Putnam County, Indiana - The whole text, 1887 (part 3 of 12)

to make a hog -squeal" by bad shooting or Allowing for the difference of currency and by a "shoulder stick,'' thai is, running the manner of marketing the price of pork was not point of the butcher-knife into the shoulder so high in those days us at present. Now, instead of the cavity of the breast. As each while calico and muslin are 10 cents a yard, hog fell, the -sticker" mounted him and pork- is 2 to 4 cents a pound; then, while calico plunged the butcher-knife, long and well and muslin were 23 cents a yard, pork was sharpened; into bis throat ; two persons would 1 to 2 cents a p >und. When, as the country then catch him by the hind legs, draw him grew older amj communications easier beup to the scalding tub, which had just been tween the seaboard and the great West, filled v.ith boiling hot water with a shovelful prices went up to 2! and o cents a pound, of good green wood ashes thrown in; in this the farmers though! they would always be the carcass was plunged and moved around a content to raise pork at such a price; but minute or so, that is, until the hair would times have changed, even contrary to the slip oft' easily, then placed on the platform, j current-cy.

where the cleaners would pitch into him with ! There was one feature in this method of all their might and clean him as quickly as \ marketing pork that made the country a oarpossible, with knives and other sharp-edged adise for the poor man in the winter time, implements; then two stout fellows would take j Spare-ribs, tenderloins, pigs' heads and pigs' him up between them, and with a third man feet were not considered of anv value, and to manage the " gambrel " (which was a stout were freely give!! to all who could use them, stick about two feet long, sharpened at both If a barrel was taken to any pork-house ends, to be inserted between the muscles of and salt furnished, the barrel would, be tilled the bond legs at or near the hock joint), and salted down with tenderloins and sparethe animal would be elevated to the pole, ribs gratuitously. So great in many cases where the work of cleaning was finished. was the quantity of .-pan-rib-, etc., to be dis-

After the slaughter was over and the hogs posed of, that they would be hauled away had had time to cool, such as were intended in wagon-loads and dumped in the woods out for domestic use were cut up, the lard " tried " of town.

out by the women of the household, and tla^ In those early times much wheat was marsurplus hogs taken to market, while the keted at 25 to 50 cents a bushel, oars the weather was cold, if possible. In those days same or less, and corn 10 cents a bushel. A good young milch-cow could be bought for I and the whole panorama unceasingly changed $5 to $10, and that payable in work. i like the dissolving views of a magic lantern,

Those might truly he called " close times," | or like the aurora borealis. Language canvet the citizens of the country Mere accom- j not convey, words cannot express, the faintmodating, and but very little suffering for est idea of the splendor and grandeur of snch the actual necessities of life was ever known j a conflagration at night. It was as if the to exist. pale queen of night, disdaining to take her

Fires, set out by Indians or settlers, some- j patched myriads upon myriads of messengers times purposely and sometimes permitted j to light their torches at the altar of the setthrough carelessness, would visit the prairies ; ting sun until all had flashed into one long every autumn, and sometimes the forests, I and continuous blaze.

either in autumn or spring, and settlers could The following graphic description of not always succeed in defending themselves j prairie fires was written by a traveler through against the destroying element. Many In- this region in 1S49: teresting incidents are related. Often a fire | '-Soon the fires began to kindle wider and was started to bewilder game, or to bare a I rise higher from the long grass; the gentle piece of around for the early grazing of stock breeze increased to stronger currents, and soon the ensuing spring, and it would get away fanned the small, flickering blaze into fierce under a wind, and soon be beyond control, torrent dames, which curled up and leaped Violent winds would often arise and drive along in resistless splendor; and like quickly the flames with snch rapidity that riders on raising the dark curtain from the luminous the fleetest steeds could scarcely escape. On stage, the scenes before me were suddenly the approach of a prairie fire the farmer ! changed, as if by the magician's wand, into one would immediately set about "cutting off I boundless amphitheatre blazing from earth supplies'' for the devouring enemy by a j to heaven and sweeping the horizon round - "back lire." Thus, by starting a small fire j columns of lurid flames sportively mounting near the bare ground about his premises, and ; up the zenith, and dark clouds of crimson keeping it under control next his property, smoke curling away and aloft until they he would burn off a strip around him and i nearly obscured stars and moon, while the prevent the attack of the on-coming flames, i rushing, crashing sounds, like roaring cata- A few furrows or a ditch around the farm racts mingled with distant thunders, were alconstituted a help in the work of protection, most deafening; danger, death, glared all An original prairie of tall and exuberant around; it screamed for victims; yet, notgrass on fire, especially at night, was a mag withstanding the imminent peril of prairie nificent spectacle, enjoyed only by the fires, one is loth, irresolute, almost unable to pioneer. Here is an instance where the j withdraw or seek refuge." frontiersman, proverbially deprived of the sights and pleasures of an old community, is privileged tar beyond the people of the pres- ! When the earliest pioneer reached this ent day in this country. One could scarcely j Western wilderness, game was his principal tire of beholding the scene, as its awe-inspir- j food until he had conquered a farm from the ing features seemed constantly to increase, I forest or prairie rarely, then, from the latter. As the country settled game grew ' dressed a division was made, every farmer scarce, and by 1850 lie who would live by his getting more meat than enough, for his wmrifle would have had but a precarious subsist- j tor's supply. Like energetic measures were ence had it not been for ,b wild hogs." These ' resorted to in other townships, so that in two animals, left by home-sick immigrants whom , or three years the breed of wild hoes became the chills or fever and ague had driven out, j extinct.

multiply in a wild state. The woods each j The principal wild animals found in the fall were full of acorns, walnuts, hazelnuts, - State by the early settlers were the deer, and on these hogs would grow fat and multi- j wolf, bear, wild-cat, fox, otter, raccoon, genply at a wonderful rale in the bottoms and i e rally called "coon," woodehuck, or ground along the bluffs. The second and third im- j hog, skunk, mink, weasel, muskrat, opossum, migration to the country found these wild j rabbit and squirrel; and the nrincipal feathhogs an entailing source of meat supply up : ered game were the quail, prairie chicken to that period when they had in the town- j and wild turkey. Hawks, turkey buzzards, ships contiguous to the river become so I crows, blackbirds, were also very abundant. numerous as to be an evil, breaking in herds ; Several of these animals furnished meat for into the fanner's corn-fields or toling their I the settlers; but their principal meat did not domestic swine into their retreats, where j long consist of game; pork and poultry were they too became in a season as wild as those j raised in abundance. The wolf was the most in the woods. In 1838 or '39, in a certain j troublesome animal,, it being the common township, a meeting was called of citizens of | enemy of the sheep, and sometimes attackthe township to take steps to get rid of wild ing other domestic animals, and even human hogs. At this meeting, which was held in beings. But their hideous bowlings at night the spring, the people of the township were j were so constant and terrifying that they notified to turn out eit ruassi on a certain almost seemed to do more mischief by that day and engage in the work of catching, annoyance than by direct attack. They trimming and branding wild hogs, which j would keep everybody and every animal were to be turned loose, and the next winter about the farm-house awake and frightened, were to be hunted and killed by the people : and set all the dogs in the neighborhood to of the township, the meat to be divided pro j barking. As one man described it: "Suprata among the citizens y>i' the township. ; pose six boys, having six ^h>^ tied, whipped This plan was fully carried into effect, two or | them all at the same time, and you would hear three days being spent in the exciting work j such music as two wolves would make." in the spring. To effect the destruction of these animals

In the early part of the ensuing winter the i the county authorities offered a bounty for settlers again turned out, supplied at con- j their scalps; and, besides, big hunts were venient points in the bottom with large ' common, kettles and barrels for scalding, and while j wolf hunts.

the hunters were engaged in killing, others J In early days more mischief was done by with horses dragged the carcasses to the wolves than by any other wild animal, and scalding platforms, where they were dressed; : no small part of their mischief consisted in and when all that could be were killed and , their almost constant barking at night, which always seemed so menacing and frightful to the settlers. Like mosquitoes, the noise they made appeared to i>e about as dreadful sis the real depredations they committed, the most effectual, as well as the most exciting, method of ridding" the country of these hateful pests was that known as "the '-circular wolf hunt," by which all the men and hoys would turn out on an appointed day, in a kind of circle comprising many square miles of territory, with horses and dogs, and then close up -toward the center of their held of operation, gathering not only wolves, hut also deer and many smaller l< varmint." Five, ten or more wolves by this means would sometimes be killed in a single day. The men would be organized with as much system as a lit th; army, every one being well posted in the meaning of every signal and the application of every rule, duns were scarcely ever allowed to be brought on such occasions, as their use would be unavoidably dangerous. The dogs were depended on for the final slaughter. The dogs, by the way, had all to be held in check by a cord in the hands of their keepers until the final signal was given to let them loose, when away they would go to the center of battle, and a more exciting scene would follow than can be easily described.

Bee Hunting

This wild recreation was a peculiar one. and many sturdy backwoodsmen gloried in excelling in this art. He would carefully watch a bee as it tilled itself with the sweet product of some flower or leaf-bud. and notice particularly the direction taken by it as it struck a "bee-line" for its home, which when found would be generally high up in the hollow of a tree. The tree would be marked, and in September a party would go and cut down the tree and capture the honey as quickly as they could before it wasted j In some districts the resorts of bees would j be so plentiful that all the available hollow | trees would be occupied and many colonies \ of bees would be found at work in crevices in the rock and holes in the ground. A con- I siderable quantity of honey has even been | taken from such places.

In pioneer times snakes w^rc numerous, | such as the rattlesnake, viper, adder, blood snake and many varieties of large blue and <j;vv<-r, snakes, milk snakes, garter and water snakes, black snakes, etc., etc. If, on meeting one of these, you would retreat, they would chase you, very fiercely; but if you ! would turn and give them battle, they would I immediately crawl away with all possible I speed, hide in the grass and weeds, and wait I for a "greener" customer. These really harmless snakes served to put people on their guard against the more dangerous and venomous kinds.

Jt was the practice of some sections of the ! country to turn out in companies, with j spades, mattocks and crow-bars, attack the ! principal snake dens and slay large numbers j of them. In early spring the snakes were ! somewhat torpid and easily captured. Scores ( of rattlesnakes were sometimes frightened I out of a single den, which, as soon as they l showed their heads through the crevices of could plug the entrance to the den when the sort of collision, threshing°maclnneor*jarringsnakes were all out sunning themselves, machine, and came out not killed, but next the -chilis and lever." -fever and ague," them, your ears, especially after taking quior -shakes." as it was variously called. It nine, |md too much roar in then,. :md%onr wasa terror to new-comers; in the fall of the whole body and soul wore entirely woeyear almost everybody was afflicted with it. begone, disconsolate, sad. poor and o-ood for

It was no respecter of persons; everybody nothing. You didn't mink much of vourlooked pale and sallow as though he were self, an.d didn't believe that other people did country of rank soil like that of the North- |iappeil to knock either the maladv or yourwest. The impurities continue to be ab- solf oat of existence. You imagined that sorbed from day to day, and from week to even the dogs looked at you with a kind of week, until the whole body corporate became i self-complacencv. You thought the sun had saturated with it as with electricity, and then a kind of sickly shine about it the shock came; and the shock was a regular About this time you came* to the conclusion orally on alternate days, with a regularity and means, you picked up Hannah and' the that was surprising. After the shake came I baby, and your traps, and went hack -wander" than the first.'' It was a burning-hot fever, | 0r -- Ponnsylvany." and lasted for hours. When you had the chill you couldn't get warm, and when you "And to-day the swallows flitting

The above id not a mere picture of the imagination. It is simply recounting in quaint phrase what actually occurred in thousands of cases. Whole families would sometimes be sick at one time and not one- member scarcely able to wait on another. Labor or exercise always aggravated the malady, and it took General Laziness a long time to thrash the enemy out. And those were the days for swallowing all sorts of roots and "yarbs," and whisky, etc-., with some faint hope of relief. And finally, when the case wore out, the last remedy taken got the credit of the cure.

Education

Though struggling through the pressure of poverty and privation, the early settlors planted among them the school-house at the earliest practical period. So important an object as the education of their children they did not defer until they could build more comely and convenient houses. They were for a time content with such as corresponded with their rude dwellings, but soon better buildings and accommodations were provided. As may readily be supposed, the accommodations of the earliest schools were not good. Sometimes school was taught in a room of a large or a double log cabin, but oftener in a log house built for the purpose. Stoves and such heating apparatus as arc now in use were then unknown. A mud-and-stick chimney in one end of the building, with earthen hearth and a fire-place wide and deep enough to receive a four to six-foot back-log, and smaller wood to match, served for warming purposes in winter and a kind of conservatory in summer. For windows, part of a log was cut out in two sides of the building, and may be a few lights of eight by ten glass set in, or the aperture might be covered over with greased paper. Writing desks consisted of heavy oak plank or a hewed slab laid upon j wooden pins driven into the wall. The four- ; legged slab benches were in front of these, I and the pupils when not writing wotdd sit | with their backs against the sharp edge of | the writing-desks. The floor was also made | out of the slabs, or " puncheons," laid upon j log sleepers. Everything was rude and i plain; but many of America's greatest men ! have gone out from just such school-houses to grapple with the world and make names I for themselves and reflect honor upon their - country. Among these we can name Abra- I ham Lincoln, our martyred President, one of j the noblest men known to the world's his- : tory. Stephen A. Douglas, one of the great- ! est statesmen of the age, began his career in Illinois teaching in one of these primitive | school-houses. Joseph A. Wright and several other.- of Indiana's great statesmen have . also graduated from the log school-house into ; political eminence. S<^ with many of her i most eloquent and efficient preachers.

Imagine such a house with the children I seated around, and the teacher seated on one end of a bench, with no more desk at his j hand than any other pupil has. and you have I in view the whole scene. The -schoolmaster ' | has called "Books! books!" at the door, and the ! "scholars" have just run in almost out of ! breath from vigorous play, have taken their ! seats, and are for the moment " saying over | their lessons" to themselves with all their ; might, that is, in as loud a whisper as possi- ; ble. While they are thus engaged the teacher j is perhaps sharpening a few quill pens for the ! pupils, for no other kind of pen had been { thought of as yet. In a few minutes he calls up an urchin to say his a he's; the little boy stands beside the teacher, perhaps partially leaning on his lap; the teacher with his penknife points to the letter and asks what it is; the little fellow remains silent, for he does not know what to say; "A," says the teacher; the boy the second or third reader class would be called, who would stand in a row in front of the teacher, « toeing the mark,'" which was actually a chalk or charcoal mark drawn on the floor, and commencing at one end of the class, one would read the first " verse," the echoes "A; "the teacher poiuts to the next and | next the second, and so on around, taking the asks what it is; the boy is silent again; "13," j paragraphs in the order as they occur in the says the teacher; «B," echoes the little urchin; | book. Whenever a pupil hesitated at a word and so it goes through the exercise, at the con- j the teacher would pronounce it for him. And elusion of which the teacher tells the little: this was all there was of the reading exercise. " Major " to go back to his seat and study his j Those studying arithmetic were but little letters,andwhen he comes, to a letter he doesn't j classified, and they were therefore generally know, to come to him and he will tell him. He | called forward singly and interviewed, or the obediently goes to his seat, looks on his book j teacher simply visited them at their seats. A a little while, and then goes trudging across | lesson containing several " sums " would be the puncheon floor again in his bare feet, to i given for the next day. Whenever the learner the teacher, and points to a letter, probably i came to a sum he couldn't do he would goto outside of his lesson, and asks what it is. j the teacher with it. who would willingly and The teacher kindly tells him that that is not in \ patiently, if he had time, do it for him. his lesson, that he need not study that or look j In geography no wall maps were used, no at it now; he will come to that some other | drawing required, and the studying and redday, and then he will learn what it is. The i tation comprised onlv the to his seat seat, again. 1 tut why he smiled j recitation proceeded like this: Teacher-- he has no definite idea. '"Where is Norfolk?" Pupil - "In the the lower corner, every pupil was expected to j " What bay between Maryland and Virkeepa"thnmb paper" under his thumb as j ginia? " Pupil - « Chesapeake." he holds the book; even then the books I When the hour for writing arrived the were soiled and worn out at this place in a time was announced by the master, and every few weeks, so that a part of many lessons pupil practicing this art would turn his feet were gone. Consequently the request was j over to the back of his seat, thus throwing often made, "Master, may I borrow Jimmy's j them under the writing desk already debook to get my lesson in? mine haint in my J scribed, and proceed to "follow copy," which book: it's tore out." It was also customary | was invariably set by the teacher, not by to use book-pointers, to point out the letters j rule, but by as nice a stroke of the pen as he or words in study as well as in recitation. | could make. The first copies for each pupil The black stem of the maiden-hair fern was a J would be letters, and the second kind and last very popular material from which pointers j consisted of maxims. Blue ink on white were made. : paper, or black ink on blue paper, were com-

About bull- past ten o'clock the master would announce, "Sehool may go out:," which meant "little play-time," in the children's parlance, called nowadays recess or intermission. Often the practice was to have the boys and girls go out separately, in which case the teacher would first say. " The girls may go out," and after they had been out about ten minutes the boys were allowed a similar privilege in the same way. in calling the children in from the play-ground, the teacher would invariably stand near the door of the school-house and call out "Books! books!" Between play-times the request-, "Teacher, may I go out?" was often iterated to the annoyance of the teacher and the disturbance of the school.

At about half-past eleven o'clock the teacher would announce, " Scholars may now got their spelling lessons," and they would all pitch in with their characteristic loud whisper and " say over " their lessons with that vigor which characterizes the movements of those who have just learned that the dinner hour and " big play-time " is near at hand. A few minutes before twelve the *k little spelling-class would recite, then the " big spelling-class." The latter woul '. c unprise the larger scholars and the major pa i of the school. The classes would stand in a row, either toeing the mark in the midst of the floor, or straggling along next an unoeeuoied portion of the wail. One end of the class was the " head," the other the " foot." and when a pupil spelled a word correctly, which had been missed by one or more, he would "go up " and take his station above all that had missed the word; this was called " turning them down." At the conclusion of the recitation, the head pupil would go to the foot, to have another opportunity of turning them all down. The class would number, and before taking their seats the teacher would say. "School is dismissed,"1 winch was the signal of every child rushing for his dinner and having the " big play-time."

The chief text-books in which the "scholars " got their lessons were Webster's or some other elementary spelling-book, an arithmetic, maybe Pike's, Dilworth's, Daboll's, Smiley's or Adams', MeGuffey's or the old English reader, and Itoswell C. Smith's geography and atlas. Very few at the earliest day, however, got so far along as to study geography. Nowadays, in contrast with the above, look at the "ographies" and "ologies!" Grammar and composition were scarcely thonorht of until Indiana was a quarter of a century old, and they were introduced in such a way that their utility was always questioned. First, old Murray's then Kirkham's grammar were the text-books on this subject. "Book larnin'," instead of practical oral instruction, was the only thing supposed to be attained in the primitive log school-house days. But writing was generally taught with fair diligence.

This phrase had its origin in the practice of pioneer schools winch used Webster's Elementary Spelling Book. Toward the back part of that time-honored text-book was a series of seven or eight pictures, illustrating morals, and after these again were a few more spelling exercises of a peculiar kind. When a scholar got over into these he was said to be " past the pictures," and was looked up to as being smarter and more learned than most other people ever hoped to

Pioneer Life Spelling-Schools

The chief public evening entertainment for the first thirty or forty years of Indiana's existence was the celebrated ik spellingschool." Both young people and old looked forward to the next spelling-school with as much anticipation and anxiety as we nowadays look forward to a general Eourth-of- July celebration; and when the time arrived tiie whole neighborhood, yea, and sometimes several neighborhoods, would flock together to the scene of academical combat, where the excitement was often more intense than had been expected. It was far better, of course, when there was good sleighing; then the young folks would turn out in high glee and be fairly beside themselves. The jollity is scarcely equaled at the present day by anything in vogne.

"When the appointed hour arrived, the usual plan of commencing battle was for two of the young people who might agree to play against each other, or who might be selected to do so by the school-teacher of the neighborhood, to -' choose sides," that is, each contestant, or "captain"' as lie was generally called, would choose the best. speller from the assembled crowd. Each one choosing alternately, the ultimate strength of the respective parties would be about equal. When all were chosen who could be made to serve, each side would "number," so as to ascertain whether amid the confusion one captain had more spellers than the other. In case he had, some compromise would be made by the aid of the teacher, the master of ceremonies, and then the plan of conducting the campaign, or counting the misspelled words, would be canvassed for a moment by the captains, sometimes by the aid of the teacher and others. There were many ways of concluding the contest and keeping tally. Every section of the country had several favorite methods, and all or most of these were different from what other communities had. At one time they would commence spelling at the head, at another time at the foot; at one time they would - spell across/' that is, the first on one side would spell the first word, then the first on the other side; next the second in the line on each side, alternately, down to the. other end of each line. The question who would spell the first word was determined by the captains guessing what page the teacher would have before him in a partially opened book at a distance; the captain guessing the nearest would spell the first word pronounced. When a word was missed, it would be re-pronounced, or passed along without re-pronouncing (as some teachers strictly followed the rule never to re-pronounce a word), until it was spelled correctly. If a speller on the opposite side finally spelled the missed word correctly, it was counted a gain of one to that side; if the word was finally corrected by some speller on the same side on which it was originated as a missed word, it was " saved," and no tally mark was made.

Another popular method was to commence at one end of the line of spellers and go directly around, and the missed words caught up quickly and corrected by il word-catchers," appointed by the captains from among their best spellers. These word-catchers would attempt to correct all the words missed on his opponent's side, and failing to dv this, the catcher on the other side would catch him up with a peculiar zest, and then there was fun.

word-catcher would go to the foot of the adversary's line, and every time he " patched " a word he went up one, thus " turning them down " in regular spelling-class style, When one catcher in this way turned all down on the opposing side, his own party was victorious by as many as the opposing catcher was behind. This method required no slate or blackboard tally to be kept.

One turn, by either of the foregoing or other methods, would occupy forty minutes to an hour, and by this time an intermission or recess was had, when the buzzing, cackling and hurrahing that ensued for ten or fifteen minutes were beyond description.

Coming to order again, the next style of battle to be illustrated was to "spell down," by which process it was ascertained who were the best spellers and could continue standing as a soldier the longest. But very often good spellers would inadvertently miss a word in an early stage of the contest and would have to sit down, humiliated, while a comparatively poor speller would often stand till nearly or quite the last, amid the cheers of the assemblage. Sometimes the two parties first --'chosen up'" in the evening would retake their places after recess, so that by the "spelling-down" process there would virtually be another race, in another form; sometimes there would be a new " choosing up " for the "spelling-down" contest; and sometimes the spelling would be conducted without any party lines being made. It would occasionally happen that two or three very good spellers would retain the floor so. long that the exercises would become monotonous, when a few outlandish words like " chevauxde-frise," " Otnpompanoosuc " or " Baughnaugh-claugh-ber," as they used to spell it sometimes, would create a little ripple of excitement to close with. Sometimes these words would decide the contest, but generally when two or three good spellers kept the floor until the exercises- became monotonous, the teacher would declare the race closed and the standing spellers acquitted with a '-drawn game/''

The audience dismissed, the next thing was to go home," very often by a roundabout way, "a-sleighing with the girls," which, of course, was with many the most interesting part of the evening's performances, sometimes, however, too rough to be commended, as the boys were often inclined to be somewhat rowdyish.

Next to the night spelling-school the j singing-school was an occasion of much jol- | lity, wherein it was difficult for the average I singing-master to preserve order, as many i went more for fun than for music. This i species of evening entertainment, in its in- ; troduction to the West, was later than the ! spelling-school, and served, as it were, as the second step toward the more modern civilization. Good sleighing weather was of course '. almost a necessity for the success of these i schools, but how many of them have been prevented by mud and rain ! Perhaps a j greater part of the time from November to ] April the roads would be muddy and often I half frozen, which would have a very dampen- I ing and freezing effect upon the souls as well as the bodies of the young people who longed s for a good time on such occasions.

the West was from the South, and the notes, from their peculiar shape, were denominated " patent " or " buckwheat " notes. They were four, of which the round one was always called sol, the square one la, the triangular one fa, and the " diamond shaped " one mi, pronounced me, and the diatonic scale, or "gamut," as it was called then, ran thus: fa, sol, la, fa, sol, la, mi, fa. The part of a tune nuw-a-days called "treble," or " soprano," was then called " tenor;" the part now called " tenor" was called "treble," and what is now "alto" was then "counter," and when sung according to the oldest rule, was sung by a female an octave higher than marked, and still on the " chest register." The "old" "Missouri Harmony" and Mason's "Sacred Harp" were the principal books used with this style of musical notation.

About 1S50 the "round-note" system began to "come around," being introduced by the Yankee singing-master. The scale was do, re, mi, fa, sol. la, si, do; and for many years thereafter there was much more do-remi-ing than is practiced at the present day, when a musical instrument is always under the hand. The " Carmina Sacra " was the pioneer round-note book, in which the tunes partook more of the German or Puritan character, and were generally regarded by the old folks as being far more spiritless than the old " Pisgah," " Fiducia," "Tender Thought," " New Durham," " Windsor," " Mount Sion," " Devotion," etc., of the old "Missouri Harmony "and tradition.

Guarding Against Indians

The fashion of carrying tire-arms was made necessary by the presence of roving bauds of Indians, most of whom were ostensibly friendly, but like Indians in all times, treacherous and unreliable. An Indian war was at any time probable, and all the old settlers still retain vivid recollections of Indian massacres, murders, plunder, and frightful rumors of intended raids. While target practice was much indulged in as an amusement, it was also necessary at times to carry their guns with them to their daily field work.

As au illustration of the painstaking which characterized pioneer life, we quote the folj lowing from Zebulon Collings, who lived about six miles from the scene of massacre in the Pigeon Roost settlement: "The manner in which I used to work in those perilous times was as follows: On all occasions I carried my rifle, tomahawk and butcherknife, with a loaded pistol in my belt. When I went to plow I laid my gun on the plowed ground, "and stuck up a stick by it for a mark, so that I could get it quick in case it was j wanted. I had two good dogs; I took one I into the house, leaving the other out. The j one outside was expected to give the alarm, ! which would cause the one inside to bark, by which I would be awakened, having my arms always loaded. I kept my horse in a | stable close to the house, having a port-hole j so that I could shoot to the stable door. j During two years I never went from home | with any certainty of returning, not knowing 1 the minute I might receive a ball from an ! unknown hand."

The Bright Side

The history of pioneer life generally presents the dark side of the picture; but the toils and privations of the early settlers were j not a series of unmitigated sufferings. No; for while the fathers and mothers toiled hard, they were not averse to a little relaxation, and had their seasons of fun and enjoyment. Thev contrived to do something to break the monotony of their daily life and furnish them a good hearty laugh. Among the more general forms of amusement were the "quiltingbee ," " corn -husking," '- apple-paring," "log-rolling-" and "house-raising." Our a description of these forms of amusement, when labor was made to afford fun and enjoyment to all participating. The " quiltingbee," as its name implies, was when the industrious qualities of the busy little insect \ that "improves each shining hour" were; exemplified in the manufacture of quilts for the household. In the afternoon ladies for miles around gathered at an appointed place, j and while their tongues would not cease to play, the hands were as busily engaged in j making the quilt; and desire was always j manifested to get it out as quickly as possi- I ble, for then the fun would begin. - In the evening the gentlemen came, and the hours would then pass swiftly by in playing games : <n* dancing. " Com-huskings " were when both sexes united in the work. They assem- ! bled in a large barn, which was arranged for the occasion; and when each gentleman had j selected a lady partner the husking began, j When a lady found a red ear she was entitled to a kiss from every gentleman present; when i a gentleman found one he was allowed to kiss I every lady present. After the corn was all husked a good supper was served; then the I " old folks " would leave, and the remainder of the evening was spent in the dance and in j having a general good time. The recreation afforded to the young people on the annual recurrence of these festive occasions was as highly enjoyed, and quite as innocent, as the amusements of the present boasted age of ; refinement and culture. ]

The amusements of the pioneers were j peculiar to themselves. Saturday afternoon ! was a holiday in which no man was expected j to work. A load of produce might be taken j to " town " for sale or traffic without violence to custom, but no more serious labor could be tolerated. When on Saturday afternoon the town was reached " fun commenced." Had two neighbors business to transact, here it was done. Horses were "swapped." Difficulties settled and free lights indulged in. Blue and red ribbons were not worn in those 'lays, and whisky was as free as water; twelve and a half cents would buy a quart, and thirty-live or forty cents a gallon, and at such prices enormous quantities were consumed Go to any town in the county and ask the first pioneer you meet, and he will tell you of notable Saturday afternoon tights, either of which to-day would ill! a column of the Police News, with elaborate engravings

We cleared land, roiled logs, burned brush, blazed out paths from one neighbor's cabin to another and from one settlement to another, made and used hand-mills and hominy mortars, hunted deer, turkey, otter and raccoons, caught fish, dug ginseng, hunted bees and the like, and - lived on the fat of the land. We read of a land of "corn and wine,"' and another " flowing with milk and honey," but 1 rather think, in a temporal point of view, taking into account the richness of the soil, timber, stone, wild game and other advantages, that the Sugar Creek country would come up to any of them, if not surpass them.

I once cut cord -wood, continues Mr. Cox, at 314 cents per cord, and walked a mile and a half night and morning, where the first frame college was built northwest of town (Crawford sville). Prof. Curry, the lawyer, would sometimes come down and help for an hour or two at a time, by way of amusement, as there was little or no law business in the town or country at that time. Reader, what would you think of going six to eight miles to help roll logs or raise a cabin* or ten to thirteen miles to mill, and wait throe or four days and nights for your grist? as many had to do in the first settlement of this country. Such things were of frequent occurrence then, and there was but little grumbling about it. It was a grand sight to see the log heaps and brush piles burning in the night on a clearing of ten or fifteen acres. A Democratic torch-light procession, or a midnight march of the Sons of Malta with their grand Gyasticutus in the center bearing the grand jewel of the order, would be no where in comparison witli the log heaps and brush piles in a blaze.

But it may be asked, Had you any social amusements, or manly pastimes, to recreate and enliven the dwellers in the wilderness? We had. In the social line we had our meetings and our singing-schools, sugar-boilings and weddi ever came oil" in any country, new or old; and if our youngsters did not "trip the light fantastic toe ?1 under a professor of the Terpsichorean art or expert French dancing-master, they had many a good -- hoe-down " on puncheon floors, and were not annoyed by bad whisky. And as for manly sports, requiring mettle and muscle, there were lots of wild hogs running in the cat-tail swamps on Lye Creek and Mill Creek, and among them many large boars that Ossian's heroes and Homer's model soldiers, such as Achilles, Hector and Ajax, would have delighted to give chase to. The boys and men of those days had quite as much sport, and made more money and health by their hunting excursions than our city gents nowadays playing chess by telegraph where the players are more than seventy miles apart.

Indiana is a grand State, in many respects second to none in the Union, and in almost everything that goes to make a live, prosperous community, not far behind the best. Beneath her fertile soil is coal enough, to supply the State for generations; her harvests are bountiful; she has a medium climate, and many other things, that make her people I contented, prosperous and happy; but she j owes much to those who opened np these avenues that have led to her present condition I and happy surroundings. Unremitting toil and labor have driven off the sickly miasmas that brooded over swampy prairies. Energy and perseverance have peopled every section of her wild lands, and changed them from wastes and deserts to gardens of beauty and profit. Where but a few years ago bark - j ing wolves made the night hideous with their ; wild shrieks and howls, now is heard only i the lowing and bleating- of domestic animals. | Only a half century ago the wild whoop of ! the Indian rent the air where now are I heard the engine and rum1 ling trains of cars, j bearing away to markets the products of our ! labor and soil. Then the savage built his rude huts on the spot where now rise the I dwellings and school-houses and church spires of civilized life. How great the transforma- ! Hon! This change has been brought about ! by the incessant toil and aggregated labor of thousands (it* tired hands and anxious hearts, and the noble aspirations of such men and women as make any country great. What will another half century accomplish? There are few, very few, of these old pioneers yet linoorin"- on the shores of time as connecting links of the past with the present. What must their thoughts be as with their dim eyes they view the scenes that surround them? We often hear people talk about the old fogy ideas and fosrv ways, and want of enterprise on the part of the old men who have gone through the experiences of pioneer life. Sometimes, perhaps, such re-marks are just, but, considering the experiences, education and entire life of such men, such remarks are better unsaid. They have had their trials, misfortunes, hardships and adventures, and shall we now, as they are passing tar down the western declivity of life, and many of them gene, point to them the linger of derision and laugh and sneer at the simplicity of their ways? Let ns rather cheer them up, revere and respect them, for beneath those rough exteriors beat Hearts as noble as ever throbbed in the human breast. These veterans have been compelled to live for weeks upon hominy and, if bread at all, it was made from corn ground in hand-mills, or pounded up with mortars. Their children have been destitute of shoes during the winter; their families had no clothing except what was carded, spun, wove and made into garments by their own hands; schools they had none; churches they had none; afflicted with sickness incident to all new countries, sometimes the entire family at once; luxuries of life they had none; the auxiliaries, improvements, inventions and labor-saving machinery of to-day they had not; and what they possessed they obtained by the hardest of labor and individual exertions, yet they bore these hardships and privations without murmuring, hoping for better times to come, and often, too, with but little prospect of realization.

As before mentioned, the changes written on every hand are most wonderful. It has bee;] but three-score years since the white man began to exercise dominion over this region, lirst the home of the red men, yet the visitor of to-day, ignorant of the past of the country, could scarcely be made to realize that within these years there has grown up a population of 2,000,000 people, who, in all

I the accomplishments of life, are as far adi vanced as are the inhabitants of the older | States, Schools, churches, colleges, palatial dwellings, beautiful grounds, large, well-cultivated and productive farms, as well as cities, towns and busy manufactories, have grown up, and occupy the hunting grounds and camping places of the Indians, and in every direction there are evidences oi wealth, comfort and luxury. There is but little left of the old land-marks. Advanced civilization and the progressive demands of revolving years leave obliterated all traces of Indian occupancy, until they are only remembered in name.

In closing this section we again would impress upon the mind-- of our readers the I fact that they owe a debt of gratitude to those who pioneered this State, which can be but partially repaid. Never grow unmindful of the peril and adventure, fortitude, self-sacrifice and heroic devotion so prominently displayed in their lives. As time sweeps on in : its ceaseless flight, may the cherished memories <>f them lose none of their greenness, but ! may the future generations alike cherish and ; perpetuate them with a just devotion to i gratitude.

Military Drill

with a wide red sash, with epaulettes on each I shoulder, his large sword fastened by his : side, and tall plume waving in the wind, he j looked like another William Wallace, or I Roderick Dim, unsheathing his claymore in ! defense of his country. His company con- sisted of about seventy men, who had reluc- playing can]-, and sometimes drinking a tantly turned out to muster to avoid paying little too much whisky. During the session a fine; sonic with guns, some with sticks, and of a certain court, a man named John Stevenothers carrying corn-stalks. The Captain, son, but who was named "Jack," and who who had but recently been elected, under- styled himself the "-philosopher of the 19th stood his business better than his men, sup- j century," found out where these genteel posed he did. He intended to give them a sportsmen met evenings to peruse the "history thorough drilling, and show them that he j of the four kings." lie went to the door and understood the maneuvers of the military art knocked foradmission; to the question, k- Who as well as he did farming and fox hunting, ! is there? he answered, "Jack." The inthe latter of which was one of his favorite , siders hesitated; he knocked and thumped amusements. After forming a hollow square, j importunately; at length a voice from withmarching and countermarching, and putting | in said, " Go away, Jack: we have already four them through several other evolutions, 'Jacks' in our game, and we will not consent according to Scott's tactics, he commanded to have a ' cold one ' wrung in onus." Ids men to -form a line." They partially Indignant at this rebuff from gentlemen complied, but the line was crooked, lie ' from whom he had expected kinder treatment, took his swords and passed, it along in front : he left, muttering vengeance, which excited of his men, straightening the line. By the \ no alarm in the minds of the players. At time he passed from one end of the line to l first he started away to walk off his passion, the other, on casting his eye back, he dis- j but the longer he walked the madder he got, covered that the line presented a zig-zag and | and finally concluded that he would not un military appearance. Some of the men I "pass" while he held or might hold so many were leaning on their guns, some on their ] trumps in his hands, but would return audi sticks a yard in advance of the line, and ; play a strong hand with them. Accordothers as far in the rear. The Captain's ingly he gathered Ids arms full of stones a dander arose; he threw Ins cocked hat, feather little larger than David gathered to throw at and all, on the ground, took off his red sash Goliath, and when he came near enough lie and hunting-shirt, and threw them, with his threw a volley of them through tiie window sword, upon his hat; he then rolled up his j into the room where they were playing, exsleeves and shouted with the voice of a tinguishing their lights, and routing the stentor, "Gentlemen, form a line and keep whole baud with the utmost trepidation into it, or I'll thrash the whole company.*' In- , the street, in search of their curious assailant, stantly the whole line was straight as an Jack stood his ground and told them that arrow. The Captain was satisfied, put on his that was a mere foretaste of what they might clothes again, and never had any more trouble expect if they molested him in the least, in drilling his company. Next day the pugnacious Jack was arrested time lie was taken before the court, the in- j afterward considered " trump;" - Settlement dictment was read, and lie was asked what he of the Wabash Valley. pleaded to the indictment. "Not gjnilty." I yon counsel- engaged to defend yon, Mr. ! The early years of Indiana afford to the Stevenson?" inquired the judge. " No, please j inquirer a rare opportunity to obtain a your honor, I desire none. With your : glimpse of the political and even social repermission I will speak for myself.'' lations of the Indian ians of the olden time to " Yery well." said the judge. A titter j the moderns. As is customary in all new ran through the crowd. After the prosecut- comities there was to be found, within the ing attorney had gone through with the: limits of the new State, a happy people, far evidence and his opening remarks in the removed from all those influences which tend case, the prisoner arose and said, k- It is a to interfere with the public morals; the}7 lamentable i'act, well known to the court and possessed the coinage and the gait of freeborn jury and to all who hear me, that our county men, took an especial interest in the political seat has for many years been infested and questions affecting their State, and often when disgraced, especially during court time, met under the village shade trees to discuss with a knot of drunken, carousing gamblers, sincerely, and unostentatiously, some matters whose Bacchanalian revels and midnight or- of local importance, accompanied the subject gies disturb the quiet and pollute the morals before their little convention with song and of our town. Shall these nuisance.? longer jest, and even the cup which cheers but remain in our midst, to debauch society and not inebriates. The election of militia offilead our young men t<> destruction* bully cers for the Black Creek Regiment may be impressed with a sense of their turpitude, taken for example. The village school boys and my duty as a good citizen to the com- prowled at large, for on the day previous the munity in which I live, I resolved to 'abate teacher expressed his intention of attending the nuisance,' which, according to the doc- the meeting of electors, and of aiding in trine of the common law, with which your building up a military company worthy of his honor is familiar. I or any other citizen had own importance and the reputation of the a right to do. I have often listened with lew villagers. The industrious matrons arid pleasure to the charges your honor gave the maids- bless their souls - donned the habiligrand jury to ferret out crime and all man- ! ments of fashion, and as they arrived at the ner of gaming in our community. I saw J meeting ground, ornamented the scene for had it in my power to ferret out these fellows which nature in its untouched simplicity did with a volley of stones, and save the county so much. Now arrived the moment when the cost of finding and trying a half a dozen the business should be entered on. With a indictments, .fudge. I did 'abate the nui- good deal of urging the ancient El ward Tom - sauce,' and consider it one of the most merito- kins took the chair, and with a pompous air, rious acts of my life." wherein was concentrated a consciousness of

The prosecutor made no reply. The judge his own importance, demanded the gentlemen and lawyers looked at each other with a sig- entrusted with resolutions to open the pronificant glance. A nolle prosequi was en- j ceedings. By this time a respected elector tered, Jack was acquitted, and was ever : brought forward a jar and an uncommonly large tin cup. These articles proved objects ; rostrum for me to speak from. Two or three of very serious attention, and when the men seized hold of me and placed me 'upon chairman repeated hi.s demand, the same the stand, amidst the vociferous shouts of the elector tilled the cup to the brim, passed it to : friends of the canal, which were none the the venerable president and hade him drink j less loud on account of the frequent circuladeep to the prosperity of [ndiana, of Black '. tion of the tin and jug. I could scarcely Creek, and of the regiment about robe formed. : preserve my equilibrium, but there 1 was on The secretary was treated similarly, and then . the tub for the purpose of answering and exa drink all around the thirty electors and their friends. This ceremony completed, the military subject melted into nothingness beposmg the doctors sophistries, and an anxious auditory waiting for me to exterminate him. I -Jut, strange to say, my lips refused accept the grant of land donated by Congress smote my hand upon my breast, and said, - 1 for the construction of the Wabash and Erie feel too full for utterance.' (I meant of Canal, from Lake Erie to the mouth of Tippe- j whisky, they thought of righteous indigcanoe River*'' A son of Esculapius, one j nation at the doctor's effrontery in oppos- !'r. Stone, protested so vehemently against ing the measure under consideration.)

grant, that the parties favorable to the ques- ' crowd shouted: - Let him have it.' 1 v;ii>r<\ tion felt themselves to be treading on totter- ! my finger and pointed a. momenl at the docing grounds. Stone's logic was to the point, i tor. The audience shouted, - Hit him again.' unconquerable; but his enemies did not sur- i Thus encouraged, 1 attempted the first render hope'; they looked at one another, then ! stump speech 1 ever attempted to make; and at the young school-teacher, whom they ulti- - after I got my mouth to go off (and a part of mately selected as their orator and defender. ; the whisky in perspiration), i had no The meeting adjourned for an hour, after ; trouble whatever, and the liquor dispelled which the youthful teacher of the young ideas ' my native 'timidity that otherwise might have ascended the rostrum. ilis own story of his \ embarrassed me. I occupied the tub about emotions and efforts may be acceptable. lie j twenty-five minute-. The doctor, boilincr says: 1 was sorry they called upon me. ! over with indignation and a speech, mounted for 1 felt about 'half seas over' from the the tub and harangued us tor thirty minutes, tree and frequent use of the tin cup. 1 was i The "young school-master' was again called puzzled to know what to do. To decline would injure me in the estimation of the tempted to speak and failed from intoxication, against it. My two friend- were elected Capit would ruin me with my patrons. Soon a I tain and Lieutenant, and I am back at my

[JTJNAM COUNTY was from its organization \ inclined to the support of the Democratic party, though only in recent fealty bereliable. The voting population crystal ized on party lines quite early in the " forties." Before that time personal qualities and a man's standing in the community were of more importance than his politics. While the majority of the voters were Democrats, a Whig was occasionally elected without occasioning surprise.

The first clerk of the circuit court, Arthur McGaughey, was a Whig. He held the office twenty-one years; but since his day there has been an unbroken line of Democratic clerks. William Lee, recorder from 1S50 to 1855, was a Whig. In the sheriff's office, Edward R. Kercheval, Archibald Johnson, Anderson Johnson, Joseph Siddens and Joseph Collier were Whigs, and John R.

Mahan was a Republican. Samuel Woodruff, an early auditor, was a Republican. The Whig treasurers were John Gill more, Isom S. Wright, Samuel Woodruff and Edward 11. Kercheval; and Samuel E. Parks, Joseph !>. Sellers and Henry i\. IT.illis were elected to that office on Republican tickets. These have been the principal exceptions to the rule of Democratic ascendency in the county offices. In 1850 there was a moderate, but not reliable, Democratic majority, and the Whigs were yearly gaining.

By the new Constitution, which took effect in 1852, genera! elections were directed to be held in October of the even numbered years, thereafter, instead of in August of every year. This was a presidential year. Franklin Pierce was nominated by the Democracy, and the Whigs, appearing for the last time as a national party, championed Win Held Scott. Pierce was elected by a very I large majority. Never was a candidate so ' overwhelmingly beaten who had entered the race, with fair prospects of succeeding as General Scott. In Clinton County this was the result of the election: Scott, 1,712; Pierce,

1,466; Hale (Free Soil), 22; Whig plurality, 210. At the October election preceding, a full State and county ticket was before the voters, ami nearly 3.000 votes were polled, the Whig majority tor Governor being 31, while the candidates for the county offices received all sorts of votes, ranging from nearly even to no opposition at all. In 1854 there was no Whig organization to speak of, and the Democratic majority in Putnam Countywas nearly 400.

The causes of the defeat of the Whigs in 1852 are well known. The anti-slavery people were suspicious of the party leaders, and finally were completely alienated; and the party of Clay and Webster, falling into weaker hands after the death of those statesmen, was not only defeated, but killed for all time. In 1854 and L855 the Republican party arose on its ruins and absorbed the strength of the Whigs, the Free-Soilers. and after a few years many Northern Democrats. In the first national campaign the Republican party put forward as its lirst standard bearer General John C. Fremont, the popular Western hero, who was. however, defeated by the veteran statesman and politician, James Buchanan, nominated bv the Democratic convention. A large vote was polled in this county - 3,650; of which Buchanan received 1,882; Fremont, 1.345, and Fillmore, 423; Buchanan's plurality, 537. Millard Fillmore was the candidate of the America!!, or "Know Nothing'' party, an organization whose tenets included that, of opposition to the giving of suffrage and franchise to recently arrived foreigners, and also hostility to the Roman Catholicchurch.

The Democratic plurality of 537 was the largest, up to this time, given any ticket in Putnam County. The party had not done nearly so well at the October election, when

Ashbel P. Willard's majority for Governor \ was in thi> county but 171, and the Repubi lican candidates for some of the district and j county offices were successful.

The election of 1858 was a very close one. ! The Democratic majority on State ticket was ! but 17, and the Republicans elected most of j the county officers by small majorities.

In the memorable campaign of 1860, just : before our civil war, the voters of the United j States were called upon to choose between Abraham Lincoln (Republican), Stephen A. .Douglas (.Northern Democrat). John C. Breckinridge (Southern Democrat) and John Bell (Union). Through the disagreement of the Northern and Southern wings of the Democracy Lincoln was elected, though he received but two-fifths of the total vote. The sentiment in Putnam County was strongly in favor of the Northern view? of the prevailing political issues, and as a natural result Lincoln carried the county. Most of the Democrats voted for Douglas. Of the 4,119 \otes cast, 1,888 were for Lincoln; 1,747 for Douglas; 361 for Breckinridge, and 123 for Bell; making the Republican plurality 141. At the October election the Republican majority for Governor was 49, and the result for county officers was a partial victory | for both sides.

The next presidential election fell in the last year of the war. The Democracy placed i in the field George B. McClellan, in opposi- J tion to Lincoln, who was renominated. The I sentiment of the North being emphatically j with the administration, Lincoln was re- ! elected. In this county he received 1,968, I to 2,156 for McClellan; Democratic majority, i 188. The October election was very close, j the majorities ranging from 22 (Joseph E.

Political

McDonald for Governor over Oliver P. Mor- ballots tor Charles O'Coiior, the "straight ton) to 63 (for Representative). | out" Democratic candidate, but they were

More even yet was the vote in 1866. The j not sufficiently numerous to influence the Democratic majority for Secretary of State result. Grant received an overwhelming was 4, and for Congressman 2. in a total vote majority, not so much by his own popularity, of 4,772. The Republicans elected Joseph j as from the half-heartedness of the Democn its in supporting Greeley. The stay-at-homes in The reconstruction era brought another, Putnam County were probably 500 more than presidential contest En 1868. The Republi- | usual. Greeley received 2,-13.8 votes; Grant, cans nominated their war hero, Ulysses S. j 2,031 ; and O'Conor, 30; Greeley's plurality,' Grant, while the Democrats selected as their ! 407. At the October election Governor standard bearer the eminent New York Gov- I Hendricks' majority over Thomas M. Brown ernor, Horatio Seymour. The result was a j was 503, and the figures on the county tickei Republican victory. This county went for ; were considerably higher. Seymour by 34S majority, as follows: Sey- j No special interest attached to the election rnour, 2,493; Grant, 2,145. The figures were : of 1874. The Democratic majority on State not materially different at the October dec- j ticket was 600, and less on county ticket, tion. Since 1866 the Democratic ticket has ! ranging from 96 for coroner to 755 for been uniformly successful, and for twenty . sheriff.

years there have been but slight variations in j The Centennial year brought with it a the total vote, or the majority of the tlomi- j political race, urierpaled in history for closenant party. j negs .uk} doubtful results. The 'choice was

In 1870 the Democratic majority reached j between Rutherford B. Have. (Republican), high water mark, being 718 on State ticket, j Samuel -1. Tilden (Democrat), and Deter It was 932 for clerk, and 640 for sheriff, but Cooper, the candidate of a new" political eleonly lis for treasurer (Randel over Gilmore), ment styling itself the Greenback, or National and 164 for auditor (Mulholn over Colliver). party. This was never very strong in Dut- The Republicans had made no nominations nam County, its heaviest vote being in that for Representative, recorder, coroner and year. That Hayes was declared elected was surve-vor; _ | in no degree due t«i Putnam County, whose

Dissatisfied with Grant's administration, a vote was: Tilden, 2.7(31: Hayes, 2,212; Peter number of Republicans calling themselves j Cooper, LSI; Tilden's plurality, 519.' The Liberals met in convention in 1872, and nom- total vote of the county was now over 5,000. inated. the distinguished editor and philan- | At the October election there was more than thropist, Horace Greeley, Grant having been ordinary interest and as full a vote was renominated by the Republican convention. | polled as in November, the result being Disheartened, or rather hoping to achieve I slightly more favorable to the Democracy, success by fostering a division in their rival dames D. Williams (- Blue Jeans ») received party, the Democratic leaders, in convention 540 more votes in the county for -Governor assembled, indorsed Greeley. This was very than Benjamin Harrison. The majorities on unsatisfactory to a large percentage of the . the county ticket were all higher, 'except for Democratic voters, who accordingly refused I treasurer, in which case it was 204. to vote on election day. A few cast their The year 187S saw smaller majorities than have been returned in the last twenty years in Putnam County. Shanldin's plurality for Secretary of State was 238; De La Matyr's or Congressman was 458, he having the ireenbacls vote, as well as the Democratic. The figures on the county ticket were: Representative. 237; clerk, 14; sheriff, 214; treasurer, 26; auditor, 173; recorder, 257; coroner, 220; surveyor, 190.

General James A. Garfield, of Ohio, and Winfield S. Hancock, of Pennsylvania, represented the two great parties in the presidential campaign of 1880. The National party put forward General flames B. Weaver, of Iowa, and the Prohibitionists nominated Neal Dow, of Maine. Once more, but for the last time in a continuous line, the Republicans triumphed, and Garfield was inaugurated to enjoy for a few month? the highest office in the land, before his vigorous life was cut short by the assassin's bullet- The vote in Putnam County was: Hancock, 2,850; Garfield, 2,539; James !>. Weaver, 119; plurality for Hancock, 311. The majorities at the October election were all somewhat higher, except for treasurer, in which case the Republican candidate lacked but 211 votes.

No marked change in the political situation was discernible in 1882. The Democrats had no trouble in carrying Putnam County by majorities varying between 441 for Secretary of State and 750 for Congressman.

The warmly-contested campaign of 1884, with its disagreeable episodes and its many candidates, is fresli in the minds of all. First nominated was General Benjamin F. Butler, of Massachusetts, by the National party, and afterward by the Anti-monopoly and Labor conventions. The Republican convention at Chicago, in the month of June, nominated James G. Blaine, of Maine, for President, and John A. Logan, of Illinois, for Vice- President. In the same city, a month later, the Democratic convention selected as its | nominee for President, Grover Cleveland, of New York, and for Vice-President, Thomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana. The Prohibitionists put forward John P. St. John, of Kansas, and played a very important part in the j campaign, to the delight of the Democrats, and the chagrin of the Republicans. In the ! State of New York they drew to St. John I twenty times the number of votes by which j Blaine was defeated in that the pivotal State. j The campaign was warmly fought in Clinton I County, and when the smoke cleared away it j was found that the Democrats had carried j everything but county treasurer, but by re- ' duced figures.* The vote for President was: - Cleveland, 2,951: Blaine, 2,574; Butler, 00; \ St. John, 8; Cleveland's plurality, 377. Gray, ; for Governor, received 393 more votes than | Calkins. The majorities on the county ticket \ were all smaller, though substantial.

In 1886 the Democratic State ticket again led the county ticket, the majorities on the former being nearly 450, and on the latter averaging about 300.

Floyd is a very close township. It has been at one time a tie, and at another was carried by a majority of one. Marion is Democratic. Greencastle has always been reliably Republican, since that party inherited the majorities once given to the Whigs. Madison is generally Democratic. Washington is considered a Democratic

Putnam County is now in the Fifth Congressional District, with Hendricks, Owen, Morgan, Johnson, Monroe, Brown and Bartholomew counties. This county elects a Senator with Montgomery and Clay counties (having been for a number of years previous to 1885 joined with Hendricks), and a Representative with ( 'lay County, besides having one Representative of its own.

Official Register

Below are given lists of the incumbents of the several county offices, with dates of commissions. Jn most cases the time of service of each one extends to the date given for the commission of the next.

The first justices of the peace were four in number - Arthur Mehorney, William Hamilton, John Hubbard and David Zwank, who were commissioned May 17, 1*24. The following are all the additional justices commissioned before 1830: Thomas Heddy, September 8, 1824; James Wright, February 15, 1825; George Mcintosh, January 9, 1826; Benjamin Wright. March 1, 1826; William Elrod, June 19, 1826; Alexander Galbreath, December 28, 1826; David hindley, February 12, 1827 ; John Denny, February 12, 1827; Eli Brackney, May' 5, 1827; Joshua Gnllett, June 27, 1827; John Keel, October 11,1827; David Barns, December 9, 1828.

Clerks Of Circuit Court

Samuel Woodruff, November 1, 1855, and November 1. 1859; Elijah Iveightley, November 1, 1808; II. W. Daniels, appointed in November, 1866, to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Keightley; William S. Mulholn, November 1, 1867, and November 1, 1871; Harrison M. Randel, November 1, 1875: James M. Edwards, November 1, 1879; McCamey Hartley, November 1, 1883, and November 1, 1887 (present incumbent).

James Talbott, Jr., appears as first treasurer and collector, the duties of that office seeming, partly, to have been discharged by the sheriff for many years in the early history of the county. Samuel Woodruff succeeded Talbott. The treasurers since have been: Edward II. Kercheval, September 7, 1853; Isom S. Wright, September 7, 1855; John Gillmore, September 7, 1857, and September 7, 1859; Samuel E. Parks, September 7, 1861; James G. Edwards, September 7, 1863; William E. 1). Barnett, September 7, 1865; Joseph B. Sellers, September 7, 1867; John Gillmore, September 7, 1869; Harrison M. Randel, September 7, 1871, and September 7, 1873; Richard S. Farrow, September, 7, 1875, and September 7, 1877; Henry H. Hillis, September 7, 1879; William R.

Associate Judges

In the North the hope had been tenaciously clung to that the peace of the country was not to be disturbed. This dream was rudely broken by the siege of Fort Sumter. The. North awakened suddenly to the awful certainty that civil war was begun. There was a deep feeling of indignation at the traitors who were willing to ruin the country that slavery tion of the danger, and an instant universal determination that, at whatever cost, the national life must be preserved. Personal sacrifice was unconsidered; individual interests were merged in the general good. Political difference, ordinarily so bitter, was for the time almost effaced. Nothing was of interest but the question how this audacious rebellion was to be suppressed and the American nation upheld in the great place which it claimed among men.

Two days after the fall of Fort Sumter, Mr. Lincoln intimated by proclamation the dishonor done to the laws of the United States, and called out the militia to the extent of 75.000 men. The free States responded enthusiastically to the call. So prompt was their action that on the very next day several companies arrived in Washington. Flushed bv their easily won victory, the Southrons talked boastfully of seizing the capital. In a very short time there were 50,000 loyal men ready to prevent that, and the safety of Washington was secured.

The North pushed forward with boundless energy her warlike preparations. Rich men offered money with so much liberality that in a few days nearly £25,000,000 had been contributed. The school teachers of Boston dedicated fixed proportions of their incomes to support the Government while the war should last. All over the country the excited people gathered themselves into crowded meetings and breathed forth in fervid resolutions their determinations to spend fortune and life in defense of the Union. Vol unteer companies were rapidly formed. In i the cities ladies began to organize themselves for the relief of sick and wounded soldiers. It had been fabled that the North would not light. With a fiery promptitude unknown before in modern history, the people sprang to arms.

Putnam County had at this time about 20.000 inhabitants. With a population mainly devoted to agriculture, who knew nothing of war except by history or tradition, it could hardly be expected that a warlike spirit would soon disturb the peaceful population. But we know little of the fire that slumbers in quiet breasts until occasion calls it forth. Immediately after the news was flashed through this country that civil war was begun, public excitement ran so high that it could no longer confine itself to promiscuous expression about the street corners, and people held informal and formal meetings in the city halls and country schoolho-jses everywhere.

First Company From Putnam

The Jirst call of President Lincoln met with a ready response in Putnam County, and the citizens were even tilled with regret that but one company could be accepted. Bnt many other counties, equally patriotic, were so remote from the capital and lines of railroad that they were less fortunate than Putnam County, which was represented by nearly a hundred men in the three-months' regiments. One entire company went to Indianapolis and became Company II, Tenth Regiment. William Conklin was Captain of this company; E. Ii. Bladen, First Lieutenant, and David N. Steel, Second Lieutenant. These men served the entire three months in those positions.

The Tenth Regiment was organized and mustered into service for three mouths, at Indianapolis, April 25, 1861, with Joseph J. Reynolds, formerly of the regular army, as Colonel. This officer being commissioned a Brigadier-General of Volunteers on the 10th of May following, Major Mahlon I). Manson was promoted Colonel.

On the 19th of June the Tenth, accompanied by the Eighth Regiment, left Indianapolis for Parkersburg, AV< st Virginia, by way of Cincinnati and Marietta. Prom Parkersburg the Tenth marched to Clarksburg, and from thence to Buckhannon. After a few days' rest it took up its line of march as part of General Roseerans' command, toward Rich Mountain, camping at its foot on the night of the 10th of July. Early the next morning the regiment marched by a narrow bridle-path a distance of nearly nine miles, when they were brought to a halt by the enemy's pickets, who tired and ran. The Tenth then took a position behind a hill until ordered to charge the enemy's works, which was done in gallant style, resulting in the rout of the enemy and the loss of his guns. After this the enemy were driven from their chosen position upon the mountain by the combined Union forces. After the battle the Tenth camped on the ground, and the next day marched for Beverly, where it remained in camp until the 21th of July, when it was ordered to Indiana. Reaching Indianapolis on the 28th of July, it was, in a few days afterward, mustered out of service.

The Tenth Regiment was reorganized at Indianapolis for the three years' service September 18, 1861, and mustered in the same day, with Mahlon D. Manson as Colonel. While most of the Putnam County men in the tlnvr months' service re-enlisted for three years, they went into different regiments, but ; few remaining in the Tenth. Lieutenant David N". Steel was one of these. He was commissioned Quartermaster September 10, 1801, and resigned June 15, 1862.

The Fifteenth Regiment, raised in the | spring of 1861, contained a few men in Company F from Putnam County. Frank j White was commissioned Captain of that j company May 6, 1861; promoted Major March 9, 1863; made Lieutenant-Colonel of I the Seventeenth November '-20. 1864, and brevetted Brigadier-General at the close of i the war.

In the Sixteenth Regiment. James M. \ Allen, of this county, became Second Lienten- ' ant May 31, 1863, and First Lieutenant April ; 9, 1864.

Twenty-First Kegiment

In the summer of 1861 Putnam County - furnished an entire company for the Twenty- \ first Regiment, and it became Company E. It was organized with William M. Skelton as Captain; James W. Hamrick, First Lieutenant, and Eli Lilly, Second Lieutenant. Lilly resigned December 9, 1861, but afterward re-entered the service as Captain of the Eighteenth Battery. In the latter part of December, 1862. when an order came to transform the regiment into an artillery organization, Captain Skelton resigned. Hamrick then became Captain, Hartley First Lieutenant, and Joseph W. Siddons, Second Lieutenant. Siddons was commissioned First Lieutenant March 31, 1SG4, but was still serving as Second Lieutenant when he was killed on the steamer Empress, August 10, 1864. George W. Branson became Second Lieutenant March 31, 1804; was promoted First Lieutenant September 7, after the resignation of Lieutenant Hartley (August 25), and Captain November 22, 1804, the day after Captain Hamrick was honorably discharged. James A. Shirley became Second Lieutenant March 31, 1864, and was promoted First Lieutenant September 7. 1S04. William L. Albin became entitled, to wear shoulder-straps September 7, 1864, and was promoted First Lieutenant March 20, 1805. Harrison 11. Wright was commissioned Second Lieutenant September 7, 1S04, and Samuel \L Tinder was raised to the same rank March 20, 1865.

The Twenty -first Regiment was organized and mustered into service as an infantry organization, for three years, at Indianapolis, on the 24th of July, 1861, with James W. McMillan as Colonel. The following week it was ordered East, reaching Haiti more on the 3d of August, where it remained until February 19, LS63, during whirl! time it participated in Genera] Lockwood's expedition to the eastern shore of Virginia. The regilent sailed from Baltimore to JS'ewport

News, from which place it embarked, on the 4th of March, on the steamship Constitution, and sailed with Butler's expedition. On the 15th of April it left Ship Island on the ship Great Republic, which laid off the mouth of the Southwest Pass during the bombardment of Forts St. Phillip and Jackson, after which, on the 29th of April, a portion of the regiment landed in the rear of St. Phillip and waded across to the quarantine, while the balance went through Pass L'Outre up the Mississippi to New Orleans. This portion ot the regiment was the first of Butler's army to touch the New Orleans wharf on the 1st of May, and immediately marched up into the city, the regimental band playing " Pica y une Butler's Coming, Coming." The Twentyfirst then went into camp at Algiers, where it. remained until the 30th of May, making frequent forays into the interior; it also captured many steamers in Bed River, and the

The Civil Wah

On the 1st of June the regiment Mas landed at Baton Rouge, where it remained until the post was evacuated. On the 5th of August it, participated in the battle of Baton Rouge, fighting fur over three and a half hours against an entire brigade without faltering, and sustaining a loss of 126 killed and wounded. Adjutant Latham and Lieutenants Seeley, Grinstead and Bryant were killed in this engagement. After tin's the regiment went into camp near Carrollton, and on the 8th of September it surprised Trailer's Texas Rangers at Des Allemands, killing twelve and capturing thirty or forty prisoners. The Twenty-first went to Berwick's Bay in October, where it remained until the latter part of February, 1863. During its stay in this section a portion of the regiment was temporarily transferred to gunboats, and participated in daily fights with the iron-clad Cotten, and accompanied Weitzel's advance up the Bayou Teche, taking part in the light at Cornet's Bridge and the destruction of the Cotten. Colonel McMillan being promoted Brigadier-General on the 29th of November, 1S62, Lieutenant-Colonel John A. Keith was commissioned his successor.

In February, 1863, the regiment was, by order of General Banks, changed to heavy artillery service, and designated the First Heavy Artillery, and in .July and October, under orders from the War Department, two additional companies Land M - were organized and added to the regiment. A portion of the regiment accompanied General Banks up the Teche, and participated in the second battle of Camp Bisland. Subsequently the regiment, with the exception of two companies, was transported up the Mississippi, and took part in the .-iege of Port. Hudson, in which it distinguished itself for the re-

| markable accuracy of its firing. The loss to ', the regiment during the siege of forty-two S days and nights was twenty-eight in killed, I wounded and missing. On the 21st of June i part of one company manned a light battery i in a desperately contested little fight at Lafourche Crossing, and on the 23d of June most of Company F were captured at Brashear I City. In August three companies under Major Roy accompanied the expedition to i Sabine Pass, and engaged the enemy at that place. During the winter of 1863-'64 a large majority of the regiment re-enlisted, and were re-mustered as veterans at New Orleans. Soon after the veterans visited Indiana, when a grand reception was given them at Metropolitan Hall, Indianapolis, on the 19th of February, 1864, at which addresses were made by Governor Morton, Mayor Caven, General Hovey and Colonels : dames B. Slack and John A. Keith.

On the 12th of April, 1804, the veterans returned from their furlough with four hundred recruits, which filled up the regiment to the maximum, and entitled it to the full complement of officers. On the 6th of Jul) companies B, F, I, K and M began equipping for the field, and were joined at New Orleans by L, which had spent the winter on Matagorda Island, oil* t e Texas coast. On the 29th of July Battery II left for Mobile Bay, and on the 13th of August Batteries B, F and Iv joined them, landing at Navy Cove, Mobile Point, on the 17th, where they took position within one thousand yards of Fort Morgan. They worked continuously night and day, in the broiling sun. aggravated by the glare of the white sand, until the morning of the 2:2d. when the grand bombardment began, which was kept up without interim's- sion till the morning of the 23d at 6 (/clock, her of desertions, but after the war many of when the fort surrendered. Returned to New it. members availed themselved oi the faeili- Orleans September 4. On the 4t:h of March, ties afforded by the "French system" of fur- 1865, eight batteries, 13, C, F, II, I, K, L and lough, 249 taking informal leave of the army. AL, left lor a campaign against Mobile, land- During its service the regiment traveled over ing at Dauphin Island and Mobile Point, 15,000 miles, and on all occasions well suswhere they remained until the infantry had tained the reputation of Indiana soldiers for driven the enemy inside their works at j gallantry and soldierly bearing. Spanish Fort. On the 29th proceeded to the twenty-seventh regiment.

encra-ed until the surrender of Spanish Fort Another body of Putnam County volunon0the 9th of April. Batteries 11, K and L j teers, raised in the summer of 1801, became then proceeded to Blakely, where they were Company A, Twenty-seventh Regiment. engaged until the capture of that point on , Abisha L. Morrison was elected Captain, but the evening of the 9th. On the 24th of April | immediately became Lieutenant-Colonel of the eight batteries all left for Mobile, where the regiment. John W. Wileoxen became they remained until the 24th of June, when Captain then, and served in that capacity they turned in their guns, and were sent to throe years. Robert B. Gillmore became garrison the coast forts - B and C to Fort First Lieutenant -November 19, L861, having Moro-an II and K to Fort Gaines, F and L been Adjutant of the regiment from Septemto Barrancas, Florida, I and M to Fort Pick- her 1 till that date. lie dud October ens In the meantime A, E and G were at 10, 1802, of wounds received at Antietam. Baton Rouge, and 1) at Port Hudson. In John F. Parsons was Second Lieutenant at

November the regiment was ordered to con- | the organization, and resigned in December centrate at Port Hudson to be mustered out. j following. William Vanorsdall succeeded On the 24th of December the regiment had j him, February 7, 1802, and was killed at Anil, first -rand parade of twelve batteries, and ; tietam, September 17, 1802. Samuel D. on the 10th of January. 1800, at Baton j Porter was the next day made Second Lieu- Kouge, Louisiana, it was mustered out. | tenant, and May 4. 1803, promoted First

Departing for Indiana, it arrived at Indian- | Lieutenant. lie was honorably discharged apolis with 18 officers and 223 men, under I April IS. 1804. Simpson Hararick was First command of Captain William Bough. The Lieutenant from October 17,1802, until remainder of the regiment, some 700 strong, | killed at Chancellorsville, May 3, 1803. John preferred being finally discharged in Louisi- j R. Rankin was First Lieutenant from April ana, and remained in that State tor that pur- j 19, 1804, until mustered out, November 4, Dose. ! -t'^'o4:-

At its original organization the regiment i About half of Company I was also from Putnumbered 1,042. It received at various times ! nam County. Joel McGrew was the first Cap- 1,777 recruits, making a grand total of 2,819. | tain, resigningin December. 1801. George W. Of this number 1,208 were discharged, and i Reed, the First Lieutenant at organization, 373 killed in action or died of wounds or , was killed at Cedar Mountain, August 9, disease. Up to the close of the war the regi- j 1802. Josiah 0. Williams, Second Lieutenmental rolls showed a remarkably small num- ] ant, was promoted Captain oi Company O,

The Vi Yil

September 29, 1662, and resigned October 5, 1804. Tighlman II. Nance »was commissioned Captain of Company I, September 3, 1S62, and resigned February 13, 1863, afterward becoming Captain of a company in the One Hundred and Fifteenth Regiment. George Chapin »vas commissioned Second Lieutenant January 1, 1863, and promoted First Lieutenant February 14 following. He was killed May 15, 1864, at Resaca, Georgia. The Twenty-seventh Regiment was organized at Indianapolis, on the 30th of August, 1S61, and was mustered into service for three years, at the same place, on the 12th of September, 1861. Leaving the capital of Indiana on the 15th of September, it moved to "Washington City, and in the following month was transferred to Banks' Army of the Shenandoah. During the winter the rea'iment was quartered in huts at Camp Halleck, { near Frederick City, Maryland, from whence ! it moved early in March, 1862, across the j Potomac into the Shenandoah Valley. It inarched into Winchester upon the evacua- j tion of that place on the 9th of March, and { just after the battle of Winchester Heights j joined in the pursuit of Jackson's defeated i army. On the 23d of May, it was engaged in the battle of Front Royal, and formed part ! of the column that made the famous retreat on the Strasburg road the following day \ toward Winchester. Reaching Winchester : that night, a furious battle was fought on the morning of the 25th, in which the Twentyseventh participated. The brigade to which | it was attached - Gordon's - withstood the assault of twenty-eight rebel regiments for three and a half hours, and repulsed them. An attempt to check a flank movement on j the right was gallantly seconded by the Twenty-seventh, but the rebels had massed j such a force that our army could not resist it j longer, and was forced to fall back into the town, engaging the enemy in the public streets. The retreat beyond Winchester was safely conducted, and the regiment crossed the Potomac at Wiliiamsport on the 26th of May.

Soon after the regiment again marched into the Valley, and from thence to Culpeper Court-House via Front Royal, where it became part of Banks' Division of Pope's Army ment marched from Culpeper Court-House to Cedar Mountain, eight miles distant, and participated on that day in the battle of Cedar Mountain. After this battle it was withdrawn to the north side of the Rappahannock, and after the rebel army had forced its way through Thoroughfare Gap and across the Potomac, the regiment, as part of the Twelfth Corps, joined in the Maryland campaign. At the battle of Antietam, on the 17th of September, it was actively engaged, sustaining a heavy loss-. After this engagement the regiment was placed on picket duty, the companies being stationed along the east bank of the Potomac, from Harper's P'erry to the mouth of the Opequan Creek. During the winter it moved to the vicinity of Fairfax Station and Stafford Court-House, and was not actively engaged with the enemy until the campaign of 1863.

Marching with the Army of the Potomac across the Rappahannock, it participated in the great battle of Chancellorsville. On the 3d of May it was conspicuously engaged as part of the Twelfth Corps, suffering a severe loss in killed and wounded. It next proceeded northward in pursuit of the invading army of Lee, marching with the Twelfth Corps through Maryland and part of Pennsylvania to Gettysburg. In the decisive battle at this place it bore a distinguished part, participating in the resistance to the grand assault of the rebels on the 3d of July; the regiment, in tin's engagement, sustained heavy losses. After the battle it followed the retreatingenemy to the Potomac, after which it rested until September, when it was transferred to the West with the Twelfth Corps. Here it became a part of the Twentieth Corps, and was stationed at Tullahoma, Tennessee, during the fall and winter following. A portion of the regiment re-enlisted at Tullahoma, Tennessee, on the 24th of January, 1864, and soon after proceeded to Indiana on veteran furlough. Returning to the field it joined Sherman's army in time to participate in the battle of Resaca, on the 15th of May. In a fair open field light in this engagement, the Twenty-seventh defeated the Thirty-second and Thirty-eighth Alabama regiments, killing and wounding a large number, and taking about 100 prisoners, including the Colonel of the Thirty-eighth Alabama; it also captured the battle-flag of that regiment. The loss to the Twenty-seventh was sixty-eight killed and wounded.

The regiment participated in the marching and in all the skirmishes, battles and assaults of Sherman's army in its Atlanta campaign, and upon its conclusion moved with the army to Atlanta. On the 4th of November, 1804, the non-veterans were mustered out of service, and the veterans and remaining recruits were transferred to the Seventieth Regiment. After the consolidation the men of the old Twenty-seventh served with the Seventieth Regiment in the campaign through Georgia and the Carolinas, and on the muster out of that organization were transferred to the Thirty-third, in which they continued to serve until the 21st of July, 1865, when the Thirtythird was mustered out of service at Louisville, Kentucky. Returning home with that organization, the veterans and recruits of the Twenty-seventh were soon after finally discharged.

The Thirty-first Regiment, raised in the autumn of 1861, had a few Putnam County men in Company C. George M. Noble was Adjutant of the regiment from January 24, 1863, until September 12, 1864, when he was made Captain of Company C. lie resigned June 12, 1865.

Forty-Third Regiment

This regiment, raised in the autumn of 1862, contained two companies and a part of another from Putnam County - more than any other regiment during the war. Among the regimental officers were these from Putnam County - William L. Farrow, Major from October 22, 1861, to February 16, 1862, and Lieutenant-Colonel from the latter date until discharged, July 16, 1863 (he afterward re-entered the service as Lieutenant-Colonel of the Seventy -eighth Regiment); Milton J. Cooper, Adjutant from October 10, 1861, for three year.-; Alfred Burley, Quartermaster from January 20, 1862, until his resignation, February 28, 1862; William W. Payne, commissioned Quartermaster May 26, 1864, but mustered out as Sergeant of Company 13; Milton II. Darnall, Assistant Surgeon from October 22, 1861, till May 30, 1862, and Surgeon from May 30, 1862, until his death, September 16, 1862, at Cairo, Illinois; Hamilton E. Ellis, Surgeon from October 9, 1862, until he resigned June 18, 1863; Gonsalvo

C. Smith, Assistant Surgeon from August 30, 1862, to June 18, 1863, and Surgeon from June 18, 1863; Christopher F. Bogle, Assistant Surgeon from October 22, 1864, till he resigned, November 7, 1864; and Thomas

Company B was from the northern part of the county. It organized September 10, 1861, with Francis M. Darnall as Captain, Samuel S. Carrington as First Lieutenant,