The Examiner, 1847-06-19

I airy Lt the (aaae which ban Bt tmrivA Ike AroBiaLatta f Wealth ajd tmtiram ( Pupnlwlia la h Aowlhrra "Swm. By m 4.'urUaia. 1 " a ' ' - J : r,V : CHAPTER I. j In examining' the causes which have re retarded - tarded retarded the accumulation of wealth and pop. ulatiori in die Southern or slavenoldiag States, it will bo proper to -advert to the partictdar circumstances; in. which the in. feriority of the South, as Ontrasted with the Nonh, consists. The reader will pr pr-ceive, - ceive, pr-ceive, by turning to the map, that the slnveholding States, fourteen1 in numbr, commencing with ' Maryland, constitqte much the larger portion of the Union, and, according to the computation of geogta. pliers, contains an area of six hundred and eighty thousand square .miles;' whereas the fourteen free Slates, together with Iowa aid WLscoiisin,t contain only four hundred and fifty thousand square miles. The South Southern - ern Southern climate generally is esteemed the more wholesome, . her soil equal lu that of the Northern States, and. her ..productions sur- paing 4irj jniornct Xhojxv'l1 any coun'ry in the world. For, w hile her cf pacity for the production of grain, and all other articles wliich make up the staple' of human wihsistencti and human comfort.' is unsurpassed, sho enjoys an almost exclu exclusive - sive exclusive monopoly in the supply of two articles, niton and tobacco, which form of them themselves, - selves, themselves, if not die Jiief object, certainly the creates! item of the commerce of nations. To these must lie added the important nr. tides sugar, rice and indigo, the production of whii.li in the United States is entirely confined to the South. Her mineral ie ie-Hurccf, - Hurccf, ie-Hurccf, and her natural facilities of internal aixl external couuierce, are equal or supe superior - rior superior to liaise of die Northern States. If. therefore, the" Southern Stat?s are behind the Northern in all the elen.eiits of social improvement, the ciune is clcarlv not traee- idjfe to physical impediments. For with supe rior soil, cluna e, and productions, equal natural facilities of inland navigation and Mernal cominerc:,' and neater extent of h rritory, it is quite reasonable to infer that, other tiuiiCT being equal, the South would have been in advance of the North 11 population arul commerce, and. as a onsvquciice, in the number nnd sisc of her towns and cities, and the -gfvieral improve improve-ment - ment improve-ment of the country. But, for sou c-iii, the reverse of nil this is the case. The Noithern States cf.ntain a much larger pop population - ulation population upon a much smaller territory. Thev monopolism nearly all the foreign ommerre ot' firm-rountry, Ni1r earning on a more extensive internal trade thar. the South; their manufactures, and perhaps ng. riculture, are greater in quantity, as both ar? unmiestion ihly nnj-rior in quality. The Northern t ities are numeroiLs, lariw ami elegant, anl evince a rapidity of growth at every Btieeessive census, to which no par- lei i to be (bund in hisiory. On the other hand, the towns and cities in the Southern tates, (excepting those upon the Northern border, and New Orleans, which, as the rmpor.u.u of tha "whole MissJiiipiu ,vlk receives iLs principal contributions of trade Vom tlw Norih-wMi) are few in number, and meagre in appearance, exhibiting little of th activity and spirit which is to be seen in the Northern cities, and many of them are rctrogading in population. If we revert to the history of the country, we nnd that the Southern part ol it was settled by Europeans even tieiore the North Northern; - ern; Northern; and that at the period of 1790, when the first census was taken under the Consti Consti-tntion'the - tntion'the Consti-tntion'the population of the South was but ittle lemnd that of die North.. the lormer being one million nine hundred and tbree thousainl ; the latter two millions and forty thousand, the difference, amounting to only one hundred and thirtv-seven thousand. ; It must lie regarded as a circumstance which renders the present great disparity of num bers, amounting to nearly threa miuions, according to th ceasus of lS10,-dic more remarkable, that the breadth of the frontier, which lav contiguous to the Southern States, at the period of 1 7D0, was several times greater titan that ot the North.;, and conse quently admitted ol an corlter and more rapid settlement than the remoter parts to which the ISorth-wrstem emigrant mast re. sort. The early settlement of the North west was likewise retarded bv the presence of warlike Indiaa, ' which is another ! cir cumstancc favorable to the increase of popu lation in tho South and South-west, as it would naturally turn the tkl of Northern and European emigration in that direction And the result has, bwn. accordingly, that two Suites had risen up along tho Southern frontier, (Kentucky and Tennessee,) before the settlement of any North-western .State These advantarcs of portion, climate, and productions, it would be quite natural to suppose, would have civen to tho south, at the expiration of fifty years, a jxtpula jxtpula-lion - lion jxtpula-lion much rrcater than that of the Northern part of the Union, not only greater in the aggregate, but greater in proportion to cx tent of territory, greater to the square mile. : The reverse of all this, however, is siramroly true. i But the contrast will becomo more sink ing if we compare the' contiguous parts of the North nnd South with each other ; this narrower view of the subject is the fairer likewise, there being' less dissimilarity of circumstances. New xork and Virginia, though not contiguous, enjoy nearly equa advantages of position , each touching the Atlantic, and ixscsing an excellent harbor on its coast. If the harbor of the city of New York is superior to that of Norfolk the difference- is fully compensaud by the advantage of a more extended conraunica- tion with the interior. New York has but one natural communication with the inte rior, while Norfolk has many The terri torial extent of the State of New York, is estimated at fitly thousand square miles, that of Virginia at sixty-five thousand : so' that, if there be any superiority in the soil of the former, which may be questioned, the more genial climate and extensive territory of die latter may be set down as a lair equivalent One would think that dm ratio of increase of population in tho two States, under these equal circumstances, would be equal ; and thai the State which containod , the larger , . . T-. f populauon at ia ocginning 01 any series u j This inppie that th IioiiU f the State of Texas, when detached from the vacant territory which pertains to It, will bs fifty thousand qttre miles r which ia about tha avert? aire the tare States. . Thi camsutatlan anptoM thai Iowa and Wiicwitia will oiatala fifty .thousand square

same to himsaif that a slave rs to hva. master, the agrictdftirll operation with fre Ur may b regardjd as a joint stock or partnersL'p business, in which the employer invests two thousand dollars, and each laborer seven hundred, or die ten seven thousand, which would niiJie the capital equal to that where slave labor h employed. r aloszo utwia. , Animal life is sustained by three thirgs air, water, and fotxl. The first u mct essential, and widi the firt two, men may exist a considerable time.' But most pco. pie appear to reverse die order. They make food their chief alirucut, and do with as IttltCof the other two as po.-sible. They never tiiink. of air; and seem to be- inflicted with an universal hydrophobia, drinking liquid in every oth-r possible form in pref. erence- , They appear to unag. ne ;hai clean watel,i. o J. requUiny &. wa-4!uy, ih r diey wasli as little of the jx-rson as may be only the hands and the face. T was amused the other day, to hear a man in 'a barber's shop ask. the barber, after he lad done shaving, " Doe my .neck want washing ? " as if a man's neck did not want washing every day. In tny early life I was troubled with heaelache, ' sadness, and a hundred other arrahilarious notions. I sel seldom - dom seldom passed a summer without a fit of sii k k-ness - ness k-ness of I mger or shorter duration. Tliree years ago, 1 removed lo the seaside, where I have alwndance of frit? air, and where I bathe in the-ralt water almost daily, some sometimes - times sometimes twice a day, even in March.' Since that ume. I have scarcely had an ill day my mind is as free ax- the air, andmypirits buoyant as the wave."ll h.-alth and sire ngthaxo hotter than when -I was eight eighteen - een eighteen yeara f age. 1 live in a town con containing - taining containing eleven thousand inhabitants, andJ suppotie dtat one half of them never bathed in meir uvea tnev would much ui,, t think of taking a rovage of three thousand 1 . -i. . , miles ov.jr the ocean, than of being ihree .--.: wi h u-i iu i k.iMw one man wco . j . . 1 ii - , more dian sixty years of age, w ho sajs'he nevti washed all over iu his life; ' tt he is wealthy and res-pectable uiau, i:d would be very mm h orTcmled if any one were to all him a dirty fellow. Tho Celebrated Judge S. was remaikaMe for his inattention to personal cleanliness, and somctiuus wore :s hnt r two weeks. One oav a voon awyer undertook to remonstrate with him on the subject. " How often do you change our linn i astral the Jmjv. Every day, was the reply. "Well, said the udee, what a dirty fcllow you mutt be ! " StMiie people too, never clean their teeth. Know one man w1k is a good moral refijrm- er, yet his breath is so offensive mat it is unpleasant to converse with him. I liave had some compliments paid me on account of my writings, but never one which I valurd so h ghly, as the remark, of a-ladv .'.'! breath Li sweet as new milk." I tan have no ilea of a person lieing piottSV Vho is 'nji 7 Ieauly. It has been said cleanlinesa is a part of godliness. . I dunk it is a ver- essentia part. It was . the advico of. an postle to one he loved! keep thyself lean. . .. - There wan ereat wisdom iu the rabbini cal iniimction. not to eat with unwashed ha rat it showed that he who first wade it thought bathing more important than eatin?. le who created the universe, evinced his nowledge of the properties of water, when he niadi; it palatable to every taste : ami he exhibited his sense of its importance when he covered three-wurths of the slobc with water ! If sane people had created ' the world r. would have been all land ! I am often excited to laughter, when ladies ask me, " Are you not afraid to live so near the water j . bat do such lathes imagine water to bo ? " . ! Multitudes of people shut themselves .up i by dozens, in oho:niakers shops, factories, and book-binderies, pasting paper over the window joints to keep out the air, and then wonder they are sick. If they woidd oome out in the open atmopphere, and bathe three times a week in the ocean, they might have ess fancies, and jump over a five rail fence (Star. LITERARY STYLE. On style Milton holes this language: "For me, rea.lers, althou'i I cannot say I am utterly untrained in those rules which tho host rhetonciars have wntten in any lanrvige, yet true eloquence I find to be none but the seriom and the hearty tove of trudi, and with the dearest chanty to mfuse die knowledge,. of them into others when such a mm- "wonld speak, his wordt, by what I can express, like so many nimble and airy servitor, trip about him at com command, - mand, command, and in well ordered files ns he could wish, fall apdy into their own places. roster, in las irumitvde mkivs. observes. "false eloquence a like a Wse alarm o thunder, where a sober man, that us not apt to sfartle at sounds, looks to see if it be not the rumblimr of a cart." And aeain "Llorpience ride in the thought, and no W M wonw can make that elorjuiTit which wu not be so in the plainest that could possibly express the sense. : : ; , It you see a dozen lauits, in a. 'woman you may rest assured she has hundred vir tues to counterbalance taeni. , . a love your faulty and fear ytur faultless. wximen. When you see what is termed a 'faultier woman, dread her as you would a beautiful colored snake. The art of completely con concealing - cealing concealing the' defects that ale rtast have, is, of itself, a serious vice. Bihcv Saunder$. Ths Yooi Sir Joha Hersehel, at a late meet ing of tho British Aaaoclation (or the advanc-roent-of Sctenco, nprtMed th opiaioa that the temperattiN Of the moon climato must bovery hgh. "far fie r Utiar aMrr. Xnd tho reason ia that it eurfsco la expos4 feurteea Says at a time I the oomttig-td heat of the sun At th Iilll ana tor a lew iny aiierwaxas, uie moon muetcertatnly h tho reflector oClaoat So the artk." Sir Johu baa no do bt of the feet, but as it ha, th tnclm of culinary rather than aoiar heat, that fa to say, "it enukpste rrom a body below tho temperature of firtutloa,? H will be arrosteJ by the apper atrataof the rta' taoephre aad than abooriied. ... .. .w i ; j There iU only aueet will a J eoarert ViiiM clouds Into transparent yappr. , Ha aswrVd Jhat th nheuoiuena of tH rapid, diiwtpa'ioit cf cU i t a moderate weaiher too it afVr ap appearance - pearance appearance of thefal roooa. lout easily ae ae-eoiintod - eoiintod ae-eoiintod for oa this prinelp!, and Ut his owa tbcrva-JoaSoaine4tho.Uiaorj. ', . ' - . - '

sarwL diat jf Nework ,was only din hundred and lorty thtusand 1 and the ratio 0 one to the- other wts something more than two to one in.favor if Virginia. i ' . After making, dud 4 Allowance, therefore', for, a grcate pmigratiiii from tho more popu populous - lous populous State, it. would U reasonable lo exjwet, without the jnten-enlii of some latent evil, that the population It Virginia, at the ex ex-pTratton - pTratton ex-pTratton of fifty yciis, would lie nearly twice' us fre" Jt as tha of New York. But ihe censuH of 1840 ilopcs the astonish astonishing - ing astonishing fact, that the potation of New York la within a Hmall fraftjon of being double that of Virginia,-! former being two millions four hundred f ud twenty-nine thou thousand, - sand, thousand, (2,4?9,0(P0)-4f.e1 latter only one one-mi - mi one-mi 1 lion two hundred d fgrfy. thousand,-(1,2-10,000) 8-ratIiVIC nearly two to cme f . l- . m lavor 01 evr V . it tne rmapartsi u UMt-U TwsrVi'lg;-flai anT Ti-misylva. nis, the result, though Jess striking, will show much to the disatlHritage of the fonn fonn-cr. - cr. fonn-cr. But Ptmnsyh-anii, iVmust be remem. bered, lies remotrt frou) th Atlantic, and bears no comparison sviih Virginia in its natmal facilities of internal communication: its great centre of coartnerce,d?iuladel(liia, had a ' rival, too, as (lie, . emporium of the bark rountry, on wtlie band, in New York and Baltimore.' i; , . 1 If the coinpariBon. be extended to the Western Stau-s, it . will be attended widi similar results, as for, instance, Kitucky and Ohio. The former in 1790 containing a population of seventy-three thousand tlio latter only three thousind ; but in 181V the pope.laiiou of Ohio amounted to one million five hundred and twenty thousand, (1,50,. 000) while that of Kentucky was only atv atv-en - en atv-en hundred nnd eighty ousand (78U.OO0). The general improvement of the face of tin? coimtry, the const ruction of rouds and canals agricultural inij)roveme' public and pri private - vate private buildings, die grorh of luwns and cities, in the estates orK, I'ennsyi. vania, aixl Qlo, s- m t le more than commensurate widi their increase of popula- tioru it compared with uif condition ol thing in Virginia and Kentucky these results, so unpromising orthe lu- ttire prosperity of the ; South, have excited much speculation in regard to their causes; but : public opinion seems1 to have settled pon the convictitji that 'slavery is the j sourer ot all the evils, orl the chiet eil. hich mars the prospeaw career of the SotKhern States. ( CHATTER It, i Reflection upon the facts t forth above. has led the author of these pages into the common opinion diat slavery has been the obstacle, which has retarded the improve- ment and population of the Southern States. Uul at this point another question arises. How' doe " slavery present mat obstacle? Tht? rrnri&ton,"?urid TT'ieififVTne' "universal opinion is, that slavery arT.fcis the prosper ity ol the country by its tendency to degmde abor in the estimation of i-i pooi, and to engender pride in the rich 4 and as a con sequence, to produce idleness snd inatten inattention - tion inattention to business in all. And besides, it is said to have the effect f keenintr awav foreign immigrants ; whoss vntimenw are averse to ihe institution. iThese combined causes, it is thought, liffve produced .the great aispanties betweeic tie Norni hnd Soudi above adverted to. It will not be attempted 10 deny the ex Hstcnce or the operation of the causes as assigned, - signed, assigned, but ray picsent purpose will be to show, that the chief evils pf slavery to the It I ..." Douy politic result trom principles more stubborn and powerful than its moral eftects upon the people. . 11 a farmer m Ohio own one hundred acres of land, with the rattle, the food to subsist them, and uteni Is of husbandry necessary in its tillage, hjf will, as is obvi- ous, be able to enter upjn its culuvation with an additional rtady capital.sufHcient to supply his laborers with maintenance. thus, it Uie lood and sr. Iter ol a trcs la borer be worth fifty dollar per annum, and one laborer be necessary to the cultivation of ten acres, then five huiirtred dollars wuld be tho additional capital necessary in the casb sbove supposed. The laborer's wa- gfs invtyiably come out of the sale of the crop, and consequently there existed no necessity lor the employer to have it. by him. ' The illustration may be varied by esti mating the amount of capital necessary to the making of a given product one hun dred bales of cotton, fir instance- If. as is asserted, one man can produce- ten bales of cotton, (of course the; product per hand . .... . is immaterial to the illustration,) then tne capital necessary to the ' production of one hundred bales, apart Iron the land, etc. as above, will r five fuirHttad dollanu- I will nWenqirc tho aifcount of capital necessary to employ shire labor in the cul tivation of one hundred seres of land, or the production of one hundred Nilcs of cot- ton. II men slaves be worta aeven .nun dred dollars, and tho food and clothing of a slave fifty dollars per annum, the cultivtv- tion of one hundred acres of land by the labor of ten slaves in Alabama, requires a capital of seven thousand five hundred dol lars, apart from capital invested in land, cattle, &ic, as above. Or the production of one hundred bales of citton by slave la bor requires a capital . of seven thousand five hundred dollars, apart from the value 01 ........ . . r land, &c. 1 have based the illustration, lor convenience, upon the supposition dint the labor of men only is employed, but it is per. fectly obvious that the principle is true gen erally of all free and all slavs labor. - Again. The average annual cotton crop of the United States lor . the , last three or four years is estimated to hav5 amounted to two millions of bales, (2,000,000.) If be supposed, for convenience, that the labor of men slaves only, is employed in its pro duction ; and the same suppositions remain- ing as above with reference to the value ol slaves, the product per hand, and the "price of brbvtsions and clothing; then the num ber of slaves employed in the. production of tho crop of the country will bo two hundred thousanl ; and the capital necessary u eo ploy them will bo-one haxdred-and fifty raillioni of dollars,' ($150,000,000.) which sura include the valuaof the slaves i-nd the east' of their Yearly maintenance. .But if 1

jiublic settinient npo tliit subiet t. h'ftj recently tli question has been directly re represented - presented represented to the people of New Yorlij and decided by an overwheluung expression hf public opinion. The extension of ihq light nient in the non-ajavelioldins, States, ihnt the e forts of the Abolitionists are no longer direcd to the amelioration of the condi condition - tion condition of die in people of color, within their own limits, but 10 the abolition of pljvery within the'Klave Statcs. What is the condition of this cla-s in iho; conurtinities where Uieir rights are most cherislied and reppocied ? This Cjiies Cjiies-lion - lion Cjiies-lion can br best answered, by inquiring what have they gained by liberation. They are thrown upon their own resources, and endowed with the power to acquire wnd hold property- No lonrer subjected t the control of a master, they enjoy the right of pursung the dictate ol their own reinon, subj-rt only to just iiccountahilitv to the lwi .or iU Stmi. Mt tiwy V Vnpj.fcjd' that this i a most important n,quisitien. -They are to this extent free. Hut th." es. sence of freedom is wanting. Thev have no voice in originating the laws bv hi h they arc toverned. and no nnrticioation in the administration of thcr- law no matter how dearly their interests may be c flirted. The protection of life, li!xrty, and property. ir. iii cKiier nanus i ntv . . ihn lu . I I i rri - I leprived of the strone and Mweiful motives which ennoble and dignify the ekiracter of ttic citizen. I he constitution and the laws recognize them as a deirradM and inferior caste. It is undoubtedly true, that there rime tven and re noble specimens' of htenrniiy anv-ng this ill-fated people. Idit no st -nigih of character Las enabled tliem to su mount the bnrrriers w hich the (onsti. tvtion and the laws, aided by inexorable fiuhlic sentiment, have thrown in their wny. xK'k at the condition of die mass of this twpu atioa... What are the relauoiis uieh they M'stainto soeiety and the ovenuij' fit ? It is inquestionably true, that this is ihe most unpnxlucuvc class of our plxplc. nd is eminently distinguished as idle, di.wihite and luuhrifiy. iuch h&i U n, and i- ijow, the mapiitude of this evil, where this popu. lat on prevails to any extent, that it i fre. quanly exposed to the outbreak of liurn. U.tis popular fury. It i.s the inciting cause U the grossest violations of justice. It has not unfrequently happened that they have S-rn driven by lawless violence frot.i the t-som of dial society, whose duty it w. to . -!w,rial, any! ttiAii r.. n 1..,. . . niti uiuicvi uuiu. j 1 1 a iaie iK.ea- xiin. Lue aiiemDi io co onie ire irerv! f ja:e john RaiKl0,,i. within the limits . . oprKksed widi strong expressions of jKpular distppro distppro-bation. - bation. distppro-bation. The reason is an obvious one. A Government like ours can derive no strength or sippoit from such a population. The strength of our Government is in the 'virtue, intelligence and patriotism of its citizens. And whr.t cfleet this growing mass, luun- stnicted in virtue. unenushtev-iCd ov kijw- ledge, aitd unredeemed by the sentiments of pa'jriotisra, may exert upon the future desu desu-nics - nics desu-nics of our country, time alone cm de de-velooe. - velooe. de-velooe. It is confidently asserted, that as a class. occupying the position assigned diem by our laws, and the publicr sentiment of the land, their moral, mental find physic;.! con dition must and will deteriorate. The eve of rva!on d"us"erps the cause in the nature of man. lie it oppresstd. The motives to exertion, and the rewards of virtuous nmoi- tion are denied him. His pride of charac character - ter character U snpp;d at the root, and has nothing to sustain it. Tell me not that the cause is to be found in the inferiority of his nature. That nature is the gift of God, endowed with tin capacity, raid clothed with all he attributes of man. Under the influence of his own clime, it will expand as it has' ex expanded - panded expanded into the proportions of intellectual nnd moral grandeur. (To be Continued.) N.roLEo'6 MotntE. "My excellent mother," 6aid he, ''is a womaiof great courage and of gTcat talent, more cf a mas masculine) - culine) masculine) than a feminine nature, proud nnd high landed, fthc is capable o: selling evemhinz, even to her chemis, for me. 1 allowed her a million (franc) a year, be sides a palace, and giving her many presents. To the manner in which she formed me at at fJi caily age, I principjdly owe my sub-s.- jent elevation. My opinion is, that the future, rood or bad conduct of a child de- perds entirely upon the mother. She very rich. Mo3t of my family considered tha: I might die, dial accidents might hap pen, and coasequently t'k care to se--cure something. , They have preserved a great part of their property. Of Joseph he thus speaks: 4 Him virtues and talents are those of a private character, and for such nature intended him; he is too good to be a ereat man. Ho has no ambition, lie u very like mcin person, but handsomer. IU is extremely well informed, but his learn ins: is not that fitted for a kins, nor is he capable of commanding an army." A Smuggler worth Twkktt Mill toss or Dollars. There lives in Siles!a pe-isant, named Gudalla. , He was fijr ner ner-ly - ly ner-ly a BmucrieT. One day die custom house ofliccrs were in pursuit of him, and having fir.xL the ball passed through his right arm, wliich was obliged to bq amputated. Gu Gudalla, - dalla, Gudalla, forced to resort to another calling, es tablished himself in a village called Kita. Ho had only been there a few days b'fore hi fortune turned, and he had. the luck of di:coverin a valuable zinc mine, called Mary's Mine, and it has now become one of the most profitable ol any in Europe Gjdalia havine obtained permission to work hit discovery, is novr in possession of a for fortune - tune fortune eVunated at 30,000,000 of dialers, or aliout four millions sterling ! He is urmmr riod. and. beine a foundling, has no rela tions or offspring, so that die. whole of tliis lOimcnse property, according to the rrussian I.ws. will ro to Ihe Jtung ol rruss a. t JHir. irg his recent tour, the King visited Gudal 1 i- t 1 1 t it .1 " ir, who leit highly nonorea Dy ni vml ' , : ' ' ' j Tha Bev'of Timi's has fonraidid a sveri- dd pair of slippers, sen' wiih diamonds,' to f 1 T 1 - . 1 J- I I . I . -A .l.nl e yaiuea m iuo,wuir. wwi.;1were,

iisu iu-.tttw.CMA.tH vlm ot iuud, taute; tools of husbandry, &r., come in the calcu calculation, - lation, calculation, and constitute a part of the capital invested ; since these items will be die same in the two cases, the ratio of capital to nro- duct, which with reference to labor only is f .... . rutoen to one, is varJ in proportion to the value of lands, &c. To speak arithmeti arithmetically, - cally, arithmetically, it u the addition of a constant quan quantity - tity quantity to the antecedent and consequent, or to numerator ami denominator of a fraction, and of course Las tho effect . of lessening the ratio, or the quotient. Thus, in the' cultivation -of one hundred acres of land, the readyapital necessary to employ slave l;dor, at tho ratrs rded above, is seven thousand five hundred dollars. ( 87.."00. :A1 to this sum the vakie of the land at ten dollars per acre, or one thousand dollars, 31,&00.) together with the value of the cattle, their provender, and the utensiU of husbandry necessary to ns cultivation, which may lie worth five hnnd'ed dollars more. (?.r00,) and the whole amount of capital !rmIoyed bexmyV.nioe duNeand dollars, ($9,000. ) In tho cultivation- of die- wne quantity of land with free labor, the wlade capital iicce8ary is the price of provisions and shelter lor the laborers, which by the above suppositions amounts to five hundred collars. ( Sjimj.) together with thi va ua of tho land, ono-thousand dollars, r$l,OO0.) as before, and of 4he cattle, utensils, &c, five hundred more, ($500,) making the wholo capital two tiiousand dollars, ( 32,- 000). Hence the wliole capital invested in the Cultivation of one huiidred acres of land with slave labor, is to that nocessary where tree' labor is employed, as nine diousand is to two thousand, or as nine to two, or ajur ajur-and - and ajur-and a half to one. This ratio of course be comes Jess in proportion as the value of land, cattle, 6cc, is augmented. ' Thus, if tho land be worth one hurvhed dollars per a-re, or ten thousand dollars. (10,000) y then, the other iteits remain remaining - ing remaining a before, the capital becomes, where slave labor is employed, eighteeri-thousand dollars (ltt,W.0); and where tree labor is employed, eleven thousand (81 1,000 ) ; Lin litis case the ratio in something more than three to two, (3 to 2). It is apparent from this, as well as from the preceding illustrations, that without re reference - ference reference to the ratio, the capital invested, where slave labor is employed, in the culti cultivation - vation cultivation of a given number of acres, or the making a given product, exceel the capi capital - tal capital necessary wheTO free labor is employed, by the value of the slaves, ' All the foregoing calculations are baT-d upon the supposition that slave labor is necessarily and exclusively employed in the slave hokfmg States, and that each planter is the owner of the slaves he cm- loys. This is not true in fact, much of die labor of the Southern States being per formed by freemen; but that circumstance by no means affects the principle involved : it only serves to mitigate its consequences upon the prosperity of die coimtry ; and it is obvious, that to make such an objection to de principle is to acknowledge its oper operation - ation operation in every case where slave labor is eni- loyed. Tho employment of hired slaves forms no exception to the case : the hired slaves being nothing else than borrowed capital. It may not be improper here to antici pate a probable objection to the principle maintained in the preceding pages. It may of tnougnt irreconcileoble with the well known fact thai agriculture is eouallv or perhaps more profitable where slave labor is used than is the case where the labor of free men is employed. This difficulty -will be removed oy reference to tho illustration above, where one hundred acres of land are supposed to be cultivated by ten men The capital necessary where the labor of slaves are made uso of was nine thot&and hilars (59,000) ; where free is employed, only two thousand (3-.VWJ. inc pro- I -Alt . -v wi duct being the same it is thought unaccoun unaccountable - table unaccountable that the smaller" capital should not yield a larger profit. This is accounted for by considcnng that the employer ol free labor is compelled to civo up a large por tion of his crop, or money, derived from the sale it, as the waccs of labor ; and this sum corresponds to the profit on the excess o( capital which tho employer of slave la labor - bor labor makes use of. But this necessity .which the employer of free labor is under of dis tributing a large part of his crop among his laborers, had no tendency to check its pro production, - duction, production, the wages not being paid until the end of the year, out of what is produced by die laborer himself: and it is equally obvi ous that the distribution of it can have no effect in enhancinr or diminishing die a gregate product. , I have already rtmarked upon the case of hiring slave labor, that it is nodiing elso than borrowed capitat and consequently that tho making a given pro product, - duct, product, or the cultivation of a given ntmifeer of acres of land with hired slave labor m- rnlvM an enual invested canitat as when the slaves are the property ot the employ ers. But the employ of hired labor is under the same necessity of parting with the wages of his laborers as is the employer r r.j lotw-riv Htnce. thnnffh tha capital VI II law- - , fj f employed is.the same a would be necessa ry had it been the employer's, his profit bn!y equal to that of tho employer of free labor ; and whether rav pays di -wagesSo tho laborer, or to a maa. who holds him asi property,. he aggregate wealdi produced is the same. -. . -W,,', . ;,,. iTho difference betwaut tha-Jwe capitals is seven thousand dollais 1 1 S;0CO, ) ' vhtch is tfcfr raluo o ths slavts, if j .i

liHi'tned 8riie iatioii of the rich of others. .TbeoLtical coiulition of this class, us pic3ioi to the eye of the atrsiiitm and philanthropist, is a subject of mnioii! ditH--ulty, if i:ot of appieliens.on and alarm, jch U the nature and force of public n--;cnt, tijat tliout;h relieved from per-onal -.,uagf, iho juaji of color is excluded from 1 die essential richts and inmunities of the citizen. A free and equal participation in the rihis of citizenship is not only de de-Iviied - Iviied de-Iviied to bun, but every attempt to a-v rt the jusic of the .Iaim is fiercely deiiouiw;ed, ,aad cot u:ifre-uently afcompuni?d with a- of o?pre?ion and outrage. Kvcn in those com.nunities wliere there is uppred to exist therea:e. syinathy for this class, he is excluded from that lull participation in the privileges of the government, which confer character r.nd dignity upon the citizen. It niidit be supposed, from the loud humour of the Al)obtionisLs. that the people of the norji were fast approaching to that period when the blacks were to occupy the broad platform of equal ritiht-s. It is not doubted that such is the w ild.drt am of the enthusiast. But such is not the result of a calm 8' d sobei olservaiiou of passing events. On the contrary, diere is a fixed and unalterable determination to widen and deepen the joli Such is tl ineviuible tendency of the law1 u.vU.vww..u .- of nature, and . r .1 . r tventd. Notw .hstandiiu; the ardent zca Let, and indeclinable efforts which have made, to extend to the blacks an equal par tiCipatioo in Uie privileges meiit, no percept! bl jress has U-en mad' . even m the fiee States, towarJU die .acxv .acxv-piishment - piishment .acxv-piishment of this purjxjse. - Tco u!yCect wlitch iihu beetl j)rodi-l by the mistaken zeal, and ill-directed eflb.- of the Abolitionists, has In en the d.-'p f ci citation - tation citation of the public mind, resulting in an increased and accumulating weight of pre prejudice - judice prejudice against die luifortmrate o!jectsof Vt ir sympatLy aiid regard. For more than half a century, in man? of the States of this Union, the man ofcolo :as been freed from the shackles of per: al bondage, and left to struggle widi his destiny. What progress has he made in tne elcvtfijn of his caste? Where have his .hjuuI ,ts been practically recognized ? The paes of our history are barrea of the evidences of his social and joli:icalj d d-as - as d-as lie ki- i vancement. rulst our tiovernttent arTo;d;.-d an asvlum to dv? nations oa earth, anl its glorious imrnunitifs and ji kees are freely tiestowcd upon ail Africa:a, broucrhl here against lis wi he is .di. are je, ill an :atc made to occupy in his resi cstrte, a co lion unqualified inferiority. We forcibly reminded of the prophetic c " God shall enlarge Japhetn, and he i dwell in the tents of Shr m ; and C shall be his servant." Political degradation is theirevitabli of tne African, so long as h remains ti ler the inf.uencc of American mstitutioi Tfce di Terence of color, the rerollecti'i of His oricin, his natural instincts, the cu cu-liar - liar cu-liar hahits impressed upon him by a J ng CDurv (,f senility and bondage, even die memory of his wrongs mark him a- ihc victim of political and social proscrir' on. This is a truth which cannot re disgv ed. W e can wt fail to see it in all the c nts which aie passin? aroimd us. Ixtok at Jiat spaciotLs ecLfice wrapped in flumes! !t is thellaJlol t rcedom. erected lor irea Cis- nission, tnd dedicated to liberty of rin uh. Men enc women, who had peaceaoii as sembled to exercise the dearest rieit 5 of spiritual and intcllisrent beinrs are d iven forth bv n infuriated populace. Th"(man of geniu whooe thoughts ' lnust frol his L soul with the fire and indignant cnerry of 1 an ancient prophet the woman, th em- f bodimem of all diat elevates and frdorns i hfir sex, and who religiously lliev! that ; siie was engaged in a mission of Christian sympathy -these, and such as these, tre the victims of popular indignauon. It 1 was m-Hitin of diose who honestly belie nd in . uje nght of political and social ecuahty, nd adverated its unqualifietl extension to die whole hummi family. That conflagra conflagration - tion conflagration is not the woik of a midnight inccn- 'Wy. h was not done in a tranhport of ,u7. It was the fearlesss exertion ot the liberate purpose of a great majority of the peopie. Such a manifestation of popular preju prejudice - dice prejudice cannot be mistaken, it is evident that there must be a powerful and sufficient cause, which lies at the root of this public sentiment. The most corrupt political party, a convention of atheists, might have fcssemblou within the same wails wi:n per fect security from external violent. u a not because diey were fanatics. There . is nothing peculiar in the faniticisia of the Abolitionists, that it should m?ct with such indignant 'retribution.. The true cause ' -atifactorily nkveloped, when we refor to ' the fact diat the public mind radically . opposed to the social equality of th two .'races. . With equal political rights, the - banker to social equality is at once rerrovod, . t ana practical amalgamation is the con$e