Posey County, Indiana - Biographical sketches, 1913 (part 3 of 7)

Ira L. Turman, a physician and surgeon of Cynthiana, liuL, belongs to an old established Indiana family rich in historical lore. 1 lis greatgrandfather, Benjamin Turman, was of English descent and was born in Virginia, residing for a number of years in Bedford county, of that State, where all of his children were born. He removed to Champaign county, Ohio, remaining there four years, thence to Sullivan county, Indiana, in the year 1810. In the year i8o6 Mr. Benjamin Turman had, with a small party, explored the country on the Wabash near the mouth of what afterwards was called Turman's creek, but at that time a settlement seemed too hazardous an undertaking. Four years later, on returning to the Wabash valley, he left his family at Carlisle, where a settlement had been made, while he, with his sons and a few soldiers, built a fort on the prairie where he had decided to locate his home. From that time the prairie, the creek, which joins the Wabash at that point, and the township took his name. Me brought with him from Ohio his farm implements, furniture and a considerable number of horses, cattle and hogs. These were the first hogs in this section of the country and they were capable of subsisting on the natural products of the soil. The Indians still frequented the locality and sometimes were cross and impudent. This did not deter Mr. Turman from the purchase of a large tract of land from the government in 1816. He had the first dairy and first fruit tree nursery in that part of the State, and some of the trees planted nearly 100 years ago are still standing, one apple tree measuring three feet and three inches in diameter. He lived to see peace restored between the United States and England and the Indians driven from the Wabash Valley. His death occurred in his spacious dwelling, built of hewed logs, in 1818. Thomas Turman, the grandfather of our subject, was born in Bedford county, Virginia, August 18, 1796, and his wife, Susannah Lavina (White) Turman, was born in Roane county, Tennessee, November i, 1801. They were married January 27, 1818, her grandfather, the Rev. Hezekiah James Balch, performing the ceremony. Rev. Balch was appointed on May 20, 1775, on a committee of three to draft and revise what was known as the Mecklenberg Declaration, which was the first Declaration of Independence made in America, and which was sent to the President of Congress in Philadelphia by Capt. James Jack. The Turmans produced large quantities of corn, for which there was no market nearer than New Orleans, and it is said that they were the first to propose transportation to that point by means of flat boats of home construction. Thomas Turman was one of the first to make the perilous journey, and opened up a trade that meant so much to the settlers all along the rivers and streams leading to the Mississippi from that time until the coming of railroads. The Wabash, Ohio and Mississippi rivers had many hidden rocks, dangerous sand bars and imbedded logs of immense size, which added greatly to the perils of the voyage, w^iich often required months to make. However, Mr. Turman carried on a successful freighting business for many years, always accompanying his boats personally and superintending the sales of goods. In his absence his wife conducted the farming operations with such energy and good judgment that an ample crop was always awaiting transportation. On one of these trips he was gone so long that he was given up for lost, but returned just after the birth of a son, who was named Return Jonathan, and who was the father of Dr. Ira L. Turman, of this record. Thomas Turman died June 30, 1863, and his wife died March 28, 1875. Return Jonathan Turman was born July 6, 1837, attended the common schools and when old enough to do so he farmed and raised stock on Turman's prairie, where he still resides. He was married April 3, 1864, to Perlina A. Wible, and to them were born twelve children, our subject, Ira L., being the third. The family are distinguished for great natural musical ability. The wife and mother died February 2, 1890. Dr. Ira L. Turman was born at Graysville, Ind., February 13, 1869, and was raised a farmer boy. After finishing the common schools he attended the Union Christian College at Merom, Ind., after which he taught school for one year and then began the study of medicine under Dr. J. L. Durham, of Graysville. He entered the medical department of the University of Louisville, Ky., graduating with the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1894. In May of that year he located for the practice of his profes'- sion at Cynthiana, where he has since remained and enjoys a lucrative practice. Dr. Turman belongs to the Posey County and Indiana State societies, and the American Medical Association. He was president for one year and secretary for two years, 1910-1911, of the Posey County Medical Society. He is a member of the Modern Woodmen of America. The first marriage of Dr. Turman was on August 22, 1895, to Miss Agnes Bixler, daughter of Benedict R. and Martha ( Boren) Bixler, natives of Vanderburg county, where they were engaged in farming and stock raising. Agnes Bixler was born and raised in Vanderburg county. She attended common and high schools and graduated from the normal school at Princeton, after which she taught several terms in the rural schools prior to her marriage. They had one child, Claud Kenneth, born December 14, 1896, a graduate of the Cynthiana High School, class of 1913, and now a teacher. The first wife died on October 26, 1904. On March 15, 1906, Dr. Turman married Grace Bixler (nee Emerson), daughter of John W. and Ellen (Yeager) Emerson, natives of Gibson county, where Grace Emerson was born and reared. She was a student of the Union Christian College at Merom, Ind. Mrs. Turman had one child by her first marriage, David Clair Bixler, born July 16, 1904. Dr. and Mrs. Turman have two children, Robert E., born February 2, 1908, and Agnes Lucile, born February 4, 1912. The Turman family are members of the Christian church.

Samuel Benson Montgomery, phjsician and surgeon of Cynthiana, Ind., is a member of a family which has figured prominently in the history' of the world since 944, the death of Yves de Bellesme, Count of Alencon, in Normandy, the first person recorded as bearing the name of Montgomery, occurring in that year. Since that time the Montgomerys have been lieard of in France, England, Holland, Scotland, Ireland and America, his descendants having located in all those countries. It is from those that lived in Scotland and Ireland that we have the .\merican line, and the antecedents of our subject. In 1605 Hugh Montgomery, of Braidstane, Scotland, was given title to one-third of the Con Oneil estate of Ireland for services rendered in Oneil's behalf in securing his pardon from King James. Mr. Montgomery at once set about to place a desirable class of emigrants on the large possessions he had secured. Of the first fifty-one families he brought there six families bore the name Montgomery, and within five years his colonization was so successful that he was able to report 1,000 men at his Majesty's service. Out of the amalgamation of the thousands of Scotch emigrants brought into Ireland by Hugh Montgomery and other knights, with the native Irish, came the Scotch-Irish family, many of whom have come to America, settling at first in Virginia and finally scattering in every State in the Union. Samuel Montgomery, Sr., a direct descendant of Hugh Montgomery, was born in Virginia about 1740, and served in the Revolutionary war. He was quiet, peace-loving, industrious and religious, and was highly esteemed by his neighbors. He was an elder in the old Presbyterian church in Kentucky, and in 1814, three years after coming to Indiana, he consented to assist in the organization of the Cumberland Presbyterian church. This he did at the earliest solicitation of Rev. William Harnett, and with them in the project was James Knowles, an elder in the Old School Presbyterian church. These three men formed the basis for the first Cumberland Presbyterian church of Indiana, and they formed the new organization without reordination or relinquishing any part of their former faith, and for the sole purpose of advancing the cause of Christ. Samuel Montgomery, Sr., married Polly McFarland, in Virginia, and later removed to Perryville, Ky. In 181 1 he came with most of his family to Indiana and settled in Gibson county. The father of Samuel Montgomery, Sr., had slaves, and the son, being a religious man. did not believe it was right, and for that reason left home with his belongings and came to Indiana, where he set his negroes free at Evansville, which at that time consisted of two log houses and a cornfield. He bought his land at $1.50 per acre. It is now worth $200 per acre. Samuel Montgomery, Jr., was born in Kentucky in 1794, the ninth and youngest child of Samuel Montgomery, Sr. At the age of seventeen years he belonged to the State militia, and at the time of the call of General Harrison for help at the battle of Tippecanoe, he was absent on a visit. Upon return- ing and learning that his company had joined General Harrison, he hastily followed on horseback, but met his company at Vincennes, on their return. He married Sarah Montgomery on November 15, 1814. She was born in 1793, and died in August, 1829. This was the thirty-eighth marriage license issued in Gibson county. Five children were born to this union. He was married the second time in 1833, when Nancy Robb, nee Davis, became his wife. Five children were born to this second marriage. Mr. Montgomery was drawn on the first jury in the county. Court was held in a small log cabin southwest of Princeton, on the McCurdy farm. Jesse M. Montgomery, the tenth and youngest child of Samuel Montgomery, Jr., was born May 5, 1845, -" Gibson county, Indiana. He is a farmer by occupation, and a staunch Republican in politics, having represented Gibson county in the legislature in 1887. He now lives one mile north of Cynthiana, where he has one of the finest farms in the county. On November 22, 1866, he married Lemira Benson, a daughter of William Benson, of Montgomery township, Gibson county, and they became the parents of three children all of whom received college educations. Samuel B. Montgomery, the youngest child of Jesse M. and Lemira (Benson) Montgomery, was born on his father's farm in Gibson county, one mile north of Cynthiana, July 6, 1874. He was raised on the farm, completed the common schools and graduated from the Owensville High School in 1892. He attended Wabash College one year and then entered the medical department of the University of Louisville, where he graduated with the degree of Doctor of ATedicine, in 1898. He located at Poseyville, Ind., for practice, remaining there one j'ear. He then went to St. Wendel, where he remained three years, and although successful in both these places he decided to locate in Cynthiana, and came here in 1902. He enjoys a large and lucrative practice, and is a member of the Posey County and Indiana State Medical societies, and the American Medical Association. He belongs to the Christian church, the Modern Woodmen of America, and the Court of Honor. Politically, he is a Progressive. On September 15, 1898, Dr. Montgomery married Miss Eva L. Boyle, daughter of Henry and Matilda (McReynolds) Boyle, both natives of Indiana, the father of Vanderburg county, and the mother of Posey county. Her parents are now retired, living in Cynthiana in the summer and in Florida in the winter. Mrs. Montgomery was born in Vanderbtu-g county, July 17, 1879, and was educated in the common and high schools of Cynthiana, and at Owensboro College, Owensboro, Ky. They are the parents of two children : Mary Leona, born March 5, 1901, and Dorothy Mae, born March 16, 1905. Mrs. Montgomery is a member of the Presbyterian church, and active in its charities.

James Edward Gudgel, physician and surgeon of Cynthiana, Ind., belongs to a family which figures prominently in the history of Indiana. His great grandfather was named Andrew -Cudgel, his grandfather, Wil-

Ham Gudgel, and his father, Andrew Gudgel. We quote from the history of Gibson county, Indiana, pubHshed by James T. Tarlt & Company, concerning the Gudgel family: Andrew Gudgel, the grandfather of the present Andrew Gudgel, of Columbia township, was a man whose memory is worthy of record in this work. He was of German origin, and settled in Pennsylvania. He was married three times, and the father of seventeen children. The maiden name of the last wife was Elizabeth, and she was the grandmother of Andrew Gudgel, of Columbia township. After the Revolutionary war was over and peace declared, Mr. Gudgel, like many of that day, concluded to emigrate to the then far West, bevond the Alleghany mountains. In the year 1785 he set out with his family for Kentucky, a region then being wrested from the savages by Boone and his heroic companions. After a tedious and toilsome journey they arrived at their destination, and located on Silver creek, a strip of country which lies between the present cities of Lexington and Frankford, where he erected a cabin and subsequently built a grist mill on the creek. He operated this water mill for a number of years, to the great advantage of the settlers. Mills at that time were not numerous in the then wild West. Cudgel's mill was considered the best one in Kentucky. Owing to a defect in the title of his land, a farm of 600 acres, on which the mill was located, and which involved him in three law suits, he concluded in order to avoid further annoyance to leave that locality. He disposed of some of his property and removed to the Territory of Indiana, arriving here early in 181 1. He settled in the timber on a tract of land about two miles east of where Owensville is now situated. Here, with the energy characteristic of the old settler, he cleared a small patch of ground, erected a log cabin, and subsequently made a farm, upon which he continued to reside until his death. Prior to his coming to Indiana, in consequence of exposure, he had practically lost the use of his legs ; but he was a man of determined energy, and he would chop and clear up brush around his cabin for hours while sitting in a chair. The following incident will show the pluck of the old veteran. During the Indian troubles, which occurred about this time, his family all went to Fort Branch, which was a strong block house, erected as a rendezvous for the settlers of that locality. This plucky old pioneer would not go to the fort, but insisted on remaining at home in his cabin to take care of things. The Indians frequently come to his place, and while the old man was sitting in his chair, fearless of danger, the wily savages walked around him, frequently patting him on the head, and in their rude fashion complimented him on his bravery. It is one of the peculiarities of Indian character to admire bravery in those they regard as their foes. His third and last wife survived him a few years. By his last marriage he had a family of three children : Nancy, who married William Teel, and Hettie, who became the wife of Harrison McGarv. a relative of whom was the first settler of what is now Evansville. Both Teel and McGary were old and prominent settlers in that part of the country and many of their descendants still live in and around the neighborhood of Owensville. The only son by the last marriage was William Gudgel, who was the father of Andrew Gudgel, of Columbia township, and he was the father of James Edward, our subject. The history continues about William Gudgel, the grandparent of our subject. He was born in the State of Kentucky in the year 1802, and came here with his parents in 181 1. As will be observed, he was then a lad of ten years of age, and he, like most of the boys of the pioneers, was handy in assisting to clear away the bush and timber around the cabin home. As he grew to manhood he became quite a noted hunter, and by his skill he succeeded in killing a great deal of game. It is related of him by his son, Andrew, that it was no uncommon thing for him to sally out and on a single trip kill three or four deer and several turkeys, which were then very plentiful in the densely timbered districts of that neighborhood. The pecularity of his fire arms is worthy of description. His rifle was what was then known as a sixty-bullet gun to the pound. It was a hammered barrel made by hand, flint lock, horn trigger, and very effective in doing its work. In the year 1824 William Gudgel married Lucy Thurman. They had born to them a family of twelve children, who grew to man and womanhood. Eleven are yet living (1884) and ten are residents of Gibson county and one of the State of Illinois. Five of the gallant sons of this old pioneer did service in the Union army during the late Rebellion. The names of the children of William and Lucy Gudgel in the order of their birth were: Andrew, the father of our subject; Henry T., who was a soldier in an Illinois regiment during the late war, died at Pine Bluff, Ark. ; ]\Iartha, who became the wife of Henderson Pritchett ; Xancy, wife of Lorenzo S. Douglas ; Jacob ; Edward ; Sarah, wife of Rice Redman, now residing in White county, Illinois; Nicholas; John; Caroline, the wife of Leroy Martin, and they reside in Fort Branch ; Abraham, and Harriett, the wife of Henry Yeager. The last named are living on a farm a short distance from Owensville. William Gudgel was a farmer and was an industrious and enterprising man. He reared a large family, who are among the best citizens of the county. For many years he was an invalid. In politics he was identified with the Whig and Republican parties. His death took place in February, 1877. His widow survived him until 1888, and resided at the old homestead with her sons, John and Abraham. Andrew Gudgel, the father of our subject, was born in Gibson county, Indiana, February 19, 1825, the son of William and Lucy (Thurman) Gudgel, the grandson of Andrew and Elizabeth (Pane) Gudgel. His early education was such as could be obtained in the district schools of that period. He remained with his parents, working on the farm until September 3, 1846, when he was married to Elvira Wallace, the daughter of John Wallace.

He held the office of justice of the peace for several years, and was a strong Republican, although never a man of political aspirations. When the Civil war broke out he enlisted in Company A, Fifty-eighth regiment, Indiana volunteers, and participated in many battles, was severelywounded at the battle of Stone River, but he would not go to the hospital, and never was absent a day during his service of three years and three months. He had eight children, four boys and four girls. The four boys were all professional men, two lawyers and two doctors. James Edward Cudgel, our subject, was born in Gibson county, on the farm of his parents, on the tenth of March, 1858. His parents are of German descent, while his grandmother, Lucy (Thurman) Cudgel, was of Scotch- Irish extraction. A relic of the voyage they made across the ocean is still in Cynthiana. It is a pot, in which they cooked potatoes on the vessel during the voyage. The name was originally spelled Goodgell, but the Kentucky family spelled it Cudgell, and the Indiana family Cudgel. Parents on both sides were farmers and stick raisers, and his forefathers made their livelihood out of the wilderness of Indiana. Dr. Cudgel attended the district schools until he was about fifteen years old, when he entered the high school at Oakland City, Ind., and graduated with the class of 1879. At this time there was a normal school at Oakland City, which he attended, making about nine years in school at that place. He afterwards taught school four years in rural districts, and one year in the grammar grade at Booneville, Ind. After teaching school he attended Evansville Medical College, graduating with the degree of Doctor of Medicine as a member of the class of 1883, and during his last year was interne in the Evansville City Hospital. In 1883 he located at Cynthiana, Ind., where he has since remained in the practice of his profession, and is one of the three oldest men, in point of continuous service, in Posey county. He is a student, possesses a comprehensive library, and keeps in touch with the advancement in medicine and surgery. In 1888 he spent three months in post-graduate work in the College of Physicians and Surgeons at St. Louis. Dr. Cudgel has always taken an active part in the political life of his township, and is a consistent advocate of the principals and policies of the Republican party. He served one term as a trustee of the city of Cynthiana, and as health officer for two years. He is a director of the Cynthiana Banking Company. He is a member of the Pose}' Cotinty Medical Association, of which he was president in 1910. He is also a member of the Indiana State Medical Society and the American Medical Association. He is a member of the Modern Woodmen of America. He was married September 3. 1886, to Lizzie T. Smith, a daughter of George W. and Mary T. (Calvert) Smith, natives of Smith township, Posey county. The grandfather of Dr. Cudgel's wife, Daniel Smith, was also a pioneer resident of Posey county, and lived near Poseyville. The familv came to Indiana from Kentuckv, but originallv from

North Carolina, coming to Posey county during the early days of the Eighteenth century. Dr. Cudgel's wife is the daughter of a farmer and stock raiser, and she was born and educated in Posey county, graduating from the Cynthiana High School in 1880. After her graduation she taught school one term in Owensville, two terms in Cibson county, and one term in Posey county. The family are members of the Presbyterian church. Four children have been born to Dr. and Mrs. Cudgel : Harold Owen, born July 12, 1887, who completed a three-years course in the Indiana State University in 1908, subsequently was a teacher in the Cynthiana schools, and is now superintendent of the Maxwell Carage, Lawrenceville. 111. ; Helen, born December 28, 1897. Eva and Marjorie died in infancy.

Schuyler C. Newman, lumber merchant and former school teacher, came of an English family, and was born in Armstrong township, Vanderburg <:ounty, December 21, 1869, son of William and Jane (Rutter) Newman. His father is a native of Vanderburg county, and his mother was born in Posey county. His father was a successful farmer, and is now retired, and living in Cynthiana, where he and Mrs. Newman celebrated their golden wedding January 26, 1913, all of their six children being present. The father is seventy-seven and the mother seventyeight years of age. Schtiyler C. Newman was reared on his father's farm in Vanderburg county, and received his education in the, district schools, Cynthiana High School, the normal school at Princeton, and the Indiana State Normal School at Terre Haute. After finishing his education he engaged in teaching for six years in the rural schools of Vanderburg county, farming the last two years of this time. He then gave up teaching and farmed for two years. About 1903 he bought a farm adjoining Cynthiana, and in 1905 he became a resident of that town, where he established a lumber business, which he still owns. In 1906 his brother was admitted to partnership in the firm, under the style of Newman Brothers. The firm carries a well assorted stock of lumber, sashes and doors, fence posts, cement, sand, lime, plaster and paints and oils. They also operate a planing mill. Their business is profitable, and the firm enjoys a reputation for honest and fair dealing. Mr. Newman is an active worker in the Presbyterian church, in which he has his membership. He belongs to the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. In politics he was formerly a Republican, but is now a Prohibitionist. He was married in Cynthiana on May 7, 1899, to Miss Ada Stewart, daughter of Frank and Martha Stewart, of Vanderburg county, where she was born and raised on her father's farm. Mr. and Mrs. Newman have two children : Iva S., born March 6, 1900, and Maurice T., born March 13, 1907, both now attending the Cynthiana schools.

Carlos B. Macy, superintendent of the city schools of Cynthiana, Ind., was burn on a farm in Posey township. Rush county, Ind., November 29,

1882, son of Thomas B. and Lutitia (Pitts) Macy, natives of the same county. Our subject attended the common and high schools of Manilla, Ind., and then spent one year in the academy at Spiceland, Ind., after which he began teaching school in the rural districts, continuing his education in the University of Valparaiso in the summer months. He was also a student at Purdue, at the University of Indiana, and graduated from the Indiana State Normal, Terre Haute, in the class of 1912. After leaving Rush county he taught one year in Marion county, at New Augusta, and one year in Corydon, and one year at Wades ville. In 1910 he was appointed principal of the high school at Cynlhiana, and in 1912 became superintendent. He is a member of the Quaker church and belongs to the Modern Woodmen of America. In 1908 Mr. Macy married Nelle Underwood, daughter of Joseph X. and Elizabeth Underwood, of Versailles, Ind., where her father was a merchant. Mrs. Macy was reared in the town, graduated from its high school in the class of 1901, and taught school for a number of years prior to her marriage. She is a member of the Baptist church. They are the parents of one child, a daughter, Marv P'lizabeth.

Henry Thomas Calvert, of Cynthiana, Ind., is a representative of a family long established in Southern Indiana, the first of that line to locate in this section having been Patrick Calvert, who was born in Tennessee in 1784. in 1804 he married Miss Sarah Martin, who was born in South Carolina in 1783. They came to Indiana in 181 1 and settled near Owensville, in Gibson county. About this time the country was in the throes of war and Patrick Calvert, like a true patriotic citizen, assisted in bringing about peace, driving the Indians permanently from the fertile Wabash Valley. He was also a soldier under Gen. W. H. Harrison in the famous battle of Tippecanoe. After the war he returned to his farm, and in 1816 removed to Armstrong township, Vanderburg county, and purchased from the Government land which is still in possession of the family. Here he followed the occupation of a farmer until his death, in i860. His wife died in 1840. Patrick Calvert was a man of rigid convictions on matters of right and wrong, dealt justly and honorably with all and being always friendly and neighborly he was loved by all who knew him. Leroy Calvert, the seventh child of Patrick Calvert, was born on February 4, 1819. On January 13. 1843. 'le married Penelope Shelton, who was born in Mason county, Kentucky, September 24, 1821, coming to Indiana with her parents when two years of age. History records no stronger, cleaner character than the Hon. Leroy Calvert, father of our subject. He had strong religious convictions, and worked earnestly for the advancement of his country and community. His early life was spent in attending the common schools and in working on his father's farm, where he received strict training and high ideals ot right and wrong, which later were so noticeable in his character in han- dling the important affairs of life intrusted to him by his friends and neighbors, and in his public service. Until 1876 Armstrong township had been without a church, and the one built at that time was called "Calvert's Chapel," in appreciation of the assistance of Mr. Calvert and of his worth to the community. The building is free to all Christian denominations. The political career of Leroy Calvert has been a notable one, and such as to reflect credit upon himself and family. He was a staunch Democrat until 1884, when he voted for St. John for President. Under the old constitution he served as clerk of the board of trustees, after which he held offices as follows. He was elected justice of the peace in 1848 and served two years, resigning to become a candidate for county commissioner, to which office he was elected in 1850. At the time of the building of the Vanderburg county court house, in 1852, he held the responsible position of president of the board. From 1856 to i860, he served as township trustee, being in the latter year elected county treasurer. His execution of the duties of his office was so satisfactory that he was re-elected to the office. At the expiration of his second term he retired to his farm, but was chosen by the people of Armstrong township as their trustee once more, and in 1868 was elected representative in the general assembly. When in the session following his election, an attempt was made to pass the fifteenth amendment, Mr. Calvert, with fifty-five of his fellow Democratic members, resigned and returned to their homes. In the special election which was then called by Governor Baker, Mr. Calvert was re-elected and returned to the assembly, but the obnoxious attempt being made again at a special session he resigned a second time and came back home to stay. Upon his affiliation with the Prohibition party, in 1884, he was made their first nominee for Congress, in the First district, and was an exceptionally strong candidate. In 1888 he was placed upon the ticket as a candidate for presidential elector for the First district. His death occurred in 1898, and that of his wife in 1876. They had seven children, five girls and two boys, Henry T. Calvert, the sixth child, being our subject. Henry T. Calvert was born in Armstrong township, Vanderburg county, Indiana, April 25, 1855, son of Leroy and Penelope (Shelton) Calvert. He was reared in his native township, where he attended the common schools, first in an old frame school house of early construction, later attended the Fort Branch schools, and for several years went to school in Cynthiana. After leaving school he began farming, first with his father, and later for himself on a rented place. After his marriage he farmed the homestead, and his father lived with him until his death. Our subject farmed and raised stock for several years and lived on the farm until 1899, when he removed to Cynthiana and built a nice city home. In the fall of 1900 he became an employee of the Ziliak Schafer Milling Company's elevator at Cynthiana. He was engineer for four years and was then made man- ager of the elevator, which position he held until 1909, when he resigned to make a trip to California. He left Indiana in July, 1909, and remained through the next winter. Since his return to Cynthiana, Mr. Calvert has lived a retired life, still owning his farm and city property. He is a member of the Cumberland Presbyterian church, in which he has always been an active worker. Until 1900 Mr. Calvert was a staunch Democrat, but since that time he has been a worker in the Prohibition party. His first Presidential vote was cast for Samuel J. Tilden. On October 1, 1879, Mr. Calvert married Marietta McConuell. daughter of Robert G. and Sarah (Kimball) McConnell, the former a native of Smith township, Posey county, and the latter of Gibson count}'. Robert G. Mc- Connell was born about 1832, the son of John B. and Lucinda (McCrary) McConnell. John P>. McConnell was born in Scotland. August 29. 1794, and his wife was of Irish descent. He was married December 23. 1817, to Lucinda McCrary, who was born July 7, 1800, and to them were born nine children: James C, born February 28, 1819; Alexander R., born December 7, 1821 ; Marinda K., born April 17, 1824; Ann E., born September 29. 1826; Miner G., born October 20, 1829; Robert G.. born March 2, 1832; Zerelda C, born December 25, 1833; John C, born March 16, 1837, and Mary Ruth, born March 9, 1839. The mother of Mrs. Calvert died August 23. 1874. and her father died September 17, 1881. The mother was born November 12, 1837. John B. McConnell came to this country from Scotland, about the year 1800. and settled in North Carolina. He removed to Tennessee, where he remained only a short time before coming to Indiana and locating with his family in Posey county, where his son, Robert G., father of Mrs. Calvert, was born. Robert G. and Sarah E. McConnell became the parents of six children : Marietta, the wife of our subject, born June 28, 1857; Louella. born May 27, 1862; William G., born September 21. 1866; Eliza C, born January 7, 1869; Lillian G., born September 16, 1871, now deceased; Sarah E.. born August 9, 1874. Mrs. Calvert attended the common schools of Posey county as a child. She and Mr. Calvert are members of the Cumberland Presbyterian church. To Mr. and Mrs. Calvert four children were born : Eva, born September 22, 1895 ; Maude, died in infancy ; Ethel died aged eight years, and Edith died aged four years and six months.

Frank E. Lewis, editor and publisher and former minister of the Christian church, of Cynthiana, Ind., was born in Jasper county, 111., January 5, 1871, son of James and Joan (Woodward) Lewis, mother a native of Kentucky and the father a native of Jasper county, where he was chief engineer of the light plant at Newton, 111. Frank Lewis was raised in Newton and attended the common and high schools, after which he began work in a newspaper office at the age of fourteen years. He learned the printer's trade, which he followed until 1906, when he was ordained a minister of the Christian denomination. He located at Danville, 111., where he had several churches on a circuit, and remained here until April I, 1912, when he bought the Cynthiana "Argus" and took charge of the paper, which he has since edited and published. He is a Democrat in politics and belongs to the Independent Order of Odd Fellows On July 3, 1891, Mr. Lewis married Miss Maude Johnson, daughter of Harry D. and Belle (Phillips) Johnson, of Noble, Richland county, Illinois, where her parents were born and where her father was proprietor of a hotel. Here Mrs. Lewis was born and educated. They became the parents of five children: Lucile, Aden, Hershey, Isabella and Harry T., the last deceased. Aden and Hershey are attending school in Cynthiana and Lucile is assistant in the "Argus" office. The family are members of the Christian church.

David C. Alcorn, a prominent farmer of Smith township, Posey county, Indiana, was born in the same place where he now lives on October 3, 1868. He is the son of James T. and Anne (Boren) Alcorn, both born in Gibson county, Indiana. The great-grandparents of our subject settled in Indiana at an early date and the family helped wrest the land from the Indians and wild beasts and develop it into what it has now become. The grandfather, also James T. Alcorn, married a Miss Haines. The family have always been farmers. The father of David C. died November 7, 1870, when the latter was but two years old and his mother married R. J. Brown and still lives, residing in Poseyville. David was reared on a farm, attended common school, later graduating from the schools of Poseyville. He then took a course in a commercial college at Terre Haute, Ind., graduating in 1888. He then obtained a position as ., bookkeeper in the Calvert & Bozeman Lumber Company, of Poseyville, Ind. He had a small piece of land containing thirty-three and one-third acres near town and decided to farm it, so he gave up his position and lived on his farm, "batching" for one season. He then thought he would like to be a commercial traveler, but as he expressed it in his own language, "After spending money for two beds in one night and not having time to get either of them warm," decided once more to return to the farm. His experiences at first were not so pleasant, as he did his own farm work and housekeeping for the first four years, until he got a start. On October 27, 1894, he married Ella Saulmon. Mrs. Alcorn was born in Gibson county and was raised in Posey county, where she was educated, and was married in her twenty-sixth year. Two years after his marriage Mr. Alcorn discontinued the old way of farming and began with new methods, breeding hogs for the market. By adding good blooded stock to keep his drove up to the standard and by exercising care not to over-fatten his animals he made a great success of the business. Mr. Alcorn is one of the most scientific farmers in Posey county. He runs his farm on business principles, taking an invoice each year. His land is well improved, having tile drainage and other conveniences. He keeps strict account of each investment, which enables him to stick to the most profitable ones. He is active among the hog breeders of the county and has taken a trip west into Kansas to study the cattle feeding business, in which he is now engaged to some extent. From his start of thirty-three and one-third acres Mr. Alcorn has, by scientific methods, close study, industry and economy amassed a comfortable fortune, now owning 370 acres of land. He is a director in the Poseyville Mutual Telephone Association. Mr. and Mrs. Alcorn have two children : Corry A., born June 26, 1897, and Alma, born December 18. 1899. Corry A. is a freshman in the Poseyville High School. He raised fifty acres of corn list year, which made eighty-one bushels to the acre. This field was the best reported in the county and he sold more than 200 bushels for seed. Alma is now attending school in Poseyville. The family belongs to the Christian church, Mr. Alcorn being an elder in the church. James Cale, a member of one of the pioneer families of Kentucky and Indiana, was born April 3, 1829, son of Ellison and Margaret Cale, natives of Kentucky, who came to Posey county, Indiana, where James was born and reared. After finishing common school he began farming and accumulated a large fortune before his death. He bought his farm in Smith township in 1849, ^nd on May 2 of the next year married Jane Jolly, daughter of Maxie and Nancy (Price) Jolly, natives of South Carolina, who came to Posej- county in 1804, and are said to have been the first settlers near Stewartsville, where they located in the midst of the forest, there being no road, or even trail, near their home. Here a small clearing was made and a cabin built. The clearing was added to from time to time and the land farmed. Eight years after his location here Mr. Jolly joined the army of Gen. W. H. Harrison and helped drive out the Indians in the Wabash valley. Upon the restoration of peace he returned to his home and continued farming and stock raising. He was a blacksmith by trade, and being the only skilled workman in the vicinity, he had plenty of this kind of work. He helped build the first church in Posey county, which was located in the grove where Stewartsville now stands. In the erection of the building a log fell and killed a little boy, and his was the first grave in the church yard. This cemetery in the church yard is now said to the largest in the county. Mrs. James Cale is the sixth child in a family of eleven children, of whom only herself and one sister are living. She was born .April 14, 1825, and attended such schools as were in those days available. The first one was held in her father's kitchen, before any school building had been erected in the county, and the first teacher was James Wr.sson. When school buildings finally were erected they were of logs with puncheon seats and no ceiling except the boards of the roof. Heat was furnished by large fire-places. In those days the woods of Indiana were full of Indians and wild animals. The Jolly family had a neighbor by the name of Parks who was a bee hunter, and who had three children whom he was accustomed to take with him on his expeditions into the woods. One day when he had just cut down a bee tree on the Wabash the Indians came up and killed him and took his children captives. When they did not return the neighbors went to look for them, finding the body of Mr. Parks, but before they got it home they were ordered to Vincennes for the War of 1812. At that time there were no towns of New Harmony, Mt. Vernon or Evansville, and Mr. Jolly went to Red Banks, now Henderson, to trade. This was through woods uninhabited except by wild animals and Indians. Mr. and Mrs. Cale became the parents of five children: Annie, Sidney (deceased), Delia (deceased), Oscar, and Maxie (deceased). Annie married James Kimball and they live in Gibson county. They have no children. Sidney married Joseph Davis and lived in Gibson county until her death. Joseph Davis and Sidney Cale had five children - Mabel, Delia, James, Ewell K. and Lois. Delia Cale married Dr. Thomas Young, of Poseyville and they had one child, Morris, who was two years of age when his motlier died and who was raised by his grandmother Cale.

Oscar Cale, banker and landowner of Poseyville, Ind., was born in Smith township, same county, March 5, 1862, son of James and Jane (Jolly) Cale (see sketch). He attended school in Smith and Robb townships, after which he entered college at Valparaiso, Ind. Upon completing his education Mr. Cale returned home and engaged in farming and stock raising. After his marriage, in 1884, he went to Gibson county, Indiana. Here he remained for about six years, and in August, 1890, he located in Smith township, Posey county, on a farm, where he has since lived. Mr. Cale is president of the First National Rank, in which he is also a director. He was one of the first stockholders of the institution. He is also the largest landowner in his township. In politics he is a Democrat. Mr. Cale married Mary J. Young, daughter of Thomas and Martha (McFadden) Young, on October 26, 1884. The gr.nndparents of Mrs. Cale on her mother's side were among the first settlers of Mt. Vernon, Ind. Both parents were natives of Posey county, where they were engaged in farming and stock raising. Mrs. Cale was born in Smith township, August 28, 1863. She attended the common schools of her native township and of Robb township. Mr. and Mrs. Cale became the parents of four children: Mattie, born August 31, 1885; Lena, born February 26, 1890; Mary, born September 22, 1901, and one that died in infancy. Mattie married Kern A. Williams and lives in Poseyville. Ind. Lena and Mary are at home with their parents. The family are members of the Christian church.

James W. Wiggins, a successful farmer of Poseyville, Ind., was born in Saline county, Illinois, March 10, 1865, son of John M. and Emily (Endicott) Wiggins, the mother a native of Virginia and the father of

Kentucky. They came to Illinois in 1867, removed to Gibson county, Indiana. John M. Wiggins was the son of Thurin Wiggins and his wife was the daughter of John H. Endicott. A short time after John M. came to Indiana his father located in Montgomery county, this State. Thurin W^iggins had six sons and one daugiiter, of whom John was the fifth child. Three of the boys, Charles, Newton and David, were in the Civil war. Two of them were killed. John Wiggins was born April 23, 1827, and died March 5, 1885. Emily Endicott was born April 16, 1830, and died March 21, 1887. They were married in Saline county, Illinois, where they engaged in farming and stock raising, and where our subject was born. They removed to Gibson county, Illinois, and after two or three years came to Indiana and located in Smith township, Posey county, in 1869. They became the parents of ten children: Leoma M. (deceased), Mary E. (deceased), Sarah E., John X., Kesiah F. (deceased), Matilda F., James W., Emily M. (deceased), David S. and Elam G. James Wiggins attended the country schools and the high school at Cynthiana until his father's death, when he was called upon to look after the farm. Two years later the mother died. At that time two of the children were married and three were dead, and our subject remained at home with Matilda F., Emily M., David S. and Elam G. The first of those remaining to marry was David S., who went to farming for himself in Smith township. The next was our subject, who marred Miss Emma E. Martin, daughter of Ellison L. and Mariah (McDonald) Martin, of Posey county, the wedding occurring May 7, 1892. Her father was a son of Harrison and Mary (Russell) Martin, and her mother was the daughter of Samuel and Elizabeth (Graves) McDonald. Ellison L. was a native of Armstrong township, Vanderburg county, Indiana. Mrs. Wiggins was born in Vanderburg county, January 14, 1869, but while she was still a child her parents removed to Posey county, where she attended the country schools and the Poseyville High School. Mr. and Mrs. James Wiggins have two children : Jesse E. resides at home and is a graduate of the common schools and is working on the farm with his parents, and Oma A., a graduate of high school, is also at home. The family are members of the Christian church at Poseyville, in which organization Mr. Wiggins is an elder. He is a member of the Modern Woodmen of America and in politics is a Prohibitionist.

Thomas D. Shelton, former county commissioner of Posey county, is a native of Indiana, having been born in that State April i. 1837, one of the ten children of John and Catherine (Finch) Shelton. He made his home with his parents until the death of his father, when Thomas was about twenty years of age. He then made his home with his brother, George. Three years later (February 14, i860) he married Keziah Murphy, daughter of Aaron and Amelia Murphy, who was born in Posey county, February 2, 1839. At the time of his marriage Mr. Shelton lo- cated on the home place in Vanderburg county. A \'ear later he removed to Posey county, purchasing land in Smith township. He sold this holding in 1871 and bought another tract of eighty-five acres, which he farmed until 1906, when he retired. Mr. Shelton was elected county commissioner in 1886 and served six years. He was later elected ditch commissioner, still holding that office. He has settled up numerous estates, was appointed guardian and several different times was appointed by the court land commissioner. For several years Mr. Shelton was a wheat buyer, doing business on commission. He was successful and amassed a comfortable fortune. The Shelton familj- are members of the Cumberland Presbyterian church. Our subject is a Prohibitionist in politics and a member of the Ancient Free and Accepted Masons. Mr. and Mrs. Shelton had four children: George M. (deceased), James A. (deceased). Flora married E. W. Anderson and they live in Poseyville, Ind., and Jesse, whose biography is here given.

Valentine Bender, a German farmer of Poseyville, Ind., was born in Hessen-Darmstadt, Germany, November 6, 1863, son of August and Catherine (Berg) Bender, natives of the same province in Germany, who came to America in 1865, locating in Vanderburg county. August Bender taught school in Germany and farmed. When he came to America he engaged in farming and stock raising. He died in Vanderburg county in 1874, and his wife died in 1886. Valentine Bender attended the common schools of Vanderburg county, first going to a public school held in a log school house and later attending private school. After finishing his education he worked on the farm. His father having died when he was eleven years old he remained at home until after the death of his mother. In 1888 he removed to Posey county, locating in Smith township, where he bought a farm near the Robb township line. Here he began improving the place and doing general farming, and raising stock for sale. He has sixt3^-t\vo and one-half acres under cultivation. Mr. Bender was married, June i, 1886, to Threase Will, daughter of Jasper and Louisa (Sanders) Will, natives of Vanderburg county, Indiana, where they were farmers. Mrs. Bender was born in the same county, in Armstrong township, where she attended school. They have nine children: Louisa, who married George Augermeyer, lives in Vanderburg county on a farm ; Henry, Frederick A., Olivia T., Alamanda C, Ida M., Viola T., Oscar Antone, Albert A. Jasper, Ida, Viola and Oscar are attending common school in Posey county and all the children are at home except the married daughter. All the family are members of the Catholic church at Poseyville, and Mr. Bender is a Democrat. Mrs. Bender was born December 26, 1865. Her father died in 1870. Mr. Bender came of a family of musicians, his grandfather, Philip Bender, having been an organist as well as a school teacher and his father also having been an organist of note in Ger- many. August Bender was born in 1822 and came to America at the age of fort3'-tliree. Valentine Bender is one of a family of six brothers and one sister: Philip, Vanderburg county; John, now dead; Fred died at Mt. Carmel, 111.; Barthel, Vanderburg county; Valentine, subject; and Henry, who also lives in Vanderburg county, and Catherine, who married Henry Will, of Poseyville, Ind. All the brothers are farmers except Henry and Barthel. Mr. Bender is one of the most progressive farmers of Posey county.

Jesse J. Shelton, son of Thomas D. and Keziah (Murphy) Shelton, of Robb township, was born in that township May 14, 1873. H^ was educated in the country schools, in the Poseyville High School, where he graduated, and in the University of Kentucky at Lexington. After leaving the university he came to Cynthiana, where he engaged in the drug business for two or three years. He then farmed and bought grain for a time and later was emploj'ed for about a year with the Cumberland Telephone Company. In 1907 he returned again to the farm in Robb township, where he has remained ever since. He is an auctioneer, devotes a part of his time to that business and is making a success of it. He farms ninety acres of land, making a specialty of Hampshire hogs, and has for several years been a promoter of pure-bred stock in Posey county, being an active member of the Breeders' Association. He was a member of the executive committee of the First District Corn School for a number of years. He belongs to the General Baptist church, is a member of the Ancient Free and Accepted Masons and of the Modern Woodmen of America. In politics he is a Democrat. Mr. Shelton was married, March 26, 1896, to Miss Marvel, daughter of Thomas Marvel (see history of Marvel family). They have two children: Van Thomas, born September 23, 1899, and Imogene, born January 19, 1903. Both children are attending school in Poseyville. Mrs. Shelton is a member of the Christian church at Cynthiana.

Samuel M. McReynolds, a member of an old established family, and son of Revolutionary ancestry, was born in Smith township, Posej- count}', Indiana, August 22, 1840. His parents were Joseph and Elizabeth (Compton) McReynolds, the former also a native of Smith township and the son of Samuel McReynolds, the son of Joseph !^IcReynolds, who enlisted in the Revolutionary war at the age of seventeen years and served seven years. He was a native of Tennessee and of Scotch- Irish ancestr}'. The first of the family to come to this country from the highlands of Scotland were James and John McReynolds, and this sketch deals with their descendants. Joseph McReynolds. the Revolutionary soldier, came to Posey county, Indiana, before the State was admitted to the Union, and his grandson, Joseph, the father of our subject, was born here in 1816. In coming to the new home from Tennessee the Vv'ife of Joseph McReynolds was drowned in crossing Barr's creek in Smith township. Samuel McReynolds attended the common schools of his township in a log building with puncheon seats and desks made of a plank fastened to the sides of the room. There were no blackboards, charts or other facilities for instruction. Later a better school house was built and better equipment installed. After his father's death he worked for his board among the farmers while attending school. After saving a little money he went to school at Owensville, then a graded school of two rooms. After completing this course he began teaching school and continued for four years, at the same time studying penmanship, in which he later completed a course in Indianapolis. After this he taught penmanship at night in addition to his day duties as teacher and saved about $2,000. He then married and went to farming oft the Wabash bottoms. The first 3'ear the floods destroyed all crops and he went to Kansas in 1869, where he settled on Osage Indian land, twelve miles south of Eureka in Greenwood county. With the exception of two neighbors, one living one-half mile away and the other four miles, there were no settlers in the vicinity. At that time Indians were numerous and buffalo roamed the plains in thousands. On one occasion Mr. McReynolds went buffalo hunting with his neighbors. While hunting near Medicine Lodge, about 150 miles west of his home, they were warned that the Indians were about to raid that part ot- the country, and as they were about through hunting they went home at once. Two weeks later they heard news of the terrible Indian raid. There being no railroads the news traveled slowly. He remained in Kansas about three years, when he sold out and brought his family back to Posey county. On their return his wife's father gave her eighty acres of swamp land. He improved this property and lived on it seven or eight years, farming and raising stock. He then bought his present farm of 253 acres of land in Smith township and continued in farming and stock raising until 1891, when he retired from active business, and has since devoted his time to looking after his interests. Mr. McReynolds is an example of a self-made man, having hired out on a farm, clerked in drug and dry goods stores and taught day and night to get his start in life. In his life on the plains he was never afraid of the Indians, although his great-grandfather and great-grandmother Compton were killed by the savages in Illinois while hunting bees. In 1864 Mr. McReynolds enlisted in Company I, One Hundred and Thirtysixth Indiana infantr_y, and served until the close of the war. In politics he is a Democrat. On June 5, 1868, Samuel McReynolds married Miss Elizabeth J. Young, daughter of Greenberry and Barthenia (Sinclaire) Young, and a native of Smith township, Posey county. Her father was a native of Posey county and his father, Jackson Young, came to this county from Virginia at an early date. Greenberry Young was a farmer in Robb township on the line between Smith and Robb townships, and here the wife of our subject was reared and attended country schools, and later the schools at Owensville. She taught school one term before her marriage. Mr. and Mrs. McReynolds became the parents of three children, one of whom died in infancy. Two daughters are living: Minnie Ettie, who married Dr. George C. Smith, of Poseyville, has one child ; Elva Aline married I. E. Wilkinson and they live in Cynthiana, where he is a retired farmer. They have one child.

Ellison Cale, one of the prominent farmers of Smith township, Posey county, Indiana, was born December 31, 1866, on the old family homestead where his father was born. He is the son of Joseph and Eliza (Jolly) Cale. His grandfather, who also was named Ellison Cale, was born in Kentucky and came to Posey county at an early date ^nd established the family residence here. Joseph and Eliza (Jolly) Cale had five children, of whom our subject was the fourth. He first attended the country schools and later graduated from the Cynthiana schools. After finishing his education he worked on the farm with his parents until the death of his father, in 1902. His mother then removed to Poseyville, and our subject is now in possession of the old homestead and additional land to the total amount of 270 acres located about the center of Smith township. It is not only one of the largest farms in the township, but is one of the best improved, having a large brick dwelling house, built before the death of the father. It is one of the prettiest and best kept country places in Posey county. Mr. Cale has made a specialty of hogs, raising the Poland China stock, and raises horses and cattle for farm purposes, making no specialty of thoroughbred animals. Ellison Cale was married October 28. 1892, to Miss Manervia E. Fletchall, daughter of Isaiah and Emma (Stevens) Fletchall, of Posey county, of which they are natives, and where Mr. Fletchall engaged in farming and stock raising. Mrs. Cale was born in Posey count}^ and attended the schools of Poseyville until her graduation. She is a member of the Christian Science church of EvansvilJe, Ind.

Rev. Francis B. Luebbermann, of Mt. Vernon, was born in Cmcinnati, Ohio, in June, 1857. He attended the Christian Brothers' School of that city and at the age of fourteen began the study of languages, classics, finally philosophy and theology at St. Meinrad's Seminary. He was ordained in 1880, and was located at Evansville, Ind., as assistant in Trinity church, and remained there until 1883. He located in Mt. Vernon in December, 1883, and after a brief respite returned in 1884, under permanent appointment to St. Matthew's church, and has remained ever since. He has a congregation of 250 families, but, when he came, he had seventyeight families only, an increase of 172 families. Rev. Father Luebbermann has been indefatigable in his labors to advance the prosperity of St. Matthew's parish, and being a gentleman of scholarly attainments and eloquence, and withal possessed of a genial temperment, he has won the sincere affection and esteem of his flock, and these amiable qualities have proven to be no small factors in the successful prosecution of the good work he has set before him. His zeal in church labor is untiring and unflagging. He was appointed to the parish when in his early prime, and no clergyman could well have been found to carry out, with as favorable prospects for the desired results, the commendable, yet arduous duties to the performance of which he was assigned. Besides his parish duties Father Luebbermann has always been engaged in literary work of some kind, writing or translating books of historic interest. From 1888 until 1907 he published two monthly magazines, "The Poor Souls' Advocate," and "Der Armen Sulin Freund" ; also started the "Knights of St. John's Journal," and in July, 1913, began the publication of the "Parish Record of St. Matthew's Church." The publication, now in its fifth month, is well edited, handsomely typed, and has a general circulation among the families of the parish.

W. O. Tretheway is one of the substantial citizens of New Harmony, who enjoys a well earned reputation for honesty, uprightness and good citizenship. Mr. Tretheway is a native of England, born February 28, 1848, at St. Stephens, forty-one miles from Lands End, in the county of Cornwall. His parents, Thomas and Ann (Columb) Tretheway, lived in the mother country, and are both now deceased. Young Tretheway was educated in the schools of his native land, and in early life was apprenticed to learn the Ijlacksmith and wagon making trades. He served five years and his princely salary was $5.00 and his board and clothes. But pay was not the prime object of his endeavor. He was there to learn his trade, and he learned it thoroughly. When a young man of nineteen, in 1867, he immigrated to America, locating in New Harmony, where he had a brother and sister living at the time. Here he worked at his trade for a time, when he went to Mt. Vernon, where he remained seven years, working at his trade. Then on account of ill health he was advised to go west and accordingly went to Stockton, Cal. He soon gained his health in sunny California, and remained there working at his trade until the spring of 1878, when he returned to New Harmony and engaged in general blacksmithing and wagon making, which has claimed his attention ever since. He has built up an extensive business and constantly employes two assistants and sometimes more. Mr. Tretheway was married November 17, 1869, to Miss Sarah Baldwin, of Mt. Vernon. To this union have been born six children : Mary Leora, married John Armstrong; William A., blacksmith and wagonmaker. New Harmony; Grace, married Nelson Felch, New Harmony ; Clara, married William Ward, New Harmony ; Hattie, married Fred E. Cook, New Harmony, and Garfield, died in 1904, at the age of nineteen. Mr. Tretheway has always taken a keen interest in political affairs and is a Republican. He has served with credit in the city council. He is a member of the Independent

Order of Odd Fellows, the Encampment and Rebekahs, and takes a prominent part in the State organization, as well as the local lodge. While Mr. Tretheway takes a deep interest in the welfare of all public institutions, perhaps his devotion to the fire department of New Harmonyis paramount. He has served as chief for twenty-seven consecutive terms and has been identified with that organization for thirty-five years. His long experience as a fire fighter, coupled with his ability to handle men, places him in the front ranks of the volunteer fire chiefs of the State. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and has served as superintendent of the Sunday schcxil for twenty-five years.

Joel W. Hiatt, one of the most highly respected citizens of New Harmony, is a native of Indiana, and has been a resident of Posey county for nearly forty years. Joel Hiatt was born June lo, 1850, in Hamilton county, Indiana. His parents were Harmon and Mary (Harris) Hiatt, both natives of North Carolina, and early settlers in Randolph county, Indiana. They later removed to Hamilton county. The father was a physician and practiced his profession many years in the State. The Hiatts came from Quaker stock, and the maternal side of our subject's ancestors were Virginians of English descent. Both parents are now deceased, and their mortal remains rest in the cemetery at Crawfordsville, Ind. Joel Hiatt's early life was mostly spent in Crawfordsville, where he attended the public schools and later entered Wabash College, where he graduated in the class of 1873, with the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and in 1888 the college conferred upon him the degree of Master of Arts. After graduating from W^abash College, Mr. Hiatt entered Harvard University as a Divinity student, pursuing the study of philosophy for a time, but upon due reflection decided that an ecclesiastical function in life was not to his liking. He then abandoned that course and turned to teaching and accepted the position of principal of the Mt. Vernon High School, a position which he held two years. In 1876 he came to New Harmony as superintendent of schools there, a position which he filled with entire satisfaction two years. In 1885 he was appointed document clerk of the House of Representative. W^ashington, D. C. He served in this capacity until 1895. except an interval of two years. Mr. Hiatt was united in marriage in 1878 to Francis Owen Fitten, an estimable lady of culture and refinement. She is a daughter of W'illiam Owen. Politically, Mr. Hiatt has never wavered in his allegiance to the Democratic party. He is a man of deep convictions, and a lover of justice and fair play. He has ever been a student of men and affairs, as well as of books, and is a profound scholar. His duties while at Washington, D. C., brought him into close and intimate relation with many of the leading men of the Nation, whose acquaintance in many instances ripened into lasting friendships, which have afforded him much pleasure. He is an ardent supporter of every institution which tends for the uplifting of humanity and the betterment of his fellow men. Mr. Hiatt is a member of the \\'orking Man's Institute, and has taken an active interest in its welfare. A few years ago he led and won in the movement for cataloguing the books of that institution by the card index system. He also secured the services of a public accountant and devised a system which was introduced. He is a member of the park commission, and for eight years has been superintendent of the parks of New Harmony. Mr. Hiatt is a great lover of nature and his work in connection with the parks is an agreeable task, and the beauty and well kept appearance of the city parks certainly bear mute testimony of the magic touch of a master hand. The writer of this sketch has known Mr. Hiatt intimately and well can testify to his many manly excellencies.

Horace Pestalozzi Owen, president of the New Harmony Banking Company, and one of the active financiers of Posey county, is the only male representative of the Owen family now living in New Harmony. He is a son of Col. Richard Owen, esteemed mention of whom is made elsewhere in this volume. Horace Owen was born in New Harmony, November 2, 1842, received his education in private schools and the Western Military Institute at Blue Lick Springs, Ky., an institution owned by his father and Gen. Bushnell Johnson, which later became the University of Nashville. About this time the sectional feeling that preceded the Civil war was growing more and more bitter, and on this account his father came north. Colonel Owen was State geologist at the time and Horace accompanied him in his work in that connection, and assisted him for the next two years. Then the great Civil war came on and in the fall of 1861 he enlisted in Company F, Sixteen Indiana infantry, and was commissioned first lieutenant. Afterwards he was adjutant of the regiment and later served as adjutant of the First brigade, Tenth division. Thirteenth army corps. Army of the Mississippi. He was at Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, Jackson and the siege of Vicksburg. Mr. Owen saw much hard fighting and fortunately escaped serious injury. His narrowest escape was at Arkansas Post, where he was ren-i dered unconscious by the explosion of a shell. In 1863 Mr. Owen resigned his commission to return home and care for his mother, while his father remained in the army. After he returned to New Harmony he turned his attention to the business world, and in a short time engaged in the hardware and implement business with Victor C. Duclos as a partner. He continued in this business two or three years, when he engaged in the drygoods business until 1872, when he went to Terre Haute, where he engaged in the grain business for two years. In 1874 he returned to New Harmony and again entered the hardware and implement business with his brother, E. F. Owen. They sold the first binder south of the Baltimore & Ohio railroad in Indiana. He became cashier of the New Harmony Banking Company at the organization of that in- stitution, and in 1879 became its president, in which position he still serves. Mr. Owen is of the banker's temperment, safe, sane and conservative, always bearing in mind how he can give the best service to his patrons, and at the same time serve the best interests of his institution. Horace Owen is a man of genial disposition, who makes friends and keeps them. He is naturally of a generous nature and kind iiearted. He takes a deep interest in the progress and welfare of his town and county. For twenty-five years he has been president of the school board, and has served as president of the Working Man's Institute for ten years. He is also president of the New Harmony 1914 Centennial Commission. He has always been an active Republican, but has never aspired to hold office. Mr. Owen was united in marriage May 8, 1867, to Miss Natalie Burroughs Mann, who is also a native of New Harmony. She belongs to a highly respected family, being the daughter of Dr. Josiah Stockton Mann, who came west from the Genesee Valley, New York, at an early day. Mrs. Owen is prominent in the social world and possesses the true nobility of American womanhood. To Mr. and Mrs. Owen have been born three children: Nora Edgeworth, married Arthur DeBois Armstrong, Memphis, Tenn. ; Aline Dale, married Dr. Benjamin F. Neal, New Harmony, and Richard Dale, a successful real estate dealer of Los Angeles, Cal. Mr. Owen is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, Knights of Pythias, and the Grand Arm)' of the Republic, of which he is past commander. The family are communicants of the Episcopal church, of which he has been senior warden twenty-five years.

Henry Brown, clothier and general outfitter. New Harmony, Ind., whose name introduces this sketch, is a striking example of what industry and honest business methods will do for a poor boy who starts life in a strange land, empty handed and alone, with a determination to win by right methods. Henry Brown is a native of Germany, and was born April 12, 1853. He came to America when a lad of fourteen. After remaining in the East about a year, he journeyed westward, coming to Evansville, Ind., in 1869. Here he spent ten years in mercantile business, and in 1879 came to New Harmony and engaged in the clothing and gents' furnishing business. He has conducted this business up to the present time, and is today one of the leading merchants of Posey county, and the only complete men's outfitter in New Harmony. For thirty-four years Henry Brown has done business with the people of New Harmony and from every part of Posey county, and his customers who regard his word as good as his bond, are legion. He has built up a business and a reputation of which he may be justly proud. While Mr. Brown has been successful in business, he has also cheerfully given his time to public affairs, in which he has taken a keen interest and an active part. He has served as president of the town board about ten years, and acted as clerk of that bodv about the same length of time. He was united in marriage October 14, 1879, to Miss Katie A. Adler, of Evansville. To this union have been born two children : H. L. and L. A., both prosperous manufacturers in Cincinnati, Ohio^ They are owners and proprietors of the H. L. Brown Fence Manufacturing Company, who are extensive manufacturers of heavy wire goods. Henry Brown is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and the Knights of Pythias. For several years he took an active and prominent part in lodge affairs, and his politcal affiliations have been with the Democratic party.

Eugene V/. Nash, one of New Harmony's representative business men, and descendant of a pioneer family of Posey county, was born five miles east of New Harmony, May 12, 1862. He is a son of Andrew and Julia (Smith) Nash, the former a native of Butler county, Pennsylvania, and the latter of Kentucky. Andrew Nash was a son of Jesse and Sarah (Cavett) Nash, the former a native of Scotland and the latter of Ireland. Jesse Nash came to New Harmony with his family from Butler county, Pennsylvania, in 1815. They came down the Ohio river on a flat boat. He and George Rapp were close friends back in PennsyK'ania, and he was induced by Rapp's glowing accounts of the possibilities in Posey county to emigrate here with his family. He bought his first land from George Rapp and this same farm is still owned by his descendants. Jesse Nash was a cabinet maker, but devoted the latter part of his life to farming. He was a conscientious, hard working man, and took a live interest in the affairs of his time. He was an old-time Whig. He died in 1844, aged eighty-two years, and was survived by his wife two years, who was also eighty-two at the time of her death. Andrew Nash, father of Eugene, came to Posey county with his parents in 181 5. In early life he was a shoe maker, but later a farmer, and spent his life in Harmony township. He was one of a family of seven children, all of whom are now deceased. They all lived to ripe old ages. Three of the sisters passed the ninety-third milestone. Andrew Nash died April 24, 1900, aged ninety-one. His wife departed this life October 8, 1899, aged eightytwo. They were the parents of ten children : George, deceased ; William, deceased ; Mary, married James H. Cox, Stewartsville ; John, resides on the old homestead ; Edward, deceased ; Martha, deceased ; Nancy, married William J. Johnson, Harmony township ; James, Harmony township; Andrew, Harmon}- township, and Eugene W., the subject of this review. Eugene Nash was reared on the old homestead in Harmony township, educated in the district schools and the Poseyville High School. He remained on the farm until he was twenty-eight years old, when he came to New Harmony and engaged in the furniture and undertaking business, from 1890 to 1900. At this time he sold his furniture business, but continued in the undertaking business, and is still engaged in that occupation. He is also interested in the general insurance business. Mr. Nash has been twice married. On October 30, 1889, he was married to Aquilla, daughter of Dr. John J. Grigsby, of Petersburg, Ind. Two children were born to this union : Hercia and Kenneth. Mrs. Nash died May 25, 1900. September 15, 1909, Mr. Nash married Miss Emma, a daughter of Col. Charles C. Screeder, of Evansville, Ind. Politically Mr. Nash has always been identified with the Republican party and is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, the Knights of Pythias, and holds membership in the Methodist Episcopal church. He is one of the substantia! business men of Posey county.

Levi J. Wilkinson. - To have accomplished so notable work as has Levi J. Wilkinson in connection with the Christian church would prove sufficient to give precedence and reputation to any man, were it to represent the sum total of his efforts; but Mr. Wilkinson is a man of broad mental ken, strong initiative and distinct individuality, who will not only leave a lasting impression in the denomination in which he has been a lifelong member, but has been a potent, though unostentatious factor in the commercial life of Posey county, where for fifty years he conducted a successful retail enterprise, devoled to a general line of merchandise. To him the city of Cynthiana is indebted for one of the most beautiful, from an architectural standpoint, and substantially built church edifices in southern Indiana, together with a substantial endov.ment, which places it upon a self-sustaining basis. Other institutions also have received generous donations and endowments, his philanthropies to date exceeding those of any citizen who has resided within the county, and other substantial gifts to his church are contemplated. Levi J. Wilkinson was born on his father's farm in Gibson county, Indiana, February 22, 1825, the son of William and Mary (Miller) Wilkinson. The Wilkinson family is of English origin and dates its founding in America during the earl}'. Colonial period when members of the family came from England and settled in the Colony of North Carolina. Numbered among them are men who achieved distinction in the frontier life of those early days, in the commercial era which followed and later in the War of the Revolution. The family was founded in Indiana by Cary Wilkinson, a native of North Carolina, who came to the State from Barren county, Kentucky, in 1808. He made the journey in one of the old style Conestoga wagons and crossed the Ohio at Red Banks, now Henderson, on a ferry. He located on land near what is now Fort Branch, and the old log fort of that name, erected for protection from the Indians, was built with the assistance of him and his sons. The country was a wilderness and the settlers few when he erected his first house. It was constructed of logs, without nails, and without windows, light being admitted through the door and chimney. The floor was of puncheon and the beds were made by boring holes in the logs of the walls about three feet from the floor and driving in poles, making a scaffolding on which the bed clothing was placed. While they were short on luxuries they were long on hospitality - the latchstring was always out to all comers. Added to the hardships incident to the clearing of the wilderness were the Indians, then plentiful, and the wild animals, panthers, bob-cats, bear and wolves being in abundance. Cary Wilkinson did not live to see the territory which he had helped to wrest from the savages become a State. He passed away in 1815. He married Sarah Mangrum, a daughter of William Mangrum. They became the parents of eleven children, four of whom died in childhood. William Wilkinson, the fourth of these children to reach man's estate, was born in North Carolina, on December 18, 1800, and came to Indiana with his parents in 1808. His education was acquired in the schools of that period. The school house was built of blocks, greased paper was used for window lights, quill pens for writing, and the ink at that time was made by boiling maple bark and adding a little copperas. He was forced to take up a man's work at the age of fifteen, through the death of his father, and the making of tillable land from the forest fell upon his shoulders. He married Mary Miller, a daughter of the Rev. John Miller, a minister of the Christian church. In 1830 he became a member of this denomination and lived a devout Christian life. He was a successful farmer, an influential citizen and one of the most active factors in the development of his township. He became a resident of Cynthiana on his retirement from active labor and passed away in 1887. His political affiliations were first with the Whigs, but upon the organization of the Republican party he became an active supporter of its principles. He was an ardent admirer of Abraham Lincoln, once journeying to Illinois to hear him speak. William and Mary (Miller) Wilkinson were the parents of eleven children, all of whom, except Levi J., the subject of this review, have passed to their reward. They were in order of birth as follows : Isaiah, John, Deliah, Sarah, Narcissa, Emily, Balaam, Aaron B., Levi J., Silas N. and Amos C. Levi J. Wilkinson, farmer, merchant and philanthropist, was reared on his father's farm in Gibson county, received his education in the district schools and engaged in farming, an occupation he followed until 1855 - in Gibson county until 1851 and in Posey county until 1855. In the last named year he engaged in the general merchandise business in Cynthiana under the firm style of Wilkinson & Putnam, having as an associate James Putnam. The latter's interest was purchased by Mr. Wilkinson shortly afterward and J. H. C. Lowe became his partner. Two others were admitted to the firm and its style became Wilkinson, Lowe & Co, Mr. Wilkinson retired from the firm within a few months, however, and engaged in the business without associates. As a merchant he was successful. His business was the leading one in Cynthiana, his stock the largest, offering the most in the way of selection, and was as well the best kept and arranged of any in the city.

Posey county has never had a merchant who in his dealings with all has been more fair, more honest or more charitable than was Mr. Wilkinson during an active commercial life of fifty years, and which in respect to length has seldom been equalled in the State. During his active commercial life he was a purchaser of choice farm lands and became the owner of several hundred acres in Posey county. As a citizen he has always taken an active interest in those enterprises which have had for their object the development and betterment of the community. He made a donation of one thousand dollars toward the building of the Evansville & Terre Haute railroad, in addition to paying his proportion of the bonds. In 1901 the Christian church and parsonage at Cynthiana were erected at a cost of twenty-five thousand dollars, the fund for this undertaking being the gift of Mr. Wilkinson to the congregation. He also deeded to the congregation one hundred and fiftyeight acres of land as an endowment for maintenance. His gifts to the Christian College at Merom to date are two hundred and seventy acres of land and seven thousand dollars in money. To Jireh College, at Jireh, Wyo., he has given sixty-two acres of land and five thousand two hundred dollars in money. It is the intention of him and his wife to leave to the mission board of the Christian church that part of their fortune which remains upon their departure from this life. Mr. Wilkinson married, in 1845, Miss Elizabeth Smith, a daughter of Daniel and Nancy (Spain) Smith, who died in 1S70. Of this union two children were born, both of vvln)m died in infancy. On March 16, 1871, Mr. Wilkinson married Miss Julia E. Wilkinson, a daughter of Isaiah and Mary (Pruett) Wilkinson. She was born in Johnson township, Gibson county, Indiana, on December 4, 1840. They have been members of the Christian church since childhood and have always been leaders in the work of building up their denomination. The sunset years of their lives have been given over to the work of the Master, while the fruits of their labor are being expended in furthering the work of their church. Mr. Wilkinson, now in his eighty-ninth year, is remarkably vigorous, his health remarkably good for one of his age, while his mental powers are practically unimpaired. Mrs. Wilkinson, who has been a willing helpmeet for over forty years, is now in her seventy-third year. She is a woman of fine intellectuality and her influence has been of potent value in the community. Their home life has been ideal. What may be termed their life work is nearly finished. It has met to a great extent the fullness of their ambition, but, infinitely more precious to them is the fact that they are rich in the possion of the affection which slowh^ develops only from unselfish works and the esteem which comes from honorable living.

James N. Whitehead, one of the prominent and influential men of affairs of Posey county, was born in Harmony township December 2, 1868, of pioneer ancestors. Mr. Whitehead was reared on a farm and received his education in the public schools. He began life as a farmer and has followed this vocation all his life, and has been successful to a marked degree. Today he is one of the large land owners of Posey county. Seven years ago he moved to New Harmony, where he has a beautiful residence. He conducts his large agricultural operations throughout the county, while he maintains his residence in town. Judging from the success which Mr. Whitehead has met in farming, one would naturally think that this line of endeavor had received his undivided attention, but such is not the case. He has found time for other business enterprises in which he has been equally successful. He has been interested in the First National Bank of New Harmony for several years, and for the last four years has been president of this substantial institution, a position he now holds. He served as its vice-president for two years before he succeeded to the presidency of the institution. He is also extensively interested in the Corbin Milling Company, of New Harmony, and the Fuhrer-Ford Milling Company of Mt. Vernon. Mr. Whitehead was united in marriage January i, 1892, to Miss Iva E. Williams, also a native of Posey county. To Mr. and Mrs. Whitehead have been born four children: Lela, Earl (deceased), Martha E. and Jennie Louise. Mr. Whitehead is a member of the Knights of Pythias. He is the progressive kind of citizen that counts in any community. He is public-spirited and ever ready to support any worthy enterprise for the upbuilding of his county and her institutions.

Frank R. Lawless, president of the town board of New Harmony, is a native of Ireland. He was born in the city of Dublin in 1870, and when a child came to America with his parents, who settled in Richland county, Illinois. Here young Lawless spent his boyhood days, and attended the public schools until about fifteen years of age, when his mother died. He then went to Cleveland, Ohio, where he learned the trade of sheet metal worker and plumbing, heating, and ventilating. After mastering his trade, Mr. Lawless worked as a journeyman in Cincinnati, Detroit and St. Louis for a time, and in 1894 came to New Harmony and engaged in business for himself. His business embraces plumbing, sheet metal working, heating, and ventilating. He has completed several of the most extensive contracts in his line in Posey county, and from a business standpoint, has met with well earned success. As a mechanic, he is master of his art, and as a manager of men, he is equally competent. While Mr. Lawless has been successful in a business way, he has also devoted much time and study to local municipal affairs. He was first elected a member of the city council in 1906, and since that time, has been untiring in his efforts for civic betterment of New Harmony. He is now serving his fourth term as president of the town board, and every term of his administrations has been characterized by improvement and betterment of conditions. Under his careful and far-sighted business methods as applied to municipal affairs, New Harmony's municipal lighting plant is an institution of which any citizen of New Harmony may be proud. Other improvements at which he has aimed and fought for have been equally successful. He has endeavored to administer the affairs of the town with fairness to all and special privilege to none and has succeeded as nearly as is possible. If he has made mistakes, they have been "mistakes of the head and not of the heart." He has studied the problems which confronted him and has used his best judgment, and the result is that New Harmony has as good city government as any other municipality in the State. Mr. Lawless was married November 6, 1894, to Miss Carrie A. Smith, of Olney, Richland county, Illinois. To this union have been born four children : Robert, Richard, Charles and Paulinus, all students in the New Harmony schools. Mr. Lawless is a member of the Modern Woodmen of America, and chairman of the centennial executive committee of that order. His political affiliations are with the Democratic party, and he is a member of Holy Angels Catholic Churh of New Harmony, of which he is a trustee.

William O. Boren, banker, merchant and educator of Cynthiana, and trustee c)f Smith township, Posey county, Indiana, was born on his father's farm near Fort Branch, Gibson county, September 14, 1869, the son of Absalom and Mar\' (Redman) Boren. Both of his parents were born in Gibson county and were members of pioneer families who were actively concerned in the early development of tliat section of Indiana. Absalom Boren spent the active years of his life in his native county, where he was engaged in farming and stock raising. Upon his retirement he removed to Cynthiana. where he has since resided. William O. Boren received his early educational discipline in the district schools of Gibson county. This was supplemented by a high school course and further study in the Indiana State Normal College at Danville. Upon completion of his school work he engaged in teaching and was principal of the Howell. Ind., schools. In 1904 he formed, with Perry Pritchett, the firm of Pritchett & Boren and engaged in the retail hardware business in Cynthiana. This enterprise was a success. In 1912 Mr. Boren disposed of his interest and accepted the position of cashier of the Cynthiana Banking Company, of which he is a director, and in this capacity has made good. Detailed information of this institution is to be found in the chapter on "Banks and Banking." Since becoming a resident of Posey county he has taken an active part in the political life of Cynthiana and Smith township. He is a Democrat and was honored by his party through election to the office of trustee of Smith township, in 1908, and is still serving in that capacity. His administration of the affairs of this office has been marked by the same close attention to detail, progressiveness and sound financial sense that has characterized his commercial career. The schools of his township have received the bene- fit of his past experience as a teacher, which has resulted in the Cynthiana school becoming a commission institution ; its equipment is equal to that of any in the county, while the district schools have been greatly improved as regards those essentials which permit of successful operation. Mr. Boren is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, Knights of Pythias and Modern Woodmen of America. He is a member of the First Presbyterian Church of Cynthiana, has served as treasurer for several years and is one of the most influential and active men in the congregation. Mr. Boren married, in 1891, Miss Stella Pritchett, a daughter of Henderson and Martha (Gudgel) Pritchett. of Montgomery township, Gibson county, in which county each was born. Mr. Pritchett is a successful farmer and stock raiser. Of this union one child has been born, viz. : Martha Marie Boren, born July 7, 1907.

Arthy M. Cleveland, a prominent farmer of Cynthiana, Ind., was born in Gibson county, same State, May 18, 1863, son of L. W. Cleveland (see sketch for ancestry). When he was about fifteen years of age his parents removed from Gibson county to Posey county, locating in Smith township. Arthy attended school in these two counties and at the age of eighteen years began farming, working on shares with his grandfather for two years, after which he hired out by the day at various jobs. At the age of twenty-three he rented a farm and began farming for himself. After living on various farms he rented a place from C. Reister in 1891. This farm then consisted of sixty acres, but he now has 145 acres. Mr. Cleveland cleared about twenty-five acres on this farm, and in all has cleared fifty-five acres of ground. Our subject became township trustee in 1904 and served for one term of four years. He has also served as deputy sheriff, constable, and two terms as road supervisor. In politics he is a Democrat. He is a member of the Knights of Pythias, the Modern Woodmen of America and the Royal Neighbors. On October 19, 1886, Mr. Cleveland was married to Mary L. Craig, daughter of David E. Craig, a farmer of Smith township, where she was born and raised and where she received her education. She died August 31, 1896. Mr. Cleveland took as his second wife Miss Hannah Stevens, daughter of Daniel and Elzina Stevens, of Smith township, natives of Posey county, where they were raised and where they raised their daughter. The wedding occurred Jnne 22, 1899. Mrs. Cleveland attended the common schools of her countv, and graduated from the Cynthiana High School in 1887.