, clu .-chest, scho.il>, Market. Hotel, Water Tower, etc.. besides (one 1 .301. dwelling houses for the employes. Mr. Beman dicw the first line of the plans of Pullman, and in addition lo his architectural work for upward of a year hail entire charge of the affairs of Pullman, excepting the builiing of cats and operation of the car works, Mr. Beman i. aLo the architect of the new office building now being erected by the Pullman company in Chicago, lo cost $500,000.

JAMES V. BOGART, of Anderson &C»., proprietors of meat market. wa> born in Will C ounty. Ill, October 17. 1S4S. He lived on a farm till fourteen, since which time he has been engaged in the meat business. In 1S64 he enlisted in Company E, 39th Illinois Volunteer Infantry. He was promoted Corporal and mustered out December 17. 1S65. He came to Cook County in April. iSBl.and embarked in his present t.u«ine«s Tune, 1SS3. Mr. Bogart is a member of Pullman Lodge, A. O. U. W. [n 1871 he married

DR. J. O. BROWN, dentist, was born in Livingston County, 111.. September 12, 1857. He was raised principally in his native State, but has spent a numlier of years in Indiana and Iowa. He began the study of dcnliMiy in 1 879, and was traveling dentist in Mississippi a short time, and had an ofiice in I lot Springs, Ark , and then at vVaUeka. III. He came to Pollman September 20. 1882, and is the only dentist in town. Mr. Brown is a member of Palace Lodge. No, 765, A. F. & A. M.

J. W. BROWN, engineer, was born at Bath. Steuben Co., N. V., November 13, 1843. He was raised and educated in Chicago and began to b arn the trade of macl inist in 1S59. For eight years, from 1862, he had charge of an engine on the C. & N. W. R. K.; then for ten years followed sieamboahng on the lakes; then ran a stationary engine in Chicago, until, September is, i6S3,he came to Pullman, wtietc he has charge of the Corliss engine. This same engine dmvc much of the machinery at the Centennial Exhibition, is of 2. 500 horse-power, and drivtsall the machinery at the Pullman Palace Car Company. Mr. Brown is a Mason and belongs to the Engineers' Association. In 1S79 he married Miss Emma C. David-on of Chicago. They have one son - George Kdward.

EDWARD H. CALLAWAV, superintendent or bfick yard and ice housesof the Pullman Palace Car Company, was Ixorn in La Giange. Troup Co., Ga , May 8. 1855. w here he was raised and educated. In 1874 he was Chief Deputy United Stales Marshal for the Fifth District of Texas, where he superintended the taking of the census of 1 8S0. After its completion, in June. 1 8 8 1 , he resigned and embarked in commercial business until he came lo Chicago, in April. 1SS2, the next month taking his present pusilion. lie mamed Miss Florence Andrews, of Providence, K. L, January, 18S2.

JOHN B. CREIGHTON, police station keeper at Kensington, was born in Montreal, Canada, December 26, 1846. Ilis patents' family coming to Lyons, now Kivenlalc, Cook County, in |3$2, he was here raised anil educated. He was engaged w ith his father in contracting and the building of strtc s and highways until 1867. when he removed to Hyde Paik and embarked for himself for six years. He was then foreman from 187410 May I, 1883. when he went on the police force. In 1S73 Mr. Crrighton married Miss Appilena Dewar. of Morris. III. They have three children - James I!., Jr., William F. and a daughter unnamed. He is a member of the Masonic Order of Hyde Paik, and has served one year as water inspector,

DUANE DOTY was bom in l.oraine County, Ohio, September 13, 1830. His childhood and youth were passed in Michigan, and he giaduatcd from the State University at Ann Arbor in 1S57. During the Rebellion he was an officer and war correspondent. For two years he was editor of the Detroit Free Pie-s; then was for ten years Superintendent of Public In.-trucion at Detroit. In 1S75 he was called to Chicago, where he was City Superintendent of Schools for live years. Since 1850 Mr. Doty has Iseen employed by Pullman's Palace Car Company, and now resides in Pullman.

GEORGE G. DUKUEI.L was Itorn in York County. Me, April 24, lS4l,and raised and educated in Massachusetts. He has always followed carpentry and joining, and for ten y ears did stair building. He came to Pullman July, I SS I, entering the employ of the Pullman Palace Car Company, and March. 1S83. was promoted foreman of the carpentry department. Mr. Duirell is a member of Tuscan Lodge, No. - , A. I". & A. M. of Lawrence, Ma .-.

ALI EN T. HALLENBECK, superintendent of Allen Paper Car- Wheel Works, was born at Hudson, N. November 28, 1S40. He has followed mechanism since 1S55. In 1861 he enlisted in Company C. 1st New Yotk Engineers, was promoted Sergeant, and mustered out |uly 2, 1S65. Since 1876 he has been engaged in the manufactu'ic of pajjfcr car wheel*, being with the Allen Paper Car Wheel Works at Hudson. Mr. Hallenbeck came to Pullman in October. 18S0, in the employ of the same company, who promoted him foreman March. iSSl, and superintendent April, 1SS2.

I. W. HASLEIIUKST, merchant tailor and dealer in gents' furnishing goods, was born in Brooklyn, N. Y.. April 14, tSsC, and was there raised. He was a salesman tbtee years in St. Luuts. Mo. In 1S81 he went to Atchison. Kan , and embaiked in the clothing business; spent a year at Fort Worth. Tex., and July 1, 1882, came to Pullman, where he established his prc-ent business.

C. W. HENDRY, foreman of the foundry of the Allen Paper Car Wheel Works, was born in Middletown, Orange Co.. N. V., August23. 1S5I. He was raised in Troy and Saratoga County, N. V'.. and in the spting of 1S66 began life as a mechanic. November, 1SS2. he tonk his present charge at Pullman. Mr. Hendry married in 1872 Miss Caroline Cull, of Brandon. Vt.

raised. He Graduated from the United States Naval Academjr. Annapolis. Md.. June 9, 1867. after which he served live years in the navv, tilling ihe social positions af midshipman, ensign and mailer.' In 1372 lie relumed to Sou.h liend, where he engaged in Ihe manufacture of paper. He was afterward 111 the employ of Oliver Chilled Plow Works, at Mansfield. Ohio, until, September 22, l3&o, he optaincd the position of chief clerk, and November 8, 1853. agent of the Pullman Palace Car Company, lie is Village and Town Clerk, and is a member of Calumet Lodge. September II, 1872. Mr. Henncks married Miss Link Vaa Winkle, of South Hend. Ind. Thcv have two children - Mary Louise and John Noah

C. M. HEWITT began as time keeper in the iron department of the Pullman Palace Car Company June, 18S3. He alleiward look a contract for iron work, until promoted 10 his present position, that of superintendent of the iron department. In this there are employed 450 men. and it is the largest under any one head in Pullman. The mach.ne shop is said to be the finest equipped in the United States.

I.. H. JOHNSON, dealer in hardware, was born in Norway May 5. I33J He came to America 111 1857, and folluwed building and contracting and the real estate business in Chicago about twelve years, after which he carried on merchandising at Millbrook, III., four years, lie has spent eight years in California and a year each in Montana and Idaho, engaged in mining. He came to Pullman in the spiiug of tSS2 Mr. Johnson was mairied, in 1S69. to Miss Martha L. Knutson, of Chicago. They are members of the Lutheran Church of Chicago.

T. S. JOHNSON, photographer, was born in Chicago May 14, 1350. His mother's maiden name was Naomi Ellis, who came with her parents tn Chicago in IS31, and lived l»r a short time in old Fort Dearborn, llis father, John Johnson, came to Chicago in 1S36 He was raised on a farm in Thornton Township until he was lifteen, when he .vtcuded Chicago University until 1867, studied painting fur a short tune, and in I&bij engaged in photographing. He was mariied to Miss E. L. A. Forlier in I 874. She dying in 1877, he returned to farming. At Thornton he reengaged in photographing in 1S79; '"en »- Crete, Will Co., III., in tSijo, where he icmainrd until he came to Pullman, November. l93a. In 1 33 1 lie muried Miss MaryC. Wbalen, of Indiana. He is a member ol Palace Lodge. No. 765. A. F. & A. M-; also a member of All Saints' Episcopal Church, and junior warden of the

M. P. KM.HOKN. proprietor of meat market, was born in Norwich. Vt.. O t .btr 30. 1830 and was there raised. In 1850 he went to ISoiton, Ma».. where he was in the grocery business two years ; iheuce to C nciunali. Ohio, where he was private secretary and cashier for Nicholas Longworlh five years. While residing there Mr. Kilborn had the pleasure and profit of the acquaintance of many notable men. as P.estdent Hayes, Hon. Thomas Corwin, Chief Justice Chase, and many others. He was then identified with Ihe Powell Iron Works about eight years, during the time representing the company in the South and Western Males. In 1S64 he engaged in insurance at Lansing. Mich., and in t8fi7 came to Will County. Ill, where he was engaged in stock-raising and farming. He was also connected with the Chicago \- Wilmington coal mines for a numher of years, and at the same time was encaged in the graln business the firm being Willard, Kilborn & Co., after which he was identified with the Enterprise Straw-Board mill of M. D. Kecney as supply agent for six or seven years, or until he began business in I'ullman. October 1, 1SS3. Mr. Kilborn is a memher of the I. O. 0. K. of Illinois, and has been rep. resentauve to the Grand Lodge of the S'ate ten years. In 1858 he married Miss Mary E. Iligdon. of Cincinnati, Ohio. They have one daughter. Mary E.

JOHN McLE \N, physician and surgeon, was born in Franklin County. III., October 7. 1837, where he was raised. In 1858 he commenced the slady of his profession in the office of F. Ronalds, M. D.. in Benton. 111. In October. 18(10. he entered ihe St. Louis Medical College, attending the session or 1S60 and iSfn. Enlisted in Company A. 4o:h Regiment Illinois Infantry, August to, 1861. In November was promoted to Second Lieutenant. On April 6, 1862. he was wounded at the battle of Shiloh. Resigning his ommission September 23. he entered Rush Medical College in November, and graduated from that college, [anuarv, 1863. He located in Duuuoin, III., in June, where he resided uid practiced medicine until he removed 10 Pullman, Octoher 22. 1881. The Doctor is a member of the L 0. O. F.. K of II.. A. O. F., G. A. R.. and a member of the Slate Hoard of Health. He married Miss Eugenie Pans in September. 1871. who was bom in St. Joseph. Mo., and raised in California. They have one son, Guy M.

DANIEL MARTIN was bnrn in Schoharie County, N Y January 20, .842, alld was there raised. In 1864. in Knox Com. ly. III., he engaged in building railroad bridges and carpentering until he came to Chicago in 1S63, continuing at his trade. Ih

Apiil. 1BS0, he located at Pullman, where he is superintendent of the carpentry department. Mr. Martin is a mcmbei of the Masonic Order. In 1870 he married Miss M. J. Black, of Burlington, Iowa. They have one son, Edgar D.

DANIEL R. MAR UN. principal of the Pullman public schools, was born at vVlllUmitowa, Oiange Co.. June 4. 1852. He was rat>ed in llis native Stale, and graduated in 1974 fr< m the Wiihslon Seminary, East Hampton, Mass, He afterward spent the freshman year at Aruhersl College and the sophomore vear at Cornell University, and has since made teaching bis 1 rofession. Mr. Martin came to Cook County in 187b. and November 21, 1BS1. took his present position. He is a member of the Howen Lodge. U. W.. of Kensington, III.

ANDREW C. RANKIN, physician and surgron was born in Ripley, lirown Co., Ohio, June 22, 182S, and was there raised. He graduated from Ripley College in 1 847, and from ihe Medical College of Columbus, Ohio, in 1852. In ihe spring of 1S56 he went to Lawrence. Kan., to assist in making that a fiec Stale, and was with the Jim Lane and John Brown forces in many of their encounters with pro-slavery men. lie attended the wounded at the battle of Black Jack, among them Watson Brown, who was afterward killed at Harper's Ferry. In 1802 be entered the war as a contract surgeon, and 111 August became surgeon of the 2d Board of Trade, or 88ih Illinois Volunteer Infantry; six months after he was made hospital surgeon at Stone River ; then touk charge of the Government hospital at Albany, Iud , tlnee munths; was llien sent to Camp Nelson. Ky., where he had charge ol a hospital of 1,500 beds. In December. 1805, he settled in l.oda, lit., in the practice of medicine, and was also examining surgeon for United States pensions. The Doctor came to Pullman in May. 1BS1. In October, 1851, be married Miss Susan R II..w>rr. of Felicity, Ciairmont Co., Ohio. They have two children Ellen R., now Mrs \V. II. C-.pp, and Louie Quindaro, now Mis. Edward Slocum. The Doctor is a member of the Illinois Central Medical Association, the State Medical Society, and ihe American Medical Association. He is also a charier member of Pullman Palace Lodge, No. 705, A. F. & A and Sir Knighis of the same Order. He belongs lo the Presbyterian Church, and is presdent of its board of trustees.

A. D. RICHARDS was born in Onundago Counly, N. Y., April 9, 1S36. In the class of IS50 he graduated from Union College, Schenectady, N. V. ; then taught until May, lE6l, when he enlisted in the 35th New York Volunteer Infantry. He re-enlisted in the 101I1 New York Artillery, was on suffdiity. and at Petersburg, was made inspector general. Af:er the war he followed teaching until, in 1876. he engaged us drug clerk in Chicago, his principal occupation ihe past twenty years. He came to Pullman November 28. lS3l, where he is cletll and bookkeeper in ihe carpentry department of the Pullman Palace Car Company. Mr. Richards is a member of ihe Gemge II I humas Post, No 5. G. A. R.. Chicago. In 1858 he mairied Miss S. E. Bailey, of J fferson County, N. Y. They have one daughter - Carrie E., now Mrs. C. C. Mason.

N. W. ROBINSON, mechanical engineer, was bom in Grand Isle Counly, Vt . January 8, 1823. and was educated in Vermont and New York Slates. He hail charge ol seveiat woiks and in n mines in the East, and from 1S69 to 1873 wax in California operating ihe diamond drills, for mining and testing mines being die introducer of th.it appliance on the Pacific Coast. June I. 187* he came to Pullman and had charge of ihe machinery department and stcam-fitting until April. 1S83. He is now engaged in OBIWing transfer tables for moving cars, on which he has a patent, and is at present having his wutk done by the Union Foundry and Pullman Car-Wheel Company. In 184S Mr. Kobnson married Mi.s Elmira Winter, of Essex County. N. V. They have five children - Anhur It . Charles. Elizabeth, Hurd and Fredtnck.

CHAUNCEY It. SEATON was born in San u-ky County, Ohio, March 17, 1848. He lived in his native Slate until 1B0S. when he spent a shott lime in Chicago, going 1 hence to Selma. Ala., where he spent some time in draughting, contracting aiin building. In the spring of 1881 he returned 10 Chicago, engaging in Ihe same business, also in architrcluie. Mr. Seamn came to Pullman in i88t. where he is draughtsman in the construction department of the Pullman Palace Car Work*

WILLIAM W. STEWART, lawyer, was horn in Pulsburgn, Penn . December 14. 1627. In 1829 his parents moved to St. Joseph Counly, Mich., where he was raised. He wns educated at the White Pigeon and Alhinn preparatory schools, and spent some lime at Michigan University, lie arrived in Chicago by stag from New Buffalo December 31, 1847. where he became Assistam Postmaster (or three years under General Hait L. Stewart, ros - master. I le then studied law in the office of Collins & Battel***", and in 1S53 was admitted to the Bar. After two years practice « was appointed Notary Public for Cook County, and held the o«i« eight year,. Jn l««l he enlisted in the Douglas Brigade as A»> sistant Quartermaster, * Xfar returning to Chicago, where he was made attorney and trustee of Messrs. Sanger. Lamp & Co. In their interest he moved in iSfi; to Flora, Clay Co., 111., where he was .issucialed with lion. Aaron Shaw in the practice of law. Mr. Stewart returned to Chicago six years after, and in :89l was elected Prosecuting Attorney for Hyde Park. In the spring of 1S83 he localed in Pullman and was designated local attorney for the Pullman Palace Car O'mpany. Mr. Stewart was married in 1S53 to Miss Angeline Stewart, of Philadelphia. Penn. They have had five children - William F., Charles \V.. Grace, Clarence and Isabelle, the last two deceased, lie is a member of the Sixth Presbyterian Church. Chicago, I. O. O. F., Koyal Arcanum and the Masonic Older.

\V. O. SUTHERLAND, of \V. O. Sutherland & Co.. grocer* and dry goods merchants, h u l>orn in Genesee County. Mich., February 23, I S45, and was raised and educated at Saginaw. August 6, 1861. he enlisted in the 8th Michigan Volunteer Infainry. reenlisted in the United Stales Engineers and served till September 23, 186.1. In iSfxj he was admitted to the liar and practiced eight years. Mr. Sutherland came to Chicago in 1876, and was a traveling salesman up to January, 1882, when he began trade at Kensington, in July Cuming to Pullman, where the firm has two stores. In I S61) lie marrieii Miss Liznc Shaw, of To edo, Ohio. Theyhave one daughter, Ethel M.

MARCUS TESCIIN'ER, meat market, was bom in Hungary' Germany. April IS, 1835, coming lo the United Stales in i5s7' He came to Chicago in 1S71, settling in Englewood, where he followed various employments until coming to Pullman in June, |83(. Mr. Teschnet was married in 1S56 to Miss Amelia Schick, a native of Hungary. Thev have four children - Arnold, lacob, Carrie and Rachel. The subject of this ske ch has been a "mem. ber of the Hungarian Brotherhood Society of Brooklyn, N. Y., the past thirteen vears.

ELIAS THOMAS was born in Wales October 31. 1833. Me was there brought up as a moldcr. serving an apprenticeship of seven years in one shop. In 1S69 he came to Amenta, and at Cincinnati, Ohio, followed his trade until coming to Pullman in June. 1883, where he is foreman of the general foundry. In 1S54 he married Miss Anna Landsdownc, a native of Wales. They have nine children - John, Maria, Klias, Ir., Charles, Anna, Will, jam. Albert and Caroline. Mr. Thomas and wife arc members of the M. E. Church of Pullman.

JOHN" VIIOM ISDN was born in Montgomery County. N. V.. March Id, 1829. and was raised 111 Saratoga County. He followed building and contracting twenty-one years in Elgin, 111., then at Kansas two ycats. when he returned to Cook County. He came to Pullman in July. ISSo. and is now assistant foreman in the carpentry department of the Pullman Palace Car Company. In 1854 he married Mivs Maggie A. Smith, of Schenectady County. N V. They have five children - Burton E. fchief repairer of the police patrol and signal service, Chicago), Angeline Stella. Almrrin T. and John, Jr.

JOSEPH VOGT, lire marshal and superintendent of watchmen, was born in Chicago December 1, IS;*, his father, John S., com ng in 1S34. The subject of ihis sketch was raised in Chicago, and joined i s fire department in May, 1874: was promoted lieutenant in 1S79 and resigned August 15, 18S1. to come to Pullman. Here he look his prc-ent charge July 25. He is a member of the [-dependant Older of Foresters, and the benevolent association of the paid fire department. January 16 1S75. he married Miss Klleii Nicholson, of Chicago. They have one (laughter, Kate.

JESSE WARDKI.E. manager of the Red Lion H.iot and Shoe company, was horn in Canterbury, England, July 17, 18.1S. lie came with his parents 10 t he United States in 1850. and was raised in Towanda, Itiadiord Co.. Penn. His business has always been the boot and shoe trade. Coming to Chicago in December, itlt, he engaged as salesman in n wholesale house. He began his present business in Pullman July I, 18S2. In 1869 he married Miss Ella Srem, of Mauch Chunk, Penn. They have two children- Charles II. and J. Lulu.

JOHN I.. WOOD", is assistant secretary, and is in charge of the Allen Paper Car Wheel works at Pullman. This is a New- Jersey company, with headquarters at New York City, works at Hudson, N. Y., and paper mill at Morris, III. The capacitv or the works at Pullman is 15.000 wheels per year, and they use about twelve tons of paper per week.

North Pullman

About one-fourth of a mite north of the Allen works are the vast buildings pertaining to the Union Foundry and Pullman Car-Wheel Works, of which N. S. Houton is csident. In these buildings are cast from two hundred and twenty to two hundred and fifty ear-wheels per diem ; and from fifty to seventy-five tons of such casting- fur architectural and other purposes as may be ordered. The buildings are : A main building 'one hundred and three feet frontage and eight hundred and seventy-two feet deep ; a wheel foundry seventy-two feet by two hundred and fifteen fect. in conjunction with whit n are a cupola mom twenty-six feet by sixty-two feet, and a core-room forty feet square ; a foundry for car-castings, sixty-two feet by three hundred feet, and the cupola attached thereto twenty-six feet by thirty-two feet ; the architectural foundry, in rear of this last building, sixty-two feet by two hundred feet, with a cupola of the same size as that of the car-castings foundry ; in the rear of this building is a building sixty-two feet by seventy-two feet, where heavy castings are made, and the facilities are such that a casting weighing fifty thousand pounds can be made ; in the rear of this building is a core-room sixty-two feet by seventy-seven feet ; and adjacent to the car-castings and architectural foundries is another foundry-room and core-oven, occupying an area of fifty-three feet by four hundred and eighteen feet. Another main building, sixty two feet front by five hundred and forty-four feet in depth, comprises : the bla ksmith shops sixty-feet by or.< hundred and fifty-seven feet ; the machine short, sixty-two feet by two hundred feet, near which are the boiler-house and engine-room, fifty feet by eighty-four feet : the chimney of the boiler-house is twelve feet in diameter and one hundred feet high. In rear of the machine shop are the finishing shops, sixty-two fect bv one hundred and three feet, with a wing attached sixty-two feet by one hundred and forty feet. In the rear end of this building is the pattern shop, measuring sixty-two fect by eighty-eight feet, to the left of which is the storehouse for patterns, three stories high and forty feet by one hundred and forty feet, quadrangular measurement. The offices occupy a separate two-story building forty feet by twenty-three feet.*

As the necessities of this vast enterprise arc created new buildings are erected ; these and the hundreds of dwellings built for the workmen after the general plan of those at Pullman constitute North Pullman : although the buildings that have been erected between the Houton and Allen works have hyphenated North and Main Pullman and made them a compound town. The Union l'oundrv and Pullman Car- Wheel Works employ one thoiis old v. - -: k 11 r.T. um- annul t wo hundred tons Of iron per diem : they, in addition to their variety of other work, make all the castings for .the National Mortising Machine Company, of Chicago, and likewise make the large castings used in the Hoard of Trade building. There seems to be no reason why the Union Foundry sin hi Id not rival the celebrated works of the Carnegie Brothers.

In conclusion it may be remarked that this article may be successful in conveying an approximate idea of Pullman to the reader; but. as was remarked at the commencement of this article, phraseology is inadequate to describe the place ; in going over it in propria persona, the mind becomes bewildered in trying to follow out the realizations in brick and mortar of these far seeing adepts of commercial enterprise, and the imagination gazes in helpless chaos of incomprehensibility at the magnitude of statistics. Seventy-five thousand car loads of building material used up to August 1, 1883 ; thirty miles of railroad track running in and about the works; six millions of dollars spent in creating the town ; three thousand five hundred acres of land belong to the Pullman company : the employes number from three thousand eight hundred to four thousaiulmcn. Such figures are facts, but are thev comprehensible as displayed in the landscape of Pullman ? Decidedly not ; simply because Pullman is not one of a species, it - like Napoleon - is its own ancestor and is comparable with no other extant town or city. It is not alone a wonder as to its present, hut a wonder as to its ]>ossibilitics of the future; it was built to grow both as to its manufacturing ability and its inhabitation ; e. g.. the car shops manufacture fifteen freight cars per diem, by increasing the force from two hundred to six hundred men, forty freight cars can be tunned out ; the plant is there for present necessities and the probable need of the future. And of the large acreage of the Pullman I. ami Company, a portion will be devoted to the use of those who desire to purchase their homes ; long lime and small interest, with liberal, but intelligent and remunerative, assistance to those building will be granted. The moral of Pullman is that unity Of interest in capital and labor is not only feasible and practicable, but remunerative ; the moral effect is what has been considered by (leorge M. Pullman, and that will be to cause employers to consider the most effectual method of advancing the mental and moral status of their employes. George Pcabmly did much. George M. Pullman has done more, for the latter has demonstrated how philanthropy and business calculation and profit can go hand in-hand, and Pullman stands a striking reproof to the grinding monopolists, and of it can be said relative to George M. Pullman what the old Roman said of Caesar and Rome : "Si iiwiiunu'iituin fmUriSj circumspiit ! " bounded on the north by Lake, on the east by Hyde Park, on the south by Thornton, and on the west by Worth. Until March 5, 1X67, Calumet was a |>ari of what is now the town of Hyde Park: at that date the division was made, which left it with its present bnundaries, being in area just one-half the sice of a Congressional township.

The first election for the organization of the township was held June 17, 1862, at the store of Gorris Van der Sydc in Washington Heights, Benjamin Sanders was chosen moderator and 0. CJ- Rile clerk. The officers elected were: Thomas C. Morgan, Supervisor; Albert Kroon. Clerk; T. F. McClinlock, Assessor; Charles Kllfeldt, Collector; George Luctemeyer and A. 15. Wheeler. Justices, The following arc the officers chosen at the annual elections from 1863 to the present time :

Tbj) township has within its limits the villages of Blue Island, Washington Heights and Morgan Park. The latter place was originally known as the northern part of the village of Blue Island, being platte^l under its present name in 1879.

CALUMET TOWNSHIP MISUF.I.LAXKOVS BIOCRAI'HIES. JOHN J. DkYOUNO, farmer. Section u, P. O. Rowland, CMM with his parents to Calumet Township. Cook County, in isj/>. His father. laeob He Young, bought a farm and paid WW dollars per acre for it There were six childrco in the [amity. h« M>m anil one (laughter. The lather died March 27. l3"u- J'*" .'- was born in Holland August 27, i3i6, coming with his luteins to America in IS\|3. In ISM he named Miss Jennie Koitimcrs, a native of Holland, born February 6. 1S42. ri«>- "-***5*2 children - Elizabeth, tlcrtie. Isaac, Jacob, Man-, Katie, Richard and I'eter llwinsl. lohn, Susan and |ennie. He has served as school director and' deacon of the Reformed Church of RuieUml. of which thev arc members. , .

JAMKS HALl.lHAY has a meat market in Chicago ami also one at Kcritwood. employing (oiir men in the business. He came to Chicago in is'»5, and engaged in engraving and printing ami began his present business in it}*. «- *» ,H,rn ,n 5"?2S upon-'l vnc. England. August 11. 1S4S, where he was raised uniu he came to Chicago. In l»7^ he married Miss Annie brinks'"", nf Naitwortri. tilouccstcrshire. England, who came to the I Stales in the fall of 1S73. Thev have one daughtet. IMW* * Mr. Halliday is a member of the Independent Onkr of roresurs ol Illinois. He served live fan in the 1st ln[anlry. Illinois salional C.uards. and was promoted from private to lir»l U-jj**~

CHARLES II. HANCHETT, of the tirmof Hanchelt IMV paiicr and stationery dealers, P. O. Smilh Englcwood. came m u ncago in !&7o. and engaged in the vile of lime a year : then was in . n liverv business two years. In |3?-I he engaged in Ins present " ncss'and look up his residence at South Knglewood OfmmT^ Thev give employment to eight men, and do an annual MRK Sioo.ooo. They have a butter-plate, peach-basket, an<l «£r"J factory at Montague. Mich., where they employ forty m »'">"», Mr. Hancliett was born in Heloit, Wis., April 12. IS44: « " * there and educated at Heloit College, In 1861 he wKWMg scrvnl one year in the armv: then rcenlislcd la the 4'" TT Ilatlcry; was promoted to Sergeant, and mustered out ,lui> w Alter army life he attended school at Heloit a short time. engaging 'in business some lime he visited l>cnvcr. Lnio. . . .0 City. Utah. Virginia City, Mon.: them returned to Mf*^*1 ** gaged in the stone.qu.irrr business until he came lo V. . ' May. 1S71. he married Miss Marion I'". Howkcr. rfChtag>

Al.. f. I'KEI.MAN. contractor and builder, P.O. ton. was horn in Meadvillc. Crawford Co.. I'enn where he was raised, where he has since lieen I of I'eclman Itros,. worked at the carpenter ..

History Of Calif Mkt And Worth

of 1S6.-, am! clerked in C, R. I. & P. R R. Company's office (in- III he took charge of thc station at I'cru, II!.. where he remained five years. In 1874 he took charge of the Washington Heights passenger am! transfer depots. He was horn at Syracuse. N. V.. March 3, 1S45, and was raised and educated in his native State. He was made a Mason at Pent, III.. November ti. IS04. He was married to Miss Jennie E. ltowen. a .laughter of Jared W. Ikmen. of Svr.icuse, V Y.

P. A. REICH, Postmaster of Rivcrdale. and dealer in general merchandise, lumber and building material of all kinds, came to Thornton Township. Cook County, in 1S01, where he followed farming, in |8<V> coming to KivcrdaJc and opening a general store. He has now the oldest established trade in thc village, began the lumber trade in the fall of 1878. ill erected a planing mill in 1880, which has a capacity of 60,000 feet per dav, and emplovs twenty-two men. 1 Ic sells about 4.0 xi.ouo feet of lumber per year, and owns a vessel which he uses in carrying lumber He was born in Saxony. Germany. May 10, 1842, and came to America with his parents in 1S54, locating in Indiana until he came to Illinois. In i860 he was married to Miss Louisa S, t latter, of Wurtcnibcrg, Germany. They have two children, August C anil Otto C. He is a member of the A. O. U. W. and I. O. t). K. He has served as Town Commissioner three years, and as Postmaster of Riverdale fourteen years.

FRIEDRlCH SCHMIDT, farmer and gardener. P. O. Riverdale, came to Cook County in 1850, and farmed near Calumet Lake. In 1852 he settled at what is now Kiverdalc, where he has since followed agricultural pursuits. He was Ix.rn in SuOMT, Germany. August 22, 1828, and was raised a farmer and miller. He caine to America in 1848 ; worked in a flouring mill in Pittsburgh, I'enn , two years. He then started on foot, and after many days' hard travel finally reached Chicago. In 1855 he was married to Miss Caroline Draeger, a native of Hanover. Germany, born in 831. They have two son", Kred. W., now attending Chicago Medical College in thc class of 1885, and Gustav A , now attending Englcwood high school. Mr. Schmidt is now member of the school hoard of his township, and has held several town offices.

MAT II I As. SCHMIDT, P.O. South Englewnod. follows thc business of contract work, Hading railroads, and street building, anil aKo docs a large hay trade. He came to Chicago in 1857. where he engaged in grading streets and railroad grades, lie settled in Lake Township in tsfjo, and began his present business. He has been Street Overseer atxuit thirteen years, and member of thc school board the same length of time. He was born in Prussia, Germany, October 14, 1835. and came with his parents to the United States in 1841. In 1857 he married Kredericka Kohl, a native of litiffiilo, N Y. They had ten childten - Mary V.. larwis (deceased), Sarah J.>s«ph. Lir.*ie (deceased), Willie. Philip. John (deceased), Emma and Addic. His wife died in 1S7S. In October, i38o. he married Catharine Elling. a native of llolstein. Germany, who by a former marriage had eight children - Georgia (deceased), Anna, Marv, Willie, Lena. Georgian:!. August anil Christopher.

S. MONTGOMERY SMITH, of Kcmwood. was born in Warsaw, N. Y., June 13, 1856. and was there raised. At the age of fifteen he began as clerk in thc Chemical National Rank of New York City, and received ten promotions before coming to Chicago in 1877. In the spring of 1883 he became interested in and projected Fcrnwood Village, located on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad. Of tins place E. L. Gillette and Henry I.. Hill are proprietors, and Mr. Smith superintends and controls all the improvements of the village.

GOKKIs VAN DEK SYDE, Postmaster of Roseland. and dealer in crwkcry, notions, etc., came to Roseland in 1841). He engaged in thc retail meat trade about two years, then embarked in general merchandising, which business he continued twenty-rive years, being the pioneer merchant of the village. In iSfil lie took charge of the Roseland Post.t Wire, and has since officiated in that rapacity. He has served as Township Clerk and Collector of Taxes two terms each, He was horn in Holland Decemlxr 13. 182S, and came to America in 1 840. In 1 85,7 he married Miss Engcl De- Young, a daughter of Henry 1 V Young, an old settler of Thornton Township. They have six children - Lcndert, Harry, Henry, Corns, Jr., Marv and Nellie. Theyare members of thc Dutch Reformed Church of Roseland.

Blue Island Village

This is one of the first settled villages of the county, dating its origin back to 1835, To-day, however, beyond a very few buildings which have withstood the ravages of time, the place possesses no other monumenLs of thc past. There are a few of the early pioneers

It was here that l'eter liarton platted a village and indulged in hopes of building up a city nearly half a century ago. but like many other cnterprizes, his was destined to failure. The location of Blue Island Village is a beautiful one. Nowhere about Chicago is there to Ik- found a more pleasant ami desirable resident locality. The origin of the name is said to Ik.- due to the fact that a strip of land six miles long, and an average of one mile in width, elevated nearly fifty feet above the surrounding country, gave to it the appearance of an island. To further complete the semblance, at thc northern extremity of the ridge, was a piece of heavy timber which, rising abruptly from the level prairie, appeared to the traveler at a distance to skirt the shores of a lake. This was due. of course, to that singular phenomenon in nature called a mirage. Isaac ( "ook, now of St. Louis, John Calhoun. II. H. Clark, Captain Hngunin, Ashbel Steele, Frank Sherman and others, in early days came here for the purpose of hunting deer anil other game, ami noticing the mirage, they named the country hereabout Blue Island, l'eter Barton came here in 1837 ; he caused a plot of a village to be made, erected a store building on Western Avenue, then called the Wabash road, and chartered a schooner to bring supplies. He and Norman Rexford also laid out the highway, now known as Vincennes Avenue. Jermanicus Cooley came late in the year 1839, and settled on the Wilson lot. About the same time Horace Munn settled near Western Avenue and Burr Oak Street. Carlton Wadhams came in 1840 and located a farm in the same neighborhood. This fann he owned until 1S44, when he sold it, and moved into the village, and built the house now owned by Mr. Klien.

Mr. BATUMI named the place " Portland," and not until many years later did the village obtain the one it now bears. The post-office name of the village was "Worth," although the citizens called it Blue Island, which name was given to it legally when the village organization was effected in 1872.

Norman Rexford's family settled at the head of the Island in 1835, and the following year located the Rexford Homestead. Mr. Rexford was the first settler in what is now Blue Island Village, and in which he lived up to the time of his death in 1883. Mrs. Rexford, who survives him, still lives on the old place, and has vivid recollections of the life and times now long agone. H. S. Rexford came to Chicago in 1832. made a claim at Yankee Settlement, and lived at Norman Rexford's house from June until in March of the following year, when he returned to thc Last, after the land sale. Unable, however, to control his desire for western life. Mr. Rexford, a few years later, re-visited Chicago and finally located at Blue Island, where he now resides. Stephen Jones, who also came here at an early day, died June 14, 1851, and Mrs. Jones formerly Crandall) lives to-day in the village, lieing one of the few surviving pioneers.

John Britton came in 1837 and built a blacksmith shop at what is now Western Avenue, a short distance below the Rexford Hotel. Z. Wilson came the same year, and in 1838 began building for himself a house, which, however, he did not live to complete ; as he died in the winter of that year. In 1840 Jermantcus Cooley purchased the property, completed the unfinished building and made it his home.

When S. 1). Huntington came to the village in 1845, he had among his neighbors, Norman Rexford, Jermanicus Coolcy, Stephen Jones, Henr>' Robinson, John liritton and others. At that time Stephen Jones lived in the only house south of Stony Creek. Norm.in Rexford kept his Blue Island House, and adjoining him lived Henry Robinson. Jermanicus Cooley resided north of the Robinsons and adjoining the blacksmith shop built by John Hritton. In those days, and as late as the winter of 1849-50, game of all kind was in abundanc e al>out Blue Island. During the winter just mentioned deer appeared in great numbers. Carlton Wadhams, Daniel Staunton, now of Connecticut, Ld. sin. .mi, > I ' Hunt ngi - 1 and othi rs wh h names have been mentioned in the history of Blue Island, were among the hunters of that period.

The I'erriams, who settled at Riverdale previous to this time, together with other settlers as far south as the township of Bloom, made Portland their trading and market town. Charles and Joseph B. Robinson came in 1840, and two years later built a store house on the Wabash road.

Richard Bingle settled on what is now the Whitebeck homestead in 1842. Two years thereafter he died, and his body was buried on the farm. Benjamin Sanders came to the village in 1S45 and made it his home until his death, which occurred a few years ago. He was connected with the County Board for many years, and was mainly instrumental in having the County Normal School located at Blue Island in 1867.

The first death in the settlement was that of a Mr. Wilson, who died in August, 1838, at the home of the Rcxfords. He was buried on a lot which before his decease he had purchased, near the Blue Island depot. The second death was that of Mrs. Hume, which occurred in SeptemlM-r, 1S42. She was buried on the ridge near the Sanders homestead. The first birth in the settlement outside the village limits, was that of Barton Rexford, born in 1836. The first child born in the village was Edna Annie Jones, daughter of Stephen Jones, July 26, 1840. The first marriage was that of Uriah Wentworth to the Widow Boardman. The wedding occurred at the house of Stephen Rexford. a Justice of the Peace, and who also tied the nuptial knot. The second on recoril was at the same place, the Justice officiating as before. The contracting parties were Stephen Jones and Martha CrandalL The date of the ceremony was October 18, 1837.

The first murder in the vicinity was a peculiarly cold blooded and fiendish affair ; the facts, which will yet be remembered by the few remaining settlers of those days, are as follows : On Friday, the 18th of December, 1857, the dead body of a man was found lying on the ground by the roadside in the town of Worth, and near the village of Blue Island. In the road, opposite the spot where the body was lying, was a large pool of blood, and from this a bloody trail showed that the deed hail been done in the road and the murderer bad then dragged the body to the spot where it was discovered. Examinations disclosed the fact that the man had been shot through the head, indicting an injury from which death must have been an instantaneous result. The body was recognized as being that of a Mr. Lauermann. a German farmer, who resided on the Western prairie The night before he had stopped at the Blue Island Hotel, and at davligbt, on I-riday morning, had started with his team and wagon with a load of oats for Chicago. As the team had disappeared, suspicion at once attached to a young Swiss, Albert Staub, afias Emile Derr, who had also Mopped all night at the same tavern with Lauermann, and who had asked permission of the deceased to ride with him to the city. Sheriff Wilson was at once notified of the facts, and Captain Bradley, the noted detective, set to work to discover the murderer. He traced the young man Staub to Milwaukee, and on the afternoon of the 2tst had the satisfac tion of receiving a dispatch from that place, which informed him the man had been arrested and was in custody, awaiting his orders. Staub was taken to Chicago and placed in jail, when he confessed to the murder of Lauermann, as well as to other crimes, and told in full the story of his life. He said that he was nineteen years of age, and that he was born and raised in the town of Thalwiel, near the city of Zurich, Switzerland. His parents, it was learned, were respectable |icoplc in comfortable circumstances and young Staub had received a good education, being especially proficient in mathematics. His parents dying, however, he soon dissipated what little property they had left him. and on the 26th of May, 1857, he. with a number of his countrymen landed in Chicago, it being the intention of the parly to settle near Osbkosh. Wis., and purchase farms in that locality. On arriving at Chicago, Staub found himself without money, although he had a through ticket to his intended destination. He accordingly concluded to go no further, and stopped at a Swiss boarding-house known as the "Bremen Hoff," which then stood on the comer of Clark and Taylor streets. Here, through a friend, he obtained employment and worked at Hagcrman's tavern until about the first of September, when he went to Blue Island and engaged in hauling wood for two brothers named Baden, countrymen of his, and who had come to this country about the same time. Here he Committed his first crime. As he was in Blue Island everyday, he was entrusted by his employers to bring their letters from the post-office. About* the middle of November Staub learned that the Badenswere expecting a sum nf money from the old country. He then commenced to watch the mails. Soon the letter came, with an order on the United States Express Company for the sum of $387. This order he sold, and with the proceeds fled to Milwaukee. At that place he purchased a saloon for $noo. paying $So down, and arranging that the balance should be paidbv New Years Dav. He then started to return to Chicago, telling the party from whom he had pun based the saloon, that as soon as he sold some horses which he had there, he would return and close the trade. He went direct to Blue Island, where, as already stated, he fell 1" with the German farmer. It was then he formed the design of killing his new found friend, and of selling his horses in order to get more money with which to continue in business. This was on the morning of the 18th of December, and the weather was quite cold. Alter they had gone some distance Mr. Lauermann proposed that Staub should drive the team; Staub did as requested, and took the lines, while the farmer, turning himself partly around, sat with his feet hanging over the end board of the wagon, and kicking them against it to keep them warm. While he was sitting in this position, thr murderer, as he subsequently stated, put his hand into his breast coat pocket to draw his weapon, but his 1. ourage failed him Finally he pew desperaw 1 df» » his pistol, and a moment later the German was in eternity. After he had committed the murder. Staub dragged the body some distance from the road, where he left it. He then took the team and drove to Milwaukee, where he arrived on Monday the 21st, and was almost immediately arrested by an officer, who identified him on a description furnished by Captain Bradley. The murderer also stated that he had never seen Laue'rmann before, and that his only object in committing the crime was plunder. He said he wanted money to pay for the saloon, and did not know how to get it except by robbery. He made this confession in the jail, and only once did he show signs of remorse for his Crime, which was when he was told that the man he had so ruthlessly murdered had left a wife and children. On hearing this he wept for a moment, but soon regained his usual composure. Of course, in the face of his confession, his trial was but a short affair, and he was sentenced to he hanged on Tuesday, April 20, 1858. The day on which he paid the penalty of his crime was a dark and dismal one, and during the execution rain fell unceasingly on the thousands who gathered to witness the awful spectacle. The gallows was erected on Reuben Street now Ashland Avenue , live or six blocks south of its intersection with Madison Street; ami "despite the rain and mud." *ays the Tribune in its account, "the crowd followed the procession as best they could across lots, after wading in water nearly knee' deep." Arriving at the gallows the N. O. Cadet's, commanded by Captain Styker. and the Shields Ouard under Captain Kelly, formed into a hollow square about the scaffold and kept the crowd at a respectful distance. Bitterly weeping ami completely unmanned, the prisoner was led from the carriage to the scaffold. The Rev. Mr. Hauin of the Clark-street Methodist Church, then offered up a touching prayer on behalf of the condemned man. While the reverend gentleman was praving, the prisoner apparently regained his composure, and when Sheriff Wilson adjusted the [loose about his neck, he stood calmly submitting, making no signs of emotion or weakness. 'Before the white gown was placed upon him he requested permission to say a few words to his Cicrman brethren present, which was granted. He spoke in German, exhorting those who heard him to take warning by his fate, to keep away from bad company, to let liquor alone, and not to allow their love for money to lead them into crime. The gown was then put on, the black cap drawn over his face, the bolt drawn and Albert Staub was launched into eternity. He professed religion, and died believing he had been fully pardoned and that the joys of heaven awaited hnn on his entrance to another world.

In iSjS a post-office was established, with Norman Rcxford as Postmaster. The office was located in a building then called the Blue Island House, on the -ite where the liodit store now stands. The Postmasters since that time have been: Henry Robinson, H. H. Masscy, Cyrus B. Summons, Dr. Harmon, I-'. Schopper, if. P. Robinson and l'\ C. Dcffcnhach. In early days, II. S. Rcxford used to carry the mail on his stage between Chicago and Crete, via Bloom. Thornton, Blue Island and Junction Grove.

VtLLAct Okcani/ \ 110N, -Piior to the fifties, and indeed until the coming of the first railroad in 1S54, Blue Island was a much more stirring place than it is at the present time. In thoj.e d ivs farmers hauled their produce to Chicago, some of them coming from down on the Kankakee and Wabash, a distance of fifty miles; and Blue Island was a stopping point on their route. Now, however, all is changed, the railroads which traverse the country in every direction do the work of transporting produce of all kinds to the Chicago market and Blue Island has become a quiet, though one among the prettiest little suburban towns in the West.

During the winter of 1869-70 the question of obtaining a village government was discussed; and subsequently a bill was introduced in the State legislature for the re-organization of the township of Calumet, and the cast half of the eastern sections of Worth Township, on the same plan as are the towns of Lake and Hyde- Park. The measure, however, did not pass, and for the time being, the matter of town organization was permitted to drop. In July of 1872 the question was again revived by the citizens, who presented a petition to Judge M. R M. Wallace, o! the County Court, praying for the right of determining by a popular vote the question of etfecting a permanent village organization. The territory embraced in the petition was the east half of Sections 56 and 25, Township 37, Range t,;. in the township of Worth, and the west half of Sections 31 and 30, 'Township 37. Range 14. in the township of Calumet, all including an area of two square miles. 'The following are the signatures attached to the original document : H. H. Mussey. Merrill Kile. Alfred Duller. Ail>crt W. Roche, C. B. Sammons, Charles D. Robinson, J. W. Harmon, C kenkenberger, |ohn M. Green, W. B. Boutwell, W. Shults. O. G. Kile, B. N. Re.xford. Benjamin Sanders, George E. Plumb, Royal Fox, James (ireen. Hart Matter, William Black, W. R. Patterson. John Klein, F. Schapper, I'. (1. Deilinli.icli, August Bicdcrman, George l.uchtemeyer, William Sorgenfon, Andrew Mihm, Henry Schmht, P. Schleuter, William Baumbach, Taiwan! Eichkoff. IT B. Robinson,

Authority to hold an election, was granted bv ludge Wallace August 22, 1S72, at the house of Gotlib Klicn on September 7. following. Christian Krueger, Henry Bert ratld and Hart Masscy, were appointed as judges of the election, which was held on the day. named, with the following result: 'Total number of votes polled, 114; number in favor of organization, 99; number against. 13; blanks, 2; R. C. An Id and W. R. Patterson were the clerks of the election. October 26, 1872, the election of the first board of trustees took place, which resulted in the selection of Richard McClaughry, Lad wig Krueger, Jacob Apple, Walter P. Roche and Benjamin Sanders. The meeting to organize the village council was hehl October 2S, 1872, at the office of C. B. Sammons, who was also chosen president. On the 30th of the month, Hart Masscy was appointed clerk, and Peter Schluester treasurer. Mr. Schluester, however, failed to serve, and Herman Schmidt was appointed November 9, 1872. Immediately following this a council room was obtained and a set of village ordinances framed and adopted. A loan ot §200 was negotiated at ten per cent, and authority given to survey and plat the entire territory included in the order establishing the village. William l». Brayton was appointed Superintendent of Public Works, and Henry Marker captain of police in December of that year. The second annual election was held April 15, 1873, and the following named offic ers were chosen: Christian Krueger, Ferdinand Daemike, Edward Eichoft, Merrill Kile, W. P. Roche and Jacob Appel, trustees; Henry Bertrand, police justice; F, G. Dicfenbach. clerk; Herman Schmidt, president; W. B. Brayton, treasurer ami Superintendent of Public Works, and Herman Sternum, captain of police.

The present owners of subdivisions at Blue Island are Otis Wattles, John I'. Young and the Sander's and Robinson's subdivisions. The price of lots range from §10 to $15 |kt front fool within the limits of the village. Acre lots on the ridge are worth from two to live hundred dollars each, while in the bottom lands smith of the village and across Stony Creek good land can Ik: purchased as low as eighty dollar* per acre.

Schools. - The first public school-house in the village was built in 49. Its location was on Vermont Street near Maple Avenue. The house was a long, one-story frame structure, anil is yet in existence, being now the residence property of a Mrs Keiiirsch. Daniel Barnard, a Miss I'erkins anil a Mr. Hamilton wen- among the. first teachers who taught in the old frame, and Daniel O. Robinson taught the last term in it before the new house was built. The first Sundayschool organized in Blue Island was held in the old school-house; this was in 1X49. When the new house was built. Rodney Day purchased the old building and IMBd it for a time as a paint shop ; he finally sold it to the Baptists, who moved it to Greenwood Avenue and converted it into a cliurch. It was used for religious purposes until the baptist organization at Itluc Island ceased to exist, when it was again removed and filled up as a dwelling.

Ill 1S55 the present house standing on Vermont Slreel and Maple Avenue was creeled, and the first teachers were Professor Rodney Welch, now of the editorial staff of the Chicago Times, and Miss Mary Maxell. The house as originally built contained but two rooms, but was from the first a graded school ; it has, however, been enlarged and additions built on from time to time, as necessity required, and to-day has ten large and commodious apartments, l-'or the past three years I'rofessor J. W. Trocgcr has been the principal ; under his management the tchoul has prospered finely and ranks among the best of the public graded schools in the country. At present the corps of teachers is as follows: J. W.Troegcr, principal; Misses Clark, Starbuck ami Hegan teachers in the grammar grades; Miss

Island, and opened in September. 1867, with Professor Went worth, principal. During its probationary or experimental term of two years at this place, it proved very beneficial, and by authority of the County board was made a permanent institution, although its location was ultimately changed to the town of Ijkc. The present school buildings of Blue Island were devoted tr> the uses of the Normal, until the completion of the establishment at Normalvi'.le in 1S69.

CHURCHES. - The first religious meetings were heU in the old school-house which sKwkI near the site nl the present school building. All societies assembled there for public worship, until the erection of the tierman Methodist Episcopal Church edifice, in 1855, which was the first church building in the village.

The German Methodist Society of Blue Island, Suiidridgc and lilack Oak, was organized in 1854. ;md had at that time thirty-seven members. Rev. F. Kopp was the first pastor, "in 1855 the church edifice, which is still standing, was erected in Blue Island. From that date 10 the present, the society has enjoyed continued and uninterrupted prosperity; having now one hundred and twenty-seven members ami a large .mil graving Sabbath-school. Rev. C. G. Weinrich is the present pastor in charge.

The Methodist society was organized in August, 1*7*. many of the members having been formerly attendants at the Congregational Church. The nriv organization started out with twenty-four members, among whom were Elijah Hrayton, O. K. Karnes, Rev. I. Karnes, M. C. Karnes and family, the Wingale and "Holmes families Dr. W. C "Egan, John M. l.reen and wife, and A. Frishv. Messrs. Wingate. Hrayton and Eames were the principal promoters of the new society, and to their unceasing labors in its behalf the church owes much of its present prosperity. I" mil the following year meetings were held in the houses of the Congregationalist or Cniversalist societies. In the beginning of 1874 the erection of a new house was l>egiin. which was completed by October, being dedicated on the 24th of that month. The cost of the building was S-,.'5°. Krom 1874 to 1877 the pulpit was supplied by Revs, M. Bristol and George Chase; subsequently students from the Garrett Theological Seminary, among whom were C. VV. Crawl. J. T. Ladd, and P. H. Swift Rev. William Osborn is the present pastor. The society is now in a flourishing condition, having over sixty members in the church and a Sabbath -school with one hundred and fifty scholars, under the charge ot O. A. West, superintendent.

The Ocrman Kvangelical Lutheran society was organised on the 23d day of January, 1K63. with seven! v-five members and Rev. M. Ranniker, pastor. 1 heir house of worship was built and completed by October of the following year, and dedicated on ihc 24th of month. The congregation now numbers eighty-"** members, ami has besides a nourishing Sabbath-school with over one hundred regular attendants. A denominational day-school was also started at the lime tnc church was built, and is still kept up.

The Congregational Church was organized m i8<j" with Rev. Henry Hammond supply. The first members were Mrs. Klizabetb Sanders, Mr. and Mrs. Atkm son. Mr. and Mrs. 1. P. Voung, and Mrs. Funk. Kcv- Lemud Foster succeeded Mr. Hammond 11,1 Pf*"*' Rev. M. Karrimore, now principal of one ol the* luc.igo public schools, came next, and was in turn followed D) Rev. Samuel Dickinson, who was succeeded by Kc\. Hcnrv W Brewster, and he bv Rev. W. B. Millard who is the present pastor in charge. Ihc society ru> a

The first services of the Catholic Chinch here were held in 1X54, and in 1861 tin: Church of St. Benedict was elected. The pastoral duties were until September, 1SS5, performed by the priest in charge of the church at Washington Heights. At that time Father Beda, a Henedietine from Chicago, was assigned to this field and now has pastoral charge of the |>arisli. In connection with the Church a day-school for tlu- young of both sexes is conducted under the management of three Sisters from Notre Hume. The school, which is an excellent one, is well patronized and has now nearly fifty pupils.

The first meetings of the I'nivcr-alist society were held in Ihe old schooi-house in 1849-50. At that time the families professing the Universalis faith were the Joneses, Rexfords. Robeys, I lays and Cooles. The first preachers were Revs. Otis Skinner, Manley and I M. Day, the latter residing in Blue Island, while the former were traveling ministers, whose visits to the village were only occasional.

In 1855, when the new school-house w is built, the meetings were held in Massey's Hall, in the liochts Building, on Western Avenue. The society now assumed a regular organization, ind l>egan to increase in strength and numbers, having a large congregation, a regular pastor and a well attended Sunday-school. In 1865 the church edifice on Greenwood Avenue was buiit at a cost of §5,000, and four years later the parsonage was added. The church was erected during the * pastorship of Rev. T. H. Tabor, who remained until 1869, when he was succeeded by Rev. A. Tihbetts, he continuing m charge until 1871', when Rev. S. Gilbert was pastor for one year. Mr. Tibbelts returned in 1872 and remained until 1875. Rev. J. M. Hanson, of the Star and Covenant, took his place, preaching one year. The pastors since then have been: 1S70 to 1878, Miss A. J. Chapin ; 1S78 to 1S.S1, Miss Florence Kollock ; 1 88 1 to 1S85, Rev. A. Shaw. The present pastor is Rev. J. F. Rhoades, who is an earnest and efficient worker. The society is at present in a growing and prosperous condition ; and numbering, as it does, among its members some of the oldest ami best families in the village, it has a character and stan ling placing it among the foremost of the religious institutions of Blue Island.

Sociki its. - Calumet Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons, was chartered October 7. 1874, with the following named charter members : John Siddcl, Harry 1!. Robinson. Alden P. I'eirce, Henry Bertram!. Mathias Holberg. Charles F. Kidani. Henry W. Schmitt. Christian Ricklcnberger, Frederick Hohinan, George Luchtemeyer, Orville K. Atwood, John Roll, Robert C. Auld, Frederick C. Diefenbach. Herman Bone, Edward I'. Hanson, John W. Wolfe, Edward Seyfarth, Joseph (",. Gasser. George Rutin, William W. Watson, K. FehilUkaup, Kouis Luchtemeycr, Ira M. Cord, Albert Crnndnll, Christian Amlnis, Frederick L Gurrard and J. Howard Waldo. The officers were: John Sidel. W. M.. and II. B. Robinson, secretary. The Lodge has now a membership of nearly sixty.