The Massachusetts Spy, 1831-10-19

me ; but, if so, I can only say, that tinn most m * ture conscientious examina examinaa - a examinaa ? nT I been I « We *> detect it. But with error d j rcrcnc '' 1 mU! ' think that theirs is the trThJ;. o .l, deD, ' ! l n t, se eu>s to be an essential at attribute - tribute attribute of the conceded sovereientv of the States: and who attribute to the qeneral povernment a right utterfy incompatible with whatall acknowl acknowledge - edge acknowledge to be its limited and restricted character - an error originating principally, as I must think, in'not duly reflecting on the nature of our institutions, and on what constitutes the only rational object of all political constitutions. J It has been well said by one of the most saga sagacious - cious sagacious men of antiquity, that the object of a consti constitution - tution constitution is to restrain Government, as that of laws is to restrain individuals. The remark is correct, nor is it less true, where the Government is vested in a majority, than where it is in a single few individ individuals; - uals; individuals; in a republic, than a monarchy or aristocra aristocra; - ; aristocra; cy. No one can have a higher respect for the maxim, that the majority ought to govern, than I have, taken in its proper sense, subject to the re restrictions - strictions restrictions imposed oy the constitution, and confined to subjects, in which every portion of the community have similar interest; but it is a great error to sup suppose, - pose, suppose, as many do, that the right of a majority to govern is a natural and not a conventional right; and, therefore, absolute and unlimited. By nature every individual has a right to govern himself; and governments, whether founded on majorities or minorities, must derfve their right from the ascent, expressed or implied, of the governed and be sub subject - ject subject to such limitations, as they may impose. - Where the interests are the same, that is, where the laws that may benefit one, will benefit all or the reverse, it is just and proper to place them under the control of the majority; but where they are dissimilar, so that the law, that may beneit one portion, may be ruinous to another, it would be on the contrary unjust and absurd to subject them to its will 5 and such I conceive to be the theory on which our constitution rests. That such dissimilarity of interests may exist, it is impossible to doubt. They arc to found in every community in a greater or less degree, how however - ever however small, or homogenous, but they constitute eve every - ry every where, the great difficulty of forming and pre preserving - serving preserving free institutions. To guard against the un unequal - equal unequal action of the laws, when applied to dissimi dissimilar - lar dissimilar and opposing interests, is, in fact, what mainly renders a constitution indispensable ; to overlook which, in reasoning on our constitution, would be to omit the principal element, by which to deter determine - mine determine its character. Were there no contrariety of interests, nothing would be more simple and easy, than to form and preserve free institutions. The right of suffrage alone would be a sufficient guaran guaranty. - ty. guaranty. It is the conflict of opposing interests which renders it the most difficult work ofinan. Where the diversity of interests exist in separate and distinct classes of the community, as is the case in England, and was formerly the ease in Sparta, Rome, and most of tho free states of anti antiquity, - quity, antiquity, the rational constitutional provision is, that each should be represented in the government, as a separate estate, with a distinct voice and a nega negative - tive negative on the acts of its co-estates, in order to check their encroachments. In England the constitution has assumed expressly this form ; while in the government of Sparta and Rome the same thing was effected under different but not much less effica efficacious - cious efficacious forms. The perfection of their organization, in this particular, was that which gave to the con constitution - stitution constitution of these renowned States all of their ce celebrity, - lebrity, celebrity, which secured their liberties for so many centuries and raised to so great a height of power and prosperity. Indeed a constitutional provision given to the great and separate interests of the community the right of self-protection, must appear to those who will duly reflect on the subject, not less essential to the preservation of liberty, than the right of suffrage itself - they, in fact, have a common object, ty effect which the one is as ne necessary - cessary necessary as the other ; to secure that is that those who make and execute the laics should be accoun accountable - table accountable to those on whom the laics in reality operate - the only solid and durable foundation if liberty. If without the right of suffrage, our rulers would oppress us; so, without the right of self-protection, the major would equally oppress the minor inter interests - ests interests of the community. The absence ofthe for former - mer former would make the governed the slaves of the rulers, and of the latter, the feeble interests the victim of the stronger. Happily for us, we have no artificial and sepa separate - rate separate classes of society. We have wisely exploded all such distinctions ; but we are not, on that ac account, - count, account, exempt from all contrariety of interests, as the present distracted and dangerous condition of our country, unfortunately, but too clearly proves. XV ith us they are almost exclusively geographical, resulting mainly from difference of climate, soil, sit situation. - uation. situation. industry and production ; but are not there therefore - fore therefore less necessary to be protected by any ade adequate - quate adequate constitutional provision, than where the dis distinct - tinct distinct interests exist in separate classes. The ne necessity - cessity necessity is in truth, greater, as such separate and dissimilar geographical interests, are more liable to come into conflict, and more dangerous when in that state, than those of any other description ; so much so, that ours is the first instance on record, where they have not formed in an extensive territo territory - ry territory separate and independent communities, or sub subjected - jected subjected the whole to despotic sway. That such may not be our unhappy fate also, must be the sincere prayer of every lover of his country. So numerous and diversified are the interests of our country, that they could not be fairly repre represented - sented represented in a single government, organized so as to give to each great leading interest a separate and distinct voice, as in the governments to which I have referred. A plan was then adopted better suited to onr situation, but perfectly novel in its character. The powers of the government were divided, not as heretofore, in refeience to classes, but geographically. One general government was formed for the whole, to which was delegated all the powers supposed to be necessary to regulate the interests common to all of the States, leaving oth others - ers others subject to the separate control of the States, being, from their local and peculiar character, such, that they could not be subject to the will ofthe whole Union, without the certain hazard of injus injustice - tice injustice and oppression. It was thus, that the interests ofthe whole were subjected, as they ought to be, to the will ofthe whole, while the peculiar and lo* cal interests were left under the control of the States separately, to whose custody only, they could be safely confided. This distribution of pow power, - er, power, settled solemnly by a constitutional compact, to which all the States are parlies, constitutes th«* peculiar character and excellence of our political system. It is truly and emphatically American, without example or parallel. u

States. Pop. in 1830. Receipts from S.Tax. Maine 399,383 S4BJM3 47 N. Hampshire 269,533 39,997 20 Vermont 280,679 39,942 46 Connecticut 2!>7,926 36,948 49 Massachusetts 610,014 74,390 25 The Actual tax in this year exceeded the amount received. In Massachusetts it was $75,000; in Maine probably $50,000, &c. - From the above table it will be seen that a citizen of either Maine, New Hampshire, 4 ermont or Connecticut pays a heavier tax to support his government than the citizen of Massachusetts and yet we are told that the Expenditures of Massachusetts are greater than those of all the other New England States put together! Those States 1 have their sources of indirect income as i Massachusetts has - they pay, as we have j shown, heavier expenses in towns and counties, and pay more direct State tax than the citizens of this State. To state the case plainly and exclusively, tliefarmer of Massachusetts pays a less amount of tax on his land to support his government, than the fanner of any oj the Stales above mention mention[ - [ mention[ ed. , I have done with State Expenditures, and intended at this time to have remarked up upon - on upon the project of the Worcester convention, and upon some othertopics of their Address nnd Resolutions, but the space already oc occupied, - cupied, occupied, and a desire to expose " the truth, the whole truth" induces me to reserve any further remarks until another opportunity. A Countryman. From the Pendleton, (S. C.) Messenger. MR. CALHOUN'S SENTIMENTS. Mr. Editor - l must request you to permit me to use your columns,as the medium to make known my sentiments on the deeply important question, of the relation, which the Stales and General Gov Government - ernment Government bear to each other, and which is, at this time, a subject of so much agitation. It is one of the peculiarities of the station I occu occupy. - py. occupy. that while it necessarily connects its incumbent with the politics of the day, it affords him no op opportunity - portunity opportunity officially to express his sentiments, except ; accidentally on an equal division of the body over ' which he presides. Be is thus exposed, as 1 have . often experienced, to have his opinions erroneously and variously represented. In ordinary cases, I conceive, the correct course to be to remain silent, leaving to time arid circumstances, the correction of misrepresentations; but there are occasions so vitally' important, that a regard both to duty and character would seem to forbid such a course; and such, I conceive, to be the present. The frequent ' allusions to my sentiments, will not permit me to doubt, that such also is the public conception, and that it claims the right to know, in relation to the question referred to, the opinions of those, who hold important official stations ; while on mv part desiring to receive neither unmerited praise, nor blame, I feel, I trust, the solicitude, which every honestand independent man ought, that my senti sentiments - ments sentiments should be truly known, whether they be such as may be calculated to recommend them to public favor or not. Entertaining these impressions, 1 have concluded, that it is my duty to make known my sentiments ; and I have adopted the mode, which on reflection seemed to be the most simple, and best calculated to effect the object in view. The question of the relation, which the States and General Government bear to each other, is not ! one of recent origin. From the commencement of ; our system, it has divided public sentiment. Even in the convention, while the constitution was strug struggling - gling struggling into existence, there were two parties as to what this relation should be, whose different senti sentiments - ments sentiments constituted no small impediment in forming i that instrument. After the general government yvent into operation, experience soon proved that the question had not terminated with the labors of i the convention. The great struggle that preceded j the political revolution of 1801, which brought Mr. Jefferson into power, turned essentially on it ; and ' i the doctrines and arguments on both sides were em- 1 j bodied and ably sustained ; on the one, in the Vir Virginia - ginia Virginia and Kentucky resolutions, and the report to the Virginia legislature ; and on the other, in the i replies of the legislature ot Massachusetts and some of the other States. These resolutionsand this re report, - port, report, with the decision of the Supreme Court of - Pennsylvania about the same time, (particularly in ' the case ofCobbett, delivered by chief justice M'- Kean, and concurred in by the whole bench.) con con' - ' con' tain what I believe to be the true doctrine on this important subject. I refer to them, in order to avoid the necessity of presenting my views, with i the reasons in support of them, in detail. As my object is simply to state my opinions, I j might pause with this reference to documents, that , so fully and ably state all the points immediately , ' connected with this deeply important subject; but I as there are many, who may not have the opportu opportu| - | opportu| nity or leisure to refer to them, and as it is possible, i however clear they may be, that different persons may place different interpretations on their mean meaning, - ing, meaning, I will, in order that my sentiments may be ful ful; - ; ful; ly known, and to avoid all ambiguity, proceed to state summarily the doctrines which I conceive ; they embrace. Their great and leading principle is that the gen gen{ - { gen{ oral government emanated from the people of the - several States, forming distinct political coinmuni* j ties and acting in their separate and sovereign ca ca! - ! ca! pacity, and not from all of the people forming one I aggregate politiqd community ; that the Constitu Constitution - tion Constitution of the United States is m fact a compact, to i which each State is a party, in the character al al| - | al| ready described; and that the several States or parties have a right to judge of its infractions, and : in case of a deliberate, palpable, and dangerous ex ex: - : ex: ercise of a power not delegated, they have the right I in the last resort, to use the language of the Vir Virginia - ginia Virginia resolutions, lt to interpost for arresting the progress of the evil, and fur maintaining within , their respective limits, the authorities, rights, and liberties appertaining to This right of in interposition, - terposition, interposition, thus solemnly asserted by the State of Virginia, be it called what it may,State right, veto, nullification, or by any other name, 1 conceive to be the fundamental principle of our system, resting ; on facts historically as certain as our revolution it - self, and deductions, as simple and demonstrative,, , as that of any political, or moral truth whatever; i and I firmly believe, that on its recognition depends the stability and safety of our political institutions I am not ignorant that those opposed to the doc doci - i doci trine have always, now and formerly, regarded it in

From the Hingham Gazette. JACKSON STATE ADDRESS - No. 3. In my last number I gave a particular ac account - count account of Uj heaviest items in the expendi expenditures - tures expenditures of Massachusetts, and exposed the ab absiirdity - siirdity absiirdity of comparing tho expenditure of one i.tate with those of another, where the modes of paying public officers are entirely differ different. - ent. different. Any candid mindmustbesatisfied with the method of paying by salaries in this State, in preference to that of paying by fees, as in o S ' -I not mention the item ofss,- 444 83, in the State Expenditures of last year, paid to Agricultural Societies to be distribut distributed - ed distributed to "Farmers and Mechanics" in premi premiums, - ums, premiums, for the encouragement of their respec respectne - tne respectne pursuits. Few States have such provi provisions - sions provisions in their laws ; and I suppose here we shall be told that this amount is "drawn from the pockets of the people and flows back again into those rs the aristocracy!" About nine thousand dollars were appropriated for the benefit of Lunatics, Deaf and Dumb mid Blind persons. The Address notices these appiopnations, and while it cautiously ab abstains - stains abstains from a direct censure of these expenses, | and professes not to "repine" at them, still I | the allusion to those " whose physical defects . or mortal diseases, are a bar to eminence if not to usefulness, becominga charge upon the state is a pretty distinct intimation cf what migiit be expected from Jackson misanthro misanthropy - py misanthropy and misrule in this State. Who that knows any thing or lias heard any thing of the astonishing cures of Lunatics in foreign Hospitals, and of the large numbers who have been restored to the possession cf their men mental - tal mental faculties by skillful treatment, or who has witnessed around him the wmderful im improvement - provement improvement of the minds ofthe deaf and dumb under the patronage of this noble charity of the State, would not be ashamed to counte countenance - nance countenance the cold and unfeeling manner in ; which this subject is treated ai the Jackson Address ? 1 be salaries of officers and the incidental ! expenses qf government, last year, (including ! compensation) amounted to , 1 Sc 1,842 29 ; of this sum $41,000 is for sala-1' ries paid to Judges of the Supreme Court, 11 Judges of the Common Pleas, Judges and Registers of Probate and prosecuting officers, ! being the expenses of the Judicial establish establishinent. - inent. establishinent. Included in the same amount are the salaries ot the Clerks and other officers ofthe i Legislature. It is not proposed, I believe, j by any party, to put the hand of reform upon , the judicial establishment, to reduce the sala- i ries of the Judges. The best talents are de-'i manded in those stations, and cannot be com- i manded without liberal and honorable sala salaries, - ries, salaries, as an equivalent for the sacrifice of large professional income. Making the deductions of salaries of offi- j cers above named, and the result is, that the whole amount paid in salaries for the execu executive - tive executive department and for the departments con connected - nected connected therewith, is a little more than seven seventeen - teen seventeen thousand dollars ! This includes the sal salary - ary salary of the Governor, Lieut. Governor, &c. : Now it may be, and probably is, expedient to abolish the office of Lieut. Governor. - ; The people however have seen lit to retain | that officer by their constitution, and I have ' never heard that the Jachsonians have pro proposed - posed proposed to abolish it. So long as it is contin- - ued, and the Lt. Governor sits with the Coun Council - cil Council during all their sessions, should he not re-1 ceive for his services as much compensation as the Jackson Tide Waiters in the inconsid inconsiderable - erable inconsiderable ports of the United States ? I know very well that it has been proposed at different times to " retrench" by cutting i down the salaries ofsome few officers, among others that of the Governor. A proposition was made to that effect in the legislature last winter, by some ot the eagle-eyed friends of I reform. A bill was brought in, proposing to ' save in this tnelbod about seven thousand dot- ; ar . s '. ' While the friends of the State Ad- [ ministration were making substantial re-1 trenebments to almost ten times that amount,! the " genuine" friends of retrenchment could j discover that onlj' about seven thousand dol dollars - lars dollars could be saved! and that by cutlingdown the salary of the Governor and some other j officers! It is matter of opinion (upon which judi judicious - cious judicious men may honestly differ) what amount; should be paid to a Governor of the State. - The Governor of Massachusetts receives less ' than the Governors ofsome States and more than others. There is a view of the subject, however, which it may be well to present, that the community may distinctly see when i the largest salaries are paid for services ren- j dered, and that it may seem also bow shame- less is the effrontery of the " reforming" par party - ty party in Massachusetts. That party propose to reduce the salary of the Governor. The ; " head" of that party takes annually five thou-1 sand dollars of the peoples money for dis-1 charging the ministerial duly of a Collector ot the Customs ofthe District of Boston and Charleston and of certain other offices con connected - nected connected therewith ! " Retrenchment" preach preached - ed preached by a party whose chief counsellor has mul multiplied - tiplied multiplied the officers in the Boston Custom House, and recently increased their salaries I "Retrenchment" preached by a party who pay in that Custom House, annually, for sal- i aries, nearly eighty thousand dollars - being a greater amount than all the salaries of the Executive and Judicial officers of Massachu Massachusetts! - setts! Massachusetts! "Aristocracy" preached by a party pretending to be the exclusive friends ofthe "Mechanics end Workingmen," who have given eight offices in that same Custom House to the despised profession of Lawyers !

LETTERS FROM MASONS. From the Buffalo Journal. Buffalo, Sept. 10, 1831. To Gen. Peter B. Porter, and Hilliam B. Ruchealer, Esq. Gentlemen, - In tho present disturbed state of society on the subject of masonry, we have thought it advisable to address you in relation to a matter recently much agita agitated. - ted. agitated. The surrender of the charter of'our lodges has been suggested as a means of al allaying - laying allaying the present excitement, a.n<l of re restoring - storing restoring that harmony in the community on subjects relating to its general welfare, which has so long been a stranger to it. - We ask your opinion on this measure, the more readily from the knowledge that you have long been masons and are not now attached to any lodge. In your answer, we wish you to be full anil explicit on the ques question - tion question proposed above, both as to its efficacy in subserving the purpose avowed, and nlso ns to the manner in which it may effect the dilapidated fortunes and much abused char character - acter character of masonry. You will gratify us as well as many other of your fellow citizens, by adding to your own opinions, what you may know of Mr. Clay's opinion on the same subject, derived from your known intimacy with him. Ycur ob't humble servants, 11. B. Potter. John G. Camp. O. Follett. Ch. Townsend. J. A. Barker. Black Rock, Sept. 12, 1831. Gentlemen, - I received your letter of the i 10th inst., addressed to Judge Rochester | and myself, requesting our opinions as to the expediency of adopting a proposition I which it seems is now a subject of discus-! sion among the members of your lodge, sot surrendering its charter. I have not had the pleasure ofseeing Judge Rochester since the receipt of your letter, but understand that he is shortly expect expected - ed expected home. For myself, however, I have no hesitation in saying, in the present excited state of the public mind, I should deem it an act, not of magnanimity merely, but of patriotic duty to the cause of public peace and tranquillity, to give up your charter at once and for ever. The present state of my health does not permit me to go at large into an examina examination - tion examination of the principles and practices of free freemasonry - masonry freemasonry ; but I will cheerfully submit to you, a brief account of my own masonic knowledge and experience, as furnishing the motive to the advice I have just given. I joined the masonic fraternity in early life, by becoming a member of the Ontario Lodge ai Canandaigua, which, at that time, was the only Lodge in the State west of the Cayuga Lake. By ths partiality of my brethren, I was soon advanced to the office ot Master, the duties of which I discharged for several years. The only professed ob objects - jects objects and principles of the institution as then explained and understood, were - lst, the dispensation of charity to worthy but unfortunate members and their families, and more especially to such as were strangers; 2d, a prompt and cheerful observance of, and obediance to, the laws of the land ; 3d, a rigid practice of all moral virtues, and 4th a uniform demonstration of respect for religion and its professors - without, how-; ever, requiring n declaration in favor of any particular creed. Simple, however, and j even meritorious as were the objects of the I institution, yet,for-the - purpose no doubt, I of giving an air of importance and mystery to its proceedings they were surrounded ; by a profusion of useless pageantry and I show; and veiled in impenetrable secrecy, by the administration of high-sounding and I terrific oaths, denouncing by extravagant I penalties, the violation of the secrets of the society. I was induced to continue a member of; the Lodge for several years, not only be- ) cause I saw nothing of its principles or practices (unless the obligation .to the se-1 cretary may be considered as such) that was ' injurious to the interest of society ; but be- I cause it afforded one of the very few means . we then enjoyed of social intercourse ; as it brought together once a month, many of our principal inhabitants, scattered over an area of eight or ten millions of acres. It is, however, now more than twenty years since I have been a member, or (with i a single exception) witiiin the walls of any j Lodge. I withdrew from the society be- j cause 1 believed, that all its useful fune- tions, if not entirely superseded, were at! least much more efficiently performed, by ] other and more recent institutions, having ' the same objects in view ; and because the j unmeaning pomp and parade with which its operations are carried on, were uncon- ! genial with my taste. I never advanced beyond ths third degree of Masonry, and I can truly say, that during the time I was a ' member, I never saw the influence of the ; society exerted in the advancement of any political measure. For myself, I never in inquired, - quired, inquired, seldom knew, and still less cared, whether a candidate for any civil office was n mason or not; and such I believe has been the general sentiment of other masons. I have never known masons, as such, to be engaged in any unworthy, much less crimi criminal - nal criminal project, until the affair of Morgan. At the time of Iris abduction I was absent from the State, and on my return it was wholy impossible, among the various and contra- | dictory rumors and conjectures that were afloat, to form any satisfactory opinion in j respect to the particulars of the transaction. For more than two years after the event took place, although satisfied, that Morgan had bec-n forcibly and illegally seized and I brought to this frontier, iny prevaling opin-1 ion was, that he was alive, and either lay I concealed in some part of Canada, or bad been sent to sea. But it has since been |

Tuesday, Sept. 13, 1831. Gentlemen, - Returning home to-day, I General Porter has submitted to me your 1 letter of the 10th instant, and his reply. I - lake occasion Jo say that I fully concur in ! the advice and opinion therein given by him. '' My humble belief that free-masonry is at 1 this time quite useless, was fully expressed ' in ,-vn address on behalf of the .Monroe ' | Lodges, seme two years ago. Subsequent reflections has convinced me that the institu- I lion neither can or ought to be maintained any longer, because the possibility of its ' doing good is more than counterbalanced ' I by the evil tendencies to which under the ! ; circumstances of the times, it is inevitably 1 liable. Very respectfully vonr ob't serv't W. B. ROCHESTER. '! To H. B. Porter and others. , i Buffalo, Sept. 13,183 K Gentlemen, - After some hesitation as to ' the propriety of our making any reply to . 1 that part of your communication which con con. - . con. j templates a disclosure of what we know of . Mr. Clay's opinions on the subject in ques ques. - . ques. j tion, we have concluded, that as in the con con, - , con, versations we have had with him, he never imposed any restraint upon us, we should be doing no violence, to declare our knowl knowledge - edge knowledge of those opinions; accordingly, we ! state, that so far ns any interchange of opin opinj - j opinj ions has occurred between us, his corres- i i ponds with, and have in fact, corroborated I I those entertained by us. Whenever his I j sentiments on the subject have been ex-1 I pressed, they have usually been drawn { ; from him by the introduction of the general I i topic of masonry, but uniformly expressed I with that frankness which he is accustom- 1 ed to display on all occasions. That he has j neither made nor authorized any public ; annunciations of those opinions, is not stir- 1 prising to those who are familiar with the I characteristic delicacy of his feelings which j would forbid his doing any act that miaht be construed into an effort on his to I advance his well earned popularity byindi-1 rect means. Very respectfully, &c i P. B. POTTER W.B. ROCHESTER. I To H. B. Porter, and others. From the Pennsylvania Whig. There is one prominent and decisive fact against the re-election of a President for a second term, which nothing ever can sur- j mount or overcome - it is the immense treas-' ury influence which is at his disposal, and ! which he cannot resist the temptation to apply to that object. He has under him six cabinet ministers, who coming from six different Stales can apply the patronage of their offices to influ influence - ence influence corruptly the elections of their differ different - ent different places of nativity. He has five Treasury Auditors, whe act as Auxiliaries to this distribution of bribes and money. lie has some thousands of Post Masters in every State in the Union, who will obey the mandate. He has some twenty or more Custom Houses, and their thousands of officers. He has some twenty or more Land Offi Officers - cers Officers I He has some hundreds of Mail Contract Contractors - ors Contractors I He has Marshals, Commissioners and Agents, almost without number. He has newspapers in pay and editors under the influence of heavy salaries from Government - like Jhfoah of New York, and Kendall of Washington! He has the General Post Office funds as a revenue at his disposal, to buy up, bribe, and influence by undue means. He has the secret service money. He has in every State the Commissioners of Insolvency ! To preserve a life estate in their offices, it is worth to each office-holder, one third of his income for two years - which he would prefer spending in elections, than run the chance of a removal, by the non-election of his patron! Such is the enormous mass of Treasury Influence, which a President wields to pro promote - mote promote his re-election! Ought such a corruption to exist in a free government? Will the people permit it to succeed? Never! The practice is estab established - one - lished - one established - one term and no re-election ! - What rs Nulliftcation ? It is the right of one State to put down four and twenty. It is the tyrannical dogma that the majority shall submit to the minority. It is the solecism,that the rights of one in a compact of twenty-four, are greater than the rights of twenty-three ones, either unit united - ed united or separate. It is treason against the union, against the country, and against the majority It is anti-Democratic, anti-Patriotic and anti-Federal. It is more preposterous, more absurd and more despotic, tiian the right of the British King to hold the colonies in subjection; Because it is not the right of the few to govern the rnnny ; and of the Aristocracy to Lord it over the Working People. It is the cry of Slave holders against free labor - when they may rid themselves nt any moment of the expense of slave labor. It is the voice of idleness raised agninst | the voice of industry, or rather the band of labor. It is the outcry of bankrupt slavery, against wealth, of free labor, competence, and fortune. Let us hear no more of JVuUification. Pennsylvania Whig.

Fall and Winter CLOTHS. ! 5 UST received, a fine assortment of BROAD CLOTHS and aII colors ; and qualities, with a great variety of VEST | INGS; Rive and Brown Goat's Hair CAM CAMLETS - LETS CAMLETS ; Imitation do. do. : Scotch, Tartan, and and Camblet PLAIDS. Constantly on hand, a good assortment oi READY-MADE CLOTH CLOTHJNG - JNG, CLOTHJNG - all of which will be sold at a veiy small advance from cost. N. B. 20 COATS, of different colors and I qualities, made in the best style warranted, i for sale at cost. (LT Work done in City Style, and inferior to none in Worcester. BROWN & BRIGHAM, Drapers and Tailors, No. 2 Goddards' Row. Sept. 28. ts WINTER DRESSES. Fgl I IE subscriber will receive in all this week. _E_ a great assortment of splendid Goods from New Yerk, consisting of French Merinos, all shades, at $1,50, Lots of German do. do. Splendid Silks, for Gowns, Bonnet Linings, 25 Garnitures of Ribbons, Belt Ribbon, Cartons of Gauze Neck Ribbons, Calicoes, Ginghams, And the public are assured that he will main- - tain the old credit of the establishment for cheapness. - also - At all times House Keeping Articles, in all 1 their variety. I) G WHEELER, Jr. Worcester Oct 5 NEW GOODS. >UST RECEIVED, an extensive assort* mfnt of seasonable in part,' as follows : Black, Blue-black, and eol'd Silks, Fancy Handkerchiefs, Merino, Raw Silk, and Thibet Shawls, French and English Merinnes, Merino Circassians, Camblels and Plaids, Flannels. Surges, &c. Broad Cloths and Cassimcres, Glovesand Hosiery. 100 ps. Dark Prints - With a. variety of other Goods, which purchas purchasers - ers purchasers are invited to call and examine, at No. G Goddards' Row. THAYER & DANIELS. Worcester, Sept. 28. 6w FBESH LACE, SILK, and\ FANCY GOODS. SAMUEL PHIPPS, HNos 11 4' 13 Washingtonst Boston, : AS just received, per recent arrivals, 85 cases, comprising a most extensive and varied ; assortment of Laces, Silk, and seasonable Fan Fancy - cy Fancy Goods. Also, on hand a large assortment - of French and English Merinoes. Circassians.. Muslin Goods, Hosftry, Gloves, &e. The! above Goods are offered to the city and country -j trade on the most favorable, terms. Sept. 21. is6w ' DANIEL DENNY & CO, At the Stone Store, Nos. 9 and 11 Doane-strcet, near Kilby street, (in. the rear of their late stand in State-street,) Have received and opened for sale a gen- I eral assortment of EUROPEAN, LYDIA, 1 and AMERICAN PIECE GOODS, suitable for the season. Also, have for sale BGO9 pounds Verwont FLEECE WOOL, and 1200 pounds extra fine Saxony and Merino WOOL. Boston, Oct. 5. Gw i FALL GOODS. GORDON & STODDARD, /8 and 80 State-street, ... Boston, ' HAVE received by the late arrivals from Europe, 200 packages, comprising an ex extensive - tensive extensive assortment of WOOLLEJY, COTTON LINEN, and STUFF GOODS, which they offer for sale at low prices, for cash , or on short credit. O c t 5 GREAT BARGAINS? AT WHEELER'S CASH STORE. CONSISTING of every seasonably article j / Gros de Les Lowrs, Gros de Paris, Gros de Naples, Gros de Berlins, Broad Cloths - Flannels - Plaids, Splendid Bonnet Ribbons, Laces, &c. Oct. 5. Opposite Worcester Hotel. Hosiery and Gloves. A VERY prime assortment of the above just .Zm received - among which are Random and Ribbed Worsted Hose, a new article; Plain Worsted Hose, merino col's ; beautiful Check Checked - ed Checked and Random Cotton. Open Worked and Ran Random - dom Random bilk Hose, &c. For sale by DANIEL HEYWOOD. Wnri r'-L-r. (>4*l. 12. AUGUSINE, ANEW and very beautiful article, intended for Ladies' Dresses, iuJ. rec'd and fur sale opposite the Worcester Hotel, by IV D \\ HEELER, Jr Crockery, Glass 8f China Ware. TVOW opening, n prime assortment of the above, of the latest importuliqns, which will bo sokl at lowest prices, by THAYER & DANIELS, Sept. 28. <i.w N 0.6 Goddards' Row.

MOLASSES, SALT, &c. II HFIDS. heavy Retailing Molasses, i kF 500 bush. Coarse-Fine Salt, 200 do. Turks Island do. 50 large Bleached Sacks do. 25 bbls. Genesee Flour, from new wheat, 5 hhds. prime St. Croix Sugar, 20 bbls. No. 2 Mackerel, 40 half bbls. No. I and 2 do. 5 boxes Sperm Candles, long 4s and ss/ Now receiving, via the Canal, by BENJ. BUTMAN & CO. Worcester, Oct. 5. g w O" Commission Agency. OTIS SPEAR, DCOMMISSIOjY MERCHANT. I EALER in CARDS, SHOES, STRAW ; GOODS, &c. &c., No. 6 South Charles street, Baltimore, (Md.) EF Reference to Mr. Jonathan Carleton, I Mr. Amasa Walker, Boston; Messrs Spear & Patten, New York ; or Robert Earle i Worcester. »(> ln ' July 27 Circassians - still lower. JUST received, purchased at Auction a ve- | ry splendid assortment and at uncom-1 monly low prices, by D. G. WHEELER Jr Oct 5. CHAMPAIGN. Qi BASKETS Champaign - "Jolly" and * " Vives" brand?, just received bv MNJ. BUTMAN & CO. Worcester, Oct 5. Splendid Gros de Naples. - PIECES, comprising every variety of shade, - purchased at Auction. For 1 sale very cheap, by Sept.2l. 6w DG. WHEELER, Jr. CLOTHS. B R OAD-CLOTHS, in great variety, I Cassi meres, assorted colors, Pelisse Cloths, do. Petersham, do. Kerseys - Sat; nett s - Dockings, Floor Cloth, &c. &c Now opening, and for sale as low as any in ! the market, by D. HEYWOOD. Worcester, Oct. 12. BROAD TURC SATInT PIECES of these Goods, which arc I recommended for elegance and use J being a " real old fashioned article" in fabric For sale by D. G. WHEELER, Jr' Worcester, Sept. 21. 6w WORCESTER FOUNDRY. IRON CASTINGS, warranted of soft Iron, made at the Foundry near the Paper Mills of Elijah Burbank, at short notice. Orders and I Patterns left with WM BU TLER, at the I Foundry, or with SUMNER SMITH, at the Buck Store on the Canal, will receive atten- tf Oct. 5. Gauze Ribbons. E Carton of the most elegant over before offered in this town, some at cxceodimrlv low prices. D. G. WHEELER, Jr ' Worcester, Sept. 7. 6w CASH FOR BARLEY. Important to Farmers. FWI H h subscribers will pay Cash for Barley. _RL or will give in exchange one bushel Corn for one bushel of Barley, weighing 48 pounds, delivered at the Worcester Brewery. SIMEON BURT & CO. Worcester, Oct. 5. ROSE BLANK EIS. PAIRS just received,ofTring a lar<rc assortment of sizes. For sale by D. G. WHEELER, Jr. Worcester, Sept. 21. 6w SALT. BUSHELS Coarse-Fine Salt ; a&'/Xr 2D Sacks Fine do. For sale by FRANCIS E. BIGELOW. I Worcester, Oct. 5. ts COARSE FINE SAL T. 1 S BUSH. Liverpool, just received -fl. M and for sale, by i HOWE, JACKSON, & CO. Worcester, Sept. 28. ts FLOUR and"CORN. Genesee Flour ; 200 bushels i i Southern Corn. Just received and 1 for sale, by FRANCIS E. BIGELOW. Worcester. Oct 12. ts NEW FLOUR. 1 t Genesee Flour, from Now V Wheat, - just received, by I ROBERT EARLE, i Get. 12. Central Ktrcct. CORN. '250 BUSH Southern Yellow Corn, for | HOWE, JACKSON, * CO. i Worcester, Oct. 5. 3w J Crockery, Glass 8f China Ware. JUST received, a fresh nssorlmcut of the above Ware, among which arc elegant I China Tea Setts, Glass Lamps. Arc . for sale veiV low, by D iIEYWUOD. I Worcester, Oct. 5.

To realize its perfection, we must view the gen general - eral general government and the Stales as a whole ; each in its proper sphere, sovereign and independent, each perfectly adapted to their respective objects ; the State acting separately, representing and pro pro; - ; pro; tecting the local and peculiar interests, acting jointly through one general government, with the weight respectively assigned to each by the consti constitution, - tution, constitution, representing and protecting the interests of the whole; and thus perfecting by an admirable, but simple arrangement, the great principle of re representation - presentation representation and responsibility, without which no government can be free or just. To preserve this sacred distribution, as originally settled, by coerc coercing - ing coercing each to move in its prescribed orb, is the great and difficult problem, on the solution of which, the duration of our constitution, of Union, and. in all probability, our liberty depends. llow is this to be effected ? The question is now, when applied to our pecu peculiar - liar peculiar political organization, where the separate and conflicting interests of society are represented by distinct, but connected governments; but it is in reality an old question under a new form, not since perfectly solved. Whenever separate and dissimi dissimilar - lar dissimilar interests have been separately represented in any government; whenever the sovereign power has been divided in its exercise, the experience and wisdom of ages have devised but one mode, by which such political organization can be preserved ; the mode adopted in England, and by all govern governments - ments governments ancient and modern, blessed with constitu constitutions - tions constitutions deserving to be called free ; to give to each coestate the right to judge of its power; with a negative, or veto on the acts of others, in order to protect against encroachments, the interest it par particularly - ticularly particularly represents ; a principle which all of our constitutions recognize in the distribution of power among their respective departments, as essential to maintain the independence of each, but which to all, who will duly reflect on the subject, must ap appear - pear appear far more essential, for the same object, in that great and fundamental distribution of powers be between - tween between the States and the general government. So essential is .the principle, that to withhold the right from either, wlieru the sovereign power is divided, is in fact to annul the division itself, and to con consolidate - solidate consolidate in the one, left m the exclusive possession of the right, all of the powers of the government; lor it is not possible to distinguish, practically, be between - tween between a government, havipg all power, and the one Awing the right to take what power it pleases. - Nor doos it in the least vary the principle, whether the distribution of power be between cocstates,as ia