Northfield City (part 1 of 2)

Northfield City

gie Dickson. Prpsitleut Strong rear! a golilen wetldiug j)oem written tor tbe oi-oasiou by a Vermont minister past eighty, and the former pastor of the bride and groom. C. A. Wheaton, of the Jnurniil, sang with due pathos, "John Anderson my Jo." Prof. Fattee, in behalf (if A. P. Morris, jjreseuted a gold-headed eane to l)oth father and mother, and to the former a splendid Waltham gold watch and chain, while to the latter, from a nuralier of friends in town, was given an easy chair. The wedding dress was sent by Mrs. A. M. Rawson, of Chicago, and an extra cane came from Wm. F. and Charles Merriam of the same city. A table was covered with other choice presents. Then followed the singing by all of "Nearer My (xod to Thee," and after that commenced a feast of another sort. Oceans of various good things had been prepared and were now served by the host in excellent style, and in a style of equal excellence were consumed. Thus hurried on the evening's close, and at a late hour the pair, for whose sake the assemblage was held, were left to rest and to indulge in pleasant memories of that notable 10th of June, which surely will continue to the close of life. Not far from 130 guests were present, and nothing occurred to mar in the least the enjoyment of the happy hours.

KuBY AVedding. - The fortieth anniversary of the marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Holt, was celebrated on the 20th of November, 1879. The bride's original name was Julia Cushmau. Forty years is more than the life of a full generation, and represents the time spent in the wilderness by the children of Israel, but it is (juite certain that this couple, although they have traveled considerable, have not been all this time in the wilderness. This affair was well attended and was a very jjleasant one.

MuKDER .\ND Attempted Robbery. - In the annals of crime the Northfield tragedy is widely known on account of the daring atrocity of the enterprise, and the fatality of its results to the chief actors. The men engaged in the venturesome exploit were the "James brothers," and the '-Younger brothers," and others whose names will appear in the course of the narrative.

The party consisted of eight men who arrived in town between 10 and 11 o'clock on the 7th of He])tember, 1876, and making their headquarters at a saloon, waited until 2 o'clock in the afternoon. They then made a concerted attack upon the bank, 2G five of them paying especial attention to the robbery which was couteni] dated, one of them stationed himself on the sidewalk near the corner of Lee & Hitchcock's store, and one at the door of the First National Bank, while the other three went inside to commit the robbery. At the same time the three others came galloping acro.ss the bridge, and with frightful yells and horrible ejaculations, Iiegan firing their revolvers into stores and at all persons who dared to shom themselves at doors or windows, and riding up Division street patroled in front of the bank, keeping up a continuous firing from their revolvers and calling with murderous imprecations upon all who came in sight to "git," displaying the most excellent horsemanship. Meantime the three men who entered the bank jumped over the counter with a single bound and presented revolvers to the heads t)f the three men who were there, .1. L. Heywood, the acting cashier, E. E. Bunker, the teller, and J. F. Wilcox, the bookkeeper, saying that they were going to rob the bank, and asking for the cashier. On being told that he was not in, they ordered Mr. Heywood, who was seated at the cashier's desk, to open the safe; the vault door was standing open, but the safe door was closed. Mr. Heywood positively refused to open the safe for them, when the villain took hold of him and drew a long knife across his throat, threatening with the most horrid oaths to cut bis throat from ear to ear, unless he instantly complied. Mr. Heywood released himself and started for the door crying murder at the top of his voice, but he was knocked down with a navy revolver, and dragged to the door of the vault, and a shot was fired to further intimidate him. Mr. Bunker, meantime had torn himself away and escaped out of the back door, receiving a shot in the shoulder, which, however, did not prevent his shouting an alarm. The leader stepped into the vaidt and tried to open the inside door when Mr. Heywood attemjited to close the door upon him, but was jerked away by one of ruffians. Further etTorts were made to induce the acting cashier to open the safe door, but all without avail. All this time one of the scoundrels had young Wilcox on his knees with a revolver at his temple.

This was the condition of aflfairs inside when the men, who were being severely punished outside, called out to those inside of the bank to leave it at once, as it was getting ttio hot for them.

Two of them inimediately jumped over tbe counter and rushed into tbe street, the other one, who is supposed tp have been Jesse James, as he was jumping over the counter, indignant and exasperated at the dismal faihire of the daring scheme, turned and deliberately fired at Mr. Heywood, the second shot killing him instantly, a ball through the left temple literally blowing his brains out.

While this tragedy was being enacted in the bank, another drama loaded with tragedy had been rehearsing in a lively way outside. When the "road agents" rode up towards the bank, Mr. J. S. Allen, who kept a hardware store on the south side of Mill Square, had his suspicion aroused. He followed them, and reached the bank just as the robbers had entered, the guard there at once collared him, and pointing a pistol at his head ordered him to keep quiet, but he broke loose and ran, followed by two shots. Mr. A. R. Manning, hearing the situation, seized a breech-loading rifle and taking his station at tbe corner of Lee & Hitchcock's store, fired a few shots, and succeeded in killing one of tbe miscreants, wounding anotlier, and killing a horse. Of course it required a high order of courage to thus make a target of himself; as it was, he narrowly escaped destruction. Henry Wheeler, a young man in a drug store on tbe east side of the street, ran up stairs into the Dampier House, where he liad an old carbine, and coolly fired from tlu' window three shots, all he had, and killed one of the brigands and wounded a hor.se and perhaps one of the bandits also. Among others who took a hand in the skirmish were, J. B. Hyde, L. Stacy, and K3v. Mr. Phillips, who used shot guns and pistols, and they must have done some execution, as the cadavers had fine shot in their faces. Mr. George Bates also drew the fire of the assas.sins by presenting a pistol, and attempting to tire a gun that would not go off. As they came from inside, the survivor; of tlie fray made no unnecessary delay in starting im that j)erilous ride, which proved quite as disastrous as the commencement of this abortive robbery had thus far been. When they were mounted and about to ride off, the wounded man on the sidewalk said, "For God's sake Ijoys, don't leave me;"sotliey took him up and threw him across a horse and then gallopetl away. As they rode up the street, a Swede came out of a shop and was

Telegrams were at once started in all directi(jns to intercept the outlaws. Unfortunately the operator at Dundas was not in, or the whole gang might have been captured there. Parties were organized at various points, and the story of the flight with the wovinded man, the pursuit, with the attending escapades and hair-breadth escapes on lioth sides, affords a most exciting chapter in this kind of literature; for the whole country between here and Missouri, the headquarters of the gang, was excited and under arms, and the rtsult was that three were captured and ime more killed, making six left behind of the eight who started on this errand of plunder. The two who escaped were Jesse and Frank James, the latter being the oue wounded in Northfield. The names of those killed in Northfield were Clell Miller and Stiles. Charley Pitts, alias George Wells, was killed at Madeliu, where Cole, Robert, and James Younger were finally captured, and subsequently lodged in the Faribault jail. Rumors of a rescuing party oau.sed a guard to be placed outside the jail, and on the 3d of October, 1876, a watchman, who was coming to report for duty, was shot and instantly killed by Frank Glazier, a guard at the jail, who mistook him for the advance guard of a rescuing party. This was indeed a sad and fatal mistake, making the sixth human life destroyed in consequence of the attempt to rob the Northfield bank.

On the l(>th of November, 1876, the bandits were indicted at Faribault, and pleading guilty, were sentenced on the 20th to State prison during the term of their natural lives, and on the 22d of the same month they were taken to Stillwater. Thus ended this terrible aflair.

The Indians

In the autumn of 1862, after the Sioux massacre, the people in and about Northfield were in a chronic state of apprehension. Indians wore constantly passing in small bands, and while the days were passed with feelings of security, the nights were instinct with emotions of dread, every unusual sound was transformed into inJieatious of the approach of the blood-thirsty savage, and very many persons, who had retired for the night had the most gloomy forebodings, and felt that it

Scouting parties were raised to scour the irountry for the lurking foe, and in one of tliose s(|uads was a man by the name of Holibs, who, when a few miles out eouchided to fire oil' aii old charges in liis gun, and pointing to a cornfield discharged the piece, when there arose the most car-piercing screams, and a woman made her appearance, bringing one foot in her hand and exclaiming that she had been sliot, which proved to bo the case, the shot having taking effect in the foot. Hobbs explained the nature of the accident, and the woman, who was just from England, was willing to forgive him, if "in another like time he would shoot in the ( h )air." But this state of affairs did not continue long, and ti> paraphrase a monotonous army report, "all was (|uict on the Cannon."

In the fall of 1857, a band of Sioux on a predatory expedition to the Chippewa region^ east of the river, camped near the village. They soon moved on and crossed the river between Hastings and Ked Wing and had a bloody fight with their enemies, securing several scalps. On their way back they again encamped, this time within the city limits in the northeast part of the village, and here, being so far away from the Chippewas that they had no fear of a surprise, a scalp dance was indulged in. Each scalp was put on a hoop and that attached to a pole aljout ten feet long, and around these with spasmodic contortions and ear-splitting yells and drummiugs they danced, if such gyratory jumpings can be so called.

Another Indian affair occurred in 1808, when the Little Crow band of Indians were on the rampage about the country. A party of four left the main body west of Northfield and made their way hither on a horse stealing expedition. Crossing Mr. Daniels' farm, a half mile from town, and so on to Michael Kennery's place and remaining concealed until night, took six horses and made off' toward the woods, retracing their steps. A force was at once organized in town and a hot pursuit started. The Indians finding themselves pursued kept dodging back and forth in the woods. At one point there is a cross road on the Dundas and Faribault road, leading into the timber and to the ford of the Cannon River, and at this point a guard was stationed, as the red skins might cross there. About eleven o'clock they came in sight, crossed the ford and l)Ushed along slowly to the corners. There was a farm house near the ambush, and as they passed, the farmer's wife rushed out and screamed at the top of her voice. -'Here they come! Shoot 'em! Shoot 'em!!" This of course alarmed the fellows, and they turned and recrossed the river. They were pursued for several days and finally overtaken and the whole four shot to death, the whites losing a single horse.

This locality for a year or two, seemed to be on a regular thoroughfare for the Indians between the Mississippi Kiver and some point on the Minnesota River, as hardly a day passed without seeing them in greater or less numbers. It was not uncommon for a woman, jicrliaps alone in the house, to look up and see one of their " tigly mugs" flattened against a window pane, or for a man to stumble over them asleep in the barn.

At one tune, Mrs. Martin, who lived where John Ames now does, was badly freightened on seeing a large number of them, estimated at fifteen hundred, passing not far from her house. She was alone with a babe and two other children, and hastily wrapping up the little one put it in a dripping pan, and tying a string to it, started with the improvised baby carriage and the other children for John S. Way's place, a mile and a half distant.

A charter for a village government was obtained in 1871, and the first meeting under the new organization held in March. The first oflicers were: President, S. P. Stewart; Councilmen, E. Lathrop, H. Scriver, F. A. Noble, and E. Hobbs, and on organization, E. Lathrop was chosen Chairman. Lewis Goodsell was elected Recorder; Fred. Goodsell, Treasurer; Charles Wheeler, Marshal; Lewis Goodsell, Assessor; O. M. Meade, Attorney; F. O. Rice, Surveyor; and A. F. Kingman, Street Commissioner.

In the spring of 1875, a city charter was obtained. The election for city officers having taken place, a meeting for organization was held on the 16th of March at Lyceum Hall. It was called to order by the Mayor-elect, H. Scriver, and there were present the following Aldermen: Charles S. Hulbert, C.W. Mann, A. P. Stewart, B. M. James, C. S. Farrell, J. C. Nutting, Harold Therson, and O. S. Taylor. A. P. Stewart was elected Presi-

History Of Iiwk Govnty

(]eut;jW. H. Norton, Recorder; Charles Tiiylor. City Attorney; O. M. Meade and C. A. Wlieaton, .fuslices of the Peaee; J. L. Heywood, Treasurer; Elias Hobbs, Chief of Police. The better class of citizens have always held the offices, and the administration of the city governraeut has been without opportunity for adverse criticism.

The ]}resent officers are as follows: Mayor, G. M. Phillips; Aldermen - First Ward, E. Lockwood and J. Handy; Second Ward, O. T. Lysue and .T. B. Hyde; Third Ward, F. A. Noble and August Ebel; Recorder, G. H. Coon; Treasurer, H. B. dress; Chief of Police, William Russell: Fire Warden, S. S. Dickinson; Street Commissioner, S. S. Noteman ; Justices of the Peace, T. H. Streeter and O. M. Meade; Health Officers, H. L. Coon, M. D., and .T. S. Hoskius.

The industrial and manufacturing interests of a community, as well as of the country, lorm as it were the bone and sinew of ]jrosperoiis life, and like the agricultural interests, are one of the ground principles upon which depends, to a great extent, tht; success of all other branches of trade. The benefits arising from industrial enterprise are innumerable. It develops the various resources of the country, builds up cities and villages, and is naturally beneficial to all classes of business men - the merchant, mechanic, and laborer - alike, and in very many instances throughout the country, the rapid growth of cities and towns is due to tlie <'xchisive agency of some manufacturing enterprise-. The al)Ove is no less true in the case of Northiield; although comparatively young in industrial growth, the good effects are nevertheless readily observed, and the rapid and increased growtli of this particular branch of the business interests of the jjlace is the best evidence that could be afforded in maintenance of tlie theory presented.

Fiijs'r Saw-Mili.. - Mr. North built the first saw-mill, as he states in his it^tter; It was an oldfashioned mill, although it had, in addition to the vertical saw, a circular that would cut a board not exceeding twelve inches wide. This mill was run in an intermittent way for about ten years by Mr. North and Mr. Ames, and was afterwards purchased by the latter.

they arrived the event was duly celebrated by the firing of anvils - the only available cannon - and guns, and other demonstrations of joy. It was jilaced up the river just outside of the village ]ilat and run for about three years and disposed of to parties in Stillwater. The cost of operating in the hard woo \ lumlier, it was claimed, was too great to allow a margin for profits.

Van Buskiuk Buotheks' Machine Shops. - In 187(i, a feed mill was established near the railroad station, but it was soon discontinued as .such, and remodeled into a foundry and machine shop.

Wyman'.s S.\sh, Doou, and Blind Factory. - This was erected in 18(i7, by Daniel Wyman, and run for about four years, when it was destroyed by tire. It stood south of the depot, where the planing mill now is. It was one of the best establishments in the State and had a saw-mill conconnected with it, and a full complement of modern machinery.

A sash, door, and blind factory was put up in 1859, by Pease & Clarry, down the river (m the east bank. After about two years the machinery was sold and the building, after a time, was removed to the farm of Mr. S. Bunday.

Ckeameu MANUiWCTORY. - This estalilishment was started in 1879, for the manufacture of the '- Cooley Creamer," a piece of furniture to faoilitite the handling of cream, which is made in two sizes. No. 4 and No. 6, representing the number of cans they hold. The first proprietors were Whittier k Huut, l)ut the firm soon Viecame Whittier k Camp. In the sjiring of 1882, the firm was changed to Whittier & Ensign, the names of the members being C. F. Whittier and W. E. Ensign. Its location is on Water street and employs about six men.

.Iesse Ames' Sons Flouring Mills. - The first Hour-mill built here was on the east side of the river in 18.5(5, by J. W. North. It was a two run mill operated by water, and was run for several years by the builder, I,)ut finally sold to C. A. Wheaton who added another run of stones, and it continued to grind as a custom mill till 18(!4 or'G5, when it went into the hands of Jesse Ames & Sons, who rebuilt and enlarged the capacity to seventy - five barrels a day and operated it as a meriihant mill. Tlie mill was thus run until ISOil, since when it has been ns(Hl as a custom mill, and it is now under the management of Felix Collett who heljied

TiiK New Mill on the west side of tlie river was liiiilt by Jesse Ames .*c Sons in 1809, and was set in o])erati(in that winter witli six nin of stones and the ability to turn out 151) barrels in twentyfonr hours. In 1875, the seventh run was put in with new bolting arrangements to earry it u]) to 175 barrels a day. In 1879, thirty-tivc feet were added to the height, making it five stories al)Ove the basement; steam power was also added at this time in the form of an Atlas Corli.ss engine of two hundred horse-power. At the same time a complete transformation of the grinding machinery was made, and to-day the establishment exhibits tlie following schedule : Ten double sets of Ellis' corrugated rolls, nine double sets of Smith's rolls, two single sets, one set of Stevens' scratch rolls, four centrifugal rolls, seventeen Smith's purifiei-s, twenty-five reels, three run of .stones, with smuttera, cockle machines, and the other apparatus usually found in a first class mill. It now manufactures 400 barrels of fine tiour in twenty-four hours. The water-power is derived from a hea<l of nine feet on the Cannon River, and is transmitted by two Victor turbine wheels, forty-eight inches in diameter The establishment emjikiys about twentv-five men, and the elevator capacity is 40,000 bushels of wheat: the bran house will hold about 200 tons, the storage capacity for Hour is 1,800 barrels, and there is a wood yard that will hold several thousand cords. It is claimed that this mill was the first in the State to turn out the new process flour, and that the first patent flour used in St. Paul was from this establishment. Gen. Ames, one of the sons, lives in New York and handles tlie Hour for the market. The value of such a mill io the city and country is very great.

It should be noted that at the international exhibition in I'hiladelphia in 1870, this mill received the highest marking of any straight Hour at the - exposition.

In connection with the mills there is a machine shop, under tlie supervision of Felix CoUett, Jr.^ where repairing is done and much new machinery turned out, emjiloying several men.

railroad company at the time of the completion of the road, and they still own it. It is 75x100 feet and handles 200,000 bushels of grain annuiiUy. It is operated by Ames k Archibald under the personal management of George Grevy.

The railroad was compleled in bSOo, and the j)resent station immediately built, also an elevator which at once began to receive grain. The grading was begun in 18G0, but during the war work was susjieuded, but subsequently resuni"d and the tracklayers reached this point in September, and made their way towards Faribault.

Citizens NATioNAii Bank of Noktiifield. - This flanking house was established in January, 1878, by W. H. Norton, who was president, and A. W. Nortcm casliier. The capital was .S25,000. The present bank building was erected by Mr. Norton, the president, and in September of that year the bank was regularly organized under tlie State law with a capital of ^50,000. In 1880, A. W. Norton, tlie cashier, died, and he was succeeded by W. H. Norton. *

FiitsT National Bank. - Tliis banking institution was originally established with a banking capital of ^50,000, which has been increased to the present capital of .§100,000. This bank was the scene of the attempted robbery liy the Younger Brothers gang, which is given in full elsewhere.

There is a very ellicieiit lire department in Nortlitield. It was at first organized on a small scale about 1873, as a hook and ladder company, and in 18S0, a force ))ump was procured aud attached to the Ames mill, with sutlicient power, with suitable hose, to throw water as far as Dundas if necessary. The Ames mill ofi'ered to furnish power whenever it should be recjuired for ti u years. The present chief of the dejiartment is J. H. Lawrence, and James Anderson is a.ssistant, witli luNidquarters in the City Hall or engine room.

On the 12th of March. 1880. the City Council authorized the Mayor and Keeorder to issue bonds to the amount of $4,500, for the purpose of procuring fire apparatus.

The City Hall engine house was erected in 1880. There are accommodations for the fire engine and other apparatus on the first floor and the Council chanilier above. It is 20x00 feet, and in addition to the two stories has a ba.sement, the cost being

Police Force

Of course while Northfield was still a town the constables, or a dejiuty sheriff, il: there happened to be one in town, were supposed to be the official guardians of the peace and the preservers of law and order. When the village government was instituted, the marshal was supposed to stand between the people and the elements of turbulence. When, however, Northfield became a city, that metropolitan luxury, a police force, made its appearance, and it has existed ever since. The force, as at first organized, consisted of a Chief and Assistant. The first Chief was John B. Horner, the next was Elias Hobbs. The present Chief of Police is William Bussell, with two Assistants in the persons of R. C. Ingalls and William Campbell.

In the fall of 1855, a Post-office was established about a mile and a half west of Northfield, called "Fountain Grove." Charles Wheeler, who^was the second Sheriff of the county, was the Postmaster. After some mouths it was removed to Northfield. Charles Knight was afterwards Postmaster. It kept in a shanty on the land now owned by William Childs, and remained there until the summer of 1856, when it was removed into a "lean-to" connected with Jones' store, and John E. Kennedy was commissioned to handle the mail. Mrs. Hattie Kingsley was next in order and held the office for a number of years, and then J. W. Sebberson and afterwards Cutlaf and S. H. Freuch, the latter of whom is the present Postmaster.

Educational

The first school opeded in Northfield was in the fall or winter of 1856, and it was called to order by Rollins Olin, who had twenty-five scholars in the little frame building put up for the purpose that year. This building was made to answer the requirement with considerable pressure up to 18G1, at which time another was put uj) at a cost $6,000, on the same site, and which was the envy of neighboring districts for a wide range. Six lots were bought and both buildings were used as there were a sufficient number of children to fill them. This consolidated school lasted until the building was sold to the St. Olaf College. It was used as a school for about two years wheu it was moved over to their place and is now one of their halls.

Tn 1874, an Independent school district was organized and a large commodious bmlding erected at a cost of $30,000. It occupies a place on a whole square, next to the public park, and is a fine appearing building of pressed brick, three stories high, and a liberal basement story. It is sufficient to state that it has all the modern school improvements, and standing as it does near the Cimgregationalist church, and not far from the college buildings, it does not suffer in comparison with them, but is a worthy companion for those stately buildings alike devoted to educational purposes.

The contract for the erection of the edifice was awarded to James Boyd, of St. Paul, who did all the carpenter work for $12,114, and to J. E. Boyd, & Co., of Minneapolis, who were to do all the mason work for -'ii8,494.50; the aggregate amount for these two jorincipal items in the construction of the building being .$20,608.50.

Tke present school officers are: Directors, O. F. Perkins, President; J. T. Ames, Treasurer; W. S. Pattee, and A. F. King; Secretary, A. Noble.

The teachers are: Principal, S. F. Brady; As sistant, Miss Williams; Miss Delia Parks, Miss Hattie A. Field, Miss Catharine Bingham, Miss Jameson, Miss Agusta Riddle, Miss Wheeler, and Miss Leota Bailey.

A school adapted to the purpose of educating the Scandinavian youth who may desire it in this community, was started early in the seventies in this city and kept for three years. A building was then erected which now stands on a commanding eminence near the western boundary of the city. It was built by subscription, and is of stone, visible at a great distance. The cost was $18,000, and it is still unfinished, although it is in good condition to accommodate the 100 pupils who are in attendance. In addition to the college building there is what is known as Ladies' Hall, a structure 45x55 feet, and devoted to residence as well as instruction purposes. The college was opened in 1874. The management is vested in thirteen trustees. The I'oUowiug are the officers of the institution: President, Rev. B. J. Muus; Vicepresident, N. A. Quannen; Treasurer, B. J. Muus; Secretary, T. N. Mohn.

Mr. Mohn is the principal of the school and the manager of the institution, residing vnthin its walls. The assistant teachers are Rev. O. G. Felland and A. Egge, A. B. Vocal and instrumental music. Miss M. O'Brien.

Courses Of Study

"The school is especially adapted to the purposes of the American youth, of Scandinavian parentage, who desire a thorough practical education and hence the foHowing Iiranelies are predominant:

Carleton College o\yes its origin, primarily, to Mr. C. M. Goodsell, late of Nortlifield, who came to Minnesota with the purpose of establishing somewhere within its limits a Christian College - a sort of Northwestern Oberlin. That purpose w.is made known (o several of the older clergymen, some of whom had tbought much upon the subject and were deeijly interested. These ministers, among whom Revs. Charles Shedd, Edward Brown, Charles Secombe, Ricluird Hall, and David Burt should be specially named, consulted together, and in 1HG4, the State Conference of Congregational Churches, in accordance with a resolution drawn by Mr. Brown, appointed a committee to consider the feasibility of founding such an institution. Two years later, after having visited the several places which had sought to secure tho location of the proposed college within their limits, the committee reported unanimously in favor of Nortlifield.

Here, in this beautiful town, situated on the Cannon River and the Chicago, Milwaukee k St. Paul Railroad, the college was located on a commanding eminence overlooking a pi(^turesque valley and rich surrounding country. The grounds donated by citizens of Nortlifield embraced nearly twenty-five acres, which, together with the money raised by them, represented about -'$25,000. A large building that had been used as a hotel was purchased and fitted up for the immediate use of the preparatory department, which was opened on the 25th of September, 1867, under the charge of Horace Goodhue, Jr., a graduate of Dartmouth College. For three years the school went on, the trustees of the college, which had been incorporated, laboring with great zeal for its advancement. Pecuniary pledges in various parts of the State had been made to the extent of $12,000', but a sum larger than could possibly be realized was required to meet the current expenses which had been already incurred. There were no funds for new liuildings, the students were few. Mr. Goodsell had died in May, the seeking for a man from the East to take charge of the school had been in vain, and the prospf ct of raising up an institution here that would fulfill the hopes of its friends and projectors seemed unjjromising.

In Septemlier, 1870, the trustees proceeded to open a collegiate department, and elected Rev. James M. Strong, the pastor of the Congregational church in Faribault, as President. He had been from the first one of the trustees, and knew its past history and present wants. On the 13th of October another meeting of the board was held, and there were several noted clergymen present were in attendance upon the Congregational Confiu'ence. A number of them were called into the council in relation to the college, they were Rev. Dr. Ray Palmer, Rev. Dr. Clapp, and Rev. Dr. William Barrows. Mr. Strong conchuleJ to accept, and on the next day the meeting of the conference was devoted to the young college, and to show the situation of affairs, and under what circumstances this college was started we will allow an eye witness to tell the story.

Wonderfod Meeting

"It was a wonderful meeting. So soon as the decision of the trustees was announced in Conference, the Holy Spirit seemed to take possession of the assembly. Men prayed that that border land, not. far as yet from wigwams, might be dedicated to Christian learning ; and that farms and ballots and juries might come up under the sunlight of the decalogue. These prayers wandered off into blessed visions. Tiien remarks grew out of the prayers, that they must raise up, on the ground, the ministry and the intelligent and virtuous merchants, farmers, and mechanies, that the new coiuitry needed. Some one mentioned the little beginnings, right among the Indians, of Old Harvard and Dartmouth, and it gave such courage, that poor men became rich, in faith, and women broke forth into singing.

Between the songs and the prayers short speeches were filtered in.olosing with subscriptions - -the very best figures of speech for such an occasion. Men of Amherst, Yale, Dartmouth, and Williams said that they must plant as good a college there, and named their subscription. The meeting increased in wonder, and we of the East were amazed at the broad views, long forecastings, and exurbent benevolence of those men and women of the prairies. It does make some diflerence in a man's views whether the next hill is the Rocky Mountains, or just over the brook back of the red schoolhouse. Thirty-seven donations were made, and their hearty consecration to learning made each a little fortune.

The miscellany of donors was typical of a wide interest. Four of them were women, two were families, three handled land, others handled goods or mechanical tools, or agricultural, and one fresh meat. Seventeen of them were ministers, and mostly missionaries, and about as rich as Peter anil John when they went to a prayer meeting once and met a lame man. How we all wept when one man, who had better gifts than that of public speaking, with a choked utterance, pledged twenty dollars, and said it was for his boy in heaven who died in the army. One stalwart missionary, who told me his family burials had kept pace with his field all the way from Ohio to Minnesota, said he had no money, never expected to have, and the brethren knew it; but he could' not lose his chance in so splendid a work. He offered a fine colt, that was entered at forty dollars - more than the sheep given to Cambridge College its second year. The new president quietly remarked that no boys would be allowed to ride a "pony" on college grounds. Another brother, so good, hard-working and poor, whose parish I have seen east of the Merrimac and west of the Mi ssouri, offered his twenty dollars in three ann^ial payments. He knew of the logs and spades around the foundation of Illinois College. Vanderbilt, in his donations, never came up to that twenty-dollar man in proportion to his property. Then how we took heart and sung and offered thansgiving when six thousand dollars were pledged. One church was pledged for one hundred and six dollars, while a modest lady, through her husband, put down five hundred. Scores of thousands, and the name of the college followed that donation, in good family descent. A young missionary offered twenty-five dollars out of the closing quarter of his scanty salary. Just over the river from his hired log parsonage was the Indian. He said the logs, shy oteaeh other, left the cabin well ventilated, and the puncheon floor yawned with cracks, but neither he nor his young wife had any jewelry to lose through; and his four chairs were stout and good if they were borrowed; and as he would never have another chance so favorable to found a college, he must take part. A secretary, private agent to get rid of "unabridged" money, depiived the happy subscriber of the luxury of paying the amount.

So we went through the meeting and took the thirty-seven subscriptions, and when the close came, the people were too happy to take the benediction and separate.

Probably there have been few meetings beyond the Alleghanies more joyful or devout, or more fruitful for Christ's kingdom. When the meeting opened, the total property of the institution was estimated at $15,000, and the subscriptions of that afternoon were $16,44(5. True, that subscription would easily disappear in the high, artistic finish and furniture of a room or two in .some eastern halls of learning, benevolently built, but it went very far toward ptittiug, already hundreds, and by and by thousands of youtli, well trained in letters, the scienees, and morals, into our young and gigantic West."

President Strong at onoe bent all his energies to the work of putttug the College on its feet, and during that fall came tlie earnest of future gifts in the form of eighteen hundred dollars from Mr. William Carleton and Miss Susan Willis, both of Charlestown, Massachusetts, who had become interested in this young College of the Northwest. Their interest seemed to be greatly increased by President Strong's providential preservation from death by railroad accident, at Hartford, Connecticut, in December of that year. Soon after sulliciently rec(jvering from his injuries to reach his home, in the spring of 1871, he received for the college from Mr. Carleton the unconditional gift of SiiO,000. This princely donation at once insured the success of tlie hitherto struggling institution, to which, in grateful acknowledgement, and by unanimous vote of the Board, the donor's name was given. A subsequent gift of ten thousand dollars from Miss Willis, was acknowledged by calling the central college building "Willis Hall."

These early, and at that time unprecedented, gifts to the college were supplemented liy many others, both at home and abroad. In 1872, nearly nine thousand dollars were promised by the churches of the State; and from the same sources came, in 1875, for the endowment of the Chair of Physical Science, pledges amounting to over twenty thousand dollars. Of this amount the citizens of Northfield, who have from the first cherished this institution with singular civic pride, gave more than one-third. The gifts of Minnesota to the college have aggregated over one hundred thousand dollars, and nearly one-half of this amount has been received from Northfield. Fifteen thousand dollars were raised in New England, in 1875. Thus the funds of the college steadily increased, enabling it to enlarge its educational facilities, and attain a commanding position among the institutions of learning in the West.

The erection of the college building was completed and it was formally dedicated on Thursday, the 19th of December, 1872. In June, 1871. the "College Society," at a meeting in New Haven,

Connecticut, on motion of Rev. Dr. Bacon, "Carleton College was duly endorsed and recognized as a member of the brotherhood of colleges." And from this time the college began a career of usefulness which it is gratifying to know still continues, sunny skies replacing the gloom which had hung over its prospects. Professor Payne was secui'ed about this time, and with his enthusiasm in Mathematics and .\stronomy, infu.sed new life into every department of Carleton. In due time the Observatory was added, with its practical astronomical and meteorological observations, aided by the costly apparatus which will be more fully described further on. In 1872, the title of Doctor of Divinity, which had been so clearly earned, was conferred ubon the President, Rev. Dr. J. W. Strong, as he was thereafter called. . He had secured pledges during 1872 and '73 to the amount of eight thousand dollars. In 1874 and "75, over fifteen thousand dollars was raised by him in New England. During the year 1875, seven thousand were pledged by the friends of the college in Northfield on' condition that thirteen thousand more could be raised on or before the 1st of January, 187G. This Wiis for the purpo.se of endowing the (Hiair of Physical Science. The task \\;is undertaken by the indefatigable President, and after a weary and dilflcult canvass, on the last of December, he returned with the whole sum made up, when he was confronted with a telegram revoking one bequest of one thousand dollars,thus jeopardizing the whole amount, l)ut prompt and decisive work secured the deficiency, and on the 1st of January the whole sum was pledged, and a surplus of four hundred dollars.

The institution has been particularly fortunate in its teachers, who have been earnest, self-sacrificing, and devoted in the luost intelligent way to the best interests of the school.

The relationship to the General Congregational Conference involves no jurisdiction over the College, as there is no corporate connection, but it is one of friendship and community of interest, and that body through a committee yearly in([uires after its welfare to leaiu what good offices it can render. On the board of trustees are representatives of other denominations, and it relies U|.on the letter of no Catechism, and inculcates the formulas of no creed, lint it is nevertheless the seminary for the inculcation of the teachings of Chris- tianity as exemplified by Congregationalism as it exists to-Jay in the teachings from its thousand pulpits all over this broad land. From the very nature of the case, Carleton College is a home missionary and a potent instrumentality in forming public sentiment.

On the 23d of December, 1879, Willis Hall, containing the library, cabinet, and recitation rooms, was destroyed by fire. The utmost vigilance was used to save the valuable things contained in the different departments, such as the valuable library and furniture connected therewith. The books were hurriedly barried to the Observatory. A large share of the Museum was saved, and considerable of the valuable apparatus in the Laboratory, more or less damaged. One of the most important instruments carried from the burning building was the grand piano, which, with some risk, was safely landed on the outside.

Fortunately for the college institutiim and for Professor Payne individually, the many and costly astronomical iustruments were safely located in the Observatory, and all unharmed. The insurance and the building ($12,000) was divided as follows :

Professor Sj)erry lost almost his entire library, containing encyclopanlias, dictionarie.s, medical and scientific books; a quantity of valuable mineral and geological specimens, tents, bedding, and camp equipage, three trunks containing a quantity of summer and extra clolhing, a fine double piano-leg study table with drawer containing clipj)ing8, memorandas, lectures, etc., the whole having a cash value of nearly $1,000 - upon which, fortunately, he had an insurance of $500.

The energy and devotion of the officers of the College were again placed in special recjuisition and convenient temixirary quartc^rs were secured.

Meantime a deep and widely extended sympathy for the College was awakened. The citizens of Northfield, and others in the State, again generously tendered their aid, and old and new friends at the East rose up to help the institution. With the gifts thus ofl'ered, together with the money received from insurance, WilUs Hall was rebuilt on an improved plan; a greatly-needed building for scientific purposes was erected, and the foundation of a not less-needed Ladies" Hall was laid.

Thus, through judicious management on the part of its officers, and the- generosity of Christian friends, its grow th has been unprecedented. Besides assistants, its faculty now consists of thirteen professors and teachers who devote their whole time to the work of instruction. During the past year, over three hundred students were enrolled in the different departments.

Four courses of study have been arranged. Three of them, the Classical, the Literary, and the Scientific, are collegiate courses - each covering four yeaj-s. after full preparatory work has been completed; and one is au English course, designed for those who cannot secure a more thorough education. While students may jmrsue elective studies, selecting from a wide range, degrees are conft'rred only upon those who complete satisfactorily one of the prescribed collegiate courses. Full provision is made for instruction in Art, in Elocution, and in both Vocal and In. strumental Music. A special course in Pure Mathematics and Practical Astronomy is now offered.

As an item which may be interesting reailing years hence, when the changed values and circumstances may make the figures representing the cost of an education here appear grotesijue, the i'ollowing card is printed:

"Boarding Depaktment. - The boarding department and the domestic affairs of the College family at Ladies' Hall are committed to the direction of the Matron, under the general supervision of the executive committee. It is designed, so far as possible, to secure for every youg lady entering the family, the influences and privileges of a Christian home. All the lady teachers reside there, and board at the same table with the students. Gentlemen students who ]jrefer to do so, may also take their meals at Ladies' Hall. It is not tlesignetl to make the Boarding Hall a source of profit to the College, but to furuish to teachers aud students good and acceptable board at the lowest practicable rate.

Term bills are due at the beginning of each term, and board bills every four weeks in advance. No term bills are made out for less than half a term.

No deductions are made, except in case of sickness which continues for a month or more, unless by special agreement when the student enters.

Students ordinarily can sujiply themselves with wood at an expense of from $4 to .'55 per cord; and those wishing board in private families (including room, fuel, and lights) can secure it at from S3.50 to .S4.00 per week. Furnished rooms, without board, are obtained at SI. 00 per week.

Applications for board and rooms should be made as early as possible. Inquiries relating to studies, classes, text-books, and examinations may be addressed to any of the instructors, but all general correspondence should be directed to Jas. W. Strong, -President,

The Observatory of Carletim College is near the east side of the campus. The main building is twenty feet square, and, from the ground to the top of the dome, thirty-three feet high. There arc two wings, each twelve by fifteen feet and fifteen feet high, with Hat roof. It fronts to the south, with a total length of fifty feet. The west wing contains the transit instrument and the chronograph. On the first floor of the main building is the small room fur the portable instniments and their accessories, the pier for the astronomical clocks, telegraph oftice, computing room, and circular stairway, leading to the equatorial room in the dome.

The central ei|Uatorial pier starts nine and onehalf feet below the surface of the ground, has a footing of large Hat stone in a vein of coarse gravel, is built circular with a diameter of eight feet, and is of solid masonry in cement to a height of three feet above the groud. The well containing the pier is curbed with a dry stone wall from the l)ottom to the surface of the ground, bo that the pier may stand independent of the ground from its base. Above the first floor it is built of brick in a circular form to the upper surface of the second floor, and capped with a stone three and one-half feet in diameter and eight inches thick. The entire height of the pier is twenty-six feet. The j)ier for the transit instrument is made in a similar manner, except that it is rectangular in shape.

The second story of the building is devoted to the equatorial room which is circular and sixteen feet in diameter. It is a little more than sixteen feet from the floor to the highest point of the dome. The dome is a hemisphere, and rests on twelve sheaved rollers, and it is revolved by machinery at the pleasure of the observer. The ribs are of pine covered without with tin painted nearly white, within with canvas kalsomined blue.

A Clark equatorial telescope, eight and onefourth inches aperture, ten and one-half feet focal length, with a Bond spring governor driving clock and a full battery of eye-pieces with jiowers ranging from 50 to 800. The micrometer is of the late Burnham pattern furnishing the best bright wire illumination now in use.

Two Howard clocks, mean time, and sidereal, numbered respectively 196 and 195. Both are furnished with electrical break-circuit attachments for time and longitude work.

History Of Rice Gountt

Time Service. - The time service of the Observatory began October 23d, 1878, immediately after the new clocks were regulated, the Northwestern Telegraph Company (now Western Union) having previously asked for the time, and having run a telegraph line to the Observatory and furnished it with an office.

The daily electrical time-signals are given by the mean-time clock itself, which has a breakcircuit attachment operated by a small wheel on the shaft of the second hand which has thirtyone teeth spaced to represent two seconds of time except fhrer, which give continuous seconds, to mark the close of each minute. This clock is placed in a local circuit with ajipliances for cuttiug it into the main telegraph line for daily noon signals.

By arrangement with the railroad companies the meau-time clock is put into line daily at 11 o'clock and 57 minutes, so that three full minute signals may be given, the last stroke of the third minute being understood to mark the time of twelve exactly. Until quite recently the distribution of the time to the railroads has been effected in the followiug manner:

Th(> prnici]ial offices of resort of the companies terminating lines in St. Paul aud Minneapolis have wire connection with the main office of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway for the purpose of time. In this way the Observatory clock has daily given its three-minute signals over the main lines of these companies. The branch lines use the same time, but it is repeated over them by hand. When the main line.^ are thus connected the clock has given its break-circuit signals over 128.') miles of wire in six different States and Territories, ranging from Kansas City to St. Paul, Winona, and McOregor of Iowa. For a few weel.s recently, the signal has been modified by reversing the points of the relay in the local circuit, for the purpose of a muki-rircnil signal on the main lines. A five-minute signal attachment has also been applied to the clock that time balls may be dropped, at noon, daily in Cfmnection with the railroad time service, (.\rraiigenients are already made to drop a time-ball in r:ii'h of the cities of St. Paul and

Minneapolis, the apparatus for the same now beinp; in hand. ) This five-minute attachment, as it is called, is a plain disk, connected with the train of the clock so as to revolve once in five minutes, and a portion of the circumference representing fourteen seconds is cut away. It is, of course, in the local clock- circuit and serves to keep that circuit closed, and hence the main line open during the fourteen seconds preceding the aixtietli one before noon. This interval of ojjen line gives opportunity to connect time-balls and electrically controlled clocks with the Observatoi-y clock for the purpose of giving the noon signal publicly to cities and the railway companies in various ways. Distribution of the Time. - The following r.iilway companies take the Northfield meridian time directly or indirectly, and use it over their lines without local change except at distant points:

The last two companies do not take the time directly from the Observatory, but from jewelers in the city of St. Paul, who receive our daily signals. The Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha company have recently placed three of Dudley's electrically controlled regulators on its main line at St. James, St. Paul, and Eau Claire, Wisconsin. Tbese clocks are so constructed that they mav be set on true time by the Northfield clock daily by telegraph. This has been done forthe hist three mouths.

The Observatory is iu telegraphic connection with Washin^'ton, and is placed on the list of the Smithsonian Institution for free communication of astronomical discovery Its exact geographical position is Latitude, W degrees, 27 minutes, -t().8 seconds; Longitude, 1 hour, 4 minutes, 23.8 seconds west of Washington.

Advanced Coukse in MATiiKMATies and As- TuoNOMT. - In erecting the observatory the object was threefold: 1, To give instruction to undergraduate students; 2, To olTer an opiiortunity for a comjjlete course of study iu pure mathematics and practical astronomy ; and 3, To aid in original investigation.

With the present facilities, these three lines of work have been undertaken, and unexpected success has attended each. The latitude of the Observatory was determined by Professor B. F. Thomas (now of the Universitv of Missouri) in - 1879, by the Talcott method, using a VVurdemanu two-inch zenith telescope, loaned by Lieut. Edward Maguier, Chief Engineer of the Department of Dakota. In 1880, the jjresent director of the Observatory re-determined it, using the same instrument and method, and obtained the result given above, which varies but a few hundreths of a second from that obtained one year before by Professor Thomas. In October, 1880, by the courtesy of the last officer named and Lieut. O. B. Wheeler, of the Lake Survey, the longitude of the Observatory was determined, the Coast Survey meridian of St. Paul being the base of operation. Independent reductions of these observations showed the longitude of the Observatory to be 14.3 seconds west of St. Paul and hence from Wa.shington, as named above. Original, elementary, or class work of some kind is going im constantly, in the midst of which the director aims to keep iu mind and fittingly to express the true relation of the Creator to his own works.

Mathematical Libkart. - The library to aid the special study of mathematics and astronomy consists of about 800 volumes. It contains standard works from the Bryant collection, with additional purchases, and the published observations <yf Washington and other leading observatories iu the world. Mr. T. Dwight Townseud, of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, has loaned to tlie Observa tory his library oi rare and valii:iblc works on mathematics ami pliilosophy. The ( )lisiivatory is in need of abetter lilirary.

GOVEKNMHNT SuiNAL STATION. During tlie summer of 1881, the government designated (3arletoii College as a voluntary signal station, and furnished the necessarj' instriunents for observation and monthly report to Washington. The College supplied further apparatus needed to make the station first-class in every particular. Daily observations are recorded according to the Washington rules, weekly averages by request, are sent to a large number of country newspapers, and monthly reports are regularly sent to Washington.

The Sidbhkal Messenoer. - The latest step taken by the Observatory in the interest of its general work, is the beginning of an astronomical periodical, under the name given above. The first number was published iu March la.st, and it will continue iu monthly issues, except July and September of each year, The subscription price, per year, is .'$2. The work is adapted to those interested in popular astronomy because of its plainly-worded articles, and it will be helpful to the student or amateur observer. It is the only publication of the kind in the United States.

CoNCLDSioN. - As a fitting close of this sketch of Carleton College, which to-day is so much larger than Harvard or Yale was at several times its age,an account of the closing exercises of the year 1882, from the local press, is printed here, and if changes in all that pertains to civilization are as radical for the next one hundred years as has been witnessed in the last century, this will be rich reading to the graduates of that day:

Commencement Dat

The attractions of a beautiful June day added to the usual magnetic attractions of Commencement Day, brought together an immense multitude of people this morning, filling every inch of available space in the commodious audience room of the Congregational church. The room itself, attractive and pleasant in its appointments, was rendered especially so by elaborate floral decorations. The organ loft at the rear of the rostrum was a bower of beauty. Upon the organ, covered with evergreen, stood a large harp, also of evergreen, with golden harp strings, and on either side was a massive mound of foliage and flowers. At either side of the platform stood large masses of tropical leaves and blossoms. Above all was draped in letters of gold on a back-gound of blue the classmotto: "Noil Finita sell Bnita."

Soon after the appointed hour, 10 o'clock, the members of the Board of Trustees and Faculty of the College filed to their seats upon the platform, whereupon Danz' orchestra struck up Wiegand's '-Popular Songs," and the exercises went on apace.

Dr. F. A. Noble, of Chicago," in a fervent prayer invoked the Divine blessing upon the interests of education in general, upon the interests of Carleton College in particular, and upon the exercises of the day and those who in them close their college days.

At the close of the prayer. Governor Hubbard, Professor Kiehle, and Rev. E. S. Williams of Minneapolis, were led to seats upon the ])latform amid applause.

In well-chosen Latin periods Miss Mary E. (Trittiin said in turn to the audience, the President the Trustees, the Faculty, her class-mates and college-mates, fudutamim.

The first oration of the day was delivered by Byron Abbott, on "Democracy in Europe." Starting with the jjroposition "The history of the world is the history of liberty," Mr. Abbott traced the history of Democracy in Europe, showing the steady growth of principles of freedom.

Selden Bacon in his oration endeavored to answer the question, "Will the French Republic Endure?" Though finding some causes for fear, in the character of the people and the complicated political inheritance from the j)ast, Mr. Bacon concluded that the prospect was bright and brightening, and that the French republic will endure.

Wuerst's "Under the Balcony," rendered by the string quintette, was followed - by the cration of Wm. T. Bill, who spoke of " The True Destination of Philosophy," and said in substance: The true object of philosophy is the ac([uisition of truth by a study of the facts of the universe without and the universe within, matter and mind, and a tracing of their causes. In the past much error has been associated with philosophy, but progressive philosophy is leaving its mistaken j)rinciples behind and advancing toward the ideal philosophy.

" The Unknown God " was the thctne of the classical oration of Charles C. Wheelock. After referring to the scene in Athens where Paul waa^ inspired by the humble altar and its significant inscription to deliver bis eloquent adiiress, the speaker developed the thought that the idea of a supreme being was universal among men. It lias m uiifested itself in various forms and phases among different nations, and finally in its true, form in the "Man of Nazareth."

Areturus Z. Oonral argued that "Strong Conviction is the Vital Element of Progre.ss " in his oration. The intinence of this mighty power makes itself felt upon individuals, developing in them sineerity,decision, courage, and independence, and has given us the heroes and martyrs of history. It exerts its magic power upon society and intious, and causes revolutions and reformations, which mark the progress of mankind.

The audience rested itself by rising while the orchestra jjlayed the "Reign of Venus" waltz, after which Mr. Hale H. Cook orated in answer to the question, " For What Will Our Age be Remembered?" To XMY age, said he, much has been given, and of it much will be required. What is it which pre-eminently makes and is to make memorable our age? Ours is the age of development, past ages have been ages of discovery, this is the age of development. Its iuHuence is mak ing its stamp upon science, philosophy and morals of the age.

Miss Emily M. Brown, in her philosophical oration, discussed " Mysticism," which she defined as a belief in a direct and immediate intercourse between man and his maker, as one of the many theories man has made in his search after and study of divinity and infinity. Mysticism and skepticism are the two extremes. The one believes too much, the other too little. Mysticism is scarcely less baneful than skepticism, and ought to receive the attention and opposition of champions of truth, not lies.

"The Citizen of the Future " was the subject of an oration by William V. Powell. The advance of civilization is placing more and more responsibility upon the individual, the government of the future is to be the republic of ths present perfected. The citizen of the future must be qualified tor his position and prerogative by the characteristics of integrity and honor.

The orchestra held the audience spell-hound by the soft strains of the "Turkish Patrol," and thereupon Mr. Merrill A. Robinson held their attention -_ by his presentation of the "Mission of the Educator." It is the privilege and duty of the educator to train and cultivate young and plastii; mdividuality, which is to play so important a part in society and government. He stands at the point where to start the rivulets which will soon become the groat rivers, and ho may and does, to a large extent, dire?t their future course.

Lynn C. Skinner portrayed the wonderful character and career of Savouasola, the Italian reformer, whose noble struggle in life and death for principle and fellow men marks him one of the greatest martyrs of the world.

The last oration of the day was that of William A. Selleck, who made " Historic Perspective " his theme. Greatness, he argued, is a relative term, circumstances, times, and conditions modify conceptions of things and events. In the historic perspective we see things in their true relations, nations in their' proper bearings. By forecasting the future perspective of our country many facts and features of our natural life are made to stand out bi'f(jre us more cl<>tirly. And now we turn to the narrower perspective of college life.

The Valedictory. - Mr. Selleck addressed successively President Strong, the Board of Trustees, the Faculty, the citizens of Northfleld, and his classmates and schoolmates appro])riate w<irds of farewell, infusing into the common-place valedictory an unusual amount of good sense and good sentiment.

Presentation of Diplomas. - After music liy the orchestra. President Strong, with the permission of Professor Noycs, president of the Board of Trustees, presented the diplomas. To the following were given degrees of bachelor of arts:

The President stuteil that the Trustees had instructed him to state that those who had completed the Englisli course of the College should Lot take part in the commencement exercises or receive degrees. He then presented to Misses Esther E. Adair, of Owatonna, and Ruth E. Reed, of Lime Springs, Iowa, certificates of graduation in the English course.

The Award or Pk[zes. - Next in order was the announcement of the prizes, which were made by the Chairmen of the committees, who acted as judges. Rev. Mr. Kendall, of Northfield, after a few interfating and amusing remarks, presented to C. D. Decker, of the senior prejjaratcry class, the jirize for the best declamation, and to P. E. Kent the prize for the best essay.

Rev. Mr. Brown, of Owatonna, with pleasant words of congratulation and counsel, gave to E. K. Cheadle, of the junior class, the prize for the best argument in debate; to Mr. F. N. Dickson, of the freshman class, $10.50 of the freshman prize, and to Miss Clieadle the remaining .f8.50 of the prize. President Strong announced that the Reeve prize for perfect deportment and highest scholarship was awarded to Mi.ss Emily Brown of the senior class.

Tlie exercises, which were throughout more than usually interesting, were concluded with the benediction pronounced by Prof Kiehle, State superintendent of jjublic instruction.

The Dinneb. - Immediately after the exercises at the church a large number of invited guests, including tlie graduating class, trustees, faculty, alumni, and friends, repaired to the dining room at the Ladies' Hall. Here they found tables well laden with good things, to winch they did ample justice. The feast was elaborate in all its parts and Pet and served in attractive Rtyle.

As soon as a moderate degree of order could be secured. President Strong said it was time for the intelltctual fea.st to begin, and called Prof. Noyes to the chair, who, after a few remarks, expressing his satisfaction in the exercises of the day and his gratification at the prospects of the college, invited Rev. E. M. Williams, of Minneapolis, to preside over tlie exercises. Mr. Williams made a siiort sharp si)eech, and in turn called on Prof^ Ki(>hle, (ien. Ncttleton, (lov. Hubbard, Rev. M.

W. Montgomery, and Dr. Noble, of Chicago, who each responded with striking felicity, keeping those present in a constant state of laughter. The general tenor of the remarks was highly commendatory of the e.tercises of the day, and congratulatory of the college on its prosperous preeent, and hopeful future. Ex-Gov. Pillsbury said, " T congratulate the state of Minnesota on having . such an institution as this within its borders. I am officially related to the State University and believe in it and rejoice in its prosperity; but not more than I do Carleton College on its marvelous success. There is an abundant field for both institutions. With one exception I have attended every such anniversary exercises at Carletim College since the beginning, and have watched with increasing interest and pride its steady growth, and witness to-day's exercises with keen pleasure."

I liave been greatly pleased with what I have seen and- heard to-day, said Prof. Kiehle; for I see here the growth and fruits of Christian education. This institution Ijears an important relation to the educational work in the State. I believe in the State University, but I believe in Carleton College also, and think there is ample room for both to do great things.

Dr. Noble said he had noticed a general tendency among educators in the West to dwell up<m the advantages of small colleges; but he advised those who speak of and for Carleton College not to argue on this line, but to expect of the college great things. The prospect is that this institution is to be one of the great educational centers of the Northwest, great in its resources, in its influence, in its numbers, and in all things.

For the fii'st time speeches were called for and given by a number of the alumni, who told their regard for the Alma ^tlltel\ and their joy in her jirosperity.

This was one of the most enjoyable features of the anniversary exercises, and all dispersed with a feeling of personal satisfaction and pride in the young institution under whose auspices they had met.

The Pkesident's Reception. - In the evening the president's reception took place at the residence of Mrs. Norton. A large number of ladies and gentlemen connected with and interesi,3d in the college, accepted President Strong's invitation and passed an unusually pleasant evening.

miido up of strong material and commouce life uuiler favoral>Ie auspices. So far as they know at present their several prospects are as follows: Courad will enter the Union Theological Seminary, New York, in the fall; Miss Brown will go to Japan, under the aus)iicos of the A. B. 0. F. M., as principal of a ladies' school, known as the " Kobe Home." Mr. Bacon intends to study law in Yale law school; Messrs Abbott and Bill will read law somewhere in the West; Mr. Kobinson, MissGrifHu, and Miss Adair will teach for a while; Mr. Cook, after teaching for a time will prol)ably study law. Miss Eeed expects to make a further study of music. Mr. Selleck will teach a year, then take up the study of law; Mr. Skinner will eventually go into the banking business; Mr. Powell purposes going into business in Wisconsin; Mr. Wheelock intends for the most part to ]5ursue linguistic studies at Y^ale."

First Congregational Ohueoh op Northfield. - On a Sunday afternoon in September, 1854, Elder Cressey, a lUiptist missionary, prfeached in an unfinished log house of Aleseuder Stewart which all the Congregationali.sts were glad to attend. On the 10th of June, 1855, Rev. Ricliard Hall preached in the same place, and on the 1st of August there were services in the cabin of Thomas H. Olin. In May, 1856, Eev. J. R. Barnes visited Northfield and found a few Congregrationalists. and on the 15th held service in the forenoon in a half built house, afterwards Jenkins' Tavern, and in the afternoon another meeting was held and the importance of starting right was urged in relation to religious matters particularly. At that time there was no plastering in the houses, or fences in the fields. During the summer a sclioolhouse was built, and there were services imce in two weeks or so. At that time there were but eleven Congregational churches in existence in Minnesota, six of them being organized that summer. A council was called on Saturday, the 30th of August, 1856, to regularly organize the church. There were no delegates present and but two ministers. Rev. J. R. Barnes and a chance visitor. Rev. Josejih Peckham from Massachusetts, and the next day the church was duly organized with twelve members. ' Mr. Barnes continued until May, 1857. Rev. Joseph 8. Rounce then located here and remained six years.

the church. In 1860, there were thirteen who withdrew to form a church in Waterford. The Sunday-school and the prayer meetings were union at this time. The little l)anil struggled on up to February, 1862, meeting in the schoolhouse and Methodist church.

By. a great effort a church fund was got up amounting to $1,100, and a church was erected 24x40 feet and when compl(>ted was made free from debt. The next summer a $00 melodion was purchased and the event was looked upon as an evidence of prosperity and progress most encouraging. In 1863, Mr. Rounce removed from Northfield and there was no pastor. Rev. J. G. Wilcox, the Baptist minister, and the evangelist, Rev. H. H. Morgan, supplying the pulpit. Eev. E. P. Hammond, the revivalist, was also here for a season and forty members joined the church, and the thirteen who went to the church at Waterford returned. That year the increment to the church amounted to ninety-two souls, and after a greater or less dependence for eight years upon the Home Missionary Society, it became self-supporting.

On the 5th of April, 1864, Rev. Edwin S. Williams, just from Oberlin, Ohio, came, and his ordination followed on the 10th of June. In 1865, the church was enlarged by the addition of twenty feet, and a bell, the gift of eastern friends, was hung up. In 1867, another enlargement was made by an east wing 20x22 feet, and costing .$1,000. In 1868, a west wing of like size was added.

In 1866, the State Conference located Carletou College here, and thenceforward the church and the college have had a propinquity which has been mutually advantageous, as it has been intimate, cordial, and helpful. Rev. J. W. Strong was inaugurated as president of the college in 1870. Mr. Williams continued his pastorate for six years resigning in May, 1870. In June, 1872, R jv. James A. Towle was chosen pastor and broke the bread of the word to this people until the 1st of April, 1875. The evangelist. Rev. Mr. Cadwallader, was here in the winter of 1874 and '75.

The plan of weekly offerings was adopted in 1875, and has proved successful. President Strong preached until Rev. D. L. Leonard came, in July, 1875, and he resigned in July 1881.

nearly opposite the public school building. A most elegaut church was erected in a modern style, which has ample seating capacity, is well heated and ventilated, and most admirably adojjted for church purposes, at a cost of over $20,000.

The membership of the church at the present time is 323. When it was organized there were eight members, as follows: Moses Porter, Mrs. Moses Porter, Ammi M. Nichols, Mrs. Lucie A. Nichols, Daniel W. Kingsley, Allen N. Nour.se, Thomas H. Olin, and Mrs. Sarah Olin. This little band of Christians must indeed liave had extravagant expectations if in that day of small things they could have anticipated the condition of the church and its surroundings that we now behold.

A list of those who have been clerks of the society is here appended: Allen N. Nourse, Myron W. Skinner, Joseph H. Spencer, Horace Goodhue, James J. Dow, Henry S. French, Mrs. Nellie L. Bunker, and the present clerk Miss Emma Wheaton. On account of tliis being the home of Carleton College this church must continue to be the leading one in town.

Methodist Episoor.4.L Church. - The first meetings in this vicinity were lield in the house of BTr. Larkins, three miles south of Northfield on the road from Hastings to Faribault, on the '24th of July, 1855, by Dr. John L. Scjheld, a local preacher from Racine, Wisconsin. Kev. Mr. McKenzie, from Illinois, also preached for some time at Mr. Larkins', at Cannon City, and other j^laces. At the Wisconsin Conference, in the autumn of 1855, Rev. T. M. Kirkpatrick was appointed to the Cannon River Mission, which extended from the mouth of that river westward.

Early in September the meetings were held here in the house of Joseph Drake, and also at Fountain Grove. The first (piarterly meeting was held on the 1st of December, 1855, at James McGinnis' residence. In February, 1856, Mr. Kirkpatrick was ap))oiuted ])residing elder. Dr. Sohofield was appointed a leader of the class which was formed with seventeen members. When the schoolhouse was built, in 185(5, Rev. William BlcKiuley preached at the several appointments, and by 1859, about 100 members and probationers were gathered within the circuit. At this time a board of trustees was appointed ami a lot jjrocured, and arrangements made to build a cliurch, which was completed in 1859. Its location was several blocks southeast of the present edifice. Among those who were stationed here were the following Reverend gentlemen: Thomas Day, J. Stagdill, T. W. Richardson, G. W. Bennett, J. M. Rogers, under whom a debt of «500 was paid, S. J. Sterrett, J. W. Martin, now presiding eliler of Mankato district, which brings it up to 1870, when Noel Lathrop followed and T. M. Gassart, W. W. Park, S. G. Gale, G. R. Horr, and Levi Gilbert, the present pastor. A parsonage was built at an early day. Tlie new parsonage was built in about 1875, and the new church erected so as to be occupied on the first floor in 1878, at a coat of over $8,000. There are about 200 members and a Sunday-school of 100. The main audience room of the church is now in process of completion.

MoE.\vi.\N Chuech. - It is claimed that this church originated in Moravia and Bohemia as long ago as in 1415, having been started by John Huss as a schism from the Catholic church, and thus antedating the Lutheran.

In 18(59, this society was organized in Northfield, there having been service for some time previous. The church is on Division street, and is a neat structure. Among the clergymen who have administered to this little flock may be named, Kev. C. L. Reinke, Rev. D. Z. Smith, and Kev. Ernst Schwartze.

All S.vintr' Epis('opal CnrKCH. - The first remembered service in this belief was at the house of Harley D. White, on the 9th of March, 1856, and in the evening there was another service, and one infant was baptized. Services were occasionally held by Rev. R. J. Lloyd Breck, Kev. D. P. Sauford, and others from Faribault. On the 1st of November, 1858, the parish was organized, and there was service by Rev. Mr. Breck, Rev. S. W. Manney, and students from the Divinity School at Faribault. The first visit of the Bishop was on the 26th of February, 1860. Rev. Solomon Stevens Burleson oBiciated from the 3d of January, 1864, until September, when he was ordained into the priesthood and became Rector, and weekly service was afterwards held. On th ^ 22d of March, 1865, a lot was purchased of Samuel Wing and deeded to the Seabury Mission. Tlie edificfe was begun in May, 1866. The sum uf 100 was raised, and the building was ready for service that winter. The consecration took place on the 11th of April, 1867. Right Rev.

H. B. Whipple and Rev. Edward R. Wells were present. A communion service was presented. In October, 18(58, means were raised to purchase a parsonage, which was done, and in November it was occupied. In 18(i0, the children of the Sunday school began work to secure funds with which to procure a bell, and by September they had got together .$35. The citizens made up the balanceand on the 11th of October its peals rang out.

Among those who liave been pastors here since that time, may be named : Rev. T. S. Pycolt. George B. Whipple, Rev. A. R. Graves, Rev. A. J. Yeater, Rev. J. Dudley Ferguson, Rev. George L. Chase, Rev. E. 8. Wilson, and A. W. Ryan. As to their having a pastor now can be judged from the reply received on asking A. O. Whipple, one of the leading members of the church, "What is the name of the pastor?"' he said he "did not know they had a pastor."

Baptist Church. - The meeting held for the purpose of organizing was on the 27th of July, 18.56, and the following jiersons constituted the membership: Charles F. Whittier, Mrs. Margaret A. Whittier, Joseph Harris, Ransom VSmith, George W. Smith, Hannah F. Smith, and Alvah Cole.

At a meeting in October, the church was formally organized by the other churches of the same denomination already in existence within hailing distance. A third meeting was held on the 23d of November, when Elder Cressey was called as pastor, with a salary of ijlOd for onefourth of his time for one year. On the 31st of March, 18.57, it was resolved to build a church.

Rev. J. G. Wilcox came in April, 1858; he had been an agent of the American Baptist Home Missionary Society at New York. He became pastor and succeeded in building the church which still stands. He remained until 1809, when Rev. T. R. Peters came and remained eleven months. According to the records, he was ordained on the 24th of May, 1870.

Rev. J. H. Wilderman was tlie pastor in 1872. Rev. S. S. Utter was afterwards pastor, and while here he was instrumental in building the parsonage, which was done in 1874 and '75, at a cost of about $2,000. Rev. John Rounds became pastor in March, 1869. There are now sixty members.

St. Dominie-Roman Catholic - About the first service in the interest of this church was in 18G0, by Rev. Father Keller and Rev. Father Sheae, and the other priests up to 1882 have been. Rev. Father Ralph Hoose, Rev. James McGlone, and Rev. .John Pahein who came in 1875. The land was procnred and building begun in 18(50. Since the church was built it has received an addition, and there is a parsonage adjoining. Its location is on the west side. Rev. Mr. Paldm also has another charge, "the Church of the Annunciation'' located in Webster township.

German Methodist. - The church where this congregation worships is on the west side of the river. The earliest services were held in about 1856. The ministers who have labored here are: Rev. H. Hermsmyer, Rev. Charles P. Richster,Rev. Henry Schneicker, Rev. Henry Roth, Rev. William Bucholz, Rev. William Reltered, Rev. Jacob Keller, and Rev. William Pogenhat, the present pastor. The church was built about 1876, at a cost of S2,000. The circuit embraces several other places, Prairie Creek, East Prairie, and others. There is a Sunday school under the superintendence of Michael Tramm.

First Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Congreg.ation - St. Johannes. - Meetings were held in 1869, in the schoolhouse and in Thoreson's Hall, by Rev. N. A. Quammen at irregular intei'vals. Since then at the German Methodist; and the Moravian Church was leased at one time. This congregation is closely connected with St. Olaf's School, Rev. Mr. IMohn being the present pastor. The church was built in 1881, at a cost of about $3,000.

In 1877, the questi(m of temperance agitated this church, many meetings were held, and it was finally decided that those who habitually drink intoxicating beverages could not be admitted as church members. In 187G, the society joined the Svnod. Tliere is a membership of fifteen families.

Associations And Societies

The Old Settlers' Association. - This club, which is a county society, an account of which appears in another part of this work, met in Northfield on the 26th of January, 1876, and the

" Selected by your Committee to open the ceremonies of this festive occasion, I feel like the boy on the Fourth of July morning who has the honor of firing the first anvil, a little nervous lest the noise, or the powder, or the anvil have would a disagreeably elevating effect, and he come to some sad end, like a good many little boys doing their country's duty. Nevertheless, like him, cheered on by the reflection that it will be the opening chorus to a good deal of thrilling music contributed by my friends and neighbors, and as the explosions of wit and humor, of tales of by-gone days, burst forth, rocket-like, from your well-filled memories' store, I will be amply repaid for the risk I take. And first I must congratulate you ujxm the day; a day to become dearer to us as the pleasant associations are increased with the revolving years.

A generous, whole-souled, large-hearted person must he or she have been who first conceived tiie idea of having a day set apart for the purpose of reviving the memories of the buried past, to contribute to the hearty cheer and good- will of the present. A day to lift us out of the slough of the cares and anxieties of this busy lite, and make us "O'er a' the ills o' life victorious." Farther north at a certain season of the year, as the sun sinks below the horizon, the aurora follows the circuit of tlie sky until the sun again bursts forth in all his glory of light and heat. So the recollections of this day will follow us as the year rolls around, and we will feel its influences and have its cheer to help us through many a dark moment of trial.

We cannot have too much "oil of gladness" in tliis wearing, active life of ours, and it is a pleasing feature to lie noticed that the days of good fellowship and pleasant associations are on the increase among us. We may say of the day in the words of Burns:

In June, 1856, I came to the State (then Territory ), riding in a stage from Hastings. As the prairies spread out before us in their living green, dotted with tlir wild rose and other flowers, was it any wonder that the lieartot the traveler from the barren hills of the East or the wilds of Canada, should leap for joy withiu him, and that he should feel that this is indeed a goodly land? And as we came over the hill east of the village, and the noble forest with that then magnificent grove of elms near the mill broke upon our view as the stage drove into the embryo city of Northfield, need you be surprised that I ordered my trunk taken ofi', and felt at last I had reached my journey's end, and in old settler's parlance "stuck my stake." At that time the line of woods came down ujjon a line with the railroad track. The school section was furnishing wool and logs for the general public. The latter (the logs I mean) were sawed up at the old mill, standing where now stands the west side grist-mill. Tlie lumber so furnished was building up the town, and so furnished a salve to the consciences of those receiving its benefits. The skeleton balloon frames were being erected with great rapidity. The frames of the Jenkins and Cannon Eiver Houses were up, and Mr. North's, the most complete in the village, was a board house, battened and lined with cotton cloth, in which he and his family had spent the winter, standing about where Mr. Gress' shoe store stands, and is now the building occupied by Mr. liivins opposite the Lyceum. The grist mill was just enclosed, and under its shadow John Way and I threw out black bass with a spear a fast as we could handle them. The old bridge was a rude affair of bents and stringei's, swept away two or three times and replaced. There was a tradition that floodwood was found on the line of this Division street, landed here by some great flood. Nothing so great has occurred in our day, although we have had some pretty ones. The grist mill furnished shelter for our first Fourth of July dinner. Many of you remember the basswoodjflank, one-story building, 20x30 feet, set on blocks, in which was the beginning of the mercantile interests of Northfield, now grown to such magnificent proportions. Perhaps you would not recognize it now in the two-story building owned by the corporation of Carleton College, and known by the significant name of " Pancake Hall," taken from the busy mart of commerce where it served an honorable purpose, and exalted to the higher duty of shelter and for the ga.«tronomic uses o'i those seeking knowledge under difficulties.

The fir.st stock in trade amounted to tiie modest sum of .'{;500. A pale-faced youth who had seen too much in-door work for health, was its iiappy proprietor, and on the counter, as h.o made his bed on a piece of cotton cloth, the favoring breezes blew over him between the shrunken phmks at the sides and the loose boards of the lioor, and bronglit health and vigor again.

You remember the remarkable summer of "5(5, and for that matter every season is remarkable. The frequent and terrible thunder showers; how it seemed every night almost as though all nature was about to collapse. How the lightning played and the thunder roared and crackled, and the morning would c)])en clear and beautiful and nature with her face washed would smile again.

At times during the night herds of cattle with no fear of the "cattle law" before them, would come down hungry for salt, and as the brine dripped through the opening floor from pork or fish barrel, the frail building would surge back and forth from their endeavors to reach it, till it seemed to its owner a question whether the cattle or the gentle breezes of the thunder showers would succeed first in toppling over his castle. Occasionally a venturesome calf would succeed in crawling under, .and then there was no more sleep from the rattling and the banging of the door boards till that calf was dislodged. Warned by these experiences, the new building has been sunk to the solid rock. A hen hatched her brood under one corner of the building, and asserting her right, female-like, to roost or ruin, would ascend the stairs in the quiet shades of evening, and at peep of dawn the owner was awakened by peep of chick, and the whole brood would come clamoring down the stairs and demand an exit. Animal life was active in getting a living. Even a little mouse, attracted, perhaps, by the goodly size of the young man's shoe, as affording sufficient storage for a winter's supply of food for the family, persisted several nights in succession in attempts to fill it with nuts.

The first religious service that I attended was in old Mr. Drake's house, two miles smith. Dr. Scofleld officiating. When the schoolhouse on the east side of the village was enclosed, services were held there, and the good people came in to attend, drawn by the sure-footed slow locomotion of ox teams. The first debating club was organized and held there, and the first question on the board was "female suffrage." Thus early did this great question agitate the minds and hearts of this community. It was difficult to find anybody to take the negative, for the male sex, especially, felt that the great necessity of the hour was the immigration of the fairer sex. Young men and old liaclielors, therefore, were! spoiling to have women vote, and every inducement was oHered to get them here. The debating society grew, and a readingroom was formed and the upper portion of Skinner's store occupied, but it was soon felt that a building suitable to its needs must be had, anil the present Lyceum building and library was the result. The long winter evenings were spent in debate, music, readings, original papers, etc. Of course we had some astonishing bursts of eloquence, for genius felt in this free air untrammeled. One, iu using a Bible illustration, spoke of the "Widow Cruse's jug of oil as unfailing. In s])eakiug of his musical acquirements he said, "I once liad no ear, no voice, but look at me now." A sufficient cause of encouragement iu the musical line to those who knew him. As we felt the necessity of the civilizing influence of music in our serai-savage state, a band of young men was formed, led by John Mullin, now of Faribault, who, differing somewhat from a certain long-eared gent, had more voice than ear for music, the principles of whom were that each should be an independent singer sing in his own key, and as loud as possible. Under the inspiration of a large and appreciative audience, when at the word that hopeful band was let loose on the expectant ear, it was like a thousand bulls of Bashan, or a regiment of army mules. The efTect was terrific, and at the word "Halt!" they were finally stopped, and the stillness could be felt - a trifle. 8uch ancient lyrics as "Old Grimes," "The Battle of the Nile," etc., were rendered with stunning effect. Time hung heavy. Money and girls, two prime necessities of life, were scarce. Even a counterfeit bill was a prize to some, and the first financial principle I heard enunciated was, "Never refuse a counterfeit; I would rather have a counterfeit than a genuine, for it helps to make trade lively. Keep it circulating." A print'iple which, if faithfully foUowed, will no .doubt make it lively. If a sleigh ride was gotten up a sort of lottery was resorted to, and sorry was the poor wight who was not paired ott'. We have a tradition that the winters were cold in those days. Certainly the climate is changed now, but no doubt we were as often puzzled as the Irishman who, looking at the thermometer, said, "I have often wondhered how a little thing loik that should make it so cault in the wintlier and so warrum in in the summer." It is, I suppose, beyond contradiction that in the winter of '56 it did not thaw on the south side of the house for three months. It is perhaps well to refresh our memories in these mild and salubrious days with recollections of those severe winters which gave our State such a bad reputation East, and in which it is said we were oljliged to piece out our thermometers with broom handles in order to make a proper record. Mr. Jenkins had a boarder who froze his toes while asleep in bed with his feet near a window, and there was quite a disturbance among the boarders in consequence of the smell of gargling oil used in healing the injured members.

A more turbulent, roystering, good-natured, and withal complaining, whining crew, it would be difficult to get together than were those boarding at the two hotels during those winters. Scant fare and tough beef were disguised blessings to stir their sluggish blood and keep things lively. But woe to the poor traveler who happened along. What their ingenuity could- not devise to annoy each other was visited upon him. While his attention would be attracted liy some one at his side at the dinner table his pie or cake, or any little delicacy, was fast disappearing down the capacious maw of a consjiirator at the other side. Overcoat pockets were visited and bottles, "contents not noted," was sure to be confiscated for the public good. At night he would wake up perhaps shivering from the loss of a blanket, and the snoring occupants "f the field room would be entirely ignorant, of course, of the cause of his distress until the disturbance would bring the landlord to his relief. Toll was levied on the two enterprising young merchants, and there was a constant oscillation from one side to the other of these idlers.

Ingenious devices wers used to distract the attention of the merchants, while a dip into the candy-box or nut barrel was made. - Nails were driven into the ends of sticks by which a bunch of raisins could be quietly "hooked." You see to what straits for employment and amusement many were driven.

In tlie spring of '.57, when the river was at the flood, a young man ventured to go over the dam. In doing so, his boat swamped and he was nearly drowned. Upon being drawn upon the bridge, his landlord walked up to the almost lifeless body, and giving it a kick said, "I'll teach you not to go and drown yourself till you have paid me your board."

In those halcyon days of steamboats, when railroads and railroad bonds did not trouble us, those of you who traveled, recollect how crowded they were, packed like herrings in a barrel, was a common occurrence, when caliin floors, chairs, tables, and every available space and piece of furniture were put in requisition and covered by tired humanity. It was once my good fortune to obtain a room in company with a very corpulent German. Eetiring first, I took the lower berth, and was soon fast asleep. I did not awaken when he entered, but soon did so from a crash and the smothering effects of the upper berth upon me while the frantic struggles and great weight of my German friend soon made me aware of what had happened. He soon rolled off, however, and as soon as he could get the mattress off, my ears were greeted with the exclamations and question, "Mine CotI Mine Cot! ish you kilt?" Soon assuring him I was safe it no doubt took a great load off his mind, as he did off my stomach.