Jay County, Indiana - The whole text, 1881 (part 4 of 11)

the more southerly maritime States, but with more numerous, larger, and deeper inlets between .them. Great Egg Harbor, Little Egg Harbor, Barnegat, Tom's Bay, Shark Inlet, and the united bay of Neversink and Shrewsbury afford shelter to vessels of considerable burden. The southern half of the State is low, level, sandy, and in many parts barren ; but north of an imaginary line drawn between the mouth of the Shrewsbury River and . , Bordentown, about latitude 40deg. lOmin., the surface is over- Martin Luther College, Bulfalo ; Collegiate and Polytechnic Insti- spread with several hill ranges, abounding with rich scenery, tute, St. John Baptist's College, Brooklyn ; University of Eoch- The coast is skirted by the Neversink hills, the only elevations of ester, Rochester ; Cornell University. Ithaca; De Veaux College, any consequence in the United States near the Atlantic Ocean. Suspension Bridge; Union College, Schenectady; Genesee Col- A mountain region, rising abruptly from the hilly country, occulege, Lima; Hobart College, Geneva; Madison University, Ham- pies the northern part of the State, which, at its northern extremilton; St. John's College, Fordham; Elmira Female College, lty, comprises a portion of the Alleghany chain. The Hudson Elmira; Ingham University, Le Boy; St. Stephen's College, River forms the northeastern boundary for about thirty-five miles. Annandale; St. Joseph's, Rfiine Cliff. The river next in importance is the Delaware, which 'divides the

The State is amply provided with institutions for criminals, the State from Pennsylvania. The other principal rivers are the blind, deaf and dumb, insane, and the inebriate. Raritan, which rises in the hilly country within five miles of the

The following table gives the decennial population by counties Delaware, and falls into Amboy Bay, after a course of seventy from 1790: miles, and the Hackensack, which empties into the small bay of

The Palisades, a wall of perpendicular trap-rock, from 200 to 500 feet high, form the western bank of the Hudson River for fifteen miles, and one of the grandest features of its scenery. Among the most attractive features in the scenery are the Falls of the Passaic, the Delaware "Water Gap, and Schooley's Mountain.

History, Government, and Finances. - New Jersey was set tied in 1620 by Dutch and Swedes. In 1623 a Dutch company erected Fort Nassau, on the eastern shore of the Delaware, a short distance below the present site of Philadelphia. In 1630 land was purchased of the Indians, but no settlement was made. In 1634 the country on the Delaware was granted by the English crown to Sir Edmund Ployden, who named it New Albion. Four years later a small party of Swedes and Finns bought land in the same vicinity from the* Indians, and began settlements. Subsequently the Dutch and Swedes drove out all the English colonists ; and in 1655 the Dutch, under Peter Stuyvesant, drove out the Swedes, and sent nearly all of them back to Europe. In 1664 Charles II. granted to his brother, the Duke of York, all the country between the Delaware and Connecticut Rivers. Dispatching an expedition to take possession of the newly-granted territory, New Amsterdam was first subdued, and the New Jersey settlements succumbed to the new grantee. Under the authority of Nicholls, the commander of the expedition and first governor, a patent was granted to immigrants from Long Island and New England. At this time Elizabethtown, Middletown, Shrewsbury, and Newark were founded. Meanwhile the Duke of York had transferred his claim to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. The territory was named New Jersey, "in compliment to Carteret, who had been governor of the island of Jersey. A constitution was framed for the colony, and in 1665 Philip Carteret, brother of Sir George, was sent over as governor of the colony. Philip's administration was unpopular, and those who held under Nicholls' patent refused to him rent. In 1670 the people revolted, and chose James Carteret, an illegitimate son of Sir George, governor. The people acknowledged Philip Carteret's authority upon his obtaining certain concessions from the proprietors. In March, 1673, Berkeley transferred his interest in the proprietorship to 6S0051 Moiao two Quakers. In the following July the Dutch retook New

According to the census of 1870, New York has a population of Achter l£ol, fell into their hands. By the treaty of 1674 New 4,382,759; of which 52,081 are colored, 439 Indian, and 29 Jersey reverted to the English crown, and the king recognized the Chinese. The foreign population is 1,138,353. claim of Carteret, and made a new grant to the Duke of York.

New York City. - New York City is the largest city in the The latter executed a new conveyance to Carteret, which embraced Union, and one of the largest in the world. It is situated on only a portion of the original territory of New Jersey ; but pre- Manhattan Island, at the mouth of the Hudson. The island is to the execution of this conveyance to Carteret, the Duke of 13 1-2 miles long, and on an average 1 3-5 miles wide, having an York had included the province in a commission granted to Sir area of nearly 22 square miles, or 14,000 acres. Edmund Andros, governor of New York. The latter, refusing

The other large cities of the State are Brooklyn, Buffalo, recognition of Philip Carteret's authority, caused the arrest of all Albany, (the capital) Rochester, Troy and Syracuse. magistrates who refused to submit to his own jurisdiction, and on

April 30, 1680, conveyed Carteret a prisoner to New York. The duke was finally persuaded to recognize the claims of the proprietors, and in 1681 the government of Andros terminated. In the meantime Fenwick and Byllinge, the two Quakers to whom vrrw Hi -tv , . t ,i i i . Berkeley had sold his share in the province, transferred an interest

Z fhc hf w V , , 3' ??'Vvf '' a?,d ,s River. He claimed jurisdiction as chief proprietor over all that At. o y 1 It' y '^H-idson River and the portion of New Jersey southwest of a line drawn from Little to Atlant ,0 Ocean ; south by the ocean and Delaware Bay, and west Harbor to a point on the Delaware River in 1 ati tndeTodeg norfbf by Delaware State and R.ver. It has an area of 8,320 square For some years the State was divided into East jTsey ufder Sir

New Jersey And Pennsylvania

In February, 1682, the whole territory was sold to "William Penn and eleven other Quakers, under whom a Scotchman named Robert Barclay, became the first governor. In 1702 the proprietors surrendered I lie right of government to the crown, ami Queen Anne appointed Lord Oornbury governor of New York and New Jersey, but each continued to liave a separate assembly. In 1708 New Jersey obtained a distinct administration under -Lewis Morns for her governor.

Several engagements occurred on the soil of New Jersey during the Revolution. Among the most important may be mentioned the capture of 900 Hessians by "Washington, at Trenton, on December 20, 1776; the battle of Princeton a few days later; and the battle of Monmouth, in June, 1778, in all of which "Washington figured, and the Americans were victorious. The American forces went into winter quarters at Morristown in 1776-77.

The constitution framed in 1814 is the basis of government. The governor is chosen by the people for three years, and receives a salary of 83,000. The general election is held on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November. His term commences the third Tuesday of January. The secretary of state is appointed by the governor, with the advice and consent of the senate. The treasurer is elected by the legislature on joint ballot for one }'ear, and until his successor is qualified ; and the State librarian is appointed for three years. The legislature consists of twenty one senators, one from each county, who are elected for three years ; and an assembly composed of sixty members, elected every year. The legislature meets annually at Trenton on the second Tuesday of January. The judicial authority is vested in a court of errors and appeals, a supreme court, a court of chancery held at Trenton, circuit courts, and courts of oyer and terminer, held in most of the counties three times a year ; an orphan's court, circuit courts, and courts of common pleas, which, with courts of quarter sessions of the peace, are held in the different counties by judges chosen by the legislature. The court of errors and appeals is composed of the chancellor, the judges of the supreme court, and six other judges appointed by the governor. The governor, chancellor, and six of this court constitute the pardoning power. The governor and senate appoint the chancellor, who holds office seven years. The supreme court is composed of seven justices appointed for seven years from each of the seven judicial districts. They are ex-ojjicw judges of the court of common pleas, orphan's court, and court of general quarter sessions of the peace of the several counties.

Climate and Soil. - The difference of the climate of the northern and southern parts of the State is very striking. The plain country of the south is warmer than might have been expected from its latitude, the temperature approximating to that of Eastern Virginia, and admitting of the culture of cotton ; while the winter in the north assimilates in severity to that of the Northern States. In the upper part of the State, and along the banks of the rivers, there is some good land; but the surface is in general either sandy or marshy, and it is chiefly by the unremitting industry of its inhabitants that New Jersey has been rendered so productive.

Geology and Mineralogy. - Five geological belts cross the State, containing a sandy pine plain with bog iron ore, shelly marls used for manure, glass sand, greensand of marl, plastic clay, used in making firebricks, metamorphic rocks, argillaceous red sandstone, copper ores, gneiss with specular and magnetic iron ores, red oxide of zinc, and Franklinite iron. The zinc mines give more than one-half the quantity of that metal produced in the United States, and more than all the mines of Great Britain. Iron is found in great abundance.

Products, Commerce, and Manufactures. - The State has 24,000 farms, producing wheat, maize, oats, common and sweet potatoes, apples, peaches, plums, grapes, melons, and garden vegetables for the great neighboring markets of New York and Phi!adelphia. The proximity of New Jersey to the city of New York and other great consuming centers, afford a ready outlet for the orohard and market products of this State. It may be said that the great metropolis is fed by Ne.v Jersey. Her abundant f acuities of communication with the large commercial cities of the Union has greatly benefited her manufactures.

The principal establishments are woolen and cctton mills, manufactories of pig iron, iron castings, wrought iron, distilleries and breweries, and tanneries. There are a great many manufactories of machinery, locomotives, carriages, saddlery and harness, jewelry, glass, pottery, bricks, paper, paint, small arms, boots and shoes, and hats. The fisheries employ a large number of hands and is a source of great profit.

Education, etc. - The superintendent of public instruction is appointed by the State board of education, and holds office durim>- the pleasure of the board, but not to exceed the term of three years. The board of education consists of the governor, attorneygeneral, comptroller, secretary of state, president of the senate, speaker of the assembly, and the trustees of the normal school This board appoints, by ballot, the county superintendents, which appointments are subject to the approval of the board of chosen freeholders of the counties. The State board of examiners examines teachers and grants certificates valid throughout the State. County and city boards of examiners give certificates which are valid within the jurisdiction of the grantors. Certificates are granted for one, two, three, five, and seven years, and for life. Township boards of school trustees are composed of all the district trustees of a township, whose functions are merely advisory, no executive powers having been delegated to them. The school funds consist of stocks, bonds, and mortgages, to the amount of §600,000. For the support of schools there is a State school-tax of two mills on the dollar, and in addition the State annually appropriates 8100,000. All school funds are distributed to the counties, townships, and districts on the basis of the school census of all children between five and eighteen years of age. If the State school money is not sufficient to keep' the schools free nine months in the year, the townships are required to raise by tax the amount necessary to supply the deficiency. Corporal punishment is abolished in all the schools in this State. New Jersey has one State normal school located at Trenton, and a preparatory normal school at Beverly. There are three theological institutions in New Jersey. The following are the principal educational institutions and their location :

College of New Jersey, Princeton ; Rutgers College, with scientific and agricultural departments, New lirunsw ick -" Bordentown College, Bordentown ; Burlington College, Burlington.

The principal cities are Jersey City, Newark and Paterson, which are great manufacturing centers. Other large cities are Trenton, the capital, Elizabeth, and New Brunswick.

Pennsylvania

PENNSYLVANIA, one of the thirteen original States, called "The Keystone State," lies in latitude 39deg. 43min. and 42deg. lomin. north, and longitude 74deg. 75min. and 80deg. 37min. west, and is bounded on the north by Lake Erie and New York; east, by New York and New Jersey; south, by Maryland and Virginia; and west, by Virginia and Ohio. It has an area of 46,000 square miles, or 29,440,000 acres. The Alleghany Mountains occupy all the central part of this State, covering, with their ramifications, more than one half its area. Ti e western and eastern parts are comparatively level, the western plain being by far the larger, and watered by the Alleghany and other tributaries of the Ohio, as the eastern is by the Delaware and its affluents, the Schuylkill, Lehigh, etc. The center of the State is traversed by the Susquehanna, This river, the largest of those falling into the Atlantic in the United States, rises in Oswego Lake (New York), near the sources of the Mohawk, and runs, with a very tortuous course, generally southward, till it falls into Chesapeake Bay, latitude 39deg. aOiniii. north, longitude Tddeg. west, after an entire course of at least 500 miles. It receives numerous tributaries, but its channel is so much interrupted that it is but little available for navigation. Other important streams are the Alleghany and Monongahola, which unite to form the Ohio.

History, Government, and Finances. - Pennsylvania was first colonized by Swedes. In 1027 a well-supplied body of Swedes Finns settled on both shores of the Delaware, penetrating nearly to where Philadelphia now stands. The colony made inconsiderable advances in populating and occupying the country, and in 1655 it was compelled to submit to the prosperous Dutch settlement at New Amsterdam. In 1664 the colonists passed under the English rule generally established at that time. In 16S1 the territory west of the Delaware was granted to William Penn, who colonized it, and founded Philadelphia in the year 1682. The present area of the State of Delaware was included under the grant to Penn by Charles II., and called the lower counties. They remained under the same proprietary until 1699, at which time a separate legislature was allowed them, but not a separate governor. The two colonies remained under one governor until the Revolution of 1776. The grant to Penn was for territory actually covered by the vague grants made to the New- England colonies, Virginia, and Maryland; and although the eastern, northern, and western boundaries were amicably ad justed the boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland was long disputed by the heirs of the original proprietors. It was settled at last, by Mason and Dixon's survey, commenced in 1763 and completed four years later, forming the now famous "Mason and Dixon's line." The original Swedish colonists led peaceful lives, free from anxiety on account of their red neighbors. Penn secured the respect and love of the Indians by firmness and good faith, thus obtaining for his successors the uninterrupted frfendship of the savage tribes until the outbreak of the war of the Revolution. Braddock's unfortunate expedition and defeat in which the young Washington distinguished himself, and the massacre of Wyoming, showed that the savage nature was the same everywhere.

After the Swedes, the settlers of the lower counties were orifinally chiefly Friends. The pure and unsullied character and manly energy of tnese colonists made theirs one of the most prosperous colonial establishments in America. Learning, wealth, and refinement characterized it long previous to the Revolution. The sosions of the Continental Congress were there held, and until 1SO0 it was the seat of the general government, and the rooms in which Congress met are still standing, and may be seen by the visitor. At Philadelphia the Declaration of Independence was secretary of the commonwealth, attorney-general, and secretary of internal affairs, or any three of them,' after full hearing, upon due public notice, and in open session.

The judicial power is vested in a supreme court, courts of common pleas, of oyer and terminer, and general jail delivery, of quarter sessions of the peace, orphans' courts, and magistrates' courts. The supreme court consists of seven judges, who are elected by the people for twenty-one years, but' are not eligible lor reelection, and receive an annual salary of $7,000 each. 'The judge having the shortest term to serve becomes chief justice. This court has original jurisdiction only in cases of injunction where a corporation is a party defendant, of habeas corpus, of mandamus to courts of inferior jurisdiction, and of quo warranto as to all officers of the commonwealth whose jurisdiction extends over the State.

Geology and Mineralogy. - The geological formations range from the Potsdam sandstone to the coal-measures. There is middle secondary red sandstone and drift in the northeast; gneiss and red sandstone in the southeast; the center of the State is a rich and fertile limestone valley. Near Philadelphia are fine quarries of white marble.

The great anthracite and semi-anthracite deposits of coal are east of the Alleghanies. Bituminous coal is found nearly everywhere west of the mountains. Salt is obtained from springs to the amount of about 1,200,000 bushels a year. Marble, limestone, copper, and zinc are also met with. Adjacent to the coal-measures are rich beds of iron ore; also lead, copper, nickel, and chrome

German immigration into this State began about 1750, and settled several counties adjacent to Philadelphia, This nationality became prominent in the subsequent history of the State and nation. Following the Germans came immigrants of Scotch origin, who scatters 1 themselves all over the State. Several campaigns during the Revolution were fought within the limits of Pennsylvania, and among the battles were those of the Brandywine and Germantown. The State was overrun by the British and suffered much, and at Valley Forge the American army under Washington endured countless hardships during the winter of

The constitution adopted in 1790 is the basis of the present government of this State, but was amended in 1838, 1S50 1857 and 1873. Under the amended constitution of 1873, which went into force on January 1, 1S74, the general assembly consists of fifty senators elected for four years, and two hundred representative's chosen for two years. Regular sessions are held biennially, beginning on the hrst Tuesday of January in odd years. Extra sessions may be convened by the governor, but annual adjourned sessions are prohibited after 1878. The executive department consists of a governor, who receives a salary of 810,000 ; lieutenant-governor who acts as president of the senate, 83,000 ; secretary of the coni- S?oon ^\ 84,000 ; 83,500; auditor-general, |3,000; state treasurer, 85,000; secretary of internal affairs $3,000 ; and superintendent of public instruction, 82,500.

Ihe governor lieutenant-governor, and secretary of internal affaire are elected by the people for four years, the auditor-general lor three, and the treasurer for two years. The attorneygeneral, secretary of the commonwealth, and superintendent are appointed for four years by the governor, with the consent of two-tbirds of the senators.

The governor is ineligible to the office for the next succeeding term ; he may grant commutations of sentence and pardons only upon the -written recommendation of the Heutenantgovernor

This State occupies the foremost rank in the production of coal and iron. The vast anthracite coal fields lie mostly between the Delaware and Susquehanna rivers, about the headwaters of the Lehigh, Schuylkill, and Lackawanna. At Blossburg in Tioga county, and in Clinton county, immense quantities of bituminous coal are mined. In Beaver county, eannel coal of fine qualityexists. _ In the western part of the State petroleum oil has been found in remarkably large quantities. Chester and Montgomery counties produce marble, copper, and lead in abundance." Lime, slate, and building-stones abound. Zinc and plumbago are a part of the mineral wealth of the State. On the Monongahela and elsewhere, salt-springs exist. In the central part of the State saltpetre is found in considerable quantities, and medicinal springs exist in various localities.

Climate and Soil. - The climate is changeable, though, upon the whole, one of the most agreeable and temperate in the United States. The season of frost and snow seldom exceeds three months, the winter commencing from the 1st to the 15th of December, and terminating from the 1st to the 15th of March. The heat of summer is seldom oppressive, except in low situations. Near the sea-coast the temperature of winter is severe, varying in the months of January and February from lldeg. to 28de°\ The elevated parts are healthy, but the climate there is a compound of most others.

The soil in the eastern portion is partly light and sandv, but in the interior and valleys it is a deep rich loam. There "are few absolutely sterile tracts, and, in general, this is one of the most productive States in the Union.

Products, Manufactures, and Commerce. - Most branches of agriculture are found profitable in Pennsylvania, and are in a comparatively advanced state. Pennsylvania yields all the fruits and products of the northern and middle parts" of the Union, and is better adapted for the culture of the mulberry and grape than the greater number of the other States. Most of the finer fruits of temperate climates are raised in the greatest luxuriance, and the cider is particularly excellent. It is eminently a grain-growing country, the staple articles being wheat and Indian corn, and large quantities of oats, rye, barley, buckwheat, o-rass-seeds livestock, fruit, dairy products, wool, peas, beans,' Irish and sweet potatoes, market produce, tobacco, hay, flax, beeswax and honey maple-sugar, with soiue molasses, silk, hops, hemp, and wine are produced. Horses and cattle, especially the former, are particularly good. This is one of the principal wool-growing States of the Union. °

The manufactures of the State are immense, and cover nearly every field of industry. In woolen manufactures it stands first, and it manufactures nearly half the iron made in the United States. Manufactures are both various and extensive. Pittsburg m the western part of this State, on the Ohio, is the greatest manufacturing city of the Union; besides ironmongery of every description, including steam-engines and machinery, cutlery nails and stoves, it has numerous other manufactures. '

Pennsylva Nia And Delaware

Education, etc. - The school superintendent is appointed by the governor, and holds office for three years. His jurisdiction only embraces disputes in which points of law are involved. * County superintendents are elected by the county boards of directors every third year. These boards consist of six directors from each district, and two of them are elected each year. The township boards consist of six members. The superintendents examine teachers, and grant two grades of certificates, good for one and three years. The state superintendent grants permanent certificates, which are good everywhere within the State. The constitution provides that "No preference shall ever be given, by law, to any religious establishments or modes of worship." The State has six normal schools; one at Millersville, Edinboro, Bloomsburg, Mansfield, Kutztown, and Philadelphia. The last is exclusively for girls. There are numerous other educational establishments throughout the State, among them Girard College for poor boys in Philadelphia. The University of Pennsylvania is a noble institution, and its new buildings in Philadelphia were occupied in October, 1S72. There are many other noble educational institutions in the State.

This State has two large penitentiaries, one at Pittsburg and one at Philadelphia. Philadelphia has a house of refuge for juvenile delinquents, also one for adults. Pittsburg has a bouse of refuge. A State lunatic asylum is located at Harrisburg, and an insane hospital at Pittsburg. There is an institution for the deaf and dumb at Philadelphia, and the Women's Medical College and Jefferson Medical College are also located there.

Delaware

DELAWARE, one of the thirteen original States, stretches from 38deg. 29min. to 39deg. 47min., and in west longitude from 75deg. to 7odeg. 45min., and is bounded on the north by Pennsylvania; east by the Delawarejiiver and Bay and the Atlantic: south and west by Maryland.

It is 96 miles long, and 37 wide, and has an area of 2,120 square miles, or 1,356,800 acres. Next to Rhode Island, Delaware is the, smallest State in the Union. The surface is in general rather level, but rising gradually from the coast to the western boundary. There is, however, a hilly district in the north, and in the south a vast morass covering 50,000 acres, infested with wild animals and noxious reptiles, and filling the atmosphere with poisonous miasms.

History, Government and Finances. - In 1610, Lord De la Ware, after whom the State was named, entered Delaware Bay. Later, the Dutch visited the bav, and established s post at Havenkill in 1627. In 1638 Peter Minuits, at the head of a body of Swedish colonists, erected Fort Christina on the Brandywine River. The Dutch, who still maintained their claims to this region, built Fort Cassimir on the site of Newcastle. In 1655 a small body of colonists from New Amsterdam conquered the Swedish settlements, ami in 1661 this region was taken possession of by the English. The settlements on the Delaware were joined to the province of New York until 1681, when they were then purchased by "William Peun from the Duke of York. Penn annexed them to Pennsylvania, under the name of the Three Lower Counties on the Delaware. They remained under the government of Pennsylvania with a separate legislature, however, until 1776, when Delaware proclaimed her independence, and her people framed a constitution. A new constitution was adopted in 1792, which underwent changes in 1802. 1831, and 1838.

According to this constitution the executive power is vested in a governor, who is elected by the people every four years. The legislature meets biennially, and is composed of a senate and a lower house ; the former having nine members elected for four years, and the latter twenty-one members elected for two years. Delaware sends one representative to Congress, and casts three electoral votes.

The judicial authority is lodged in a superior court with one chief and three associate judges, a court of chancery with one chancellor, an orphan's court composed of a chancellor and a judge of the superior court, a probate court, and a court of errors and appeals. The constitution is peculiar in two respects - the governor can never be re-elected, and the laws must be renewed every twenty years. The State has no penitentiary, but convicts are confined in the county jails. The whipping-post and the pillory are still used in the punishment of criminals.

Minerals. - There are very few minerals in Delaware ; a fine sand for glass-manufacture is found near the head of Delaware Bay, which is exported to New England. Bog-iron ore exists to some extent in the southern part of the State.

Climate and Soil. - The climate is healthy; but the degree of cold experienced in the north is much greater, compared with that of the south, than could be expected from a difference in latitude of only ldeg. 20min.

The soil in the north is a rich clay; in other parts, and especially along the shore, it is sandy, and of inferier fertility; but it is everywhere well cultivated. The chief River, the Delaware, rises in. New York, runs mostly south, and, after dividing that State and New Jersey from Pennsylvania, falls into the Bay of Delaware, near the northern extremity of the State, after a course of about 310 miles. It receives several tributaries, and is navigable for ships of the greatest burden to Philadelphia, 55 miles from its mouth; and for small steam-vessels and boats, to nearly 135 miles higher. The other rivers are inconsiderable. A canal 14 miles in length, and navigable for small sea-vessels, unites the Delaware River near its mouth with the head of Chesapeake Bay.

navigation, is the metropolis of Pennsylvania. Pittsburg, the According to the census of 1870, the total population of Delanext largest city, is the Birmingham of America. Other large ware was 125,015, of which 22,794 were colored,

Delaware And Maryland

New York and Wilmington for the transportation of freight principally. Dover, the capital, is a quiet little city of about 5,000 inhabitants.

Products and Commerce. - The principal products are wheat, maize, oats, potatoes, flax, wool, fruit, and timber. The flour is of superior quality, and much esteemed for its softness and whiteness. Delaware raises the best peaches sent to market. New York, Philadelphia, and Boston are supplied with peaches and apples from her orchards.

Education, etc. - The subject of education in this State is left to the school voters in each district. The Governor is required to appoint annually a school superintendent for each county.

Maryland

MARYLAND, one of the thirteen original States, lies between latitude 37deg. 4Smin. and 39deg. 44min. north, and longitude 75deg. 4min. and 79deg. 33min. west. ; and is bounded on the north bv Pennsylvania; east by Delaware and the Atlantic; and southwest and west, by Virginia, from which it is separated by the Potomac River. It has an area of 11,124 square miles, or 7,119,360 acres. The two portions into which Chesapeake Bay divides the State are called the east and west shores; the former being low, undulating, and alluvial, while that on the west side, though at first of the same character, gradually rises on proceeding westward. The northwestern part of the State is traversed by some offshoots of the Alleghanies, which have an elevation of about 3,000 feet. These ridges bear the local names of Southeast Mountain, Sugar-Loaf Mountain, Catoctin, Blue Ridge, Rugged Mountain, Kittatinny and Will's Mountain. The sea-coast has a length of thirty-three miles ; but including the whole tide-water region of Chesapeake Bay, the shoreline is estimated at 411 miles.

History, Government, and Finances. - Maryland was named in honor of Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles I., who granted to Lord Baltimore a charter for the territory within the present limits of Maryland. The first settlement was made in 1631 by Captain William Clayborne on Kent Island, Chesapeake Bay. The charter under which Maryland was permanently established was granted to Cecilius Calvert, the second Lord Baltimore, by Charles I., in 1632. On November 22d, 1633, about 200 Roman Catholics sailed from the Isle of Wight, and landed on the Island of St. Clement, March 25th, 1634. They took possession of the new territory with religious ceremonies. Ten days later they began a settlement at St. Mary's on the mainland. These settlers were gentlemen of fortune and respectability, who had left the land of their birth to seek a spot where they could worship God as their consciences dictated. They are known in history as the " Pilgrims of St. Mary's." Leonard Calvert, brother of the lord proprietary, and under wdiose guidance the colonists came from England, was the first governor. Clayborne refused to acknowledge the authority of the new-comers, and finally he and his adherents were driven out of the country. The first legislature met in 1639, and much salutary legislation followed. In 1642 a company of Puritans, who had been driven from Virginia as Nonconformists, settled in Maryland, and attempted to get the control of the government. Clayborne and his men had returned and occupied Kent island, and he, in conjunction with the Virginia Puritans, overcame the government and compelled the governor to fly into Virginia. In 1646, the governor returned with a military force, and defeated his overthrowers. In 1649 the assembly passed an act of religious toleration, which the present inhabitants of the State may look back upon with just pride. It allowed everybody to work out his own salvation, and worship God in any way he might see fit. The Puritans settled at Providence, now Annapolis, which became the seat of government. They continued to annoy the government, and, as a means of pacification, their settlement was made, in 1650, a distinct county, and named Anne Arundel, in honor of Lady Anne Arundel, subsequently the wife of the second Lord Baltimore. More members of this denomination arriving from England, Charles county was organized for them, and thenceforward thev were the dominant party in the government. In 1654 Lord Baltimore made efforts to regain the colony, but he bad hardly resumed the reins of government when he was again deposed by the Puritans. A civil contest now ensued, and many excesses were committed by the contending parties. Providence, the seat of the Puritan government, was attacked on March 25, 1655, by the royal party. The Puritans were victorious, and captured the royal governor, who, with others, was condemned to death, and four of the condemned were executed. Three years later the power of the proprietary was restored, and Philip Calvert, his brother, was appointed governor. In 1660, twenty-six years from the founding of the colony, the population was 16,000. In 1715 the authority of the proprietary was finally re-established in the colony, having been suspended twenty-four years. From this time until the outbreak of the French war in 1753, the history of Maryland is devoid of any event of importance. Baltimore was laid out in 1729, and in 1745 the first newspaper printed in this State was established. In 1756 the population was computed to be 154.1S8.

In the war with the French, Maryland bore an active part. The expedition of Braddock against Fort Duquesne was organized in this State. Maryland manfully opposed the stamp act and the tea duty, and the proprietary government gave place to committees of public safety and conventions of the people. On the 5th of February, 1777, the first elected legislature assembled at Annapolis, and eight days later the first republican governor was chosen. The Marylanders were engaged in nearly every battle of the Revolution, and under the designation of the "Maryland line," signally distinguished themselves. In the latter part of December, 1783, Washington resigned his commission at Annapo- .lis. The Federal Constitution was adopted in the Maryland convention by a vote of 63 to 11. Maryland suffered much by the war of 1812. Frenchtown, Havre de Grace, Fredericktown, and Georgetown were plundered and burned by the British, and in 1814 the militia of the State opposed the inarch of the British to Washington, but without success. On September 13, 1814, the battle of North Point was fought, and on the following day an attack was made upon Baltimore by the bombardment of Fort McIIenry. A brave defence was made, and in two days later the British fleet sailed down the bay. At the outbreak of the late war Maryland held the balance of power on account of the situation of the Federal capital at Washington. The people were Southern in their sympathies, but were overawed, and gave a tacit adhesion to the Union cause, though her troops fought on both sides throughout the war.

The constitution of 1851 is the basis of the government of Maryland. The governor, who is elected by a plurality vote, is chosen for four years. The legislature meets but once in two years. It is composed of a. senate, consisting of twenty-four members elected for four years, one-half every second year,, and a house of delegates consisting of eighty-six members, elected every two years. The State is divided intothree gubernatorial districts, called east, middle, and north, and the governor is elected from each in rotation. The office of lieutenant-governor is dispensed with ; the president of the senate exercises the executive power on the death or disability of the governor. The governor appoints the chief executive officers, which are a secretary of state, treasurer, and controller. Maryland sends six representatives to Congress, and casts eight electoral votes.

The supreme judicial authority is vested in a court .of appeals, composed of four judges elected by the people for ten years, or until seventy years of age. The governor names one of them for chief justice'. ' There are eight circuit courts, each presided over by a judge who is elected for fifteen years. In the city of Baltimore the circuit court is divided into a criminal court, a court of common pleas, and a superior court. Each of these courts is presided over by one judge, who is elected for fifteen years. The city of Baltimore, and each county, elect three judges of the orphan's court, who hold office four 'years, and a register of wills holding office six years, etc. Prosecuting attorneys are elected in each county bv the people for four years.

Geology and Mineralogy. - A belt of primary formation forms the mountainous portion of the State, composed of gneiss, mica slate, clav slate, hornblende, limestone, etc. The lower portion is a rich alluvial deposit. Coal of good quality is found in abundance in the western part of the State in two principal fields, one of which extends over an area of 400 square miles. Iron is everywhere abundant, and the bog-ore wrought on the Eastern Shore yields at an average from forty to fifty per cent, of metal. Sulphuret of copper, chrome and alum earths, green vitriol, and various fine marbles are among the other mineral products. In the Springfield mine traces of nickel and cobalt exist, and argentiferous galena is found in the Dolby Hill mine. Cobalt exists on the Patapsco.

Climate and Soil. - The climate of the hill-country is healthy and agreeable ; but along the coasts the heat in summer is sometimes oppressive, and destructive fevers frequently prevail. The mean annual temperature at Baltimore is about 53deg. Fahrenheit. The soil is particularly fertile in the valleys between the mountain ranges of the west'; but elsewhere it is of various qualitici, and towards the coast is often sterile.

The Potomac, which divides the State from Virginia, and the Susquehanna, which falls into the innermost extremity of Chesapeake Bay, are the only considerable rivers. The canals and railways are on a large scale.

Maryland, District Of Columbia And Virginia

product of Maryland is tobacco, and is grown almost exclusively on the west shore. Large quantities of excellent wheat, of a variety peculiar to this State, is raised, especially on the east shore. Indian corn is one of the principal products. All the cereals, and wool, cotton, sweet potatoes, fruit, silk, etc., are largely produced. The oyster trade of Maryland is one great source of its wealth. The extent of its oyster-beds is about 373 square miles, and the annual value of the trade about §10,000,000. Maryland is admirably situated for foreign and internal commerce. Chesapeake Bay, admitting the largest craft, runs through the middle of the country, and the southwestern shore is washed by the Potomac and Susquehanna Rivers.

Education, etc. - The school superintendent is elected by the board of State school commissioners, which board is appointed by the governor, and is called the Board of State School Commissioners. It examines county examiners and grants certificates. County boards are composed of three members appointed for two years by the judges of the circuit courts. Counties with over 100 schools'may have boards composed of five members. Boards of district school commissioners appoint teachers upon certificates of qualification issued from various sources. The school fund consists of an annual State school tax, and an accumulated fund from several sources, called the free school fund. Additional funds are raised by city and county taxation.

Baltimore is the leading city of Maryland. Annapolis, the capital, is situated farther up the bay. The National Naval Academy is located at Annapolis.

District Of Columbia

THE DISTKICT OF COLUMBIA, named in honor of Christopher Columbus, is a tract of territory set apart for, and containing the seat of government of the United States. It is bounded on the southwest by the Potomac Eiver, and on all sides by the State of Maryland, and is ten miles long from northwest to southeast, with an area of about sixty square miles. This District was organized in pursuance of a oiause in the constitution of 1789, which declares that Congress shall have power " to exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square), as may by cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States ; " and further, in pursuance of an Act of Congress, approved 16th July, 1790, which declared "that a district of territory, not exceeding ten miles square, to be located as hereafter directed, on the Eiver Potomac, at some space between the mouths of the Eastern Branch and Conococheague, be, and the samo is hereby accepted, for the permanent seat of the government of the United States; and that the President be authorized to appoint three commissioners to survey, and by proper metes and bounds define and limit, a district of territory under the limitations above mentioned."

Originally the District of Columbia occupied a square of ten miles on both sides of Potomac Eiver, and comprised portions of Virginia and Maryland, ceded to the United States for the use of the Federal government; but the retrocession of Alexandria county to Virginia, in 1846, reduced it to sixty square miles, or 35,400 acres. Maryland ceded her portion on the 23d of December, 1788, and Virginia on the 3d of December, 1789. The Potomac traverses the District chiefly in a southeast direction, receiving in its way through it a tributary from the east, by its junction with which a peninsula is formed, on which the city of Washing, ton is built. At the confluence of the two rivers there is an excellent harbor and a navy-yard, to which ships of the largest tonnage may ascend. The yard covers a space of thirty-seven acres, and in it are made all the anchors, cables, and blocks required for the service of the United States navy.

The surface of the District is gently undulating, with some marshes. The soil is naturally thin, sandy, and sterile. The climate is healthy, and the mean temperature is about 55deg. Fahrenheit.

The District is under the direct control of Congress, and, until 1871, had no representative in the national council, and no vote for the President of the United States. Since that time, it has had regular territorial organization, with a governor, and a delegate to Congress. The judicial power is vested in one supreme court, composed of one chief, and three associate justices; and an orphan's court, presided over by one judge.

According to the census of 1S70, the total population of the District of Columbia was 131,700 ; of which 43,404 were colored, 15 Indians, and 3 Chinese.

Washington City, the political capital of the United States, is situated in the District of Columbia, on the north bank of the Potomac Eiver. The site, if not chosen by Washington himself, seems to have been selected through his agency, and it was he who laid the corner-stone of the Capitol on the 18th of September, 1793. It was first called "Federal City," but "the City of Washington " was afterwards fixed upon. Its ancient name was Conococheague, derived from a rapid stream which ran near the city, and which, in the Indian tongue, means Eoaring Brook. It was incorporated on May 3, 1802. Georgetown, near "Washington, is a highly ancient city (1751), and has a population of about 12,000.

Virginia

VIBGINIA, the oldest of the thirteen original States, lies between 36deg. 30min. and 40deg. 38min. north, and longitude 75deg. lOmin. and 83deg. 43min.; and is bounded on the north by Pennsylvania and Maryland ; east, by Maryland and the Atlantic ; south, by North Carolina and Tennessee ; and west, by Kentucky and Ohio. It has an area, including West Virginia, of 61,352 square miles, or 39,265,280 acres. The Alleghany, Blue, and other mountains traverse this State from north to south in several parallel ranges, forming its center into a table-land, which, in some parts, rises to nearly 6,000 feet in height. The western portion of the State is also very mountainous. The extreme western part is composed of a congeries of hills with alluvial bottoms ; but the actual mountain ridges encroach so near the Ohio Eiver, and the hills are in themselves so generally abrupt and lofty, as to give an alpine appearance to the country. Among the natural curiosities are the Natural Bridge in Eockbridge county ; Weir's Cave m Augusta county ; Blowing Cave, which sends out a blast of cold air in summer, and draws in air in winter ; flowing and ebbing springs ; and the Hawk's Nest, a pillar of rock 1,000 feet high-

History, Government, and Finances. - This State was named in honor of Elizabeth, the virgin queen of England. It was the first of the American colonies settled by the English. In 1606, James I. granted letters patent to two companies for planting colonies in America. One of the grants was made to Sir Thomas Gates, and called the First Colony of Virginia; and the other to Thomas Honham and others, which was named the Second Colony of Virginia. Each colony was governed by a council of thirteen persons appointed by the Icing, who governed according to royal instructions. Under this charter a settlement was made at Jamestown in 1607, by the First Colony, and was the first permanent one made by.the English in America, Upon the petition of the company anew charter was granted by King James on the 23d of May, 1609, to the first or southern colony. The new charter granted to the company the lands extending from Cape or Point Comfort, at the mouth of the James Eiver, 200 miles north and south, and up into the land from sea to sea. Under the new charter, Lord Delaware was appointed governor for life, and Sir Thomas Gates lieiitenant-<roveriior ; Sir George Soniers, admiral; Christopher Newport, vice-admiral; and Sir "Thomas Dale, highmarshal, for the same period. Nine vessels with 500 colonists set sail immediately. Gates, Soraers, and Newport went with the fleet, but Lord Delaware was detained in England for some time by his private affairs. Captain John Smith, who had been at the head of affairs, turned the government over to the new-comers on their arrival. His health failing, Lord Delaware returned to England, leaving Captain Percy as his deputy, who was soon superseded by Sir Thomas Dale, and the latter, August, 1011, by Sir Thomas Gates. New settlements were commenced at Henrico, some distance above Jamestown, and at other points. In 1612 a large portion of the lands previously held and cultivated in common by the people of the first colony, was divided into three-acre lots and given to each individual, and shortly afterwards fifty acres were given to each of the colonists. In 1616, Dale, who had resumed the government at the departure of Gates, returned to England, aud Captain Argall was appointed deputy-governor. He so harassed the colonists, that Lord Delaware sailed from England to resume his duties, but died on the passage at the and conspicuous part in the Revolutionary War. Besides George Washington, many of her most distinguished men and thousands of her soldiers fought throughout the war. She was one of the strongest advocates of the Constitutional Union, which was set up in 1784.

On April 17, 1S61, the legislature of Virginia passed an ordinance of secession, which was ratified by the people on June 25th by a vote of four to one.

On May 13th, a convention of loyal men assembled at Wheeling, and tool; measures for a convention of delegates from the western counties on the 11th of June. This convention formed a government for the State to take the place of the secediim- one and provided for an election of members to the new legislature! This legislature, which met at Wheeling, July 2, 1S6I° elected senators to Congress, the result of which was the formation of a new State, which was admitted into the Union December 18 1S62, and called West Virginia. It embraces all that portion of old Virg inia lying west of the Alleghanies, and has an area of 23,000 square miles, with a population of 442,014. For the convenience of the thing, we have treated of these two States as one. During the war between the States, Virginia was one great For four years successive campaigns mouth of the bay which bears his name. George Yeardley sue- over her territory. The beautiful Shenandoah Valley was desoceeded Delaware in 1619. During this year many new colonists lated by the contending hosts, and the whole State \vas ravaged were sent over. Ninety respectable young women were sent out from England, and sold to the planters for 100 pounds of tobacco each ; also 100 convicts, to supply labor. A Dutch trading vessel brought twenty negroes to Jamestown, who were sold as slaves.

for the cultivation of tobacco chiefly In 1622 the Indians tertiary sands, clays, and marls; further inland, strata of the attacked the settlements and massacred many of the colonists; and the whole colony would have been slaughtered, had not timely information of the conspiracy been given the inhabitants of Jamestown. Famine and sickness succeeded, which were alleviated by rrival of provisions from England. Reinforcements arriving,

Most of the great battles were fought on her soil, and there is scarcely a spot in the eastern section of her territory but is rich in historic memories. Geology and Mineralogy. - The eastern coast is composed of groups emerge from beneath these, and abut against granite, gneiss, and other metamorphie rocks, at the line of the lowest falls of the principal rivere, the head of navigation, and sites of the chief towns. In the metamorphie belt are gold mines, copper, iron, etc. There are two upper secondary belts parallel to the Blue Ridge, crossing the James above Richmond, with rich the neighboring tribes were subdued. Two years later, the com- coal deposits. ^The valley is of the Lower Silurian, with rich 'f ° reST _ by ^ .kinff; ^ !imestones, hematite iron, and a fertile soil. Virginia is surprisngly rich in minerals. Coal abounds extensively ; the bituminous m the west, and the semi-bituminous and anthracite on the east side of the mountains. The beds of coal are, in many places, from power was vested in commissioners, and under their rule the colony suffered grievously. Sir John Harvey, the royal governor appointed in lit':), was seized and sent home a prisoner. He was succeeded by Sir William Berkeley, who called an assembly of burgesses, and administered the government to the satisfaction of the people. In 1651 the plantation of Virginia was placed under the government of the Commonwealth of England.

On the revolution in England, the people of Virginia espoused the monarchical cause, and after the execution of Charles I. refused to recognize the government of Cromwell. In 1661 the

M of Z Y' S \ SUa^ed Sreatl7 from the "olu in winter, but a large portion of Virginia is pfeasbl nd policy of the home government. The navigation act, and ant and healthful S v ^ ^ the Eng- The rivers may be divided into those that flow into the Atlanta ff the rbisTtlfe lauded ± Pf;0ple- Thf hng, regard- & and ttose that the °ni°- The Potomac rises in latitude tifrs hr^e trie s of t A I wEiT t ' f,?nted t0 h',S T ^ 12min' north; 11 flows at flrst northeast to ahont latitude tiers large tracts of land to which the settlers were legally 39deg. 50min. north, and thence in a. sont.heast.erW entitled, and committed other equally illegal acts. These grievthirty to sixty feet thick, and alternate sometimes with dense beds of iron ore. Gypsum, magnesia, alum, and petroleum are among the mineral products. There are numerous salt and other mineral springs ; those on the Kanawha furnishing a very large supply of salt. ~ ' ' ' i were the cause of an insurrection known as Bacon's Rebellion. Colonel Bacon placed himself at the head of the people with the apparent object of a foray against the savages The governor declared, by proclamation, their assembly illegal (the legislature concurring), whereupon they attacked, instea3 of the Indians, the government. Scat t en n ? t he assembly, Bacon assumed the chief authority. Civil war now ensuing, Jamestown was burnt and the colony pillaged. Anarchy prevailed for several months when, Bacon dying suddenly, his party was dispersed, and order restored. Berkeley then returned to England,' and was succeeded by Lord Culpepper, who excited the colonists by his ally 39deg. 50min. north, and thence in a southeasterly direction into Chesapeake Bay, which it enters seventy miles, in a direct line, below Washington, after a course of about 360 miles. It receives its principal affluent, the Shenandoah, from the southwest, at the celebrated mountain-pass of Harper's Ferry, where it breaks through the Blue Mountains, amid some of the most magnificent scenery in the country. The Potomac is navigable for ships of any burthen to Alexandria, upwards of 100 miles from its mouth, being the most distant point from the ocean to which ships-of-war can be navigated in the interior of the Union. James River, on which the capital of Virginia is built, rises in and flows through the center of this State to Chesapeake Bay, being navigable for side. The chief affluent of the Ohio is the great Kanawha, which rises in North Carolina, joins the Ohio at Point Pleasant in Virginia, and is navigable to Charleston, sixty miles from its mouth.

Products. - Tobacco is the great staple product of Virginia. In the early days of Virginia, tobacco was used as a medium of exchange. It took the place of currency. Flax is raised in abunto tax* the colonies. 'Fln^l"tifc' ---- - ^ wheat> oats' Kvejtock, and butter are extenand during many prosperous years nothing occurred to retard her growth.

In 1754, the colonial militia took part in the French war; and Washln?ton was in General Braddock's expedition. In 1769, Thomas Jefferson, who was a member of the House of Burgesses, which had been established in 1619, asserted for the colony the right of self-taxation, denying the i ' " and Richard Henry Lee were appointed a committee to confer with the other colonies, andurgea unon their delegates the Declaration of Independence. Virginia, tie earliest settled, largest, and most populous of the thirteen original States, called the Old Dominion, has been called the Mother of Presidents four Lt the five before 1825 having been Virginians. SheTas the firs to propose the confederacy and the constitution, and bore an heroic sively produced. Rye, wool, peas, beans, common and sweet potatoes, buckwheat, market products, fruit, cheese, hay, grassseeds, maple-sugar, honey, beeswax, rice, cotton, hops, barley, hemp, wine, etc., are produced.

Education, etc. - Virginia has a State board of education and a superintendent of public instruction. There are eighty-five county, and five city superintendents, who are appointed by the State board. Township boards are composed of three members each. The county superintendents examine teachers, and give certificates which are valid one year in the county where they are given. The school-fund consists of the interest on the Library Fund, about $50,000 a year, an annual tax upon the property of the State of not less than one, nor more than five, mills on the dollar, and a capitation tax of one dollar. The deconnial population of Virginia, from 1790, is as follows:

According to the last census returns, the total population of Virginia was 1,225,163, of which 512,841 were colored, 229 Indians, and 4 Chinese.

The chief cities of Virginia are Eichmond, the capital ; "Wheeling, the capital of West Virginia ; Norfolk, Petersburg, Alexandria, and Lynchburg.

North Carolina

NOBTH CAEOLINA, one of the original thirteen States, lies between latitude 33deg. 53min. and 36deg. 53min. north, and longitude 75deg. 25min. and 84deg. 30min. west, and is bounded on the north by Virginia, east by the Atlantic, south by South Carolina and Georgia, and west by Tennessee. It has an area of about 50,704 square miles, or 32,450,560 acres. The greater part of the coast is fenced by a line of long, low, narrow, sandy isles, separated from the mainland in some places by narrow sounds, in others by broad gulfs or lagoons. The passages between them are mostly shallow and dangerous, and Ocracoke Inlet is the only one north of Cape Fear, through which even small vessels can pass. The shores of the islands are generally regular and unbroken, while that of the mainland is deeply indented by numerous inlets, the principal of which are Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds. The only harbor of any importance is formed by the estuary of Cape Fear Eiver, near the southern extremitv of the State, and has eighteen feet of water. The surface may be classed under three divisions - the low-level, hilly, and mountainous country. The low country comprises nearly all the east half of the State, and for sixty or eighty miles inland consists of a dead flat, intersected with swamps and marshes, the most extensive of which, Alligator Swamp, is more than fifty miles long, by thirty broad, and occupies the peninsula formed by Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds. The swamps are mostly covered with a luxuriant vegetation, and have extensive forests, chiefly of pine, cedar, and cypress trees. Beyond this region, the surface swells into- hills, and in the most western part rises into mountains. These belong to the Appalachian chain, which here rises to an elevation of 3,000 feet. They form two principal ranges, the most western called the Iron Mountains, and the more eastern, the Blue Eidge ; the intermediate valleys are estimated at about 1,000 feet above the level of the Atlantic.

History, Government and Finances.^The first English settlement was made in this State in 1585 on Eoanoke Island. In 1584 Queen Elizabeth granted a patent to Sir Walter Ealeigh for such lands as he might discover in America not possessed by any Christian people. Ealeigh sent out two small vessels to make discoveries, which anchored in Ocracoke Inlet in July, in 1584. The strangers landed on an island near Eoanoke, called by the natives Wococon, where they were well received. They returned to England with a favorable account of the climate and soil. The country was named Virginia, and Ealeigh's patent was confirmed by parliament, and Ealeigh immediately sent out another colony. The tyrannical behavior of the leaders of the colonies provoked the Indians to hostilities, and much suffering followed. Becoming discouraged, the colonists would have returned home immediately but a ship, under Grenville, arrived, and ascertaining the disposition of the colonists, left fifteen men, with provision for two years, to maintain the settlement. In 1587 Ealeigh sent out another colony, with directions to settle on Chesapeake Bay, where they were to build the projected city of Ealeigh, but the new colonists landed at Eoanoke. They had hardly put ashore when they were attacked by Indians. No trace of Grenville's men was discovered, and it is probable that they fell victims to Indians. The governor of the new colony, "White, went back to England for supplies, but he was detained from revisiting the colony until 1590. Arriving in the autumn of that year, he found the site of the settlement enclosed within a strong palisade, but not a colonist remained. To this day their fate is unknown, and can be conjectured only. Thus ended the first attempt on the part of the English to settle North Carolina.

Later, under a grant from Charles II. to Lord Clarendon, permanent settlements were made at several points. This was in 1670 and from that time accessions were made from the neighboring colonies, as well as from England and Germany. In 1698 settlements were made on the Pamlico Eiver, upon the Tar and the Neuse, and Bath county was set off to the southward. About this time the Carey rebellion broke out, and was crushed after several engagements and much bloodshed. In 1707 a colony of Huguenots had removed from Virginia and settled on the Trent, and in 1709 a colony of Germans from Heidelberg and vicinity founded the settlement of New Berne (Newbern) at the confluence of the Trent and the Neuse. They received a liberal grant from the proprietaries, and it was the surveying of these lands that led to the Indian outbreak. Viewing the surveys as a blow to their independence, the Tuscaroras seized the governor-general and killed him, and the savages immediately attacked the white settlements south of Albemarle Sound. Other savage tribes joined the Tuscaroras, and the war became general. At this time there were not 2,000 able-bodied men in all Carolina. Assistance was obtained from the southern province, and the savages were whipped in several engagements ; and were at last forced to seek refuge in a fort near the Neuse Eiver. They surrendered, but in a manner disadvantageous to the colonists, and shortly afterwards renewed hostilities. The colony obtained aid from neighboring provinces, and in 1713 the power of the Tuscaroras was subdued! Emigrating to the north, the Tuscaroras amalgamated with the Senecas and other tribes, which subsequently became six nations. The other tribes were soon subdued, and in 1717 peace was concluded. Many settlers abandoned their homes during the Carey rebellion and the Indian war, which appreciably reduced the population. In July, 1729, the king purchased seven-eighths of the whole province. The eighth was retained by Lord Carteret, and was laid off for him adjoining the Virginia line. About 1738 the Carolinas were involved in war with the Spanish settlements of Florida. In 1765 Tryon became governor. On November 4th, 1769, the assembly declared against the right of England to tax North Carolina, and Tryon immediately dissolved it. Previously, the country was disturbed by a formidable insurrection of men, mostly poor and uneducated, styling themselves "regulators," from whose violence neither life nor property were secure. In 1771 Tryon, with a body of 1,000 militia, encountered a force of the "regulators" of 3,000 men, over whom he gained a decisive victory. In August. 1771, Tryon was succeeded by Josiah Martin. One of Martin's first acts was the settlement of the boundary line between North and South Carolina. Notwithstanding the opposition of its governor, North Carolina was represented in the first Continental Congress, and its representatives joined in adopting the Declaration of Colonial Eights. An association for the defence of colonial rights was organized, and the citizens of Mecldenburg county anticipated events by formally declaring their independence of the crown on May 21, 1775. In July, 1775, the governor became alarmed, and retired on board a ship-of-war in Cape Fear Eiver. North Carolina immediately raised five regiments, which were taken by Congress into Continental pay, and shortly afterwards four more were raised. In April, 1776, the State, in convention, authorized its delegates in Congress to join with other colonies in declaring independence, and her troops fought bravely throughout the Eevolutionary war. The legislature adopted the Federal Constitution on the 27th of November, 1789, bv a vote of 193 to 75.

The government is administered under the constitution adopted in 1868, which declares that the State shall ever remain a member of the American Union. The executive officers are a governor, and lieutenant-governor, treasurer, superintendent of public instruction, and attorney-general, all chosen by the people for a term of four years. The general assembly, which meets on the third Monday in November, is composed of fifty senators and one hundred and twenty representatives, who hold office two years. The judiciary is composed of a supreme court, superior courts, courts of justices of the peace, and special courts. The supreme court consists of a chief-justice and four associates, who are elected for eight years by the people; the judges of the superior courts, twelve in number, are elected for the same period. North Carolina sends eight representatives to Congress, and casts ten electoral votes.

North Carolina And Tennessee

Geology and Mineralogy. - North Carolina is made up in its geological formation of primary and secondary rocks, and alluvial deposits. The state is very rich in minerals. Gold, copper and iron abound ; and coal, both anthracite and bituminous, exist in large quantities, the latter of the best quality. Marl is abundant. Magnetic iron-ore, silver, lead, manganese, gypsum, and salt have also been found.

Climate and Soil. - In the low countries the climate is hot and unhealthy in the summer, bilious and intermittent fevers prevailing; but* in the middle and western sections the climate is temperate and healthy.

The soil in the plains is, for the most part, sandy and sterile. In the hilly country, also, there are some pine barrens ; but these are less extensive than in Virginia, ete. Along the banks of the rivers, and west of the mountains, there are lands of a rich black mould, and of great fertility.

Most of the rivers in this state have more or less a southeast course, and flow directly into the Atlantic. The principal are the Roanoke, Neuse, and Cape Fear rivers. The latter is the only one wholly within the State ; it is navigable for small vessels to Fayetteville, 130 miles from its mouth. The Neuse, which opens by a wide estuary into Pamlico Sound, traverses the centre of the State, and is navigable for boats in most parts of its course. The Roanoke enters the State from the north, and flows into Albemarle Sound, after a course of 370 miles.

Products, etc. - The forests of the interior contain oak, hickory, maple, ash,, cypress, cedar and black-walnut. Apples, pears, strawberries, the tig-tree, vine, wild-vine, etc., attain perfection. The cherry-trees grow to an immense size, and peaches thrive everywhere. Snake-root, sarsaparilia, and other valuable drugs are found. Cotton and rice are staples. Large quantities of the former are grown on the sandy islands, and in the low country ; rice is cultivated principally on the more solid tracks, interspersed among the swamps. All kinds of grain, pulse, and flax are produced in the interior; and a great deal of pitch, tar, turpentine, and lumber are obtained from the pine forests. Maize thrives well ; but the wheat is generally of inferior quality.

Education, etc. - The State board of education is composed of the governor, lieutenant-governor, secretary of state, auditor, superintendent of public works, and superintendent of public instruction.

TENNESSEE, the third State admitted into the Union, lies between latitude 45deg. and 36deg. 40min. north, and longitude 82deg. and 90deg. west, and is bounded on the north by Kentucky and Virginia ; east by North Carolina ; south by Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi ; and west by Arkansas, from which it is separated by the Mississippi River. It has an area of 45,600 square miles, or 29.184,000 acres.

The eastern part of this State is intersected by the Alleghany chain, which here sometimes rises to the height of 2,000 feet ; the middle part is hilly, while the western portion is an extensive undulating plain.

History, Government, and Finances. - The name of Tennessee is derived from its chief river. The spot where Memphis now stands was probably visited by De Soto as early as 1549. At the outbreak of the French war, ahout fifty families were located on the Cumberland River, but the savages broke up the settlement and drove the settlers off. The first permanent settlement was made in 1756, and Fort Loudon was built on the Tennessee River about thirty miles from where Knoxville now Btands. This was the first Anglo-American settlement west of the Alleghanies and south of Pennsylvania. The settlers enjoyed friendly intercourse with the Indians until the Cherokees, instigated by the French, began to commit depredations. In 1760 the Indians became so troublesome that a force was dispatched to relieve the settlements, but after several encounters with the Indians the troops retreated^ and the savages seizing the opportunity besieged the garrison at Fort Loudon. The Indians far outnumbered the settlers, and the whites were obliged to capitulate, stipulating that they should be allowed to return to North Carolina unmolested. The treacherous red-skins overtook the settlers on the second day of their march, and butchering many of them, led the survivors into captivity. In 1761 another expedition was sent from North Carolina and Virginia, and after defeating the Indians in several battles compelled them to sue for peace. A treaty was made with the Indians, which they observed honorably, and the settlements along the "Watauga and Holston rivers made rapid progress. In the colonial assembly of North Carolina in 1776, the territory was represented by Deputies as the District of Washington. In the Revolutionary War the settlers joined the cause of the colonists, and in 1780 the mountaineers of the borders of North Carolina and Tennessee distinguished themselves in the Southern campaign, at King's Mountain, Guilford, and other battle scenes, and soon after these events they penetrated the Indian country and dispersed the savages. At the close of the Revolution, a small colony of about forty families, under the direction of James Robertson, crossed the mountains, and settled on the Cumberland River, where they founded the town of Nashville. The nearest white neighbors where the settlers of Kentucky, and between stretched a wilderness of two hundred miles. From 1777 to 1784 the territory constituted a part of North' Carolina, which laid off aportion of the district near Nashville for bounty lands for her Revolutionary soldiers. In 1785 the people became dissatisfied with the manner in which the government of North Carolina treated them. They organized the State of Franklin, which continued a separate government until 1788, when it was again united with North Carolina. In 1789 the legislature of North Carolina ceded the territory, on certain conditions, to the United States ; and in the following year Congress accepted the cession, and by its act of May 26th, 1790, provided for its government under the title of " The Territory of the United States South of the Ohio," which included the present States of Kentucky and Tennessee, the former having been ceded by Virginia. In 1794 a separate territorial government was granted to Tennessee, and two years later an act of Congress enabled the people to form a State constitution, which they did at Knoxville, and in 1796 Tennessee was admitted into the Union. In the war of 1812 the troops from this State gained distinction for their bravery, and Andrew Jackson, a citizen of Tennessee, was one of the most distinguished generals of the war.

In January, 1861, a proposal to secede-from the Union was defeated ; but in June, carried by a majority of 57,667, the vote standing 104,019 for separation against 47,238. In the war which followed, Tennessee bore a distinguished part in the Confederate side, and as one of the principal Dattle-grounds suffered greatly. She was re-admitted to the Union on July 23d, 1865.

The executive iB composed of a governor elected by the people for a term of two years, and a secretary of state, treasurer, comptroller, and attorney-general, chosen by the legislature. The legislature itself consists of 25 senators and 75 representatives, and holds its sessions biennially. The judicial power is vested by the constitution in the supreme court and such inferior tribunals as the legislature may establish. The supreme court consists of three judges, and the legislature has established courts of chancery, circuit courts, county courts, and justices' courts. Tennessee sends nine representatives to Congress, and casts twelve electoral votes.

Geology and Mineralogy. - Tennessee is very rich in minerals, iron being extensively mined, while copper and lead are found in considerable quantities. Marble, gypsum, and limestone exist in inexhaustible deposits, and are quarried to a very large extent. Vast deposits of coal, covering upwards of 4,300 square miles, have been traced, and the coal is of excellent quality. In the limestone regions are numerous caves, mostly unexplored. Several in the Cumberland Mountains are 100 feet deep, and miles in extent. A considerable river has been discovered in one at a depth of 400 feet ; another opening perpendicularly in a mountain has never been fathomed. In some of these caves are large deposits of fossil bones of extinct animals. In the Enchanted Mountain are seen impressions of the feet of men and animals in limestone. Tracts of several acres have sunk into caverns a hundred feet deep. In many places are interesting remains of ancient mounds and fortifications.

Climate and Soil. - The climate is mild. In winter considerable snow sometimes falls, but the winters are generally short. The summers are free from the hot temperature of the Gulf States. In the Cumberland Mountain districts the climate is very agreeable. Nearly all parts of the State, excepting on the alluvions of the large rivers are healthy. The soil may be generally described as arable, and of good quality. In East Tennessee, in the mountainous districts, there is much poor land, not well adapted to cultivation, but favorable to grazing, while the valleys of these districts are very fertile.

Tennessee And Kentucky

and Cumberland, both tributaries of the Ohio. The Tennessee rises near Franklin, in North Carolina, and runs northwest to about 35 miles southwest of Knoxville; it then turns to the southwest, and continues in that direction to near Decatur in Alabama. After a bend to the northwest, it again enters the State of Tennessee about longitude SSdeg. W., and its course thenceforward is generally northward to its junction with the Ohio, about 20 miles southwest of Salem. At its outlet it is about 000 yards in width. It is navigable for steam vessels of large size for 250 miles, and as much further for boats of 40 or 50 tons. It has several tributaries, some of which are navigable to a considerable distance. Tennessee is generally well watered, and comprises a vast extent of excellent land.

Products, Commerce, and Manufactures. - The products are much the same as those of Kentucky, with the addition of cotton. Indian corn, wheat, and oats are the principal crops. Cotton is grown in most parts of the State. Tobacco is also cultivated to a considerable extent. In the eastern section grazing is a good deal attended to, aud considerable numbers of cattle and sheep are reared for the markets of the eastern States. Immense numbers of mules are also raised in the State. The chief productions, besides those mentioned, are figs, peaches, grapes, and all the fruits and productions of the southern temperate regions. The State is richly wooded with pine, oak, hickory, sugar-maple, cedar and black-walnut.

The commerce of the State by its rivers and numerous lines of railway is chiefly with New Orleans, St. Louis and Cincinnati. Manufactures have not as yet played any great part in the industry of Tennessee, though few States have such a combination of advantages in the way of water-power and cheap fuel.

Education, etc. - In Tennessee the treasurer of the State is ex-ojficio superintendent of public instruction. The county boards are composed of the commissioners of the school districts, who elect their county superintendents. The counties are subdivided into school districts. District commissioners are elected by the districts, one every year, who are the general trustees of the district school. They hold office three years, and are known as the board of education for the district. ' The counties levy taxes for school purposes. The school fund consists of the interest of school-land sales, poll-tax. dog-tax, sales and rents of escheated lands, and effects of intestates dying and leaving no heirs. The decennial population of Tennessee, from 1790, is as follows

Kentucky

KENTUCKY, the second State admitted into the Union is situated between latitude 36deg. 30min. and 3Sde°\ 30min north and longitude SGdeg. and 89deg. west, and is bounded on the north by Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, west by Missouri, south by Tennessee, and east by West Virginia. It has an area of 37 680 square miles, or 24,115,200 acres. The general slope of this State is towards the northwest. The eastern extremity of the State is occupied by some offsets of the Alleghany mountains; and alonothe Ohio the country is broken, and contains many abrupt hill? and deep and fertile valleys often densely wooded. Towards the centre of Kentucky the surface is undulating; the west is comparatively level. In the latter direction is au extensive tract called the barrens, not sterile, however, as its name would seem to imply, but comprising some of the fine pasture-land for which Kentucky is distinguished, and studded with oak and other forest trees.

History, Government and Finances. - Daniel Boone and Knox were the first explorers of Kentucky; after them came Bullitt, Harod and Henderson, and then Henton, Calloway and Logan. Boonesborough was founded by Daniel Boone, who brought his wife and daughter to the new country They were the first white women who visited the banks of the Kentucky .Kentucky was made a county of Virginia ; but as history is somewhat confused respecting the date of the transaction, the precise date cannot be given. In 1777 the first court was held at Harrodsburg. Settlers rapidly increased in numbers as the fame of the new country spread. The savages were very troublesome and many bloody conflicts occurred between them and the settlers'

Kentucky, in the language of the Indians, means "dark and bloody ground," and that name was given to this State because it was tor many \ « a theatre of savage warfare. The war of the Revolution left the inhabitants in an unsettled state, and constantly apprehensive of attacks by the savages. The seat of government was located at Eichmond, Virginia, which was too distant to afford ready succor to the Kentuckians ; therefore they were compelled to provide for their own safety. Several conventions met at Danville to take peaceful measures to separate Kentucky from Virginia. The third convention sent a petition to Kiehmond, and in 1786 Virginia acceded to the wishes of the petitioners; but from several causes the separation was not completed, chiefly, however, from the desire of the Kentuckians to obtain an independent nationality. A fourth convention only tended to incite the people against the central government, and a, report having gamed currency that Mr. Jav, the minister to'Spain, had ceded the navigation of the Mississippi to that country, the public mmd became inflamed. A fifth convention met, and, on petition.Virgima allowed the Kentuckians to send a delegate to Congress; but the constitution having in the meanwhil? been adopted, Congress turned the whole subject over to the new government. Spain took advantage of this state of affairs, and through her minister, clandestinely proposed certain commercial tavors and facilities to Kentucky, should she become an independent government. These propositions were regarded with some favor; but a sixth and seventh convention met, and althouo-h political passions ran high, constitutional measures prevailed and an address was Anally voted to Congress. The question was at length determined by Kentucky becoming a separate territory in 1700, and its admission into the Union on the 1st of June 1792 At this time the population was about 75,000. In the war of the Kevolution Kentucky took an active part. The proclamation of war against Great Britain was hailed with enthusiasm by the inhabitants. Upwards of 5,000 volunteers were called into active service, and upwards of 7,000 men of Kentucky are said to have been in the field. During this period Isaac Shelby, a hero of the lievoiution, occupied the gubernatorial chair. At an advanced age he evinced the same enterprise and courage that had "amcd him an honorable fame in the battle of King's Mountain. At the battle of Frenchtown, and the savage massacre that followed many of Kentucky's best citizens were slain. Since the treaty of 1815 the annals of Kentucky do not record any stirring event Many of the best and bravest citizens of the State were engaged in the Mexican war, and gained an honorable reputation." She also, as one of the " border States," took a conspicuous part in the cavil war. At first it seemed doubtful which side Kentucky would espouse ; but having finally cast her fortunes with the Union, her troops participated actively in all the western campaigns.

The constitution of 1850 is the basis of the present government of Kentucky. The governor is elected by the people for four years. He cannot be elected two terms in succession. A lieutenant-governor, auditor, attorney -general, register of land office, and superintendent of public instruction are elected for four years The legislature consists of a senate and house of representatives Ihe former is chosen for four years, one-half every second year, and the latter every two years. The legislature meets biennially on the first Monday of December in every odd year, and is limited to a session of sixty days, but it may be prolonged by a two-thirds vote of both houses. Should a vacancy occur in the office of governor during the first half of his term, a new election is held - otherwise the vacancy is filled in the same way as in most of the other States. The treasurer is elected every two years, and the secretary of state is appointed by the governor, with the advice of the senate.

The judicial authority is vested in a court of appeals composed of one chief and three associate judges, fourteen circuit courts and county courts. Louisville has a chancery court presided over by a chancellor. The first judicial district has a chancellor and a criminal judge. The judiciary is elective.

Geology and Mineralogy. - This State partakes of the carboniferous rocks characteristic of the Mississippi vallev. The strata, composed of sedimentary rocks, lie all nearly horizontal or with very little dip, verging from Cincinnati as a centre. The blue limestone is the lowest rock in Kentucky exposed to the surface, mostly mixed with clay and magnesia"; the latter is found sometimes in large quantities. The cliff limestone overlies the blue limestone in a belt from twenty to thirty miles wide from Louisville to Madison. The slate rests upon the cliff limestone, and abounds in pyrites, iron-ores and mineral springs. One striking feature of Kentucky is the limestone caverns, of which the celebrated Mammoth Cave is an example. This cave is the most famous, if not the largest, in the world. It is situated in Edmon- son county, near the middle of the State, and has been explored for more than ten miles from the entrance. It is estimated that there are upwards of forty miles of cavernous windings.

Bituminous coal is found along the banks of some of the rivers, and iron of excellent quality in numerous places. There are many salt springs, from which salt is obtained in sufficient quantities not only for the supply of Kentucky itself, but of a great part of Ohio and Tennessee. Nitre and fine white marble are plentiful - also lead, freestone, gypsum and conglomerate ' Climate and Soil. - The climate in the eastern and central parts is highly salubrious; but in the west, especially alone the Mississippi, it is unhealthy, no year elapsing without a considerable mortality from fevers. Great extremes of heat and cold are experienced in the State; and, considering its latitude, its winters are both long and severe. The soil is generally fertile- of 109 counties, into which Kentucky is divided, 50 consist of rich land and are comprised in the tract called the " Garden of Kentucky " loO miles in length, and from 50 to 100 miles in breadth, in the centre of the State. Nearly all the European grains, Indian corn and tobacco, are cultivated.

Next to the Ohio and Mississippi, the chief rivers are the Cumberland, Green, Kentucky, Licking, and Tennessee, which have numerous affluents, and are all tributary to the Ohio

Products. - The soil is mostly fertile, and contains some of the finest agricultural regions in America, producing wheat, maize cotton, hemp, tobacco, and all the fruits of the warmer temperate regions. The chief branch of rural industry is the rearhV of horses and cattle. The Kentucky horses are of acknowledged excellence, and bred in large numbers. Their superiority is so great that many are sent over the mountains to the Atlantic States, and the principal supply of saddle and carriage horses for the lower country is drawn from Kentucky. Mules are numerous and of excellent quality ; when full grown they average from 15 to 16 hands, and are sometimes 17 hands hifh

Education, etc. - The State board of education consists of the attorney-general, secretary of state, and the superintendent of public instruction, together with two professional teachers to be elected by them. The more immediate super, is,0n of the schools is vested m the superintendent of public instruction (who is elected «?mrtpe°p - t0Ur years' and receires an annual salary of p,00J) a commissioner ol common schools in each county, and a trustee for each school district; only teachers who have obtained certificates are employed. The annual revenue of the common school fund comprises the interest at the rate of 6 per cent ner annum, on the State school bond of $1,327,000, the 'dividends on 735 shares of the stock of the Bank of Kentucky, the annual tax of 20 cents on each $100 in value of the property of the State, and certain fines and forfeitures. ' The decennial population of Kentucky from 1790, is as follows : werelnade Ta'ain^H g"P°Ste ,n,the 0hio valley' Remonstrance^ S r S S ] \ of the French, but to no puiposL. ino Englishmen who were found trading with the Indians were seized by the French and imprisoned The Governor d Lite? anofflcer1! Y, ^ "5 0ther ^^"Mffi a ma or of til"1 1 T° ' ?°f s' GeOTSe Washington, then a major ot militia, was selected to perforin the mission Fn countering many difficulties, he reacted the fort on he river La Boet.f and delivered a letter demanding the withdrawal of the French from the British territory on the Ohio to The French

The t0T f the a^-erretu,med to the governor to ?ause the legislature of Virginia to rail Trwl Zt i,Wfh",,S1t2'.1 ,refeived tlie second command, and his superior fnJ ?' ApnI' ".5i' he beoame the ^ in command. Tith I te rLrv ffi,?' '"P,^ he advanced i»to the drjpld ten itoi y On his way to the head of the Alleghany and Mononfurrender6 sSJa^ !f a suPeriOT "and^ompeM to suiKi tkr. Shortly after this, open war was declared and the

FrenM ^ B,addo°k defeated m°st disastrously! and tS French continued in possession of the country until Canada and the whole country west to the Mississippi River were surrendered iLiW tre% ff J?6^ DminS the Revolutionary War the comS,Tted by th6 Bl'itish' harassed tha frontier Settle" and comni tted many excesses. After the Revolution controversies arose between several of the States respecting the right o ° sod fa

Ohio

OHIO, the fourth state admitted into the Union is situated between latitude 38deg. 17min. and 41deg. 5tafa north and tongitude SOdeg. 34min. and Sldeg. 40min. west, an5 is bounded on the north by M.chigan and Lake Erie, east by Pennsylvania and Virginia, from which it is separated by the Ohio Rher h h also forms its southern boundary separating it f rom V ilfaia and miles, or 25,576,960 acres. Ohio has no very elevated hill ranw, but consists almost wholly of a table-land from 600 to 1 000 St above he sea, the central portion of the State being tie K This, also, which is its least fertile portion, is in parti interspersed with swamps and marshes. The declivity toward Lata Ei- et much more abrupt than the south slope of the Stare Th^ l turn at the surface which declines tofvLds the Ohio and fs The most extensive, is diversified with hills and valleys The mains of Ohio are strewn with immense stones caUed boulder? which appear to have been carried by the iceberg I , ' v 10 , scattered at random as the ice melted ^ ^ Sea' and

History, Government, and Finances. - In 1680 T» <5»ii« ploredthe country between the lakes and the Mississfani Alye?" and for more than a century Frenchmen were the only vfsitorl to nr Tbe'stt °f iand sa«'endered to ttaVeneral eminent The States, however, retained the. right to the loil and parceled it out in smaU lots to settlers, while the Indian t ties to the rest of the State were purchased by the United State? Connecticut obtained her magnificent schoof fund from the prol ceeds of the sale of her territory. In 1787 Congress assumed the government, and a territorial government was instituted The ?7qq?rT 6?i' was made at in 17S8. In i tf Nortllwest Territory was organized, and shortly afterward the territory within the limits of Ohio was separated from temt0,ry> andereoted into a distinct government In 1802 Ohio was admitted into the Union as a State. In the late war Ohio sent 317,133 men into the field he^s %'s!ative P?wer C0Dsists of a senate composed of 37 member*, and a house of representatives of 105 members. The mem bers of both houses are elected in districts for two years The legislature meets every two years, the first Monday in January Lhe governor and lieutenant-governor are elected by the people for two years The other executive officers are a secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, comptroller of the treasury, attorneygeneral and commissioner of schools, all of whom are elected by the people Ohio sends twenty representatives to Congress, and casts twenty-two electoral votes.

The judiciary consists of a supreme court of five judges elected bv the people for five years, one every year ; courts of common (ileus, district courts, a probate court fa each county held by one judge elected by the people for three years, and justices' courts in every township.

Geology and Mineralogy. - The most important geoloo-ical feature ot the State is the vast coal-beds which cross the boumTary from Pennsylvania and cover an area of nearly 12,000 square miles. The coal-beds are succeeded by a narrow rim of coal confutes 7 sandstone' iimestone, and calcareous Ohio does not excel in the variety of her minerals so much as she does m the abundance of the few she possesses. Her soil is rich with coal and iron. Bituminous coal is found in a score of tCh°rst1at,emT lj m *hosel>'r ia the east and southeast part 3 the State. The coal region begins at the Ohio River, and extends in a belt between the Scioto and Muskingum Rivers, slio-htly deflecting northeast, near to Lake Erie. Iron ore is found in many counties in the eastern part of the State, and is extensively » n.u-lit, halt, lime, and marble are the oilier chief mineral products Some of the salt springs on the Muskingum vicld one pound of salt per gallon of brine? ° '

Climate and Soil.-The climate of Ohio is temperate in the main, though the winters are sometimes rigorous, and in summer it is sometimes visited by tornadoes. In the part of the Mate the temperature is mild, and snow generally disappears rapidly. In the north it is colder. The climate is healthy. 1

Ohio And Indiana

The hills are cultivated to their summits, and the river bottoms are exuberantly productive. The soil may be said to be generally fertile. In the south and southeast, along the Ohio, the country is broken with abrupt hills. Next to the Ohio, the chief rivers are its tributaries, the Scioto, Miami, and Muskingum, and the Maumee, Sandusky, and Cuyahoga, tributaries to Lake Erie In the tract between the Scioto and Miami, and in some districts along the Ohio, are rich and extensive prairies. Originallv the country was almost covered with noble forests of large and valuable trees.

Oob!trih,wt,t°WnS -? n 6 nUte 00ntain!ng over 3,000 inhabitants : Columbus (the capital), Cincinnati, Cleveland, Akron, Bellair linnlif'T? hlU'cothe- Gircleville, Dayton, Delaware, Fremont, Gal- Massil'lon w Lancaster, Lima, Mansfield, Marietta, Jttassillon, Mount Vernon, Newark, Piqua, Pomeroy, Portsmouth'

Products, Oommeroe, and Manufactures. - Indian corn wheat, rye oats, barley, tobacco, orchard fruits, and kitchen veo-etables are the staple products. On the rich alluvial soils, m?re than 100 bushels of Indian corn are sometimes produced on an acre. The soil is, in general, highly suitable for wheat; and an immense quantity of that grain is raised ; consequently, it furnishes large quantities of flour for exportation. Hemp 'is crown to some extent. Tobacco of the finest quality is raised east of the Muskingum Elver. Large quantities of excellent wine are produced. According to the last census, Ohio, excepting ( aliiui ma produced more wine than any other State in the Union, lloo-s form one of the staple exports, Cincinnati beingthe principal market of the Union. Large droves of fat cattle are sent every autumn to the markets of the east and south. The stock of sheep is the largest in any State of the Union, New Tori; and Pennsylvania excepted. J