Howard County, Indiana - The whole text, 1909 (part 4 of 9)

This regiment left its camp in Kokomo on the i6th of March for Xasln-ille. Tennessee. On the 5th of April it marched from this place to Charleston. Tennessee, where it arrived on the 24th. On the 3d of May it broke camp and on the 9th first came into the presence of the enemy at Rocky Face Ridge. From this time until the 15th of ;Ma}- the regiment was engaged in a continual series of skirmishes, terminating in the decisive battle of Resaca, during which the regiment repelled a charge of the enemy. After the battle it joined in the pursuit; skirmishing was constant as day followed day. The rain fell in torrents and the men were destitute of shelter, and for a long time short of rations. On the 17th of June the regiment was engaged with the enemy at Lost Mountain and on the 22d at Pine iMountain. On the 27th it drove the rebels into their works at Kenesaw ^Mountain. It next encountered the enemy near Decatur, drove him beyond its limits and destroyed the railroad. It took a full share in the siege of Atlanta and on the 29th of August was engaged in the battle of Jonesboro. From the 4th of October the regiment was in pursuit of Hood until the 15th of December, when the battle took place in front of Xashville, lasting two days anfl resulting in the extinction of Hood's army. Joining in the pursuit, the regiment pushed rapidly on until the 27th, when it went into camp at Columbia. On the 5th of January. 1865. the regiment marched to Clifton and embarked for Cincinnati. Ohio, and thence to A\'ashington City by rail. Emljarking on steamer at

From Fort Fisher the regiment embarked for Morehead City and thence went by rail to Xewbern, North Carolina. On the 8th of March the enemy was encountered at W'ise's Forks, and abandoned the field in great confusion.

The One Hundred and Thirtieth Regiment took a prominent part in this engagement and moved immediately after its close to Kingston, and on the 20th of March moved to Goldsboro. Leaving this place, it went to Smithfield, and thence to Raleigh, where it arri\'ed April 14th. From Raleigh the regiment moved to Greensboni, thence to Charlotte, where it went into camp. During the summer and fall of 1865 the regiment was employed in guard duty at Charlotte. On the 2(\ of December, 1865, the regiment was mustered out of service at this place and arrived at home on the I3t]i. Upon its arrival it was greeted with a public reception. Its members on receiving final payment and discharge, left for their homes.

"Twenty thousand volunteers to sen-e one hundred days in the arni_\- of the United States are called for from Indiana, ^^'ill you please consult with patriotic citizens of your county and take such steps as will insure the raising of the men as speedily as possible? Plan of organization by mail today. By order of the Governor. "W'n.Li.vM H. ScHL.\TER, Colonel and Military Secretary."

Failing to raise a full company, the men from this county were consolidated with a part of a company from Montgomen- county, and became Company I of the One Hundred and Thirty-fifth Regiment. :Mr. Stewart was commissioned first lieutenant. This I'egiment departed for Tennessee in the latter part of May, 1 864. In a few days after the organization of the above company another full company reported ready for service with B. Busby captain ; Milton Garrigus,' first lieutenant, and Daniel G. \\'i!kins, second lieutenant. This company proceeded at once to Indianapolis and became Company C of the One Hundred and Thirty-seventh Regiment. In the organization of the regiment Mr. Garrigus was promoted adjutant. This regiment also proceeded to Tennessee. Both regiments on arriving at Nashville were assigned to duty along the lines of the railroad used by General Sherman for the transportation of supplies to his army, then advancing on Atlanta. Both these regiments served beyond the period of one hundred days, and returned to Indianapolis, where they were finalh' discharged from ser\ice.

At the expiration of his term i>f service in the One Hundred and Thirty-seventh Regiment Alilton Garrigus at once set about organizing another company with headquarters at Indianapolis. - A few men from this county joined this company, which, when organized, became Company I of the One Hundred and Forty-second Regiment, which enlisted for one }ear under the call of Jul\', 1864. ]\Ir. Garrigus was coir.missior.ed captain and Timothy Scott second lieutenant.

county. This was Company H ni tlie One Hundred and Fiftythird Regiment. The officers were : Harrison Stewart, captain ; Aquilla Myers, first heutenant, and Henry B. Stewart, second heutenant. This regiment was organized at Indianapolis on the ist of March, 1865, and left on the 5th for Nashville, but was stopped at Louisville by order of General Palmer and sent to Russellville, where it was sent out in detachments to Hopkinsville, Bowling Green and other points in that sectiim of cnuntry.

Company H was at different times engaged in fighting guerrillas, but sustained no losses. On the i6th of June the regiment returned to Louisville and was assigned to duty at Taylor Barracks, where it remained until September 4, 1865, when it was mustered out of sen'ice.

It was publicly welcomed liunK' at Indianaijolis on the '')th in the Capitol grounds. Speeches were made by General ]\Iansfield, Hon. John H. Farquar and Colonel Nelson Trusler,

Early in July, 1863, General John Morgan with his guerrilla bands of soldiers crossed the Ohio river from Kentucky into southern Indiana, creating intense excitement througliout Indiana, many being apprehensive he would come as far north as Indianapolis, liurning and destroying property as the}' went.

He had a small force and the rapid gathering of the citizen soldiery of the state made it exceedingly unsafe for him, and turning to the east, he went into Ohio and sweeping arotmd Cincinnati, attempted to recross the Ohio above Cincinnati.

this cit}' at the eariiest possible moment. Come organized if possible. Organization, however, can be completed here and arms furnished. Please send runners over the country and inform all the people. Answer what you can do. Bring blankets.

This telegram was received at 10 o'clock a. m. on Friday and at I p. m. over one hundred men got aboard the train for Indianapolis and about three hundred followed on Saturday. After an organization was completed at Indianapolis it was learned that Morgan had crossed into Ohio. Wlien the Indiana troops were asked if they were willing to follow the rebels into another state every man from Howard responded in the affirmative.

Had the troops been hastened forward immediately the Howard county boys might ha\-e had the honor of helping capture the guerilla chieftain at Hamilton, Ohio, but when they arrived at that place they learned that Morgan had crossed the railroad at Glendale only an hour before. They proceeded to Cincinnati and arrived at home Friday evening.

As the war progressed calls for more men for the service had been issued ; in addition losses by battle, sickness and exposure had to be made good by recruiting new men for the old regiments until the number of men of military age in Howard county had been so depleted that it was no longer possible to secure the number of men wanted by asking for patriot volunteers. Other counties had the same conditions and experience and were hiring men to enlist by paying bounties.

At a special session in July, 1862, the county commissioners had appropriated five thousand dollars as a bounty to volunteers, and at their regular meeting in September following five thousand dollars more were appropriated.

To raise this fund a tax of twenty cents on each one hundred dollars of taxable property was levied. This action was strongly criticised by soldiers in the field, who had gone at the first calls without bounty, and were thus taxed for a fund that was to increase the pay of those who had enlisted more than a year afterward, and which, to the amount of their taxes, at least, diminished the pay of the earlier volunteers.

About the same time, for the purpose of determining the quota or ecjuitable share of soldiers to be furnished by each county under the calls for more troops, a census or militia enrollment of the men of military age (between eighteen and forty-five) was made. The first week in September the enrollment of the militia was completed. The enrolling commissioner, Rawson Vaile, with Corydon Richmond, examining surgeon; J. W. Cooper, provost marshal, and the eleven deputy commissioners for the townships of the county, met at the clerk's office to decide on applications for exemptions from the draft.

The attendance was large and the examination lasted several days. Seventeen months of war had worked a great change. In the beginning men had been eager to enlist and many young men under eighteen j^ears of age had evaded this requirement and gone into the service: now men were anxiously seeking to be excused for some disability.

In October, 1864, Center, Harrison and Ervin townships raised enough money by voluntary subscriptions to raise a sufficient sum to hire volunteers to fill their quota and thus escape the draft of that date.

Whereas, The President of the United States has called for three hundred thousand more men and has limited the time of raising them by volunteering to the 1 5th of Februaiy next, and

Whereas, The governor of Indiana has permission to raise eleven new regiments in this state, and the time for raising the same has been limited to the 7th of February next, and

Whereas, The citizens of other counties are moving actively in the matter by paying liberal bounties, by appropriations from their county commissioners, thus securing for themselves the available men who are in their own midst as well as in other localities, thereby rendering it entirely out of the question and impossible for those counties not paying a local bounty to secure any credits whatever, thus leaving all such counties one way only to fill their quotas, and that by draft, and

Whereas, It is the opinion and sense of this meeting- that it is the surest, most reliable, equitable and expeditious way of raising a fund to pay a local bounty to have our county commissioners make an appropriation. Thus making the burden of this work in which all should be interested fall equally upon all in proportion to the ability of each individual to pay. Therefore, be it

Resolved, By this meeting, that we hereby request our county commissioners to make an appropriation of a sufficient sum of money to pay a local bounty of three hundred dollars to each and every volunteer necessary to fill the quota of this county.

In a few days after this meeting the county commissioners were called together by the auditor, but after a consultation adjourned without taking any action whatever excepting to adjourn until Febi8o ruarv 6tli. In the meantime the Governor had extaided the time for raising- the requii-ed number of troops a few days. Large bounties were being paid in adjoining counties and our boys were leaving and volunteering elsewhere. The people were becoming thoroughly aroused and alarmed, and on Monday morning. February 6th, the day appointed by the commissioners to meet again in special session, at a very early hour the people began to flock into Kokomo in great numbers, highly excited over the prospect of a draft. They saw that Howard county would be depopulated and preferred taxation rather than that their farms should lie uncultivated for want of help. A meeting of the people convened at an early hour in James Hall, the largest in the city, and it was crowded to its utmost capacity. Upon a vote being taken only four persons voted against paying a county bounty. The commissioners were present at this meeting and seeing that the people were almost of one mind, at once held a meeting and placed upon record the following order :

It is this day ordered by the commissioners of Howard county, Indiana, that an appropriation of ninety-eight thousand dollars be and the same is hereby made and ordered for the purpose of raising a local bounty of four hundred dollars to each and every volunteer who may enlist in the military service of the United States under the call of the President of the United States for three hundred thousand men, bearing date December 19, 1864.

This appropriation shall be made in county orders, signed and issued by the auditor of said county, and in sums ranging from ten dollars to one hundred dollars each. Said orders to be paid within one year or as soon thereafter as the money to pay the same can be collected for that purpose by taxation. This appropriation to be paid to the several townships in proportion to the number of men required from each township to fill said call. And if the entire quota of said county shall not be filled bv \-olunteers tiien the num-

It is further ordered that the cdunt}- auchtor aforesaid shall issue said orders to regular appointed agents of each and every township of the county, when they shall deposit with the auditor a certificate or receipt that money enoug'h has been collected to cover the amount of the order or orders called for by said township, provided, however, that if \-oIunteers wish to take orders in lieu of money they ha\-e that privilege.

It is further ordered that all volunteers obtained from other than Howard county are to be credited to the se\-eral townships in proportion to the quotas required. It is further ordered that Ithamer Russell be appointed to receive said fund and disburse the same whenever certificates are presented showing that volunteers have been received and mustered into service and credited to Howard county under this call.

The following tabular statement shows the amounts expended for local bounties, for relief of soldiers' families and for miscellaneous military by the county of Howard and the several townships :

On [Monday, October 6, 1862. the first draft took place in this county, under the supervision of Rawson Vaile, commissioner, as follows: Ervin township, 18 men; Liberty township, 5 men; Clay township, I man ; total, 24 men.

Those who were conscientiously opposed to bearing- amis, having been excused, though able-bodied, from actual military sei'vice, were regarded, so far as the draft was concerned, as separate communities, and were required to furnish the same per cent, of the whole number of able-bodied men as had been furnished by other citizens of the government. The average number of volunteers and men drafted for actual service was about forty per cent, of the whole number of those not exempt from actual military sen-ice.

Consequently the government saw fit to draft forty per cent, of the conscientious ones, and assessed the commutation fee of two hundred dollars each. Their names were placed in a separate box and drawn as follows: Ervin township, 17: Monroe township, 23 Harrison township, 4; Taylor township, 3; Howard township, 8 Liberty township, 14; Union township, 6; Jackson township, i Honey Creek township, 9; total, 75.

On the 26th and 27th of October, 1864. a second draft took place at Kokomo for six townships. The following was the result by townships, being double the number of men necessary to fill the quota of each: Clay, i8 men; Honey Creek, 28 men; Jackson, 22 men; Liberty, 66 men; iMonroe, 68 men; Union, 78 men. Howard and Taylor were exempt from this draft because they already had more than their quota of men in the field. And Center, Harrison and En'in, as stated under bounties, raised enough monc}' by subscription to hire their quotas filled.

Close Of The War

On the 9th of April, 1865, overtaken and seeing- no hope of escape. General Lee agreed to surrender. On the morning- of the 1 0th the story of Appomattox reached Howard county and fairly set the people wild with joy. The Tribune of April 13, 1865, said ;

"Last ]\Ionday was that 'happy day' that the people have been singing about for several years. It was the happiest day that the people of this generation ever experienced. The enthusiasm extended over the entire countr}- and the people everywhere rejoiced.

"Our town was all ablaze on ^Monday night. Bonfires lighted up the streets ; thousands of burning candles were in the windows. Old and young were on the streets; gentlemen congratulated each other. Old enemies met and buried the past. Ladies sang patriotic songs, and Rev. Mr. Jenkins, Elder Hobbs and others made brief speeches. Everj-body felt good, glorious and festive. At a late " hour the greater number of those on the streets began to move homeward, feeling just as happy as they well could feel, while many went in out of the cold and kept up their rejoicing until the early hours of the morning. It was indeed a glorious day and evening, made glorious by the brilliant achievements of our gallant army on Sunday, the 9th of April. Hurrah for the Fourth of July, the 9th of April ! Yankee Doodle and Yankee army,"

Before the week ended this greatest rejoicing was turned into the deepest mourning the country ever knew. On tlie evening of April 14th President Lincohi was assassinated. On the 19th of Aprih 1865, tlie day set apart by the government for the funeral ceremonies of this great and good man, the Rev. C. ^Nlartindale was selected by the people of this community to preach a befitting and appropriate sermon, which he did in the Methodist Episcopal church in Kokomo, choosing the text: "Clouds and darkness are round about Him, righteousness and judgments are the habitation of His throne."

In his closing remarks he said : "On this memorable occasion we should resolve to live for God and humanity. Let the memory of Lincoln and Washington arouse us to action ; let the blood of the heroes of '76 and '61-64 cry in our ears; let the dangers and struggles of the past teach us lessons of wisdom. Especially let the murder of our beloved Chief Magistrate, Abraham Lincoln, arouse us to crush treason and slaveiy, and to teach us to trust the living God as the Ruler of our great nation. Four years ago ^Ir. Lincoln left his quiet home in the ^^'est to assume the great duties recjuired at his hands, appealing to Heaven for help and asking the prayers of the pious. Assassins sought his life then, but God protected him till his work was done. Now he returns to his boyhood home again ; though fallen, he goes a conqueror. He has freed four million bondmen and saved a nation, and now, amid sorrows such as were not felt at the death of Washington, he goes to his long, last repose, where the boom of the cannon, the tramp of the armed host. the groan of the bondman or the hand of the assassin shall not disturb his repose. Peaceful be his rest, quiet his repose. Softly whis]ier the winds of the West around the grave of Abraham Lincoln, the second Washington of America, and the world's great liberator."

Of Howard Couxtv The Welcome Home

It seemed especially fitting that July 4. 1865, should be celebrated in a more than ordinarily impressive manner: the war was over, the countr}- was reunited and many of the veterans had returned to their homes. It was therefore determined t(.) combine the old-fashioned Fuurth of July celebration with a formal welcome home of the brave men who had given it an added meaning.

Great preparations were made to make this a happy day to citizen and soldier. At 5 o'clock in the morning a loud report from the cr.nn(in on the public square reminded the people that the glnrious day had dawned. Soon the cit_\' was astir: some villain had spiked th.e gun in the night or the exercises would have begun an hour sooner. By 9 o'clock the streets were crowded with people: at 10 o'clock a large procession under command of Colonel Willis Blanche marched to the grove on the east of the city followed by the artillery squad and a large concourse of citizens. C(3lonel Richmond, the chief marshal, called the assemblage to order and introduced the Rev. Martindale, who announced the old familiar hymn. "Am I a Soldier of the Cross?" which was sung with much spirit. ]\Ir. Martindale then led in prayer and was followed by a national air by the band: and then the gallant ]\Ietsker, of the old Seventy-fifth, stepped forward and in a loud ^-oice read the Declaration of Independence. Elder Hobbs was then introduced to the audience and delix'ered an eloquent oration. The Tribune of Jul}- 6 ci mplimented the oration as being one of the finest ever delivered in the city. Elder Hobbs paid a glowing tribute to the memory of those who had fallen in defense of our liberties: and to those who had been spared to return he gave cheery welcome and said : "For all the grand results of the past four years, under God, we are indebted to the armies and navies under the Stars and Stripes. Tb.e soldiers have suffered much ill battle, in loathsome prisons and dreadful marches, but God gave them \-ictory at last." The speaker concluded his address by repeating these lines of welcome, composed by himself:

"Thrice welcome, ye brave boys in blue, AA'ith your banners all torn yet true; Welcome, ye sons of patriot sires - Now rekindle the sacred fires - From year to year renew the flame, Until fair Columbia's name Shall be in every land revered. And shall on ev'ry sea be feared. AA'elcome, thrice welcome, all ye braves. This the land of our fathers' graves, A goodh' land by them blood bought, Came to us, unearned, unsought ; But now, bravely thro' freedom's war. You've borne their flag, nor lost a star."

After the address dinner was annoiuiced. Baskets of luxuries had been prepared in nearly every home in Howard county, and the committee had tastefully and conveniently arranged the tables, so that all could be accommodated. The soldiers and their families were first given places, and afterwards the citizens. This was a sumptuous repast, and all partook freely, and though hundreds were served, there was enough left for as many more. After dinner the crowd reassembled at the grounds and speeches were made by Judge Linsday and Capt. Milton Garrigus. In the evening there was quite a display of fireworks and the cannon sent its echoes far into the night. All in all, it was a very patriotic and happy celebration.

Memory Of All Soldiers Revered

Tlie former ol^sen-ations upon the citizen soldiers of the W'nr of 1812 and tlie Mexican war holds good for the citizens who were the soldiers of the Civil war. Our citizens delight to honor their memory; and the honorar)' service so auspiciously begun on this first Fourth of July after the war has been continued in the Memorial Day services - a day set apart to decorating the graves of those who have gone out of this life, and recounting again the brave deeds of all who served their country.

In die laying out of Crown Point Cemetery a beautiful circular mound was dedicated to the fallen heroes of our Civil war. In the Kokomo Dispatch the following notice is made: "At a special meeting of the common council on Tuesday evening, June 12, 1883, G. D. Tate introduced a resolution ceding to the county the round plat in Crown Point Cemetery, known as the Cenotaph ground, on condition that a suitable memorial monument be erected thereon which shall record the names of all soldiers who died in the Union service in the Civil war. The county commissioners voted on yesterday five thousand dollars in equal installments to apply to the purchase of the proposed cenotaph. The proposed cenotaph is to be erected at a cost of not less than ten thousand dollars. It is proposed to raise the additional five thousand dollars by private contributions. The monument will be an honor to the county, as well as a grateful tribute to the dead who died for the flag. Let the good work go bravely on."

On Februaiy 4, 1885, the county commissioners let a contract to Whitehead & Wright, of Indianapolis, to construct a soldiers' monument according to plans submitted by R. F. Carter, of South Rye Gate, Vermont, for $7,450, the work to be completed on or before May 25, 1886. The beautiful monument in the northwest corner of Crown Point is tiie mute evidence (if tliat work. The contract included ail the required Jettering and yet the conditiim that the names of all Union soldiers who died in the service should be recorded thereon was not complied with.

Howard county soldiers were represented in the following regiments: Sixth, Eighth, Twelfth. Thirteenth. Fifteenth, Twentieth. Twenty-first (First Heavy Artillery). Twenty-sixth. Thirtyfourth. Thirty-sixth. Thirty-ninth ( Eighth Cavalry). Forty-sixth, Forty-seventh, Fifty-first. Fifty-seventh. Sixtieth. Sixty-third. Seventy-third. Seventy-fifth. Seventy-seventh ( Fourth Cavalry). Seventy-ninth. Eighty-sixth, Eighty-seventh. Eighty-ninth. Ninetieth (Fifth Cavalry), Ninety-ninth, One Hundred and Twenty-sixth ( Eleventh Cavalry), One Hundred and Thirtieth. One Hundred and Thirt\--first ( Thirteenth Cavalry). One Hundred and Thirty-fifth. One Hundred and Thirty-seventh, One Hundred and Fortieth. One Hundred and Forty-second, One Hundred aufl Fifty-third, One Hundred and Fifty-fifth. Twenty-eighth (Cnlored), Eighth ( United States Colored), and Seventeenth Batt:er}-.

Soldiers Who Died Ix The Service

Howard county's "roll of honor" is as follows: Thirteenth Infantry - William H. Bates, died at Indianapolis, July 14, 1861 : Thomas Bogue, killed at .Vllegheny, December 13. i86i ; John Btums, died June 6, 1862. of wounds received at Allegheny: Francis M. FTardesty. died at Cheat Mountain Pass. September 3. 1861 : Daniel Helms, died at Suffolk. Virginia. November 3. 1862; Mark Helms, killed at Winchester, ^farch 27,. 1862: Jonathan Hockstedler, killetl at ^^'inchester. March 2;. 1862: William Honner, died at Folly Island, January 26, 1864; Eleazor Jones, died at Cheat Mountain Pass, September 19. 1861 ; William Rader, killed at Winchester, March 23, 1862; William Riffle, killed at Rich Mountain, July 1 1, 1861 ; George L. J. Ring, died at Beaufort, South Carolina, October 4, 1863; Benjamin Seward, killed at Foster's Farm, May 20, 1864; William Shirley, died Februar}' 19, 1862, of wounds received at Allegheny; John M. Simpson, died June 7, 1864. of wounds received at Cold Harbor.

Thirty-Fourth Infantry - John Brown, died at Xelson Barracks, Kentucky, February 22, 1862: Henry Brown, died at Buffalo, Kentucky, February 11, 1866; Adam Ferrell, died at Vicksburg, July 26, 1863 ; William Albertson, died at St. Louis. Jul}' 22, 1863 ; George Burns, died at Louisville, Kentucky. March 20, 1862; Theodore P. Butcher, died while on furlough. May 16, 1862; John Hale, died at Buffalo, Kentucky, February 11, 1862: Silas A. Hoover, died at Louisville, Kentucky, February 26, 1862; William J. Johnson, died at St. Louis, Missouri, February 12, 1863 ; William Linvill,. killed at Champion Hill, May 16, 1863: Tobias M. Overholser. killed at Champion Hill, May 16. 1863; David Proud, died at Nelson Barracks, Kentucky, February 15, 1862; Thomas S. Terrell. died July 26, 1863, at Memphis, Tennessee; Hiram Van Horn, died at St. Louis, Missouri, October 13, 1862: Thomas P. ^^'interode. died at New Orleans, September 30, 1864.

Thirty-Ninth Regiment (Eighth Cavalry) - ^^Mlliam R, Phillips, killed at Shiloh, April 7, 1862; Stephen D. Butler, killed at Chickamauga, September 20, 1863 ; Jacob Brown, died in prison at Florence, South Carolina, January 20, 1865; Elijah F. Colter, killed at Fairburn, Georgia, August 19, 1862; Henry B. Colter, killed at Cannelton, Georgia, September 10, 1864; Benjamin C. Da\-is. died September 5, 1864, of wounds; James P. Davis, died at Louisville. Kentucky. December 31, 1861 ; Herrick Hoback, died of wounds.

April 14, 1862; Milton Jones, died of wounds, September 9, 1863, at Stone River; Fauzy Julien, died January 23, 1863, of wounds received at Stone River; Thomas F. Julien, died at Nashville, Tennessee, September 14, 1862 ; William H. Linder, died April 27, 1862, of wounds received at Shiloh : George McKinsey, died at Nashville, July II, 1864; Nicholas Mulvaney died at Savanna, Ga., March 16, 1865; Erwin W. Richardson, killed at Pulaski, September 27, 1864; Richard J. Ricks died at Louisville, Dec. 4, 1864; Charles Robertson, died at Nashville. September 5, 1863; John W. Shilling, died of wounds received at Stone River ; William Stanley, died January 9, 1863, of wounds received at Stone River; Uriah Snyder, died at home. May 5. 1864; Ausborn E. Thompson, died at Louisville. February 28. 1862; Henry H. Thomburg, died at Hubbard's Cove. August 31, 1862; William F. Tyler, died at Nashville, September 22, 1864; Jeremiah Washburne, killed by bushwhackers, September 14, 1863 ; Nathaniel F. Whitaker, died at Murfreesboro, June 16. 1863 ; Samuel P. Witherow, died at Louisville. Kentucky, January 19, 1862.

Fortieth Infantry - John M. Baly. died at Jeffersonville. Indiana, January 7, 1865; William Burt, died at Camp Inang, Texas, August 14, 1865; Levi Ellis, died at Huntsville, Alabama, February 21, 1865; Louis W. Jones, died at Nashville, December 16, 1864; Joel Law, died January 23, 1865 ; Henry A. Pickering, died at Nashville, March 24. 1865; Samuel Scales, died at Louisville, February 18. 1865 : William Smith, died of wounds at Nashville, December I. 1864.

Fifty-Seventh Infantry - John Adamson. killed in battle at Stone River. December 31. 1862: John W. Adamson, veteran, killed in battle at Kenesaw Mountain, June 23, 1864; Joseph Arnold, died at Kokomo, Indiana, May 18, 1862; Isaac Browning, died at Paducah. Kentucky, May 26, 1862 ; George Campbell, veteran, died at Big

Shanty, Georgia. July 29, 1864; John L. Colvin, died at Camp Irwin, Texas, October 14, 1865 ; WilHam Dimitt, veteran, died at Chattanooga, July 24, 1864; David H. Douglas, veteran, died at Memphis, April 28. 1865 ; Melvin C. Endicott, died at Corinth, Mississippi; Robert A. Gordon, killed at Resaca, Georgia, May 15, 1864 ; Andrew J. Harding, died November 16, 1862 ; John Hawkins, died at Quincy, Illinois. March 12, 1863; Joseph Higgins, killed at Pine Mountain, Georgia, June 15. 1864; Willis Hilton, died at Nashville. March 29, 1862; Andrew J. Langley, died at Chattanooga, Tennessee, March 10, 1864; Samuel ^Slathers, veteran, killed in battle at Kenesaw Mountain, June 18, 1864; Peter W. McReynolds, veteran, died at Louisville, Kentucky, August 24, 1864; Stephen A. Miller, veteran, died at Chattanooga, July 5, 1864, of wounds; Lewis Pike, veteran, lost on steamer Sultana, April 27, 1865; George T. Pike, veteran, killed near Nashville, December 16, 1864; Henry Ravel, died at Bardstown, Kentucky, March 30, 1862 ; Andrew Rhoads, killed in battle at Stone River, December 31, 1862; Lewis Snoddery, died of wounds in 1864; James Weaver, died at Murfreesboro, Tennessee, April 13. 1863; George D. Winders, died at Nashville, January 13, 1863; James Yount, died June 4, 1863.

Seventy-Fifth Infantry - Emisley Bright, died at Nashville, Tennessee, October 15, 1863; Francis M. Bryant died December 2, 1863 ; Eli Burris died at Gallatin, Tennessee, February 20, 1863 ; John G. Coate died at Richmond, Virginia, February 16, 1864; James Ellet, died at home, February 20, 1863, John Fay, died at Louisville Kentucky, December 7, 1863; George \X. Henderson, died at Murfreesboro, Tennessee, March 26. 1863 ; Jacob Hinkle. died at Gallatin, Tennessee. January' 20, 1863; John M. Hodson, died at Nashville. Tennessee; Benjamin Huff, died at Nashville, Tennessee, November 21, 1863;

Henry Jones, died at Scottsville, Kentucky. January 5, 1863; Samuel McClure, died at Bowling Green, Kentucky, December 11, 1862; Henry Myers, died at Lebanon, Kentucky, September 5, 1862; Allen M. Paff, died at Louisville, Kentucky, October 11, 1862; John Smiley, died at New Albany, Indiana, October 30, 1862; Hiram Stephens, died at (Gallatin, Tennessee, February 23, 1863; Thomas J. Stringer, died at Murfreesboro, Tennessee, March 6, 1863; Richard Templin, died at home, February 28, 1864; James Tliorington, died at Richmond, Virginia, February 21, 1864; Reuben Waldron, died at Gallatin, Tennessee, February 17, 1863 ; James B. \Vhisler, died at Atlanta, Georgia, November i, 1863.

Eighty-Ninth Infantry - James L. Amiantrout, died February 17, 1863: Francis M. Beard, died in Howard county, October 27, 1862; William H. Bishop, killed at Yellow Bayou, May 7, 1864; William R. Brener, died at Jefferson Barracks, ^Missouri, October 20, 1863; Jeremiah P. Brown, died June 3, 1864, from wounds; John Carpenter, died March i, 1863: ^^'illiam J. Carter, died near Canton, Mississippi, March i, 1864; \\'esley Defenbaugh, died at Fort Pickering, Tennessee, June 22, 1863 ; Nathan M. Elmore, died of wounds received at Yellow Bayou, Louisiana, May 18, 1864; Harvey Earley, died April 10, 1863; Tilghman A. Farlow, died at_ Memphis, Tennessee, June 20, 1864; Alexander Fleming, died June 25, 1863; William H. Fritz, died July 29, 1863; Bedford W. Gifford, killed May 18, 1864, at Yellow Baj-ou, Louisiana; Thomas Gordon, died at Fort Pickering, Tennessee, February 23, 1863; Hugh Heathcoat, killed at Munfordsville, Kentucky, September 14, 1862; Nicholas Hughes, died at Fort Pickering, Tennessee. July 8, 1863; Richard M. Hughes, died at home January 10, 1863; William Hughes, died at Jefferson Barracks, Missouri, December 17, 1864; William R. Hulse, died at Memphis, Tennessee, July 10, 1864: ^^"illiam A. Hunt, killed June 23, 1864, by guerillas: Henry

T. Jennings, killed at Yellow Bayou, Louisiana, May i8, 1864; Reuben E. Johnson, died at Nashville, Tennessee, December 8, 1864; John M. Kane, died at New Albany, Indiana, September 28, 1863 ; Ulysses P. King, died at Fort Pickering, Tennessee, August 10, 1862; George E. Knoble, died January 19, 1863; Lewis Long, died at Memphis. Tennessee, December 16, 1862; Allen Daniel, died August 15, 1864; Robert McReynolds, died at Memphis, Tennessee, January 18, 1864; John F. Martin died at ]\Iemphis, Tennessee, March 16, 1864; David Morris, died at Fort Pickering, Tennessee, August 30, 1863 ; LaFayette Morris, died at Woodsonville, Kentucky, October 24, 1862; Francis M. O'Dowd, died at Andersonville prison, August 9, 1864; Benjamin F. Oiler, died at Fort Pickering, Tennessee, May 26, 1863; Simon Peters, died at home, December 28, 1862 ; James W. Ploughe, died at Andersonville, Georgia, September 2, 1864; William H. Poff, died near Memphis, Tennessee, December 12, 1862; Allen Ramsey, died at Memphis, Tennessee, August 3, 1863 ; Erastus Ross, died at New Orleans, June 22, 1864, of wounds; Jesse Sanders, died at Memphis, Tennessee, September 23, 1864; Daniel Sheets, died July - , 1864; Adam Shepard, died November 15, 1862; John S. Springer, died at Memphis, Tennessee, June 5, 1864; Daniel W. Straughn, died September 18, 1863; William R. Low, August 9, 1864; Elijah E. Thrailkill, killed at Fort Pickering, Tennessee, April 27, 1863; Charles N. Tyler, died at New Orleans, March 11, 1865; Nathan Wickersham, died at home. August 7, 1863 : Hugh Willits, died February 17, 1865, of wounds, in hospital at Nashville, Tennessee; William T. ^^Mlson, died at home. October 18. 1862: ^^'illiam Yates, died May 18, 1863.

ers in 1864; John S. Holler, died in Andersonville prison in 1864; Augustus Q. Myers, killed at Rheatown, Tennessee, October, 1863; Jeremiah A. Starr, killed at Rheatown, Tennessee, October. 1863.

One Hundred and First Regiment - ^^'iley Bagwell, died at Bacon Creek, Kentucky, November 20, 1862 ; Tidell Rush, died at Danville, Kentucky, October 25, 1862; Barrett Spray, died at Munfordsville, Kentucky, December 16, 1862; George Sumption, died at Marietta, Georgia, October 6, 1862.

One Hundred and Eighteenth Infantry - Richard Bodle, died at Camp Nelson, Kentucky, January 5, 1864: Jefferson W. Carr, died at Camp Nelson, Kentucky, December 7, 1863 ; James L. Golding, died at Tazewell, Tennessee, December 14, 1863; Ezeriah Hutson, died at Knoxville, Tennessee, December 10, 1863; William J. Purois, died at Tazewell, Tennessee, January 12, 1864, of starvation ; Emory Russell, died at Cumberland Gap, Tennessee, December 14, 1863; Milton E. Reiley, died at Powell River, Tennessee, January 26, 1864; Ovid Youngs, died at Indianapolis, Indiana, September 6, 1863.

One Hundred and Twenty-Sixth Regiment ( Eleventh Cavalry) - Dawson M. Brown, died at Nashville, Tennessee, November 6, 1864; George W. Crewtherd, died at Indianapolis, Indiana, March 31, 1864; Isaac Carpenter, died at Louisville, Kentucky, February 12, 1865 ; John W. Cochran, died at Indianapolis, Indiana. March 5, 1864; Enoch Dale, died at Nashville, Tennessee. December 26, 1864; James Hutto, died at Louisville. Kentucky. May 2. 1865; Moses Hinkle, died at Nashville, Tennessee, December 26, 1864; James Hodson, died May 14, 1865 : William King, died at Bellefonte Station, Alabama, July 7, 1864; William Lindley, died at Kokomo. Indiana. May 3, 1864; Henry M. Long, lost on Sultana, April 2j, 1865 ;

Albert N. McCoy, died at Larkinsville, Alabama, June 20, 1864; Lloyd Pennington, died at Jeffersonville, Indiana, January 12, 1865 ; George B. Pennington, died at Nashville, Tennessee, March 13, 1865: Andrew J. Pierce, died at Nashville, Tennessee, November 6, 1864; Israel P. Pool, died at Nashville, Tennessee, October 22, 1864; Jacob Pool, died at New Albany, Indiana, March 4, 1865; Charles L. Summers, died at Nashville, Tennessee, December 22, 1864. of wounds: Robert Steward, died at Louisville. Kentucky. February 6, 1865.

One Hundred and Thirtieth Infantry - Thomas N. Armstrong, died November 28, 1864, of wounds; Thomas H. Endicott. killed near Atlanta, Georgia, August 5, 1864; William Elliot, died at Atlanta, Georgia, October 18, 1864: George Boffman, died at Louisville, Kentucky, April 17, 1865; John H. Denman, died at Nashville, Tennessee, December 15, 1864: Joseph Godfrey, died at Kingston, Georgia, August 15, 1864: William F. Havens, died at home February 29, 1864; Albert \V. Hoke, killed by accident April 3, 1864; Nathan Maudlin, died at Chattanooga, Tennessee, June 4, 1864: Thomas O'Neil, died at Kno.xville, Tennessee, September 16, 1864; William T. Rolston, died at Chattanooga, Tennessee, November 8, 1864; John T. Shepherd, died at Kingston, Georgia, June 5, 1864; Reuben J. Smith, killed at Nashville, Tennessee, December 15, 1864; Jesse Swinger, died at Marietta, Georgia, September i, 1864; William White, Jr., died at Marietta, Georgia, August 20, 1864.

One Hundred and Thirty-first Regiment (Thirteenth Cavalry) - George M. Bums, died at Cahaba Prison, Alabama, January 5, 1865; Nicholas Tow, died at Mobile. Alabama, October 5, 1865.

Morrow S History

One Hundred and Fifty-third Infantiy - ^^'illiam I\l. Floyd, died at Russellville, Kentucky, August i. 1865; Levi Seward, died in Tipton county, August 18, 1865.

Howard county sent into the field more than fifteen hundred men for sen-ice. Hundreds of these perished on the battlefields of the South or by the slower means of wounds or wasting diseases incident to the privation and exposures of the march and camp. The remnant wIki returned had sacrificed much of the vigor of their manhood for their country, but they had accomplished that for which they gave their service - a reunited country, built on solider foundations more than ever before. The right to secede was completely overthrown. The idea of the old confederation of states was gone, and instead we had an indivisible Union.

Corn is the banner crop. The deep, black soil and the abundant rainfall and a growing season of just the right length combine to make this a good corn county. The various grasses - clover, timothy and blue grass - find a natural home here and produce sure and abundant crops of hay and afford excellent grazing, thus making this a good live stock countrv. As has heretofore been indi- cated, in the beginning the possibihties only of our present high agricultral condition were liere. These fertile soils were covered with heavy forests and, for much of the year, with water, too.

With much hard labor and great expense all these lands have been tile underdrained so that the land is not only drained of water but air is introduced into the soil, adding to its fertility. The forests have been cleared away until now a timber famine is almost in sight.

Lumbering

^^"hile the clearing has been going on the lumber business has been an important industry. For many years all the log and frame buildings were built in their entirety out of native timber and lumber - roofs were of oak clapboards or shaved walnut or poplar shingles, the frames and siding of yellow popular lumber, the floors of ash lumber and the finish of black walnut lumber. This has continued until recent years, when the growing scarcity of native timber and the high prices of native lumber compelled the use of pine and cheaper materials. The use of the native lumber for so many years has saved the people of this county a veiy large sum of money.

For many years the shipping of lumber from the county, cut by local sawmills, was an important industry. Vast sums were realized from the sale of the walnut, poplar and ash lumber while that timber was being cut away ; then another very large sum was received for the oak timber, as heading and lumber, and later still a considerable sum was received for the beech and sugar, and later still the despised water or soft elms are being exchanged for cash, omitting any mention of handle and hoop-pole timber.

The gross sum received from the sale of Howard county timber and saved by the people in using this timber for various domestic uses - buildings, fences, fuel, etc. - if accurately computed would be a vast sum. This source of revenue is practically past, but is compensated for by well-cleared fields, fitted for the modern methods of cultivation, and the woodlands, thinned out and cleared of underbrush and affording excellent blue grass pasturag'e. There is little or no waste lands on the farms now, where some years since much of it was unused. Denser population and high-priced lands have tended toward more intensive and better farming.

Development Of Farms

Perhaps there is no vocation in life in which there has been so much advancement all along the line as in the farm life in Howard county in the past sixty years. Then he sowed his wheat broadcast and plowed it in the cornfield with a single-shovel plow, or harrowed it in with an "A" harrow, if in a plowed field. He harvested it with a reap hook, threshed it with a flail or tramped it out with horses and blew out the chaff with a fanning mill : later he cut the grain with a cradle and threshed it with a "groundhog thresher" and cleaned it with a fanning mill, and a little later threshed it with a horse power separator. Several years later, when the fields were partly cleared of the stumps and roots, he began tn use the modern method of sowing his grain with a drill and to cut it with machines but yet binding by hand and threshing with steam power separators, but diiing all the work about the machine by hand - cutting the bands and feeding the grain into the machine by hand : measuring the grain into bags by hand, loading the grain into wagons by hand and stacking straw by hand - all hard, dusty work. Now he sows all his small grain with drills in fields cleared of stumps and roots. He pulverizes the soil with modern harrows and field rollers, all provided with spring seats. He harvests the grain with self-binders and puts ofif the sheaves in bunches for shocking, and threshes with

Steam power machines that cut tlie bands and feed with self-feeders tliat ele\-ate and weigh the threshed grain and dump it into wagons, ready to be hauled to market, and stacks the straw with an automatic wind stacker.

Modern Methods

The present-day farmer would not know a jumping shovel plow should he meet one. Very few of them could cross off a field in straight furrows the proper width for corn rows, and to drop the corn into the crosses with three to four grains to the hill would be bevond his or her skill, and then to cover the corn with an oldfashioned hoe, among stumps and roots, would be the limit ; and then to cultivate it with the single-shovel walking plow among roots, that too often would spring back and hit him on the shins, would precipitate a labor strike indeed. The modern fanner does none of these things. In the bright springtime, when the conditions are all right, he hitches three good horses to a modern breaking plow, drives out to a field where the memory of stumps and roots has almost faded away, and turns over the mellow soil and has nothing to suggest evil thoughts. And when the field is ready for planting he d(ies not go out and cross it of¥ with his single-shovel plow, but alone and unattended he hitches to his two-horse check row planter and plants twice as much in a day as did that force of five people in the elder day and does a lietter job : and when the green shoots are visible and can be seen across the field in the row, he drives out to the field with a riding cultivator and plows without fear of bodily injury.

When the clover blooms are more than half brown and the bloom has fallen from the heads of the timothy stalks, this farmer does not get down his rusty mowing scythe and, after grinding to a keen edge, with a long sandstone whetrock in his pocket go out to the field and in tlie burning sunshine swing his scythe back and forth, cutting the heavy growth of grass and throwing it into swaths to be afterwards scattered for drying, occasionally stopping to whet his scythe with the whetrock. After the hay is cured he does not throw it into windrows with a fork and then pitch it on a wagon and afterwards pitch it into the mow.

How Hay Is Now Harvested

No. The modern farmer hitches to an up-to-date mower, mows a field quickly, hitches to a tedder, kicks it up so as to pennit the air to pass through and dn,' it out quickly, and then backs his hay wagon up to a hay loader, hitches them together and drives around the field, while the loader gathers up the hay and delivers it on the wagon. After the wagon is loaded he drives to the bam and there a hayfork, drawn by horse power, picks up the hay from the wagon and deposits it in the mow.

\M-ien the summer is past and the wintry storms have come, this farmer does not wrap himself up as best he can, go out and harness up a team, restless with cold, and drive to the field, and, brushing the snow off of his shocks of fodder, load and haul them to a wood lot or the straw pile and scatter the fodder on the ground for the stock to pick over and make a meal of. No. Last fall, while the weather was pleasant, he canned many acres of green corn in his silo and now, while the cold and snow are without, he feeds his well-housed stock in their separate stalls with a feed which they thoroughly relish ; and then, too, before the snow had fallen he had the shredder to tear his fodder into bits and blow it into mows in his bams convenient for feeding and where, under shelter and in the dry, he does his farm chores. He appreciates the value of warm, dry quarters for his stock and he largely has barnS for all his stock and thus feeds more economically and profitably. Not only has he made these wonderful advances in his industrial methods but in his social life as well. Once he was shut in at his fann house for months at a time, because of impassable roads : now a good, free gravel road passes the front gate of nearly every home. Once he often passed more than a week without receiving any mail and then only by going a long distance in bad weather; now the rural mail carrier brings it to his home every day except Sunday. Once he often passed more than a week without receiving any mail to or from neighbors ; now any member of the family can, by stepping to an instrument on the wall, call up almost any one wanted, far or near. In the matter of schools, too, the countryside has been favored. Where a generation ago the scholars were compelled to dress for exposure and walked a mile, a mile and a half or two miles to school, in paths across field and through woods, returning in the evening- over the same path and often through storm, now the wellequipped school wagon carries the scholars from the home to the school and from the school to the home again.

Conditions Are Changing

As wonderful as has been the industrial advance of the past, the end is not yet. Our rich soils and high-priced lands suggest changes in the industrial methods of farming - changes that are already taking place : the canning factories and the city markets are making places for the small farmer and his intensive farming; the dairying industr}' is being rapidly developed and the farmer of today is giving attention to the problem of preventing soil exhaustion.

It is well that the conditions of the farming class are as favorable as they are, for because of natural resources the leading industr\' of Howard countv must continue to he agriculture.

Befiire ever factories came into her midst, tlie farming community was engaged in the liercnlean task of making the present well-improved farms. Their present and prospective high state of culture forecast a condition of continued prosperity, where homes abound in comfort and contentment.

Merc.Xxtile Life

Contemporaneous and almost inseparably connected with these industrial activities of the farm have been the mercantile enterprises of the comity. These have kept pace with the demands of the time. The first stores or trading places were in keeping with the country, primitive establishment. The wants of the people were few and simple and their ability to buy quite limited. The purpose of the early merchants and manufacturers was to meet these simple wants. The first mill erected in the county was built in 1840. This was built just east of Xew London, on Little Honey creek. The Stonebraker mill was built in 1848. In various parts of the county gristmill? and sawmills and combination mills - grist and saw in one - were built from time to time as the demand seemed to justify. Nearly all of the early mills were water mills.

These mills have nearly all passed out of existence. David Foster was the first Kokomo merchant. Before coming to Kokonio he had a trading house at the boundary line, about twenty rods north of the crossing- of that line by the ^^'ild Cat pike. This house was a log house, stoutlv built, with portholes in the walls, and contained two rooms, the storeroom being on the Seven-mile Strip side of the line and the counter over which he dispensed goods on the Reserve side. It is said this peculiar constniction was to evade the law in selling whisky to Indians on government territon.-. John Bolian was the second merchant, coming here in 1844 from Ander-

Of Howard Couxtv, 2O3

Still and commencing" on the southeast comer of the square where the Kokomo Bank is now located. Other early merchants were Austin North, J. D. Sharp and Samuel Rosenthal.

At or near New London, Joshua Barnett was the first merchant, coming there in 1839. His stock of goods consisted of a few groceries, liquors and small notions that he could sell to the Indians. Soon after John Harrison came with a meager stock of goods, and, locating at Harrison's place, becoming the second trader in Monroe township. Charles Allison clerked for him in the spring of 1840, and tlius began his business career in Howard county.

Burlington, in Carroll county, was the nearest village and trading point in the early history of the western part of the county. Because of the inconvenience of going so far to trade, Henry Stuart opened up a general store at or near Russiaville in 1842. His stock consisted of almost everything saleable - di"y goods, groceries, hardware, etc. Mr. Stuart purchased his goods at Lafayette, Cincinnati and Chicago and transported them in wagons. The people had little money and made their purchases, for the most part, with "trade," exchanging ginseng, which grew abundantly in the wild state, wild meats, fur skins and honey. There appears to have been an abundance of wild honey in those early times. It is related of Joseph Taylor, who was afterwards sheriff of Howard county, that, when a young man, he had often carried a keg of wild honey, weighing sixty pounds, on horseback to Burlington.

Deer were also \-ery plentiful, as Mr. Stuart had at one time piled up in his cabin one hundred "saddles" or pairs of deer h(inis. Once he purchased a barrel of strained honey of Vincent Garner, a pioneer settler of that community. Mr. Stuart in turn tnok his trade to Lafayette and exchanged or traded it for goods. At one time a botanical doctor engaged Mr. Stuart to procure him five hundred pounds of yellow root and nerve vine. This afforded the women an opportunity to earn some money. ]\Ir. Stuart traded witii tlie Indians, and the first wagon ever seen at Kokomo carried Mr. Stuart's goods, which he traded to the Indians. It required two days for Mr. Stuart and liis man to make the trip, and they spent only two hours in the Indian town. Mr. Stuart's store was not reahy in Russiaville. being just outside on the northwest. !\Iartin Burton was the first merchant really within the limits of Russiaville.

First Trading Points

Alto was the earliest trading place in Harrison township. R. Cobb was the first merchant there ; Milos Judkins was the first shoemaker, and William P. Judkins was the first cabinetmaker. This was in 1848, or early in 1849; ^"c^ i" ^ short time there were three stores there stocked with well-selected goods, and three cabinet shops were operating prosperously. It is also said that there was as much business done there as in Kokomo at that time. Greentown was the first trading point in Liberty township, and its beginning was largely due to the demand of the neighborhood for a convenient trading point. It was laid out in 1848 on the site of an old Indian town known as Green Village, named thus, it is said, because the Indians having cut off the timber on the site of the village, grass had grown up. making a green landscape in contrast with the dark forest all around, and the name Greentown was adopted for the white man's town. The first merchants were L. ^^'. Bacon and his father in a double hewed log house l)uilt by them on the northeast corner of the intersection of Main and Meridian streets. They stocked their store room with a miscellaneous assortment of merchandise to the amount of about one thousand dollars and sold goods for two years. A little later C. O. Fry erected another store room on the southwest corner of the same street intersection. Dr. Barrett

1); ught an interest in Fry's store and together they continned in business for several years. These were soon followed by others and Greentown soon became an important trading point.

Jerome had its origin in much the same way. It is said of the earlv settlers in the \-icinity of Jerome that the greater amount of trading during the early days was done at Marion, Jonesboro, Peru, Logansport and Noblesville, some of the first settlers going as far as Indianapolis for their merchandise.

Flour and meal were obtained from those places in the summer time: but during the winter seasons when the condition of the early roads precluded the possibility of travel, many families manufactured their own breadstuffs by hand, crushing the grain in a rude mortar made by hollowing out the top of a stump. One of those pioneers has said, "We were compelled to go to Jonesboro and Somerset on the Mississinnewa and to points on the White river and the Wabash for grinding. It was a long, winding bush road through the woods, across the sloughs. We took mostly corn, as scarcely any wheat was raised in the county. The writer remembers riding on horseback to Somerset purposely to get flour for a house-raising, which he bought there and returned with before he slept after leaving town."

From a description of pioneer life in Honey Creek township we are told, "Corn must be carried fourteen miles on horseback to ha\-e it converted into meal. Two miles below Burlington was the nearest mill - the old 'Crummel mill.' Often did the pioneer go six miles farther down Big Wildcat to the 'Adams mill." It required all of one day and the most part of the following night to make the trip. Doubtless a modern Honey Creek youth of twelve years would feel some timidity in undertaking such an errand through a wolf- infested wilderness." The founding of the early towns and the building of the first mills were prompted more by necessity than the desire of industrial gain, and so it is said of Jerome that the chief cause which led to its founding was a general desire on the part of the community for a trading point, there being no town nearer than Jonesboro on the east and Russiaville and New London on the west. The immediate outgrowth of this demand was the establishment of a small store and a blacksmith shop in 1847, which formed the nucleus around which several families located. Soon after Hampton Brown laid out the village and named it Jerome in compliment to his son Jerome. Thomas Banks bought a lot and built a store house and became the first merchant. He stocked his room with a miscellaneous assortment of merchandise to the value of about fi\e hundred dollars and sold goods for three years, selling out to Joel and C. Murphy.

Gofif & Allen erected a hewed log store building in 1853 and engaged in merchandising for four years, carrying a large stock valued at three thousand five hundred dollars. They sold out to Harvey Brown.

West Liberty had its origin in the erection of a large water mill near its northeastern limits; this and a blacksmith shop led Moses Jones to plat a town site in the latter part of 1849.

First Business House

Moses Rich erected the first business house in 1850. This was a log building sixteen by twenty feet. Rich carried a stock valued at one thousand dollars, and did a good business. He carried on the business for twelve years. David Macy erected the second store building and was a prominent merchant and operated an extensive store for five years, when he closed out and left the place. Syca- mere Corners had its origin in the building of what is now the "Cfover Leaf raih^oad" and was laid out in 1881 by O. P. Hollingsworth. Allen Quick and Frank Houn were the first merchants-, who fitted up the old frame school house for a store room soon after the building of the railroad. This is a good shipping and trading point. \'ermont was laid oct in 1849 by Milton Hadley, who had obtained a part of float section No. 7. He appears to have been a man of considerable enterprise and ambition and in platting Vermont he laid out a very pretentious town, with a public square and a large number of town lots clustered around the square. A white oak tree standing on the blufif of Wild Cat was the starting point for the survey of this future metropolis of Howard county. The town plat suggests that he considered his town site so superior to any other that possibly others would appreciate it and thus would be influenced to change to the town he had planned. This hope, if hope it was, was disappointed, and after a brief and feeble existtence the town ceased to be and its site is now cultivated fields and the white oak doubtless, ere this, like the town whose sentinel it \vas, has disappeared. Charles Ellison was the first merchant of this town, carrying on a grocery store and a dramshop. His dramshop was the resort of the tough characters of the surrounding country and gained for the place a bad reputation. Benjamin Jackson and John Colescott were other early merchants. After the building of the Clover Leaf railroad, to the north of the old town, a station and trading point was established on the railroad a short distance northwest of it.

Laid Out New London

town. Jonathan Hawarth was at that time engaged in the sale of dry goods and groceries. He was succeeded by Isaac Ramsey. Soon after the organization Richard Nixon came to the town and engaged in the mercantile business. He remained there many years.

Fairfield was laid out in 1849 by John J. Stephens in anticipation of the building of the I. & P. Railroad, which had been surveyed through that point some time previously. On the completion of the railroad the place became a prominent shipping point and had a reputation of being one of the best shipping points and markets on the line between Peru and Indianapolis for a number of years; but because of the building of the Pan Handle railroad on the east, and the improvement of the highways leading into Kokomo, much of the trade has been diverted to other points.

Bundy & Johnson were the first merchants in a little house west of the railroad. They did a fair business on a stock valued at $500. Overman & Stout started the second store. They erected a small storeroom just northeast of the railroad. After two years their stock was closed out. Thompson & E\-ans did the largest mercantile business of any finn in Fairfeld. Their storeroom was on the west side of the railroad and on the south side of the street. They also operated the large warehouse and elevator erected by Evans & Fortner.

The First Warehouse

The first warehouse was built by Bundy & Robinson and was in the south part of town and on the west side of the railroad tracks. Tampico was laid out in 1852 by Ephraim Trabue. Spencer Latty was the first merchant. Terre Hall was also laid out in 1852 by Asa Parker. Cable & Osborne were the first merchants, dealing in a miscellaneous assortment of articles. Both towns were the outgrowth of the location and building of the P., C. & St. L. Rail-

Cassville was laid out in 1848 by William and Xathan Stanley. Its origin was the survey for the construction of the I. & P. Railroad, and after the building of the railroad for a time had quite a reputation as a trading point. The first stock of goods was brought to the place by John and David Evans, who erected a good frame sturehouse near the railroad and did a good business for four years and then sold out to Samuel Martindale.

These various trading points have been continued to the present time, with two or three exceptions, and outside of Russiaville and Greentown have just about held their own. A few points have been added as Plevna and Phlox and Guy in the east, and Kappa, Ridgeway and West Middleton in the west end.

Sawmills Becoming Scarce

Reference has already been made to the lumber industry of the county. In the years- that are past the great sawdust piles in frequently recurring intervals bore silent witness to the fact that here had been a sawmill. Since the exhaustion of the timber these mills are few in number and are found at the towns. It is therefore considered not worth while to make further reference to them.

The other class of mills, for grinding flour and meal, instead of going out of use have much increased their usefulness. Many of those early mills, with their simple and meager beginnings, have gone on from one improvement to anutlier until they are now up-todate and prosperous mills; while the decaying and falling framework and the abandoned millraces mark the places where others were busy in a former generation, and it is deemed worth while to note these beginnings and to rehearse a history of that which is past but remains to the present.

The Stonebraker mill, after sixty years, still does business at the old stand and is one of the best-known objects in the county. The mills and the various milling industries in the vicinity of New London, which were dependent upon the water power of Honey creek, have long since ceased to exist. The past sixty years have witnessed a wonderful shrinkage in the water supplies of the county.

Some Of The First Mills

At Russiaville the first gristmill was built out of logs on Squirrel creek, near the present site of the cemetery, and was a mere corn cracker and was operated by water power.

In 1852 Martin Burton built the first flouring mill in Russiaville. At first it was a water power mill, but in a few years was changed to a steam mill. In 1870 it was destroyed by fire, but was rebuilt and has been improved until it is up-to-date and a good industry.

The first gristmill in Harrison township was built by James Brooks just south of Alto in 1848. It was a small corn-cracker and wheat mill. A part of the old frame is still standing and a portion of the millrace is yet in existence. In 1850 Samuel Stratton erected a gristmill in connection with his sawmill on Little Wild Cat northwest of the site of West Middleton.

flouring mill at \\'est ^Middleton. It is a brick building, built upon a heavy stone foundation. The bod)- of the building is thirty-six by forty-eight feet and is four stories high. It is provided with a very complete outfit for handling and cleaning wheat and making flour and cornmeal. The original cost was ten thousand dollars, and it had a capacity for seveny-five barrels per day.

The first mill in Taylor township was a handmill for grinding corn and was buih and owned by Nathan C. Beals, who lived about one mile northeast of the site of Fairfield. This mill he made out of two boulders taken from his farm in Section 20. The lower stone was fixed, and the upper stone was revolved on a pivot inserted in the lower stone. There was a woi.iden pin or post inserted in the outer edge of the upper stnne, by which it was turned. The mealhoop was made of the inside bark of a shell-bark hickory tree and sewed together with leather wood bark. The mill was fed by a boy, who threw in a few kernels at a time. It is said the grinding on this mill was rather tedious, and }'et it served the milling purpose of the neighborhood.

The Fairfield Steam Flouring Mill was built in the year 1858 by Joseph Haskett. The building is a frame and is two and a half stories high. New machinery has been added from time to time. keeping it fully up-to-date in milling processes. It has a good reputation and does good work. It has a capacity of one hundred barrels of flour per day of twenty-four hours.

Reuben Hawkins, of Union township, built the first mill in the eastern part of the county. He settled on Lilly creek, about a mile northeast of Jerome, in 1844, and soon after built his mill. He manufactured the buhrs for the mill out of two large boulders near the mill site. The mill was operated by water power and ground very slowly, but made a A'ery fair article of meal. Hawkins attached a turning lathe and, being an expert workman in wood.

soon had all the work he could do. making tables, stands, chairs and various other articles of furniture, which he sold to the settlers of the adjacent country.

James Lancaster also had a small mill on Lilly creek just northwest of Jerome, which was a rude affair, operated by hand with some help from -the water of the creek. The proprietor took half of the grain for toll.

In 1847 the Brown brothers erected a water mill on Big Wild Cat. just south of Jerome. It was a combination mill ; that is, it did both grinding and sawing and was thus operated until i860, when it was torn down and the machineiy used in the construction of a new mill on the same location. It has a grinding capacity of one hundred bushels of grain a day.

Moses Jones, of West Liberty, erected a large water mill just northeast of the village in 1849. This was a large three-stor}' building with two runs of buhrs and a saw attached. It was an excellent water mill and was operated until 1862. when it was completely destroyed by fire.

In the year 1875 \\'illiam Jessup moved a steam flouring mill from Kokomo to West Liberty. It has since been remodeled and improved so that it is a modern, well-equipped mill and regarded as a good acquisition for that community.

The first mill in Liberty township was erected by Luther Segraves and stood about one mile south of Greentown on Big Wild Cat. This was a combination mill, sawing lumber and grinding grain, as the customer desired. This mill did a good business and was in operation until about the year 1863.

name of Dorman. Five years later Dorman built an addition to the original building, put in two runs of buhrs and added steam power and did a very good business. This was known as the Dorman :\Iill.

The Greentown roller flouring mills were built and began business in 1889. They are thirty-two by forty-two feet in dimension, with all needed outbuildings, and are built of brick. They have a daily capacity of seventy barrels of flour. The proprietors of the mill deal in flour, meal, feed, and grain of all kinds.

In 1842 Joshua Barnett commenced a milklam across Wild Cat, in the southeast corner of Ervin township. He finished this dam in 1843 and built a sawmill with corn-cracker attachment in 1846. This mill was conve}-ed to Moses Cromwell, who converted it into a gristmill, and it became known as the Cromwell mill.

In 1847 Robert Coate built a combined saw and gristmill at Poplar Grove. So great was the demand for lumber from this mill he ran it day and night, weekday and Sunday.

Water Mill Flour Popular

William Grant built a gristmill on Big Wild Cat, near the present location of the Critchlow Brothers' slaughter pens, in 1847, and a little later he built a sawmill near the gristmill. These events were the cause of great rejoicing among the inhabitants of the young county seat, who were thus afforded opportunity of getting both breadstuff and building material almost right at home.

This mill was transferred to Mo.ses Cromwell, who, leaving the mill at the boundary line, came and operated it by water power very successfully for several years.

and ground it for him, often compelling him to wait quite awhile for his "grinding," especially if there were others in ahead of him. The writer remembers as a boy taking grain to the mill to be ground, going as early in the day as he could, taking a lunch and fishing outfit and spending the day fishing in the millrace while the grist was being ground. It was an experience not altogether bad.

The good housewives of the elder day thought at least that the flour ground at the old-time water-power mills was better than the flour made at the steam mills.

The first steam flouring mill at Kokomo was the Leas mill, built nearly fifty years ago across the railroad and opposite the Lake Erie Elevator. W'orley Leas was, for many years, the proprietor. In later years it was known as the Howard Flouring Mills. The last proprietors were Darnall & Dawson. Lately it has been discontinued.

The second mill was the Spring ]\Iills, built at tlie southeast corner of Jefferson street and Indiana avenue, by George W. Hocker more than forty years since.

The third mill was erected in the fall of 1896 and is known as the Clover Leaf 'SUlh. and is a twenty-five barrel daily mill. It is a modern roller merchant and gristmill. L. AA". Smith is the proprietor.

Has Undergone A Change

tomer waiting at the mill for his grinding or else returning home and going back another time for the flour and bran. Later they began an exchange business, weighing the grain and giving a given number of pounds of flour and bran for each bushel of wheat. At this time most men sell their grain and buy flour and feed as needed ; and the miller buys the grain, manufactures it into flour, meal and feed and sells it to the trade.

In the early history of the county there were numerous tanneries. All the towns and villages and many country communities had its shoemaker or shoemakers. Almost every family did its shoe repairing.

Of the several tanneries it may be mentioned that just east of Xew London there was a good tannery : that the Judkin limthers, of Alto, had a small tannery on tlie north bank of Little AA'ild Cat just north ni :\It. Z'um church, which they later on moved nearer their places uf Inisiness at Alto, one of them being a shoemaker and the other a cabinetmaker. Barnhart Learner was then a resident of the township and a shoemaker also. It is said that Francis Galway was the first tanner at Jerome, starting a tannery in 1847. The enterprise proved very remunerative to the proprietor, who operated it successfully for twelve years. In 1859 it was purchased by John W'illitts, who ran it for four years and was then allowed to go down. Joshua Galway started a tanyard at Vermont in the year 1850 and kept it up five or six years. It proved a paying venture.

Early residents of Kokomo remember that in very early times a tannery was commenced just west of the log jail. The exact date of the beginning and by whom started are forgotten. This much is authentic history, tliat the Cains came into possession of it in 1867. forty-one years ago. and that of all the tanyards of the county it is the sole survivor. The Cains have operated it in connection with their harness making business during all these intervening years.

These early residents further say that in the early times there were traveling shoemakers, who went from house to house and made shoes and boots for the families, boarding and living with the family while making the family stock of toots and shoes. That was the protective principle in active operation : home-grown hides, home tanneries and home-made boots and shoes.

Those whose memory goes back half a century will recall that there were then many good-bearing apple orchards; that the fruit was of superior excellence; that the Vandever Pippin, Yellow Bellflower, ^laiden Blush, Golden Russet and Early Harvest varieties were the leading kinds ; and as they recall these facts will wonder where those early orchards in a country so new came from, and will be interested in these notes. Charles Harmon and J. ^^^ Heaton planted apple orchards at an early date. Harmon went to ^^'illiams' nursery, at Indianapolis, taking several days for the trip, and bought one hundred trees. Heaton bought forty trees of a tree peddler from Clinton county and set them out in a deadening from which the logs had not yet been removed. John Heaton planted the first nursery in Liberty township about two miles southwest of Greentown, near the site of Richville church, and many of the early orchards were started from this nurseiy.

The First Nursery

mond in 1850. The first orchards in Union township were set out in 1846 by Jesse Lancaster and Charles P. Baldwin, on the Farrington and Galway farms joining Jerome on the east. The trees were carried from Fairmount. in Grant county, on horsel^ack. Lancaster carried fifty-five trees and Baldwin thirty-five. They were tied in bundles, each having two bundles fastened together, a bundle on each side of the horse and the tops reaching backwards. In this way they threaded their way thnnigh the forest along a wagon trace, and there was along that way a distance of ten miles without a house.

The pioneers of the county seemed to have been impressed that this was a good fruit country and they began early to plant orchards, and these citations are but a few examples of how the early settlers secured orchards. A\'ithiii a few >ears there were nurseries in various parts of the county, enabling the farmers to secure nursery stock conveniently and at little cost. Howard county has never grown apples in such quantities as tn ha\-e large quantities for export, but usually has had plenty for home consumption.

The county could become a good apple-growing district if enough interest and care should be given the industry. Her other products are sufficiently profitable to call attention from this business.

Trapping and hunting ma}' rot be said to lia\'e been a regular industry of the county, but yet there have been a few trappers and hunters who were cpiite successful in this business in the early years of its settlement, and the great majority of the early settlers supplemented their efforts to feed and clothe themselves and families by hunting. Of the early pioneers who engaged in trapping. "Uncle Jim" Brooks, of Harrison township, was probably chief. James, at the age of twenty-seven, and his father left Hamilton county in the fall of 1838 and followed an Indian trail through to the reserve and camped with a party of land hunters south of the present site of New London. In a few days they built some bark wigwams on Little Honey creek and trapped during the winter. The products of their toil were the skins of seventy otter. During the summer of 1839 the_\- caught one hundred and forty coons on Shaw's prairie. In the fall of 1840 they built some bark huts on the land afterwards owned my Foster, near Kokomo, and trapped above the town extensively. They caught a great many coons and wildcats. It being ver}- cold, they frequently found coons frozen in the snow. One evening the father, returning from up the creek, found a frozen turkey, but before he bi:)t hi)me dropped it near a button bush pond near where the courthouse now stands.

James, going out to look for it, found it in the clutches of a wildcat, so he set two otter traps and the next morning went out and found that he liad caught the wildcat. The next spring they found five bee-trees in an Indian sugar camp. These they cut down and by the use of moss strained out seventeen gallons of fine honey.

In that day wolf hides sold for seventy-five cents and scalps for one dollar and fifty cents. \\'ildcat hides sold for eight dollars, otter hides from six to nine dollars, and deer hides from fifty cents to one dollar each. In a history of Honey Creek township is found: "The early pioneers had very little to sell, and what they had could not be sold for money. A\Mld game and wild honey seem to have been the principal articles offered in exchange for the neces- .sary commodities of life."

A Bee Hunter

quite a reputation among the early settlers as a successful bee hunter and trapper. He was an unmarried man and lived entirely alone in a little rail pen, which he built about two and a half miles east of Jerome. He made no improvements but spent all his time in the woods, trapping during the fall and winter season and hunting wild honey in the summer. From the sale of the furs and wild honey he realized considerable money, which he hoarded away with miserly care. He remained in this part of the country until the game became scarce, when he packed his few household goods and, with them on his back, departed for more congenial quarters further west."

Of the pioneers of Liberty township it is said: "The forest supplied the meat from the bountiful store of game, in quantity and Cjuality according to demand. Deer were everywhere abundant and afforded the chief means of subsistence to many families during the first two or three years' sojourn in the woods. Jonathan Fisher states that in one year he killed one hundred and twenty-five within a few miles of his home. A man by the name of Ray was a hunter of considerable note and frequently killed four or five deer a day, of which he kept nothing but the hams and hides. The other parts of the carcass were given to anyone who desired them, or left in the woods to be de\-oured by the wolves. Wild turkeys were so plentiful as to be no rarity and were considered game not worth the ammunition required to kill them. An occasional bear was seen, but the majority of these animals had disappeared several years prior to the first settlement by the whites. A large one was killed a short distance east of Greentown in 1846, which weighed over four hundred pounds. This was the only one ever killed in the township so far as now can be learned."

tlestructive to stock. Farmers were obliged to build tight pens for their hogs and sheep ; yet despite all their precautions an occasional lamb or porker would fall a prey to these gaunt scourges of the forest. In time, these animals disappeared, many of them being killed by the early settlers for the reward offered by the state for their scalps.

Money Was Scarce

Money in those early days was a scarce article and many families were compelled to deny themselves the luxuries which today are classed as necessities. Deer skins, ginseng and maple sugar, of which large quantities were made e\-ery spring, were articles of commercial importance, by means of which many families kept themselves supplied with groceries, dry goods, etc.

In Howard township a man named Dix is recalled, who settled on the John Barnes farm and made a few improvements. He is remembered as a noted backwoodsman, whose greatest delight was hunting and trapping, which he followed very successfully. By the sale of ileer skins, venison hams and wild honey, he managed to supply his family with what groceries and few articles of wearing apparel they needed, while he went clad in the conventional buckskin garb common among the pioneer hunters sixty years ago. After game became scarce he sold out and went West.

Maple Sugar Industry

Reference has already been made to the fact that the making and sale of maple sugar was a not inconsiderable industry in pioneer times. Milton Garrigus states he and his father made eight hundred pounds of sugar and a barrel of molasses in the spring of

1847 '^'" their claim in Lilierty township. He further states that the Indians delighted to make sugar and molasses in their immense sugar orchards and that on the tract where he "squatted," in 1847, there was an abundance nf Ijark troughs and spiles, rude stables for ponies, big troughs for storing sugar water, where they had been used by the Indians for sugar making.

The only recorded instance of trouble between the Indians and the early white settlers grew out of Charles O. Fry, in Union township, settling too near an Indian sugar camp a short distance southwest of Jeroine. He erected his first cabin near an Indian sugar camp, which so exasperated the red men, who were in no wise friendly toward the settler, that serious results very nearly followed. The savages looked upon Fry's action as an encroachment, and gathering a number of their braves together, they rode througli the country, tore down a number of newly-erected huts and unoccupied cabins, burned fences and seized the stock belonging to several settlers. Fry and Joseph Brown visited the Indian camp to make reparation for the offense committed, which was rather more easily efifected than they expected. The chief said all would be well and no further depredations be committed, providing the white man (meaning Fry) would procure for them a load of hay for their ponies.

Brown and Fry were compelled to go to Marion for the hay, an undertaking- attended with many difficulties, as thev were compelled to cut their road through the woods for almost half of the distance.

Head Of The Hardware Business

Of the commercial industries of Howard county, the hardware firm now known as the Armstrong-Landon Company is easily at the head, both in point of continuous existence and in the volume of business transacted, having had a continuous existence of more than fifty years. Very few of the residents of Howard county now hving can recall that small hardware establishment on the east side of the square just opened by the firm of Dr. J- A. James, Dr. Horace A. Armstrong and x\ddison F. Armstrong. That was in the spring of 1856. Two members of this new firm were prominent physicians of the growing town and the third was a young man just embarking in a business career- that was to prove eminently honorable and successful and whose business enterprise was to be of uncalculable benefit to the future city of Kokomo in many ways. The senior member. Dr. J. A. James, combined in a marked degree the intelligent physician and the public-spirited citizen. These two men contributed largely to the development of Kokomo on a broad and enduring basis. Two years after the beginning of their business it had outgrown its room and they were compelled to seek more roomy quarters. Accordingly they moved to the Bohan and Ashley corner, where the K., M. & ^^^ traction station now is, into a room sixteen by eighty feet, at that time the second largest business room in the village.

and their business had increased so that they must have more room. They, therefore bought a lot on the east side of the square ne.\t to the southeast coi'ner and began the erection of a three-story buihling. When nearly completed this building was blown down by a tornado and in the downfall carried with it the storeroom occupied by the firm and also the Tribune office.

Undaunted by this double misfortune the firm immediately began to prepare to rebuild, and completed the new building the same year. They were, however, not through with misfortune, for in 1867 the block in which they were was destroyed by fire. They rebuilt the same year, but this time only a two-story building.

During 1867 the senior member, J. A. James, retired from business and was succeeded by Josiah Beeson, the firm name being Armstrong, Beeson & Company., Before another year had passed Dr. Horace A. Armstrong died and his interest was purchased by Dr.. Edward A. Armstrong. For two years the firm remained under the old name, when ^Nlr. Beeson sold his interest to Messrs. Zimri, Xixon and Isaac Ellis, and the name of the firm was changed to Armstrong, Nixon & Company. This firm cuntinued until 1874, when the death of Mr. Nixon caused annther change. The members composing the new firm were A. F. Armstrong, Dr. E. A. Armstrong, J. C. Pickett and George W. Landon, under the firm name of Armstrong, Pickett & Company. In the spring of 1875, the firm, finding their business increased to such an e-xtent as demanded still further enlargement of their facilities, decided to erect a building capable of accommodating it and began the constructinn i)f a storeroom opposite the southeast corner of the public square. It is sixty-six feet front on Sycamore street and one hundred and thirtytwo feet long, and is four stories and a basement high, with heavy brick walls and stone foundation.

Keep A Large Stock

A large stock of the latest and best makes of farm machinery, builders" supplies. sto\es and ranges, a stock of buggies and harness and a complete stock of general hardware is carried by the firm. In addition they have a tin shop and a full line of tin and galvanized iron supplies. Xear by is a lumber yard, well stocked. They are thus enabled to supply the varied wants of a wide range of customers. They have a large, first-floor salesroom, thus providing their friends and customers with a comfortable waiting and resting room.

January i. 1883, Air. Pickett retired from the firm and E. S. Hunt entered, and the name of the firm was changed to Armstrong, Landon &: Company. In 1888 tlie firm name was changed to Armstrong, Landon & Hunt Company. On the death of 'Sh. Hunt, some years later, the firm name was again changed to Armstrong, Landon & Company, which remains to the present time. A. F. Armstrong continued as president until his death about five years since. The present officers are: George W. Landon, president; Thomas C. Howe, vice-president: H. Xeck Landon, secretary, ^^^ A. Easter, treasurer.

\\'hen E. S. Hunt entered the firm in January, 1883, the Hunt lumber yard was taken over into the property and management of the company. This property consisted of an extensive lumber yard at the intersection of the P. C. & St. L. Railroad and ^^lonroe street. Later the planing mill was added. The planing mill part of this industry seems to have had its beginning with the Hunt brothers.

Henry and Ezra, at New London, while the water power was abundant and the industrial future of New London was radiant with hope. Later, with the coming of the F. & K. Railroad, Russiaville gave promise of more substantial business returns and the planing mill was moved to that place. A few years later the Hunt brothers transferred the business to the location referred to in Kokomo. A little while prior to 1883 Ezra had come into the sole management of the lumber business by the retirement of Henry. Since taking control of this branch of their work they have developed and expanded it until it is one of the important parts of the county's industries. They are engaged in the manufacture of doors and sash, the dealing in all kinds of lumber, the manufacture of all kinds of building material for the interior finish of private residences, consisting of stairways, offices and bank work, and the contracting for the construction and erection of all kinds of buildings. The company has engaged extensively in the manufacture of interior work for churches, church seats and pulpits, having done work of this kind in various parts of the Union. Although this firm began business here in the infancy of the county, much earlier than any other firm, and has continuously engaged in the same business, and has at all times put push and vigorous business methods into it, they have not monopolized their lines of business.

Planing Mill Business

S. C. Moore built the S. C. Moore planing mill at the northwest intersection of the L. E. & W. Railroad and Jefiferson street in 1S74 and operated it until his death in 1905, a period of thirty years. During the last ten years his son, Edward S., was associated with him, and the finn Avas S. C. Moore & Son. At the death of the elder 2^Ioore, Elmer Danner became associated with Edward S. Moore and the firm is Moore & Banner, and do a general contracting; business in connection with their mill business.

Since the organization of the first hardware firm there has been quite a number of others organized, and, after doing a good business for a number of years, for one reason or another have discontinued - George Hocker in the sixties, and later Bruner & Coate : Hutchings : Owen & Company, and others whose names are not remembered now. And so of the lumber business.

Heading And Stave Business

Prior to the discovery of natural gas in 1886, Lawrence Snider was probably the leading manufacturer of Kokomo, being in the heading and stave business. He purchased oak timber throughout Howard and adjoining counties and brought it to his factory at the north end of Kokomo and manufactured it into staves and heading, which he shipped to New York and Philadelphia. He began the business in 1878 and did ten tlKiusand dollars' worth of work the first year and four }'ears later increased it to seventy-five thousand dollars.

Of those engaging in manufacturing enterprises were A\". H. Sumption and later \\'. H. Sumption & Son, who were engaged in the manufacture of buggies, carriages and spring wagons from 1S70 to many years later. They employed a number of men and did good work and a g"Ood business.

Walter Hooper came to Kokomo in 1865 and erected a small blacksmith shop and began the manufacture of I^uggies. During his first year's business he sold one thousand, six hundred and sixtv- five dollars' worth of new work, and eight years later sold fourteen thousand five hundred and sixteen dollars' worth. He also made carriages, spring wagons and road wagons.

The oldest continuous dry goods store in Kokomo is the Bee Hi\e. This store was commenced in 1872 by Samuel Davis. The firm name was S. Davis & Sons and was one of the leading business firms of the city. By the withdrawal of Walter and the death of Samuel, Henry C. was left as sole proprietor. In the year 1901 Mr. Davis sold to William H. Turner, who has continued the business since.

Nearly thirty years ago Bl(.)ck & Thalman came to Kokomo and began merchandising on a diminutive scale, with a limited stock of notions and low-priced goods. By fair dealing- and catering to the wants of the masses they rapidly built up a trade, and with the increasing trade they increased their stock in ^-ariety, quantity and C[uality until now they have probably the fullest stock and greatest variety of goods in the city.

The White House was built some eighteen years ago and has been extended across the alley since. The Kokomo Dry Goods Store is of considerably more recent date and does a fine business.

Various Kinds Of Stores

Those whose memory goes back to the times immediately after the Ci\il war will recall the sign in front of the clothing store on the north side of the square and west of the alley which read, "D. Friday." Eveiybody then knew D. Friday and his obliging young clerk. King Kennedy. D. Friday's clothing store is the oldest in Kokomo today. D. Friday is no longer here to welcome his customers with a bland smile, and when he had put on a customer a coat two or three sizes too large for him. would take up the slack on the back with his hand and declare that the coat was ''shust a feat." King Kennedy has remained with the store and since the death of Mr. Friday has Ijeen the proprietor through the generosity of his friend.

In the fall of i860 the industrial interest of Kokomo received a large accession in the coming of T. Jay and family, Rufus Dolman and family, and Ithamer Russell and family. Soon after coming to Kokomo they entered into parnership and began several lines of business.