Lincoln County, Missouri - Chapter 6, 1888 (part 1 of 4)

Introductory

MISSOURI, the eighth State of the Union in size, the seventh in wealth, and the fifth in population and political power, lies in the very heart of the Mississippi Valley. Extending from the thirty-sixth nearly to the forty-first degree of north latitude, it has considerable diversity both of soil and climate.

Its eastern limit is marked from north to south by the great " Father of Waters," and the Missouri washes its western boundary, from the northwest corner southward about 250 miles to the mouth of the Kansas, and thence flows south of east through the heart of the State, and joins its muddy torrent with the waters of the Mississippi.

The extreme length of the State is 328 miles; the extreme breadth, in the southern part, is 280 miles; and the average breadth 250 miles. Missouri has an area of 65,350 square miles, or 41,824,000 acres. It has 18,350 more square miles than the State of New York, is nearly nine times the size of Massachusetts, and exceeds in extent all of the New England States combined.

Notk. - In the compilation of the State History the authors consulted, among others, the followiug authorities: "State Geological Reports;" "Charlevoix's Journal of a Voyage to North America in 1721;" Stoddard's 'Historical Sketches of Louisiana;" Schoolcraft's " Narrative Journal," Breckenridge; Pike's "Expedition;" Switzler's "History of Missouri;" Bradhury's "Travels;" " Liiliman's Journal;" "American Cyclopedia;" Beck's "Gazetteer of Indiana and Missouri," 1823; Wetmore's " Gazetteer of Missouri," 1837; Shehard's "Early History of St. Louis and Missouri;" Parker's " Missouri As It Is in 1867;" Davis & Durrie's " History of Missouri," 1876.

rogions may boast of delightful climate, rich and productive soil, abundant timber, or inexhaustible mineral deposits, but Misnoun has all of these. She has more and better iron than England and quite as much coal, while her lead deposits are rivaled by that of do other country of equal area upon the globe.

The population of the State, according to the census of 1880, was 2,168,380, showing an increase of 25.9 per cent within the preceding decade.

Geology

I. Quaternary or Post Tertiary. - Alluvium, 30 feet thick. Soils - Pebbles and sand, clays, vegetable mold or humus, bog iron ore, calcareous tufa, stalactites and stalagmites, marls ; bottom prairie, 35 feet thick; bluff, 200 feet thick; drift, 155 feet

III. Cretaceous. - No. 1, 13 feet, argillaceous variegated sandstone; No. 2, 20 feet, soft bluish brown sandy slate, containing quantities of iron pyrites; No. 3, 25 feet, whitish brown impure sandstone, banded with purple and pink ; No. 4, 45 feet, slate, like No. 2; No. 5, 45 feet, fine white siliceous clay, interstratified with white flint, more or less spotted and banded with pink and purple ; No. 6, 10 feet, purple red and blue clays. Entire thickness, 158 feet.

IV. Carboniferous. - Upper carboniferous or coal measures, sandstone, limestone, shales, clays, marls, spathic iron ores, coals. Lower carboniferous or mountain limestone, upper Archimedes limestone, 200 feet; ferruginous sandstone, 195 feet; middle Archimedes limestone, 50 feet; St. Louis limestone, 250 feet: oolitic limestone, 25 feet; lower Archimedes limestone, 350 feet: encrinital limestone, 500 feet.

V. Devonian. - Chemung group: Chouteau limestone, 85 feet; vermicular sandstone, 75 feet; lithographic limestone, 12.6 feet. Hamilton group: Blue shales, 40 feet; semi-crystalline limestone, 107 feet; Onondaga limestone, Oriskany sandstone.

VI. Silurian. - Upper silurian: Lower Helderberg, 350 feet; Niagara group, 200 feet; Cape Girardeau limestone, 60 feet. Lower silurian: Hudson River group, 220 feet; Trenton limestone, 350 feet; Black River and Birdseye limestone, 75 feet; first magnesian limestone, 200 feet; saccharoidal sandstone, 125 feet; second magnesian limestone, 230 feet; second sandstone, 115 feet; third magnesian limestone, 350 feet; third sandstone, 60 feet; fourth magnesian limestone, 300 feet.

The Quaternary rocks, the most recent of all the formations, contain the entire geological record of all the cycles from the end of the Tertiary period to the present time ; and their economical value is also greater than that of all the other formations combined. This system comprises the drift and all the deposits above it. There are, within the system, four distinct and strongly defined formations in the State, namely: Alluvium, bottom prairie, bluff and drift.

Soils are a compound of pulverized and decomposed mineral substances, mingled with decayed vegetable and animal remains, and containing all the ingredients necessary to the sustenance of the vegetable kingdom. The soils of Missouri have been produced by the mixing of organic matter with the pulverized marls, clays and sands of the Quaternary deposits which are found in great abundance in nearly all parts of the State, and are of material best designed for their rapid formation. For this cause the soils of the State are marvelously deep and productive, except in a few localities where the materials of the Quaternary strata are very coarse, or entirely wanting.

Clays are dark, bluish-gray strata, more or less mixed with particles of flint, limestone and decomposed organic matter. When the floods of the Mississippi and the Missouri subside, lagoons, sloughs and lakes are left full of turbid water. The eoarser substances soon subside into a stratum of sand, but the finer particles settle more slowly and form the silico-calcareous

Then a stratum of humus, or decayed vegetable matter, is formed by the decomposition of the annual growth and of the foreign matter which falls into the water, and every succeeding crop of vegetation adds another such stratum. Thus are rapidly formed thick beds of vegetable mold, yielding support to the magnificent forest trees which grow upon the sites of those ancient lakes and morasses. In this manner have been formed the vast, alluvial plains bordering upon the Missouri and Mississippi Eivers, which comprise about 4,000,000 acres of land, based upon these strata of sand, clays, marls and humus. The soil formed upon these alluvial beds is deep, rich and light almost beyond comparison, and is constantly increasing by the filling up of lakes and sloughs as above described.

The Bluff Or Loess

This occurs in the Missouri bluffs forming a belt of several miles in width, extending from the mouth of the Missouri to the northwest corner of the State, where it is found just beneath the soil, and also in the bluffs of the Mississippi from Dubuque to the mouth of the Ohio. Thus while the bottom prairie occupies a higher geological horizon, the bluff is usually several hundred feet above it topographically. The latter is generally a finely comminuted, siliceous marl, of a light, brown color, and often weathers into perpendicular escarpments. Concretions of limestone are often found, and to the marly character of these clays may be ascribed the richness of the overlying soil. It is to this formation that the Central Mississippi and Southern Missouri valleys owe their superiority in agriculture. Where it is best developed in Western Missouri the soil is equal to any in the country.

Drift

This formation exists throughout Northern Missouri. The upper members consist of stiff, tenacious, brown, drab and bine clays, often mottled and sometimes containing rounded pebbles, chiefly of granite rocks. The lower division includes beds of dark blue clay, often hardening on exposure, frequently overlaid and sometimes interstratified with beds and pockets of sand, sometimes inclosing leaves and remains of trees. Good springs originate in these sand beds, and when they are ferruginous the springs are chalybeate.

Tertiary System

There is a formation made up of clays, shales, iron ores, sandstone, and a variety of fine and coarse sand, extending along the bluffs, and skirting the bottoms, from Commerce, in Scott County, westward to Stoddard, and thence south to the Chalk Bluifs in Arkansas.

The iron ore of these beds is very abundant, and exceedingly valuable. The spathic ore has been found in no other locality in Southeastern Missouri, so that the large quantity and excellent quality of these beds will render them very valuable for the various purposes to which this ore is peculiarly adapted.

The white sand of these beds is available for glass making, and for the composition of mortars and cements. The clays are well adapted to the manufacture of pottery and stoneware.

Cretaceous Rocks

These strata are very much disturbed, fractured, upheaved and tilted, so as to form various faults and axes, anticlinal and synclinal; while the strata, above described as tertiary, are in their natural position, and rest non conformably upon these beds. In these so called cretaceous rocks no fossils have been observed.

Carboniferous Rocks

This system presents two important divisions: The upper carboniferous, or coal measures ; and the lower carboniferous or mountain limestone.

The coal measures, as seen by the table, are composed of numerous strata of sandstone, limestone, shales, clays, marls, spathic iron ores and coals. About 2,000 feet of these coal measures have been found to contain numerous beds of iron ore, and at least eight or ten beds of good, workable coal. Investigation shows a greater downward thickness of the coal formation in Southwest Missouri, including beds whose position is probably below those of the northern part of the State. These rocks, with the accompanying beds of coal and iron, cover an area of more than 27,000 square miles in Missouri alone.

The geological map of the State shows that if a line were roughly drawn from Clark County on the northeast to Jasper County in the southwest, most of the counties northwest of this line, together with Audrain, Howard and Boone, would be included in the coal measure. There are also extensive coal beds in Cole, Moniteau, St. Charles, St. Louis and Callaway Counties.

The Missouri coal basin is one of the largest in the world, including besides the 27,000 square miles in Missouri, 10,000 in Nebraska; 12,000 in Kansas ; 20,000 in Iowa, and 30,000 in Illinois ; making a total of about 100,000 square miles.

The fossils of the coal measure are numerous, and distinct from those of any other formation. This latter fact has led to the discovery of the existence of coal measures and the coal beds contained in them, over an area of many thousand miles, where it had been supposed that no coal measures and no coal existed.

The ferruginous sandstone is generally found along the eastern and southern limit of the coal fields, passing beneath the coal formation on the west. It varies from a few feet to 100 feet in thickness. In Callaway it occurs both as a pure white sandstone, a ferruginous sandstone, and a conglomerate. In Pettis and Howard Counties we find it a coarse, whitish sandstone. In Cedar, Dade and Lawrence a very ferruginous sandstone, often containing valuable deposits of iron ore. In Newton County it occurs in useful flaglike layers.

The St. Louis limestone, next in descending order, forms the entire group of limestone at St. Louis, where it is well marked and of greater thickness than seen elsewhere in this State. It is more often fine grained, compact or sub-crystalline, sometimes inclosing numerous chert concretions, and the beds are often separated by thin, green shale beds.

stone and the Archimedes limestone, as seen near the Des Moines, and near the first tunnel on the Pacific Railroad. It is found in Clark and Lewis Counties, but, as has been said, attains its greatest development at St. Louis - hence its name.

The lower Archimides limestone includes the " arenaceous bed," the " Warsaw or second Archimedes limestone," the magnesian limestone, the " Geode bed," the " Keokuk or lower Archimedes limestone" of Prof. Hall's section, and the lead-bearing rocks of Southwestern Missouri; which last, though different from any of the above beds, are more nearly allied to them than to the encrinital limestone below. All of the above beds are easily recognized in Missouri, except, perhaps, the Warsaw limestone, which is but imperfectly represented in our northeastern counties, where the "Keokuk limestone," the "Geode beds," and the magnesian limestone are well developed.

This formation extends from the northeastern part of the State to the southwest, in an irregular belt, skirting the eastern border of the ferruginous sandstone. The extensive and rich lead deposits of Southwestern Missouri are partly in this formation, these mines occupying an area of more than one hundred square miles, in Jasper, Newton, and the adjoining counties.

The upper beds of encrinital limestone are gray and cherty. The top beds in St. Charles County include seventeen feet of thin chert beds with alternate layers of red clay. The middle beds are generally gray and coarse, the lower ones gray and brown with some buff beds.

The lower beds often abound in well preserved crinoidce. This rock occurs at Burlington, Iowa, Quincy, 111., Hannibal and Louisiana, Mo., and is well exposed in most of the counties on the Mississippi Eiver north of St. Louis, and from the western part of St. Charles to Howard County. South of the Missouri River and along its southwest outcrop it is not generally well developed.

In Green County it is quite cavernous. It has not been recrxmized oast of Illinois, and is not separated from other carboniferous stones of Tennessee.

Devonian Rocks

The devonian rocks occupy a small area in Marion, Balls, Pike, Callaway, Saline and Ste. Genevieve Counties ; also narrow belts along the carboniferous strata to the south and west.

Immediately under the encrinital limestone, at the top of the formation, there are forty or fifty feet of brownish gray, earthy, silico-magnesian limestone in thick beds, which contain scattered masses of white or transparent calcareous spar.

The upper division of the Chouteau limestone passes down into a fine, compact, blue or drab, thin-bedded limestone, whose strata are considerably irregular and broken. In the northeastern part of the State, the Chouteau limestone is represented only by a few feet of coarse, earthy, crystalline, calcareous rock, like the lower division of the encrinital limestone.

The Vermicular Sandstone And Shales

The sandstones of this division are generally soft and calcareous. They are easily recognized, being ramified by irregular windings throughout, resembling the borings of worms. This formation attains a thickness of seventy five feet near Louisiana in Pike County. It is seen in Ralls, Pike, Lincoln, Cedar and Greene.

The lithographic limestone is a fine grained, compact limestone, breaking with a free conchoidal fracture into sharp, angular fragments. Its color varies from a light drab to the lighter shades of buff and blue. It gives out, when struck with the hammer, a sharp, ringing sound, and is therefore called "pot metal" in some parts of the State. It is regularly stratified in bods varying from two to sixteen inches in thickness, and often presents, as in the mural bluffs at Louisiana on the Mississippi, all the regularity of masonry.

of the group. At Taborville, St. Clair County, it is of a salmon drab color, occurring in thick beds having an open texture, and contains a characteristic fossil - Pentremites Pcemeri. This limestone is found in Pike, Balls, St. Clair, Cedar and Greene Counties.

The Hamilton Group

This is made up of some forty feet of blue shales, and 107 feet of semi-crystalline limestone, containing Dalmania, Calliteles, Phacops bufo, Spirifer mucronatus, S. sculptilis, S. Congesta, Chonetes carinata and Favosites basaltica. The Hamilton group is found in Ralls, Pike, Lincoln, Warren, Montgomery, Callaway, Boone, Cole and probably Moniteau ; also in Perry and Ste. Genevieve.

Onondaga Limestone

This formation is usually a coarse gray or buff, crystalline, thick bedded and cherty limestone, abounding in Terebratula, reticularis, Orthis resupinata, Chonetes nana, Productus subaculeatus, Spirifer euruteincs, Phacops bufo, Cyathophyllum rugosum, Emmonsia hemispherica, and a Pentamerus like galeatus. Generally it is coarse, gray and crystalline; often somewhat compact, bluish and concretionary, having cavities filled with green matter or calspar; occasionally it is a white saccharoidal sandstone; in a few localities a soft, brown sandstone, and at Louisiana a pure white oolite.

Oriskany Sandstone

In spite of its name, this is a light gray limestone, containing the Spirifer arenosa, Leptoma depressa, and several new species of Spirifer, Chonetes, Illocnvs and Lichas.

Silurian Rocks

This system is divided into the upper and lower silurian. Of the former are the following: The lower Helderberg group, which is made up of buff, gray, and reddish cherty, and argillaceous limestones, blue shales, and dark graptolite slates. The Cape Girardeau limestone, found on the Mississippi Biver, about a mile above Cape Girardeau, a compact, bluish gray, frangible limestone, with a smooth fracture, in layers from two to six inches in thickness, with thin argillaceous partings.

There are at least ten formations belonging to the lower Silurian series. There are three distinct formations of the Hudson River ^roup, as follows: First - Immediately below the oolite of the Onondaga limestone, in the bluffs both above and below Si Louis, there are forty feet of blue, gray and brown argillaceous, magnesian limestone. Above, these shales are in thick beds, showing a dull, conchoidal fracture. Below, the division becomes more argillaceous, and has thin beds of bluish-gray crystalline limestone. Second - Three and one-half mites northwest of Louisiana, on the Grassy Eiver, some sixty feet of blue and purple shales are exposed below the beds above described. Third - Under the last named division are, perhaps, twenty feet of argillo-magnesian limestone resembling that in the first division, and interstratified with blue shales. These rocks crop out in Ralls, Pike, Cape Girardeau and Ste. Genevieve Counties. On the Grassy, a thickness of 120 feet is exposed, and they extend to an unknown depth.

Trenton Limestone. - The upper portion of this formation comprises thick beds of compact, bluish gray and drab limestone, abounding in irregular cavities, filled with a greenish substance. The lower beds abound in irregular cylindrical pieces, which quickly decompose upon exposure to the air, and leave the rocks perforated with irregular holes, resembling those made in timber by the Toredo navalis. These beds are exposed between Hannibal and New London, north of Salt River, and near Glencoe, St. Louis County. They are about seventy-five feet thick. Below them are thick strata of impure, coarse, gray and buff crystalline magnesian limestone, containing brown, earthy portions, which quickly crumble on exposure to the elements. The bluffs on Salt River are an example of these strata. The lowest part of the Trenton limestone is composed of hard, blue and bluish-gray, semi-compact, silico-magnesian limestone, interstratified with soft, earthy, magnesian beds of a light buff and drab color. Fifty feet of these strata crop out at the quarries south of the plank road bridge over Salt River, and on Spencer's Creek in Ralls County. The middle beds sometimes develop a beautiful white crystalline marble, as at Cape Girardeau and near Glencoe.

layers ; the lower beds have sometimes mottled drab and reddish shades, often affording a pretty marble. Near the base this rock is often traversed by vermicular cavities and cells. These may be seen from Cape Girardeau to Lincoln, and in St. Charles, Warren and Montgomery Counties, thinning out in the latter.

The First Magnesian Limestone is generally a buff, open-textured, thick and even bedded limestone, breaking readily under the hammer, and affording a useful building rock. Shumard estimated its thickness inSte. Genevieve County to be about 150 feet. In Warren County, in North Missouri, it is seventy feet thick. It is found in Ralls, Pike, Lincoln, St. Charles, Warren, Callaway and Boone. Southwesterly, it is not well marked - indeed it seems to be absent in some counties where, in regular sequence, it should be found. It occurs in Franklin, St. Louisr and southwardly to Cape Girardeau County.

Saccharoidal Sandstone is usually a bed of white friable sandstone, sometimes slightly tinged with red and brown, which is made up of globular concretions and angular t fragments of limpid quartz. The formation is well developed in Lincoln, St. Charles, Warren, Montgomery, Gasconade, Franklin, St. Louis, Jefferson, Ste. Genevieve, Perry and Cape Girardeau Counties. Besides the above, it is also developed in a more attenuated form, in Callaway, Osage, Cole, Moniteau and Boone. This sandstone is probably destined to be one of the most useful rocks found in Missouri. It is generally of a very white color, and the purest sandstone found in the State, and is suitable for making the finest glassware. Its great thickness makes it inexhaustible. In St. Charles and Warren Counties it is 133 feet thick, and in Southeast Missouri over 100 feet thick.

The Second Magnesian Limestone occurs in all the river counties south of Pike as far as the swamps of Southeast Missouri, and is more often the surface rock in all the counties south of the Missouri and Osage Rivers, to within fifty miles of the western line of the State. It is generally composed of beds of earthy m agnesian limestone, inter stratified with shale beds and layers of white chert, with occasionally thin strata of white sandstone, and, near the lower part, thick cellular silico-magnesian limestone beds. The layers are more often of irregular thickness and not w ,\ useful for building purposes. It is often a lead-bearing rock, and most of the lead of Cole County occurs in it. It is from L75 to 200 feet thick.

The second sandstone is usually a brown or yellowish brown, one-grained sandstone, distinctly stratified in regular beds, varying from two to eighteen inches in thickness. The surfaces are often ripple-marked and micaceous. It is sometimes quite friable, though generally sufficiently indurated for building purposes. The upper part is often composed of thin strata of light, soft and porous, semi-pulverulent, sandy chert or hornstone, whose cavities are usually lined with limpid crystals of quartz.

The Third Magnesian Limestone. - This also is an important member, occurring in nearly all the counties of Southern Missouri. It is generally a thick-bedded, coarsely crystalline bluish gray, or flesh-colored magnesian limestone, with occasional thick chert beds. It is the chief lead-bearing rock of Southeast and Southern Missouri. In some counties it is as much as 300 feet thick.

The Thircf Sandstone is a white, saccharoidal sandstone, made up of slightly-cohering, transparent globular and angular particles of silex. It shows but little appearance of stratification.

The Fourth Magnesian Limestone. - This formation presents more permanent and uniform lithological characters than any other of the magnesian limestones. It is ordinarily a coarsegrained, crystalline magnesian limestone, grayish-buff in color, containing a few crevices filled with less indurated, siliceous matter. Its thick, uniform beds contain but little chert. The best exposures of this formation are on the Niagara and Osage Rivers.

This magnesian limestone series is very interesting, both from a scientific and an economical standpoint. It covers a large part of Southern and Southeastern Missouri, is remarkable for its numerous and important caves and springs, and comprises nearly all the vast deposits of lead, zinc, copper, cobalt, the liminite ores of iron, and nearly all the marble beds of the State. The lower part of the first magnesian limestone, the saccharoidal sandstone, the second magnesian limestone, the second sandstone, and the upper part of the third magnesian limestone be-

Azoic Rocks

Below the rocks of the silurian system there is a series of siliceous and other slates, which present no remains of organic life; we therefore refer them to the Azoic age of the geologist. They contain some of the beds of specular iron. In Pilot Knob we have a good exposition of these Azoic strata. The lower fossiliferous rocks rest non-conformably on these strata.

Igneous And Metamorphic Rocks

Aside from the stratified rocks of Missouri, there is a series of rounded knobs and hills in St. Francois, Iron, Dent and the neighboring counties, which are composed of granite, porphyry, diorite and greenstone. These igneous and metamorphic rocks contain some of those remarkable beds of specular iron, of which Iron and Shepherd Mountains are samples. This iron ore often occurs in regular veins in the porphyry.

Historical Geology

When the continent of North America began to emerge from the primeval ocean, Pilot Knob, Shepherd Mountain and the neighboring heights were among the first bodies of land that reared themselves above the surrounding waters. When Pilot Knob thus grew into an island, it stood alone in the ocean waste, except that to the northwest the Black Hills, to the northeast a part of the Alleghany system, and to the southwest a small cluster of rocks lifted their heads out of the flood. These islands were formed in the Azoic seas by mighty internal convulsions that forced up the porphyry and granite, the slates and iron beds of the great ore mountains of Missouri.

Coal

The Missouri coal fields underlie an area of nearly 25,000 square miles, including about 160 square miles in St. Louis County, eight square miles in St. Charles, and some important outliers and pockets, which are mainly cannel coal, in Lincoln,

Warren and Callaway Counties. This area includes about 8,400 square miles of upper coal measures, 2,000 square miles of exposed middle, and about 14,600 square miles of exposed lower

The upper coal measures contain about four feet of coal, including two seams of one foot each in thickness, the others being thin seams or streaks.

The middle coal measures contain about seven feet of coal, including two workable seams of twenty-one and twenty-four inches, one other of one foot, that is worked under favorable circumstances, and six thin seams.

The lower measures contain about five workable seams of coal, varying in thickness from eighteen inches to four and one half feet, thin seams varying from six to eleven inches, and several minor seams and streaks, in all, thirteen feet, six inches of coal. We therefore have in Missouri, a total aggregate of twentyfour feet, six inches of coal. The thinner seams are not often mined, except in localities distant from railroad transportation.

All beds over eighteen inches thick are workable coals. The area where such may be reached within 200 feet from the surface is about 7,000 square miles. Most of the State underlaid by the coal measure is rich farming land. That underlaid by the upper measure includes the richest, which is equal to any upon the globe. The southeastern boundary of the coal measure has been traced from the mouth of the Dos Moines through Clark, Lewis, Scotland, Adair, Macon, Shelby, Monroe, Audrain, Callaway, Boone, Cooper, Pettis, Benton, Henry, St Clair, Bates, Vernon, Cedar, Dade, Barton and Jasper Counties into the Indian Territory, and every county on the northwest of this line is known to contain more or less coal. Great quantities exist in Johnson, Pettis, Lafayette, Cass, Chariton, Howard, Putnam and Audrain. Outside the coal fields, as given above, the regular coal rocks also exist in Ralls, Montgomery, Warren, St. Charles, Callaway and St. Louis, and local deposits of cannel and bituminous coal in Moniteau, Cole, Morgan, Crawford, Lincoln and Callaway. In 1865 Prof. Swallow estimated the amount of good available coal in the State, at 134,000,000,000 ions. Sin then numerous other developments have been made, and that estimate is found to be far too small.

Lead

This mineral occurs in lodes, veins and disseminations, which are, as yet, only partially determined. Enough, however, is known of the number, extent, dip and thickness of these deposits to show that their range and richness exceed those of any other lead-bearing region in the world.

Galena occurs in this State in ferruginous clay, that becomes jointed, or separates into distinct masses, quite regular in form, when taken out and partially dried; also in regular cubes, in gravel beds, or with cherty masses in the clays associated with the same. These cubes in some localities show the action of attrition, while in others they are entirely unworn. Lead is found in the carboniferous rocks, but perhaps the greater portion is obtained from the magnesian rocks of the lower silurian, and in one or two localities galena has been discovered in the rocks of the Azoic period. At Dugals, Reynolds County, lead is found in a disseminated condition in the porphyry.

The Southeast Lead District

The Mine La Motte region was discovered about 1720 by La Motte and Renault. Jt was not, however, until this territorv was ceded to Spain that any considerable mining for lead was done in this part of Missouri. Moses Austin, of Virginia, secured from the Spanish Government a large grant of land near Potosi, and sunk the first regular shaft ; and, after taking out large quantities of lead, erected, in 1789, the first reverberatory furnace for the reduction of lead ever built in America.

In all this region are found crystallized cubes of galena in the tallow clay, occurring as float. In Franklin, Washington and Jefferson Counties galena is found in ferruginous clay and coarse gravel, often associated with small masses of brown hematite iron and the sulphuret of iron ; sometimes lying in small cavities or pockets.

At the Webster mines, the silicate and carbonate of zinc are found always accompanying the lead. At the Valle mines silicate of zinc and baryta occur, as well as hematite iron ore. The

Mammoth mine was a succession of caves, in which millions of pounds of lead were found adhering to the sides and roof, and on fche bottom was mixed with clay and baryta.

The Frumet or Einstein mines are the most productive ever opened in Jefferson County, and yield also large quantities of zinc ore. There are other valuable mines, in some of which silver has been found.

In Washington County lead mining has been carried on uninterruptedly for a greater length of time, and more acres of land have been dug over that have produced lead than in any other county in the State.

In St. Francois County, lead deposits are found in the ferruginous clay and gravel. These mines formerly produced many millions of pounds, but have not been extensively worked for many years.

Over portions of Madison County considerable lead is found in the clay. There is lead in several locations in Iron County. In Wayne, Carter, Reynolds and Crawford Counties lead has been found.

Ste. Genevieve has a deposit of lead known as the Avon mines on Mineral Fork, where mining and smelting have been prosecuted for many years. In this vicinity lead has also been found as " float" in several places.

In the region above described at least 2,000 square miles are underlaid with lead, upon which territory galena can be found almost anywhere, either in the clay, gravel openings, or in a disseminated condition.

The Central Lead district comprises the counties of Cole, Cooper, Moniteau, Morgan, Miller, Benton, Maries, Camden and Osage. During later years the lead development of Cole County has been more to the northwestern corner, passing into Moniteau and Cooper Counties. In the former several valuable mines have been opened.

The West diggings have been extensively developed and proved rich. The mineral is found in connects! cubes in lime stone rock, and lies in lodes and pockets. Load has boon found in several places in Cooper and Osage Counties. The later discoveries in that vicinity, although not yet fully developed, give promise of great richness.

Camden County possesses considerable deposits of lead; a number of mines have been successfully worked, and, as the entire northern portion of the county is underlaid with the magnesian limestone formation, it may be discovered in many places where its existence has never been suspected. Miller County is particularly rich in galeniferous ore.

Paying lead has been found north of the Osage River. On the Gravois, Big Saline, Little Saline and Bush Creeks, and the Fox, Walker, Mount Pleasant and Saline Diggings have yielded millions of pounds of lead.

Benton County contains a number of lead deposits, the most important being the Cole Cany mines. Lead has been found as a "float" in many localities.

Morgan County, like Washington, can boast of having lead in every township, either as clay, mineral, " float," or in veins, lodes, pockets and caves. The magnesian limestone series of Morgan, in which the lead ores now are, or have all existed, are the most complete and well defined of any in Missouri.

The most extensive deposits of lead in Morgan County have been found south of the center of the county, yet in the northwestern part are several well known lodes. We can not even name the hundreds of places in the county where lead is found in paying quantities. There seems to be a region, covering 200 square miles, entirely underlaid by lead. These wonderful deposits are as yet but partially worked.

The Southern Lead Begion of the State comprises the counties of Pulaski, Laclede, Texas, Wright, Webster, Douglas, Ozark and Christian. The mineral deposits of this region are only partially developed. In Pulaski County lead has been discovered in several localities. Laclede County has a number of lead deposits; one about eleven miles from Lebanon, where the ore is found in a disseminated condition in the soft magnesian limestone. In the southwestern part of Texas County, along the headwaters of the Gasconade Biver, there are considerable deposits of lead ore. Wright County has a number of lead mines almost unworked, which are situated in the southeastern part of the county, and are a continuation of the deposits in Texas County. In Douglas County, near the eastern line, and Dear Swan Creek, are considerable deposits of galena. Ozark and Christian Counties have a number of lead deposits, zinc being invariably found in connection.

The Western Lead District comprises Hickory, Dallas, Polk, St. Clair, Cedar and Dade Counties. In Hickory County quite extensive mining has been carried on, the larger deposits having been found near Hermitage. In the northern part of the county and along the Pomme de Terre River, lead occurs as "float," and in the rock formation. The more prominent lodes are found in the second magnesian limestone, with a deposit occurring in the third. The lead deposits of Hickory County are richer and more fully developed than any other in this district. Dallas County has a few deposits of lead, and float lead has been found in various localities in Polk. In St. Clair County the galeniferous deposits are in the second sandstone, and in the ferruginous clay, with chert, conglomerate and gravel. Cedar County presents a deposit of lead, copper and antimony. Galena is found in the clay and gravel. In Dade County a considerable quantity of galena has been found in the southeastern corner of the county.

The Southwest Lead District of Missouri comprises the counties of Jasper, Newton, Lawrence, Stone, Barry and McDonald. The two counties first named produce more than one-half of the pig lead of Missouri, and may well boast their immense deposits of galeniferous wealth. The lead mining resources of Jasper and Newton Counties are simply inexhaustible, and new and rich deposits are continually being found. Lead ore seems to have been obtained here from the earliest recollection, and furnished supplies to the Indians during their occupation. Formerly, smelted lead, merchandise and liquor were the principal return to the miner for his labor, as the distance from market and the general condition of the country precluded enlarged capital and enterprise. Since the war capital has developed the hidden wealth, and systematized labor, and rendered it remunerative. This, with the additional railroad facilities, has brought the county prominently and rapidly before the public as one of the most wonderful mining districts of the world. The total production of lead in Jasper County for the centennial year was, according to the estimates of the best authorities, over half the entire lead production of the State, and more than the entire lead production of any other State in the Union. Later statistics show a steady and rapid increase in the yield of these mines.

One fact, worthy of notice, is, that Jasper County, the greatest lead producing county of the greatest lead producing State, raises every year, upon her farms, products of more value than the lead dug in any one year from her mines.

Iron

In the mining, shipping, smelting and manufacturing of the ores of iron, there is, perhaps, more capital invested and more labor employed than in all the other metal industries of our State combined.

These three principal regions combined form a broad ore belt running across the State from the Mississippi to the Osage, in a direction about parallel to the course of the Mississippi River from southeast to northwest, between the thirtieth and fortieth township lines. The specular ores occupy the middle portion of this belt, the limonites both ends of it. The latter are besides spread over the whole southern half of the State, while these subcarboniferous hematites occur only along the southern border of the North Missouri coal field, having thus an independent distribution, and being principally represented in Callaway, St. Clair and Henry Counties.

Iron Mountain is the greatest exposure of specular iron yet discovered. It is the result of igneous action, and is the purest mass or body of ore known. The work of years has only just uncovered the massive columns of specular ore that seems to pass down through the porphyry and granite to the source of their existence. The region about is covered with the ore debris. The broken masses have the same general color and quality as the ve in ore of Iron Mountain. The fresh fracture presents a ligh t gray, tinged distinctly with blue. The crystallization is often coarse, presenting an irregular fracture. All the ore is more or less magnetic. The streak is a bright cherry red, and possesses the hardness of 6. Analysis shows it to contain from 65 to 69 per cent of metallic iron.

The ore of Shepherd Mountain is called a magnetite. In some portions of the veins it shows itself to be granular, brown in color, and to have a clear black streak. Other portions present all the qualities of a specular ore. In portions of the specular, as well as magnetite, beautiful crystals of micaceous ore are found. The streak of this specular and micaceous is a dark red ; the hardness is about 5, with from 64 to 67 per cent of metallic iron. The magnetic qualities of this ore are quite variable, usually the strongest at or near the surface, but this is not the case in all the veins. The ore of Shepherd Mountain is superior to any yet developed in Missouri, not quite as rich as that of Iron Mountain, but so uniform in character, and devoid of sulphur and phosphoric acid that it may be classed as superior to that, or any other ore that we have.

The ore of Pilot Knob is fine grained, very light bluish gray in color, and with a hardness representing 6, with a luster submetallic. There is a most undoubted stratification to the deposition, occurring as before indicated. The ore of Pilot Knob gives from 53 to 60 per cent metallic iron, and is almost free from deleterious, substances. The ore below the slate seam is much the best, containing only about from 5 to 12 per cent of silica, while the poorer ores show sometimes as high as 40 per cent. There have been more than 200,000 surface feet of ore determined to exist here.

The Scotia Iron Banks, located on the Meramec River, in Crawford County, are most remarkable formations. Here the specular ore is a deep, steel gray color, with a metallic luster. The crystals are fine, and quite regular in uniformity. This ore is found in the shape of boulders, sometimes small and sometimes of immense size, resting in soft red hematites, that have been produced by the disintegration of the specular ores. These boulders contain a great number of small cavities in which the ore has assumed botryoidal forms ; and upon these, peroxide iron crystallizations are so formed that a most gorgeous show of prismatic colors is presented. The hardness of this ore is about 6 ; the soft red ore, in which it occurs, not more than 2^.

In these banks there are some carbonates and ochraceous ores, but not in any quantity to deteriorate or materially change the character of the other ores. Many of the boulders present a soft red mass with a blue specular kernel in the center. This ore is found to be slightly magnetic, and gives from 58 to 69 per cent metallic iron.

Simmons Mountain, one-half mile south of Salem, Dent County, is about 100 feet high, and covers nearly forty acres. The second sandstone is the country rock and at the summit is uncovered, and mixed with specular and brown ores. Down the elevation larger masses of ore are met with that have the appearance of being drifts from the main deposit higher up. Shafts have been sunk in this elevation determining more than thirty feet of solid ore. The ore is a splendid, close, compact, brilliant specular, very hard and free from deleterious substances. The ores of this mountain do not show nearly as much metamorphism as many of the other banks in the second sandstone of this region. The ore is quite strongly magnetic, and gives a bright red streak. This is the largest specular iron deposit, with the exception of Iron Mountain, that is known in the State.

Some of the most extensive red hematite banks in Missouri are located in Franklin County. Along the Bourbense there are thirteen exposures of fine red hematite iron ore. Near Dry Branch Station is an elevation, capped at the summit with saccharoidal sandstone, beneath which there is a large body of red and specular ore. The red hematite, however, predominates, and is remarkably pure and free from sulphur or other deleterious substances. The sinking of a number of shafts upon this hill reaches the deposits in several places, in all of which the red hematite shows itself to be the prevailing ore. This ore will be found to work well with the hard specular and ores of the siliceous -haracter, like Pilot Knob.

In Miller, Maries, Cole and Camden Counties, also in Bol- Linger, Stoddard and Butler Counties, along the line of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Kailroad, there are a number of red hematite banks of considerable promise. There are similar banks in the northern part of Texas and Wright Counties, and in Morgan, Benton, Cedar and Laclede.

In Wayne County there are over seventy different limonite ore banks. In Miller, Maries, Camden, Cole, Moniteau and Callaway Counties there are very extensive banks of the same kind. In Morgan, Benton, St. Clair, Cedar, Hickory and Vernon Counties, considerable brown hematite has been found.

In Franklin, Gasconade, Phelps, Crawford, Laclede, Christian, Webster and Green Counties, large limonite beds have been found. In the Moselle region very large deposits have been opened and worked for many years. In Osage County there are a number of promising brown ore banks, as well as fine specular and red hematite.

It is impossible, in the brief space at our command, to describe the number of banks, rich in iron ore, which are situated in the above and other counties of our State; but a glance at the tables found in the works of prominent geologists of the State, will give some idea of the resources of Missouri as an iron producing region.

Zinc

The ores of zinc in Missouri are almost as numerous as those of lead. They are distributed throughout almost all the geological strata, and scattered through nearly every mineral district; but the principal supply of the metal for commercial purposes is obtained from a very few ores, the more important of which are zinc blende (sulphuret of zinc), the silicate of zinc and the carbonate of zinc, and these are furnished by a comparatively few localities.

In reference to their geological position, the ores are in two classes: The first class includes all zinc ores which occur in the regular veins of the older rocks, and hence are associated with other metalliferous ores. The second mode of occurrence, and the ore by far of paramount importance in Missouri, is that of the third magnesian limestone of the lower silurian series, where

Zinc blende abounds at Granby and Joplin, and is found at many other mines of the southwest. It also occurs at the lead mines of Franklin and Washington Counties, and at some other points in Southeast Missouri.

There are quantities of silicate of zinc at Granby and Joplin, and the ore is found at most of the lead mines of the southwest, and occasionally in Central and Southeast Missouri. Carbonate of zinc occurs at Granby, Joplin, Miners ville and Valle's mines. It is in the Granby, Joplin and Valle mining districts that zinc ore is principally worked.

Copper

Several varieties of copper ore exist in the Missouri mines. The copper mines of Shannon, Madison and Franklin Counties have been known for a long time. Some of those in Shannon and Franklin were once worked with bright prospects of success, and some in Madison have yielded good results for many years.

Deposits of copper have been discovered in Dent, Crawford, Benton, Maries, Green, Lawrence, Dade, Taney, Dallas, Phelps, Keynolds and Wright Counties, but the mines in Franklin, Shannon, Madison, Crawford, Dent and Washington give greater promise of yielding profitable results than any other yet discovered.

Nickel And Cobalt

Sulphuret of nickel, in beautiful hair-like crystals, is found in the limestone at St. Louis, occupying drusy cavities, resting on calcite or fluor spar.

Manganese Silver And Gold

Silver occurs to a limited extent in nearly all the lead mines in the State. Gold, though found in small quantities, has never been profitably worked in any part of Missouri.

Marble

Missouri has numerous and extensive beds of marble of various shades and qualities. Some of them are very valuable, and are an important item in the resources of the State.

Fort Scott marble is a hard, black, fine-grained marble, with veins of yellow, buff and brown. It receives a fine polish, and is very beautiful. It belongs to the coal measures, and is common in the western part of Vernon County.

The fourth division of encrinital limestone is a white, coarsegrained crystalline marble of great durability. It crops out in several places. in Marion County.

The lithographic limestone furnishes a fine, hard-grainedT bluish-drab marble, that contrasts finely with white varieties in tessellated pavements.

The Cooper marble of the devonian limestone has numerous pellucid crystals of calcareous spar disseminated through a drab or bluish-drab, fine compact base. It exists in great quantities in some localities of Cooper and Marion Counties, and is admirably adapted to many ornamental uses. There are extensive beds of fine, variegated marbles in the upper silurian limestones of Cape Girardeau County. Cape Girardeau marble is also a part of the Trenton limestone, located near Cape Girardeau. It is nearly white, strong and durable. This bed is also found near Glencoe, St. Louis County.

In the magnesian limestone series there are several beds of very excellent marble. Near Ironton there are beds of semicrystalline, light-colored marbles, beautifully clouded with buff and flesh colors. In the third magnesian limestone, on the Niangua, is a fine-grained, crystalline, silico-magnesian limestone, light drab, slightly tinged with peach blossom, and beautifully clouded with deep flesh-colored shades. It is twenty feet thick, and crops out in the bluffs of the Niangua for a long distance.

Histoky Of Missouri

There are numerous other beds in the magnesian limestones, some of which are white and others so clouded as to present the appearance of breccias.

The Ozark marbles are well known, some of them having been used to ornament the Capitol at Washington. Wherever the magnesian limestones come near the igneous rocks, we may expect to find them so changed as to present beds of the beautiful variegated marbles.

Sulphate Of Baryta

In its pure white form, this mineral is very abundant in Missouri. It occurs in large beds in the mining regions, as the gangue of our lead veins, and as large masses, especially in the magnesian limestone of the lower silurian rocks. It is utilized as a pigment in connection with lead, and may be made valuable for the same purpose in connection with some of our ferruginous and argillaceous paints.

Potter's clay is abundant, especially among the coal measure elays. It is also sometimes found associated with the lower carboniferous rocks.

Brick clays have been found and worked in nearly all the counties where there has been a demand for them. The argilla- -eous portions of the bluff formation make good brick, as shown in the brick yards all along our large rivers. Some of the tertiary clays will make the very best brick.

There are several very interesting and quite remarkable caves in the State. Hannibal Cave, situated one mile below the city of Hannibal, and about a quarter of a mile from the Mississippi River, is approached through a broad ravine, hemmed in by lofty ridges, which are at right angles with the river. The anteehamber is about eight feet high and fifteen feet long. This descends into the Narrows, thence through Grand Avenue to Washington Avenue, and through the latter to Altar Chamber. This is a ferruginous limestone formation, and crystal quartz, carbonate of lime and sulphate of magnesia abound. Stalactites and stalagmites are continually forming by limestone percolations. In Bat Avenue Chamber the bats may be seen hanging from the ceiling in clusters, like swarms of bees, some of them fifteen inches from tip to tip. Washington Avenue, over sixteen feet high, with long corridors of stalactites and stalagmites, is the largest division of the cave. It contains a spring, and a deep pool, in which are found the wonderful eyeless fish. The Devil's Hall, Alligator Rock, Elephant's Head, two natural wells filled with limpid water, Table Rock, and numbers of other curiosities, will amply repay the tourist for his exploration.

There are several caves in Miller County, the largest of which is on Big Tavern Creek, in the bluff near its confluence with the Osage River. The entrance is about twenty-five feet square, and is situated thirty or forty feet above the river, in a solid limestone bluff. During the civil war it was used as a retreat by the bandit, Crabtree. The stalactite formations are of strange and fantastic appearance, some of them looking like colossal images of marble, and the whole effect by torchlight is weird and solemn.

Phelps County contains several interesting caves, the most accessible of which is Freide's Cave, about nine miles northwest of Rolla. Its mouth is 60 feet in width and 35 feet in height. It has been penetrated to a distance of three miles without finding any outlet. The Stalactite Chamber is a beautiful apartment 200 yards in length, varying from 15 to 30 feet in width, and from 5 to 30 feet in height. The Bat Chamber contains thousands of wagon loads of guano, which is extensively used by the farmers of the neighborhood. The cave also contains quantities of saltpetre, and during the war large amounts of powder were manufactured there.

through a rock arch 50 feet across and 80 feet high. About 400 feet from the entrance, the passage is so contracted that the explorer must crawl through on his hands and knees. A fine stream of water, clear and cold, gurgles down through the cave.

About twelve miles south of Ozark, near the Forsyth road, on the top of a very high hill, is a small opening, which, about 100 feet from the surface, expands into a hall 30 feet wide and about 400 feet long, the sides and top of which are of rock lined with beautiful stalactites.

In Stone County at least twenty-five caves have been explored and many more discovered. One mile from Galena is an extensive cave from which the early settlers procured saltpetre in large quantities. About two and a half miles above this is a smaller one of great beauty. From the ceiling depend glittering stalactites, while the floor sparkles with fragments of gem-like luster. A pearly wall, of about half an inch in thickness and 15 inches high encloses a miniature lake, through whose pellucid waters the wavy stalagmite bottom of this natural basin can be plainly seen. The sacred stillness of the vaulted chamber renders its name, "The Baptismal Font," a peculiarly fitting one.

A cave about twelve miles from Galena is well known among, curiosity seekers in the adjacent country. The entrance chamber is a large dome-shaped room, whose ceiling is very high ; a glittering mound of stalagmites rises in the center of the room, nearly one-third the height of the ceiling; stretching out at right angles from this are long shining halls leading to other grand arched chambers, gorgeous enough for the revels of the gnome king, and all the genii of the subterranean world. One can not but think of the Inferno, as, wandering down a labyrinthian passage, he reaches the verge of an abyss, striking perpendicularly to unknown and echoless depths. The name, " Bottomless Pit," is well bestowed on this yawning gulf.

Knox Cave, in Green County, about seven miles northwest of Springfield, is of large dimensions, and hung in some parts with the most beautiful stalactites.

There are a number of saltpetre caves along the banks of the Gasconade, which were once profitably worked. Some of these oaves are large and interesting, consisting frequently of a Buooession of rooms joined to each other by arched halls of a considerable height, with walls of white limestone, upon which, as well as upon the floors, the saltpetre is deposited, and is generally so pure as to need but one washing to prepare it for use or export When these caves were first discovered, it was not unusual to find in them stone-axes and hammers which led to the belief that they had formerly been worked for some unknown purpose by the savages. It is doubtful whether these tools were left there by the Indians or by another and more civilized race which preceded them.

Connor's Cave, seven miles southeast of Columbia, has an entrance twenty feet wide and eight feet high, and has been explored for several miles.

Mineral Springs

Salt springs are exceedingly abundant in the central part of the State. They discharge vast quantities of brine in Cooper, Saline, Howard and the adjoining counties. These brines are near the navigable waters of the Missouri, in the midst of an abundance of wood and coal, and might furnish salt enough to supply all the markets of the continent.

Sulphur Springs are also numerous throughout the State. The Chouteau Springs in Cooper, the Monagaw Springs in St. Clair, the Elk Springs in Pike, and the Cheltenham Springs in St. Louis County, have acquired considerable reputation as medicinal waters, and have become popular places of resort. There are similar sulphur springs in other parts of the State.

Chalybeate Springs. - There are a great many springs in the State which are impregnated with some of the salts of iron. Those containing carbonates and sulphates are most common, and several of these are quite celebrated for their medicinal properties.

Sweet Springs on the Black water, and the Chalybeate Spring in the University campus, are perhaps the most noted of the kind in the State. The Sweet Springs flow from cavities in the upper beds of the Burlington limestone. The hill is here fortyseven feet high above water in the Black water, spreading out at the back in a flat table-land. The spring itself is about twentyfeet above the river, and has a sweetish alkaline taste. It is useful as a promoter of general good health, and is much resorted to at the proper season. The water is used for ordinary cooking and drinking purposes, except for making tea.

Petroleum Springs. - These are found in Carroll, Ray, Randolph, Cass, Lafayette, Bates, Vernon and other counties. Many of these springs discharge considerable quantities of oil. The variety called lubricating oil is the most common. It is impossible to tell whether petroleum will be found in paying quantities in these localities, but there is scarcely a doubt that there are reservoirs of considerable quantities.

The State of Missouri presents every facility for extensive and successful manufacturing ; abundant timber of the best quality, exhaustless deposits of coal, iron, lead, zinc, marble and granite, unmeasured water power, distributed over the State, a home market among an industrious and wealth-accumulating people, and a system of navigable rivers and railway trunk line and branches, that permeate, not only the State, but reach out in direct lines from gulf to lake, and from ocean to ocean.

Of the manufacturing in Missouri over three-quarters of the whole is done in St. Louis, which produced in 1880, $114,333,375 worth of manufactured articles, thus placing her as the sixth manufacturing city in the Union, being surpassed only by New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, Brooklyn and Boston.

The leading manufacturing counties of the State are St. Louis, Jackson, Buchanan, St. Charles, Marion, Franklin, Greene, Cape Girardeau, Platte, Boone, Lafayette, followed by Macon, Clay, Phelps, St. Francois. Washington and Lewis.

Since 1852, when railroad building began in Missouri, between 4,000 and 5,000 miles of track have been laid. Additional roads are now in process of construction, and many others in contemplation. The State is well supplied with railroads which tread her surface in all directions, bringing her remotest districts into close connection with St. Louis, that great center of western commerce. These roads have a capital stock aggregating more than $100,000,000, and a funded debt of about the same amount.

Histoey Of Missouki

The Missouri Pacific, chartered May 10, 1850; the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad, which is a consolidation of the Arkansas branch; the Cairo, Arkansas & Texas Railroad; the Cairo & Fulton Railroad; the Wabash Western Railway; the St. Louis & San Francisco Railway; the Chicago, Alton & St. Louis Railroad; the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad; the Missouri, Kansas & Texas Railroad; the Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Bluffs Railroad; the Keokuk & Kansas City Railway Company ; the St. Louis, Salem & Little Rock Railroad Company ; the Missouri & Western; the St. Louis, Keokuk & Northwestern Railroad; the St. Louis, Hannibal & Keokuk Railroad; the Missouri, Iowa & Nebraska Railway; the Quincy, Missouri & Pacific Railroad; the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway; the Burlington & Southwestern Railroad.

Steam Ceaft

In 1880 there were 1G7 steam crafts owned in Missouri, including sixty passenger steamers, thirty-seven ferry-boats, thirteen freight steamers, forty-six tow boats and eleven yachts. Their combined tonnage Avas 00,873.50; their total value, $2,098,800; their crews numbered 2,733 persons, whose wages amounted to $1,423,375, or an average of $281.13 to each person during the season; the number of passengers carried was 642,303; the freight in tons 2,556,815; coal used for fuel, 399,659 tons; wood used for fuel, 25,085 cords; gross earnings of all the steam crafts, $5,560,949.

Wealth The Indians

When Christopher Columbus set sail from the port of Palos, it was with no expectation of finding a new continent, but with the bope of discovering a direct western route to those far-famed [ndies whose fabulous riches were the unfailing theme of traveler- and geographers. Even to the day of his death the illustrious explore! had no suspicion of having discovered other than the remote islands and shores of the old world, and, accordingly, be called all the inhabitants of the mysterious country "Indians " a name which has not only outlasted the error of early navigators, but is destined to cling to this unhappy race as long as a vestige of it remains. Whence they came, and to what other family of the earth they are allied, or whether they were originally created a distinct people in the forest wilds of America, have been questions much mooted among the learned and unlearned of modern times, but thus far have elicted only hypotheses in reply. The most common supposition is, however, that the Indians are a derivative race, sprung from one of the more ancient people of Asia, and that they came to this continent by way of Behring's Strait, and this, doubtless, is the true theory.

The tribes with whom the first settlers of Missouri came principally in contact were the Pottawattomies, the Iowas, the Kickapoos, the Sacs and the Foxes.

Other Eaces

The ancient cities of Central America, judging from their magnificent ruins, consisting of broken columns, fallen arches and the crumbling walls of temples, palaces and pyramids, which, in some places, bestrew the ground for miles, must have been of great extent, magnificent and very populous. When the vast period of time necessary to erect such colossal structures, and the time required to reduce them to their present ruined state are considered, something can be conceived of their antiquity. These edifices must have been old before many of the ancient cities of the Orient were built, and they point, without doubt, to a civilization at once considerably advanced and very far removed from the present.

The Mound-Builders

Of a much less degree of culture, but reaching back into an antiquity so remote as to have left behind no vestige of tradition, the Mound-Builders present themselves to the archaeologist as a half-civilized people who once occupied Missouri and various other parts of the country now included in the United States. This pre-historic race has acquired its name from the numerous large mounds of earth left by them. Remains of what were apparently villages, altars, temples, idols, burial places, monuments, camps, fortifications and pleasure grounds have been found, but nothing showing that any material save earth was used in the construction of their habitations. At first these works were supposed to be of Indian origin, but careful examination has revealed the fact that - despite several adverse theories - they must have been reared by a people as distinct from the North American Indian as were those later people of Central America. Upon making excavations in these mounds, human skeletons were found with skulls differing from those of the Indians, together with pottery and various ornaments and utensils, showing considerable mechanical skill. From the comparatively nude state of the arts among them, however, it has been inferred that the time of the?r migration to this country, if indeed they did migrate, was very remote. Their axes were of stone, their raiment, judging from fragments which have been discovered, consisted of the bark of trees interwoven with feathers, and their military works were such as a people would erect who had just passed to the pastoral state of society from that dependent alone upon hunting and fishing. They were, no doubt, idolaters, and it has been conjectured that the sun was the object of their adoration. The mounds were generally built in a situation affording a view of the rising sun; when enclosed in walls their gateways were toward the east; the caves in which their dead were occasionally buried always opened in the same direction ; when bodies were buried in graves, as was frequently the case, they were laid in a direction east and west, and, finally, medals have been found representing the sun and his rays of light.

I I History Of Missouri

from the fact thai while some are quite large, the greater part of them are small and inconspicuous. Along nearly all the water courses, fchat are large enough to be navigated by a canoe, the mounds arc almost invariably found, so that when one places himself in such positions as to command the grandest river scenery he is almost sure to discover that he is standing upon one of these ancient tumuli, or in close proximity thereto.

St. Louis was originally known as the " Mound City," from the extent and variety of the curious monuments found there, and although these, as well as numbers of others scattered over various parts of the State, have been defaced or entirely obliterated, Missouri still presents an unusually fruitful field of investigation to the archaeologist. This is particularly true of the southeastern counties, especially in the region of New Madrid.

Mr. Breckenridge, who examined the antiquities of the West in 1817, speaking of the mounds in the Mississippi Valley, says: " I have sometimes been induced to think, that, at the period when they were constructed, there was a population here as numerous as that which once animated the borders of the Nile or Euphrates, or of Mexico. I am perfectly satisfied that cities similar to those of ancient Mexico, of several hundred thousand souls, have existed in this country."

Early Discoveries And Explorers

Ferdinand De Soto, a Spanish cavalier, who had been associated with Pizarro in the conquet of Peru, but whose ambition and cupidity were only increased by his success in that country, determined to possess himself also of the boundless wealth reputed to lie hidden in the mines of Florida. Undismayed by the fate of other adventurers, he equipped at his own expense a band of 700 men, or more, and landed in Tampa Bay, in the spring of 1539. Thence, in spite of hostile Indians, he forced his way to the northwest, and, although not finding gold or precious stones, he made himself immortal as the discoverer, in 1541, of the Mississippi Eiver. The point at which De Soto first saw the Mississippi was at the lower Chickasaw Bluffs, a few miles below Memphis. There he constructed boats, and, after crossing the stream, proceeded up its west bank, and made his way into the re- gion now known as New Madrid, in Missouri. At this point therefore, and at this time, the first European set foot on the soil of Missouri. In 1542, overcome by disease, privation and discouragement, De Soto died, and those of his followers who remained, having secretly sunk his body in the Mississippi, lest the Indians should discover his death, floated down the river to the Gulf of Mexico, and returned to their homes. The design of the expedition had been conquest as a means of acquiring gold, and it left behind no traces of civilization.

While Spain had turned her attention to the conquest of Mexico, South America, the West Indies and Florida, and English colonists had made feeble beginnings in Virginia and New England, the French, advancing still farther north, had possessed themselves of the St. Lawrence River, and were fast pushing their way into the interior by way of the great lakes. Jacques Marquette, a Jesuit missionary, belonging to an ancient family of France, arrived in Canada at a time when the public mind was much exercised upon the subject of exploring the Mississippi River. A plan of operations was accordingly arranged, and Louis Joliet, a native of Canada, joined Father Marquette at the Jesuit mission on the Straits of Mackinaw, and with five other Frenchmen and a simple outfit, the daring explorers, on the 17th of May, 1673, set out on their perilous voyage to re-discover the great river. Coasting along the* northern shore of Lake Michigan they entered Green Bay, and passed thence up Fox River and Lake Winnebago to a village of the Muscatines ("Mascoutens") and Miamis, where great interest was taken in the expedition by the natives. Procuring guides they proceeded up the river. Arriving at a portage between the Fox and Wisconsin, they soon carried their light canoes and scanty baggage to the latter stream, about three miles distant. Their guides now refused to accompany them further, and endeavored, by reciting the dangers incident to the voyage, to induce them to return. They stated that huge demons dwelt in the great river, whose voices could be heard a long distance, and who engulfed in the raging waters all who came within their reach. They also rep- resented that if any of them should escape the dangers of the river, fierce tribes of Indians dwelt upon its banks ready to complete the work of destruction. The explorers proceeded on their journey, however, and on the 17th of June, with joy inexpressible, pushed their frail barks out on the bosom of the stately Mississippi, 132 years after its first discovery by De Soto. Journeying down the mysterious stream, which Marquette named the "Conception," they passed the mouth of the Illinois, Missouri and Ohio, landing at various places, and, after proceeding up the Arkansas a short distance, at the advice of the natives, they turned their faces northward. After several weeks of hard toil they reached the Illinois, up which stream they proceeded to Lake Michigan, and entered Green Bay in September of the same year, having traveled a distance of 2,500 miles in a little more than four months.

La Salle

About the time of Marquette's return, Eobert de La Salle, a native of Normandy, set about discovering a northwest passage to China and Japan, the scientific men of that time generally coinciding in the belief that such a passage existed in the direction of the Great Lakes. He was accompanied from France by an Italian named Tonti, and was joined in his enterprise by Louis Hennepin, a Franciscan friar of a bold and ambitious disposition. After various hindrances and perils, they arrived at the present site of Peoria on the Illinois Kiver, where they built a fort, which, on account of their many vicissitudes, they named Creve Coeur, or Broken Heart. There they separated, Hennepin turning northward to discover, if possible, the source of the Mississippi; La Salle, after visiting Canada, to perfect his arrangements, descending that river in search of its mouth, and Tonti remaining at Creve Coeur in command of men and supplies left at that point. La Salle reached the junction of the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers, in February, 1682, and, on the 5th of April following, passed safely through one of the three channels by which the latter stream discharges its waters into the Gulf of Mexico. Three days afterward, with the most imposing ceremonies. La Salle took formal possession of the country in the name of Louis XIV, the reigning king of France, in whose honor he named it

Louisiana. The region thus acquired by the French embraced territory on both sides of the Mississippi, and, comprising rather indefinite limits, included the present States of Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee, Arkansas and Missouri.

La Salle subsequently returned to Canada, thence to France, and led an expedition to the Gulf of Mexico for the purpose of entering the Mississippi at its mouth, and establishing settlements in Louisiana. Being unable to find the mouth of the river, he landed upon the coast of Texas, and, after some fruitless wanderings, was shot by one of his own disaffected followers. However, he had effectually opened the way for the French occupancy of the Mississippi Valley.

Early Settlements

Within a few years after the death of La Salle forts and colonies were located at Biloxi Bay, Mobile, Natchez, New Orleans and other points farther north. It is a fact worthy of notice that the first French settlements, all of which were projected in the interest of gold and silver mining, were confined entirely to the eastern bank of the river. It was not until 1705 that the Missouri Biver was explored as far as the mouth of the Kansas.

In 1720 Benault, the son of a French iron founder, came to Louisiana for the purpose of engaging in gold and silver mining. He brought with him from France 200 miners and artificers, and purchased 500 slaves at the island of St. Domingo. Proceeding up the Mississippi Biver, he established himself at Fort Chartres, about ten or fifteen miles above the present site of Ste. Genevieve, on the opposite bank of the stream. From this point he dispatched miners to "prospect" for the precious metals, and they crossed the river to the west bank, and explored what is now Ste. Genevieve County. Although Benault failed to discover either gold or silver, he found lead ore in great abundance, and having built rude furnaces for smelting it, conveyed it on packhorses to Fort Chartres, and thence by boat to New Orleans and France.

The date of the actual settlement of Ste. Genevieve is disputed by historians, though all agree that it was the first in the State of Missouri. There is some evidence to support the theory thnt there might have been inhabitants at this place as early as 1735. The cultivation of tobacco, indigo, rice and silk had already been introduced into the southern part of the province of Louisiana, the lead mines of Missouri were opened, and the culture of wheat was commenced in Illinois. In the meantime the French were firmly establishing their power in the Northwest. By the middle of the eighteenth century (1750) they had control of all the water routes leading from the great lakes to the valley of the Mississippi. They had more than sixty military stations from Lake Ontario by way of Green Bay and the Illinois River, the Wabash and Maumee Bivers, down the Mississippi to New Orleans.

French And Indian War

The French had formed the grand design of establishing a magnificent empire in the interior of the continent, which should have abundant and uninterrupted intercourse with the outside world by means of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence and Mississippi Bivers. The English, whose colonies were scattered up and down on the Atlantic coast, claimed the right to extend their possessions as far westward as they chose. As long as the latter nation confined itself to the eastern part of the country there was little reason for controversy. As soon, however, as the English became acquainted with the beautiful and fertile Mississippi Valley, they not only learned the value of the vast territory, but also resolved to set up a counter-claim to the soil. The French, besides establishing numerous military and trading posts from the frontiers of Canada to New Orleans, in order to confirm their claims to jurisdiction over the country, had carved the lilies of France on the forest trees, or sunk plates of metal in the ground. These measures did not, however, deter the English from going on with their explorations ; and though neither party resorted to arms, yet the conflict was gathering, and it was only a question of time when the storm should burst upon the frontier settlement. The French based their claims upon discoveries, the English on grants of territory extending from ocean fco ocean, but neither party paid the least attention to the prior claims of the Indians. From this position of affairs, it was evident thai actual collision between the contending parties would not much longer be deferred. The English Government, in anticipation of a war, urged the governor of Virginia to lose no time in building two forts, which were equipped with arms from England. The French anticipated the English, and gathered a considerable force to defend their possessions. The governor determined to send a messenger to the nearest French post, to demand an explanation. This resolution brought into the history of our country, for the first time, the man of all others whom America most loves to honor, namely, George Washington. He was chosen, although not yet twenty-one years of age, as the one to perform this delicate and difficult mission. With five companions he set out on November 10, 1753, and after a perilous journey returned January 6, 1754. The struggle could not, however, be averted by diplomacy. It commenced, continued long, and was bloody and fierce; but on October 10, 1765, the ensign of France was displaced on the ramparts of Fort Chartres, by the fiag of Great Britain. This fort was the depot of supplies, and the place of rendezvous for the united forces of the French, and was then the best built and most convenient fort in North America. In subsequent years the Mississippi reached and undermined its west wall; the inhabitants of Kaskaskia carried away much of the remaining portions for building material, and at the present day nothing remains of it but a ruin in the midst of a dense forest.

Although, as has been already seen, Fort Chartres was not occupied by the English until 1765, the treaty which terminated what is known as the French and Indian War had been arranged late in 1762. According to its stipulations France ceded to England all of her possessions in Canada and east of the Mississippi, and to Spain all that part of the province of Louisiana lying west of the same, which, although really belonging to Spain, remained under French laws and jurisdiction until 1768.

The Founding Of St. Louis

In the year 1762 M. D'Abadie, who was at that time director general and civil and military commandant of Louisiana, granted to a certain company the exclusive right to trade with the Indians of Missouri, and indeed of the whole northwest, for a term of eight years. At the head of this company was M.

Pierre Laclede Liguest, Laclede as he is generally known, a man of ability, foresight and experience. He left New Orleans in August, 1763, and arrived in Missouri the following November. It will be remembered that all the French settlements except that at Ste. Genevieve were on the east side of the river, and consequently included in the territory ceded to England. At the one small village west of the Mississippi there was no building large enough to contain one quarter of M. Laclede's merchandise. M. DeNeyon, the commandant at Fort Chartres, hearing of Laclede's dilemma, offered him room for his goods until the occupation of the fort by the English. Laclede readily availed himself of this generous offer and repaired to Fort Chartres, where he deposited his effects, and then turned his attention to finding a site, near the Missouri River. Buitable for his enterprise. Ste. Genevieve he rejected both on account of its distance from that stream and its unhealtful situation. Accompanied by his stepson, a lad of fourteen named August Chouteau, he explored the region thoroughly and fixed upon the place of his settlement. Upon returning to the fort. he assured !>-- Neyon and his officers that he had found a situation where he would form a settlement, which might become, hereafter, "one of the finest cities of America." Thus readily did his Bagaoious mind appn ciate the advantages of this location. Navigation being open, early in the February of 1764 Laclede scut thirh men m oharjreof Chouteau to the place designated, with orders to dear the land, build a large shed to shelter the tools and provisions, and al erect some small cabins for the men. On the 1 ltli of Pebruai \ the work was commenced. Early in April, Laclede himself arrived, chose the place for his own bouse, Laidoui apian for his village and named it Saint Louis, in honor of Louis XV, not knowing tl the territory had already been transferred to Spain, and then hastened back to Fort Chartres to remove his goods, as the Englisn garrison was daily expected.

the fort, St. Ange, French eommandani ai the tim- - moved with his officers and m m, bo St Louis, which ms reoogniied u the capital of Upper Louisiana. M DAI,, dm had died, and

M. Aubry was acting governor at New Orleans. Receiving, probably, the sanction of this latter gentleman, St. Ange at once assumed the reins of government at St. Louis, and so liberal was the spirit in which he conducted affairs that a stream of immigration soon set in from Canada and Lower Louisiana.

Death Of Pontiac

At the time of the founding of St. Louis, the Ottawa chieftain, Pontiac, was in the enjoyment of his greatest fame. At the breaking out of the war between France and England, he had allied himself with the former country, which had at all times achieved some brilliant exploits al the ambuscade near Pittsburgh (1755) which resulted in Braddook's defeat, and on other occasions. He had subsequently formed confederacy of all the western tribes, and had endeavored, by one general and oombined

Louis in 1769. Here the chief was received in the most flattering manner, and was warmly welcomed by the principal citizens. Soon, however, it became apparent that Pontiac's plans were doomed to failure.

Tribe after tribe had forsaken him; his powerful allies, the French, were conquered, and his most trusted friends among the latter counseled him to give up the unequal contest. He endeavored to drown his disappointment in drink, and in spite of the remonstrances of St. Ange, sank lower and lower in debauchery. Finally, while in a state of intoxication, he was assassinated at Cahokia by a Kaskaskia Indian. His body was interred with great pomp near the tower at the intersection of Walnut and Fourth Streets. St. Ange, himself, lies buried near, but nothing is left to mark either grave. Houses have been built above them, and but few persons even know that these remains repose in the midst of the great city.

Spanish Rule

The transfer of Louisiana to Spain was a source of great sorrow to the inhabitants of the province, and at St. Louis this feeling was deepened to one of horror when it became known that Don Alexander O'Keilly had arrived at New Orleans with 3,000 men, and, upon the inhabitants of that city making armed resistance to his authority, had executed several of the ringleaders of the revolt and imprisoned others. The new commandant-general soon established his authority at New Orleans, and in 1770 sent Don Pedro Piernas to St. Louis as lieutenant-governor. This official showed himself master of the situation by treating the terrified inhabitants with the utmost consideration, securing the friendship of St. Ange, whom he made a captain of infantry, and establishing all the grants of land, which the latter had bestowed. St. Ange died soon after. Piernas was succeeded by Francisco Cruzat, and he by Don Ferdinando Leyba. During the early part of Leyba's administration, Laclede died while on an expedition to New Orleans, and was buried at the mouth of the Arkansas River. His grave, also, is unknown, and probably has long ere this been washed into the stream.

The War Of The Revolution

War had already been commenced between Great Britain and her American colonies, and Washington, who had been active in the service of England against the French, was now in command of the forces opposed to English tyranny. On the breaking out of the Revolution, the British held every important post in the West. The Indians, jealous of the rapid extension of American settlement westward, and aroused to action by the English, became the allies of the latter, and while the colonies at the East were struggling against the armies of the mother country, the western frontiers were ravaged by the savages, often led In British commanders. To prevent indiscriminate slaughter in the West, some of the most daring exploits connected with American history were planned and executed. The hero of the achievements by which this region was snatched as a gem from the British crown, was Gen. George Rogers Clark, of Virginia. He had closely watched the movements of the English throughout the Northwest, and understood their plans ; he also knew that the Indians were not unanimously in accord with them, and that, although the forts were in control of the English, the inhabitants were mostly French, and retained much of their old hostility against their conquerors, while sympathizing with the colonies. He was convinced that American soldiers would be welcomed and aided, as far as possible, by the French settlers, and that the English garrisons once driven out, the natives might be easily awed into neutrality. Patrick Henry was governor of Virginia, and at once entered heartily into Clark's plans. The latter proceeded to Pittsburgh, raised his small army west of the Alleghanies, as he well knew the colonies needed all the available men farther east, for the conflict there. His plan was to go by water as far as Fort Massac, and thence march direct to Kaskaskia. Here he intended to surprise the garrison, and after its capture to proceed to Cahokia, then to Yincennes, and lastly to Detroit. Each of these posts was in turn captured, and the plans of the English in the West entirely overthrown.

In the meantime, although the settlement at St. Louis was under the jurisdiction of Spain, it was well known that the sympathies of that country were identified with the colonies, and therefore the inhabitants of the little city were in constant dread of attacks from the Indians. Hearing rumors, also, of a threatened assault by the British, they at once began to fortify the place. A wall of brush and clay, five feet in height, with three gates, was built, encircling the town, the extremes terminating at the river. A small fort, which was afterward used as a prison, was also built. At each of the gates a piece of ordnance was mounted, and kept in constant readiness for use. These preparations were made in the summer and fall of 1779. No attack was made during the winter, and the people of St. Louis were almost beginning to hope their precautions unnecessary, when in May, bands of Ojibways, Winnebagos, Sioux and other tribes began to gather on the east side of the river, preparing to fall upon the settlement on the 26th of the month. These savages were instigated by Canadian fur traders, and commanded by officers from the British fort at Michilimackinac.

tion of the Indians crossed the river, but made no assault, an extremely fortunate circumstance, as many of the citizens, together with their wives and children, were outside of the wall, and scattered about over the prairie, gathering strawberries. The following day the entire force of savages stole silently across the river, and crept to the rear of the town, expecting to find some of the inhabitants working in the fields. Near what is now the fair grounds, at the "Cardinal Springs," they surprised the man from whom the spring was named and another person called Eiviere. The former they killed, and toqk the latter prisoner. A few other settlers were surprised and massacred.

On account of his misconduct at this time, Leyba was removed from office and Francisco Cruzat once more placed in authority at St. Louis. During the administration of Cruzat, the town was thoroughly fortified, but was not subjected to another attack, although other settlements on the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers were often harassed by the Indians even after the close of the war.

The Year Of The Great Waters

In 1785 occurred a sudden and remarkable rise in the Mississippi River, which caused great alarm and considerable loss of property to the inhabitants of St. Louis and the adjacent settlements. Cahokia and Kaskaskia were menaced with entire destruction. Ste. Genevieve, which was located at first in the river bottom, three miles south or southeast of its present site, was completely inundated, and the inhabitants, unwilling to risk a repetition of the disaster, removed to higher ground and founded the present town, which therefore dates from 17 80. Most of the buildings in St. Louis were then situated on Main St reel, and the rise of the river above the steep bank occasioned extreme anxiety and terror. The flood subsiding, however, nearly as rapidly as it had risen, the inhabitants returned to their houses, and business was speedily resumed. This year received the name of " L'annee des Grandes Eaux," or " The year of 1 he C I reat Waters." Other remarkable floods occasioning loss of life ami property, and involving St. Louis and oilier river towns o( Missouri, have occasionally occurred, most destructive among which may be mentioned those of 1844, 1851, L875 and 1881.

Cruzat was succeeded in office by Manuel Perez, who bestowed a large tract of land in the neighborhood of Cape Girardeau upon friendly Indians of the Pawnee and Delaware tribes, in return they agreeing to aid the young settlements in repelling the incursions of the hostile Osage Indians. Trudeau, who succeeded Perez, devised and carried out many improvements at St. Louis, and stimulated in a great measure the fur traffic, and by this means encouraged traders to penetrate the wilderness, and make further expeditions on the Missouri River. The administration of Trudeau was followed by that of Delassus, who, in 1799, ordered that a census be taken of the settlements in Upper Louisiana or Western Illinois, as Missouri was sometimes called. According to this census, the total number of inhabitants in the settlements was r>,028. Of these 4,948 were white; 197 free colored, and 883 slaves. St. Louis had a population of 925 ; Ste. Genevieve, 949; St. Charles, 875; New Madrid, 782; New Bourbon, 5G0; Cape Girardeau, 521; St. Ferdinand, 27G; St. Andrew, 393; Carondelet, 184; Meremac, 115; Little Meadows, 72.

Louisiana Purchased By The United States

In 1801 Napoleon Bonaparte made a treaty with Spain, known in the annals as the treaty of San Ildefonso, the conditions of which were that Spain should surrender to France all the region known as Louisiana west of the Mississippi River, in return for certain assistance which she expected to receive from the great warrior in her European affairs. It was not, however, until 1803, that M. Laussat, a French officer, was placed in authority at New Orleans. Although Napoleon fully realized the immense value of bis acquisition, it was on many accounts an occasion of perplexity. In the first place, the American Government regarded with a jealous eye this attempt of the French to re-establish themselves in Louisiana; and the English, who had control of the seas, made it extremely difficult for men and equipments to be conveyed into the country; and rather than have it wrested from him by this powerful foe, he determined to tantalize the mother country by adding it to the possessions of the young nation, which had succeeded in maintaining its independence in the face of her authority. Accordingly, he accepted an offer made bv the United States, and the transfer was accomplished during the administration of Thomas Jefferson. In December, 1803, M. Laussat, the French commandant, who had but just acquired jurisdiction of Louisiana from Spain, conveyed it to Gov. Claiborne and Gen. Wilkinson, commissioners appointed by the United States. The price paid for this purchase was $15,000,000, including various claims, the payment of which was assumed by the American Government.

At St. Louis the French flag was in the ascendant only one day, Capt. Stoddard, the representative of France, receiving possession of the territory at the hands of Delassus, the Spanish governor, on March 9, 1804, and transferring his authority to the United States on the following day.

The District Of Louisiana

On the 26th of March, 1804, Congress passed an act separating the province of Louisiana into two parts - the southern of which was designated as " The Territory of Orleans," and the northern " The District of Louisiana." This latter included all of the province north of " Hope Encampment," a place near Chickasaw Bluffs, and embraced within its boundaries the present States of Arkansas, Missouri and Iowa, a large part of Minnesota, and all the vast region extending westward to the Pacific Ocean, excepting the territory claimed by Spain.

The executive power of the Government in the Territory of Indiana was extended over the district of Louisiana or tv Upper Louisiana'" as it was popularly called. Gen. William Henry Harrison, then governor of Indiana, assisted by Judges Griffin, Vanderberg and Davis, represented the authority of the United States, under the provisions of the act of 1804, and. during the following winter, courts of justice were held in the old fori, near Fifth and Walnut Streets in St. Louis.

On the 3d of March, 1805, by another act of Congress, the Territory of Louisiana was regularly organised, and President Jefferson appointed Gen. James Wilkinson, governor, and Fred erick Bates, secretary. Gov. Wilkinson together with Judges B. J. Meigs and John B. C. Lucas, constituted the Legislature of this almost boundless territory. Gov. Wilkinson was visited in 1805, by Aaron Burr, when the latter was planning his daring conspiracy against the United States.

In 1807 Capt. Merriwether Lewis, of the famous Lewis and Clark expedition, was appointed Governor, but in 1809 in Lewis County, Tenn., he committed suicide at the age of thirty -five, by shooting himself with a pistol, and President Madison designated Gen. Benjamin Howard, of Lexington, Ky., as governor in his stead. Gov. Howard served as brigadier-general in the War of 1812, and died in 1814. Howard County was named in his

After the purchase of Louisiana, President Jefferson, anxious to prove the value of that immense tract which had come into peaceful possession of the United States, planned an expedition for the purpose of exploring the country from the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean. The expedition was organized with Merriwether Lewis, Mr. Jefferson's private secretary, at its head, assisted by Capt. William Clark, of the American army. With a small party, these indomitable explorers ascended the Missouri River as far as Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin, which they named in honor of the President, Secretary of State and Secretary of the Treasury, respectively, followed the Jefferson to its source, crossed the Bocky Mountains, navigated the Columbia Biver, and returned to St. Louis, in September, 1806, after an absence of two years and four months, having overcome innumerable hardships and difficulties, and traveled nearly G,000 miles. Lewis, as has been already noted, was appointed Governor of the Territory of Louisiana, which office he filled until his untimely and tragical death.

Lieut. Zebulon M. Pike also organized two successful exploring parties, one of which in 1805 discovered the sources of the Mississippi, and the other, in the two succeeding years, the sources of the Arkansas, Kansas, Platte and Pierre Jaune (Yellowstone) Bivers, and penetrated the Spanish Provinces. Pike's Peak was named from this explorer. The county of Pike, in this State, was named in honor of Lieut. Pike, who rose to the rank of brigadier-general in the War of 1812, and was killed at York, Canada, in 1813.

Earthquakes At New Madrid

New Madrid has been rendered famous by the great earthquake of 1811-12. This place was, originally, one of the old Spanish forts, and lies about seventy miles below the mouth of the Ohio River. It was settled immediately after the close of the Revolutionary War by families from Virginia and the Carolinas, and was growing rapidly in wealth and population when its progress was arrested by that frightful calamity which "affected not only the county of New Madrid, but also the adjacent country on both sides of the Mississippi. Streams were turned from their channels or dried up; hills, forests and plains disappeared, and lakes (one of which was sixty or seventy miles in length, and from three to twenty in breadth) were formed in their places; vast heaps of sand were scattered in various places, and whole tracts of land sank below the level of the surrounding country. Short extracts from the description of Mr. Godfrey Lesieur, who was an eye-witness of the scene, are quoted:

"The first shock was about 2 o'clock A. M., on the night of December 16, 1811, and was very hard, shaking down log houses, chimneys, etc. It was followed at intervals, from half an hour to an hour apart, by comparatively slight shocks, until about 7 o'clock in the morning, when a rumbling noise was heard in the west, not unlike distant thunder, and in an instant the earth began to totter and shake so that no persons were able to stand or walk. This lasted a minute; then the earth was observed to be rolling in waves of a few feet in height, with a visible depression between. These swells burst, throwing up large volumes of water, sand and a species of charcoal, some of which was partly covered with a substance, which, by its peculiar odor, was thought to be sulphur. Where these swells burst, large, wide and long fissures were left, running north and south parallel with each other for miles. I have seen some four or five miles in length, four and one-half feet deep on an average, and about tin feet wide.