BlockTulsa, Oklahoma
23 topographic sheets cover this place, the earliest surveyed in 1901 and the latest in 1985. It stands in the Tulsa census division. It lies in ZIP code area 74103. The Survey maps it on the Tulsa quadrangle. 413,066 people lived here at the 2020 count. It stands 732 feet above sea level.
Research this city
On record in Tulsa
Buildings and businesses the archive holds for this place. Each opens its own page, with the source record it came from.
On the National Register 12 of 98 shown
Boston Avenue Methodist Episcopal ChurchNational Historic Landmark · listed 1978
Ambassador Hotellisted 1999
Atlas Life Buildinglisted 2009
Belmont Apartmentslisted 2015
Blue Cross Blue Shield of Oklahoma Buildinglisted 2016
Blue Dome Historic Districtlisted 2011
Brady Heights Historic Districtlisted 1980
Buena Vista Park Historic Districtlisted 2007
Cain's Dancing Academylisted 2003
Casa Loma Hotellisted 2010
Church Studio, Thelisted 2017
Circle Theaterlisted 2003
Surveyed buildings and structures 12 of 19 shown
- Creek Nation Council Oak Park, 1750 South Cheyenne, Tulsafederal building survey, 3 photographs
- Harwelden Estate, 2210 South Main Street, Tulsafederal building survey, 1 photograph
- Harwellden, 210 South Main Street, Tulsafederal building survey, 4 photographs
- McBirney House, 1414 South Galveston Avenue, Tulsafederal building survey, 1 photograph
- Memorial Park Cemetery, 51st Street and South Memorial Drive, Tulsafederal building survey, 1 photograph
- Mohawk Park, 5223 East 41st Street, Tulsafederal building survey, 1 photograph
- Owen Park, 560 North Maybelle, Tulsafederal building survey, 1 photograph
- Southern Hills Country Club, 2636 East Sixty-first Street, Tulsafederal building survey, 1 photograph
- Swan Lake Park, 1710 Charles Page Boulevard, Tulsafederal building survey, 3 photographs
- Swan Lake, Bounded by East 15th Street, South Utica Avenue, East 21st Street, and South Peoria Avenue, Tulsafederal building survey, 1 photograph
- Terwilleger Heights Subdivision, Bounded by Twenty-seventh Street on the South, Utica Avenue on the East, Twenty-first Street on the North, and Rockford Avenue on the West, Tulsafederal building survey, 1 photograph
- Thomas Gilcrease Estate, 1400 North Gilcrease Museum Drive, Tulsafederal building survey, 1 photograph
Population over time
8 figuresTulsa grew from 1,390 to 413,066 between 1900 and 2020. These are the recorded population figures Wikidata holds for this place, reached through the Geographic Names Information System number this page is keyed on rather than by name, so they belong to this place and not to another of the same name. Most are census counts, but not all are: an early figure may be a founding or settlement estimate, and an estimate published within five years of a census is left out. The change column is computed, and is left blank where more than 20 years separate a figure from the one before it, because a gap that long is not a change between two counts.
| Year | People | Change |
|---|---|---|
| 1900 | 1,390 | |
| 1910 | 18,182 | +16,792 (+1208%) |
| 1920 | 72,075 | +53,893 (+296%) |
| 1970 | 331,800 | |
| 1984 | 375,000 | +43,200 (+13%) |
| 1998 | 381,400 | +6,400 (+2%) |
| 2010 | 391,906 | +10,506 (+3%) |
| 2020 | 413,066 | +21,160 (+5%) |
Topographic sheets covering this place
8 surveys from 23 printed sheetsMatched by testing this settlement's coordinate against the published boundary of every sheet in the United States Geological Survey's historical collection. Each opens the scanned sheet at the Survey.
- 1901 USGS Claremore quadrangle1:125000, 4 printings
- 1914 USGS Claremore quadrangle1:125000
- 1916 USGS Claremore quadrangle1:125000, 4 printings
- 1954 USGS Tulsa quadrangle1:250000, 2 printings
- 1954 USGS Tulsa quadrangle1:24000, 6 printings
- 1958 USGS Tulsa quadrangle1:250000, 3 printings
- 1963 USGS Tulsa quadrangle1:250000
- 1985 USGS Tulsa quadrangle1:100000, 2 printings
What the histories say of this town
146,159 words1 chapter about Tulsa from the published histories of the county, public domain and reproduced complete.
| Chapter | From | Length |
|---|---|---|
| History | The History of Tulsa, Oklahoma (1921) | 146,159 words in 10 parts |
Photographs
8 of 37 photographs shown, 1942 to 2020Taken for the Office of War Information and the Farm Security Administration, who photographed the country between 1935 and 1944. Works of United States government photographers, with no known restriction on use. Each opens its catalogue record.
Vachon, John, 1942. Library of Congress
Highsmith, Carol M, 2020. Library of Congress
Vachon, John, 1942. Library of Congress
Vachon, John, 1942. Library of Congress
Vachon, John, 1942. Library of Congress
Vachon, John, 1942. Library of Congress
Vachon, John, 1942. Library of Congress
Vachon, John, 1942. Library of Congress
Every photograph of Tulsa County
Fires near this place
2 since 1995Regional context, not property-specific evidence. The federal wildfire occurrence database lists 2 fires within 5 miles of Tulsa between 1995 and 2000, burning about 1,000 acres in total. None started naturally. None was recorded as arson. Distance is straight-line from the map coordinates, so a fire counted here may appear on a neighbouring settlement's page as well.
| Reported cause | Fires |
|---|---|
| Missing data/not specified/undetermined | 2 |
The most recent of them, most recent first, with the day each was reported and the service that recorded it.
| Date | Cause | Size | Reported by | Name on the report |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20 September 2000 | Missing data/not specified/undetermined | 400 acres | Oklahoma Division of Forestry | GILCREASE |
| 23 March 1995 | Missing data/not specified/undetermined | 600 acres | Oklahoma Division of Forestry | not named |
Settlements close enough to share some of these fires:
Mines and quarries near this place
10 of 15 shownRegional context, not property-specific evidence. The federal mineral resources record lists 15 workings within 5 miles of Tulsa: 8 producers, 7 past producers. 8 still produce. What was taken out: Sand and Gravel, Construction, Clay, Silica. Distance is straight-line from the map coordinates, so a quarry counted here may appear on a neighbouring settlement's page as well.
| Where | Site | Commodity | Status | Recorded |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plant No.3 | Silica | Producer | ||
| Acme Brick Co Shale Pit | Clay | Producer | ||
| Unknown Shale Pit | Clay | Past Producer | ||
| Unknown Shale Pit | Clay | Past Producer | ||
| Unknown Shale Pit | Clay | Past Producer | ||
| Unknown Shale Pit | Clay | Past Producer | ||
| Chandler Materials Sand Pit | Sand and Gravel, Construction | Producer | ||
| Chandler Materials Sand Pit | Sand and Gravel, Construction | Producer | ||
| Chandler Materials Sand Pit | Sand and Gravel, Construction | Producer | ||
| East Tulsa Sand Pit | Sand and Gravel, Construction | Producer |
Storms near this place
60 of 572 shownRegional context, not property-specific evidence. The National Weather Service names Tulsa in 572 storm reports between 1993 and 2026: 290 hail, 213 thunderstorm wind, 49 flash flood, 8 lightning. The reports record 2 deaths and 90 injuries. Each account below is quoted exactly as the forecast office filed it, from the NOAA Storm Events Database, and each date opens the federal record of that event.
| When | Event | Place named | Harm | What the report says |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| October 2012 | Flash Flood | Tulsa | 1 killed | Three teenagers were playing near rain-swollened Coal Creek in north Tulsa. Two of the three teenagers got out of the water safely but one was washed downstream and drown by the flood waters. He was found the following morning about a mile and a half downstream from where they were playing. |
| August 2005 | Thunderstorm Wind | Tulsa | 1 killed | Thunderstorm winds estimated at 70 miles an hour blew down a three foot diameter tree. The tree fell on a pick up truck that was stopped at a traffic light near the 5600 block of South Peoria. The man in the truck died as the cabin was crushed by the tree. |
| October 2007 | Thunderstorm Wind | Tulsa | 50 hurt, $100,000 | Strong thunderstorm winds with gusts estimated up to 80 miles an hour moved into the Tulsa area. Oktoberfest, an annual outdoor festival, was underway at the time. The wind destroyed several large tents at the venue, in which hundreds of people were located as the storms moved through the area. At least fifty people were injured when the tents collapsed and/or from flying debris, two of which were critically injured. |
| August 2017 | Tornado (EF2) | Tulsa | 30 hurt, $50,000,000 | This tornado developed over a neighborhood east of S Harvard Avenue and south of E 36th Street S, where large tree limbs were snapped and homes were damaged. The tornado moved east-southeast crossing S Yale Avenue where numerous trees and power poles were snapped. Numerous businesses were damaged or destroyed between S Yale Avenue and S Sheridan Road along and within a few blocks of E 41st Street S. Some of the worst damage in the path was in this area. Some of the businesses in the area had the roofs blown off the structure and some had exterior walls blown down. Several vehicles were rolled in this area, and reportedly 30 people were injured there. Numerous other businesses sustained mainly roof, wall, and window damage between S Sheridan Road and Highway 169. Many power poles and trees were also blown down in this area. The tornado turned more easterly near Highway 169 and moved roughly along E 51st Street S, dissipating just before reaching N Aspen Avenue (S 145th East Avenue). Based on this damage, maximum estimated wind in the tornado was 120 to 130 mph. |
| June 2006 | Thunderstorm Wind | Tulsa | 4 hurt, $2,500,000 | A microburst occurred near the fairgrounds. There was extensive damage north to south from 11th Street to 21st Street and from east to west from Yale to the Broken Arrow Expressway. Wind speeds were estimated at 85 miles an hour based on the damage. 1420 homes were damaged, two of which received major damage as large trees were blown down onto them. At one time, 13,000 residents near the damaged area were without power.There was extensive roof damage at the fairgrounds and several rides at Bell's Amusement park were damaged. The most notable damage was the roof being peeled back at the trade center, the roof being stripped to the sheet metal at the exchange center, and the 80 year old Ferris wheel at Bell's being destroyed. Two churches near the fairgrounds received roof damage.There were four injuries for which people were taken to the hospital. All were considered minor. |
| October 2023 | Thunderstorm Wind | Tulsa | 2 hurt, $5,000 | Strong thunderstorm wind blew down a sign at the Tulsa State Fair, injuring two teenagers. |
| June 2004 | Thunderstorm Wind | Tulsa | 1 hurt, $4,000,000 | Thunderstorm winds estimated near 80 miles an hour blew glass windows out of the the Adams Mark Hotel downtown. Not too far away the Wiltel building received structural damage to its northeast facade including several broken glass windows. One person was injured by the breaking glass. Areas just to the south and southeast side of downtown suffered major power outages which took days to completely fix.As many as 70,000 Tulsa area customers were without power at the peek of the outage. American Electric Power estimated the cost was several million dollars to repair the damages in the Tulsa area. |
| May 2019 | Tornado (EF1) | Tulsa | 1 hurt, $125,000 | This tornado developed just south of E Pine Street at N Rockford Avenue and moved east. The tornado damaged a number of homes and structures, blew down trees, and snapped two power poles. A man was injured when a large tree fell onto his house. The tornado dissipated just north of E Pine Street near N Oswego Avenue. Based on this damage, maximum estimated wind in the tornado was 90 to 100 mph. |
| June 1999 | Thunderstorm Wind | Tulsa | 1 hurt, $15,000 | A 90-foot tall, 3-foot diameter Cottonwood tree blew over, crashing through the roof of a home west of downtown Tulsa near 65th West Avenue and Charles Page Boulevard. Another 2-foot diameter tree and several large tree limbs were blown down. Nearby, a woman spending the night in a fireworks tent was hit in the head by a flying tent pole, causing a minor injury.The strong winds associated with this storm report were an isolated occurrence along a line of thunderstorms spreading to the southeast. Most other places saw winds gusting to 40 miles an hour. |
| June 2003 | Lightning | Tulsa | 1 hurt | A seventeen year old boy was struck by lightning near the 6300 block of North Denver Avenue. He was taken to a hospital for treatment by an ambulance. |
| November 2003 | Hail | Tulsa | $20,000,000 | Baseball hail was reported at 31st and Harvard and then again at 21st and Harvard. The hail broke windows and damaged numerous roofs of buildings and cars. Damage is estimated; pending supplemental insurance reports. |
| March 2000 | Hail | Tulsa | $2,000,000 | Tennis ball size hail was reported by an off duty National Weather Service employee near 101st street and Sheridan Avenue. This hail was part of a large swath of large hail which fell from downtown Tulsa through western and southern parts of the city of Tulsa. The hail damaged many cars and roofs as well as being driven by wind through numerous windows. |
| May 1999 | Tornado (F1) | Tulsa | $2,000,000 | A tornado that originally touched down on the north side of Sapulpa traveled northeast, eventually reaching Tulsa County. This tornado caused considerable damage in several neighborhoods on the southwest side of the city of Tulsa. The majority of the damage was confined to an area roughly bounded on the east by 33rd West Avenue, on the west by 41st West Avenue, on the north by Union Avenue, and on the south by 65th Street South. The most publicized damage occurred at the Carbondale Assembly of God Church (2135 West 51st Street), where the second story of the building was reduced to rubble. Remington Elementary School (2524 W. 53rd Street) was damaged to the point where students had to finish the last two weeks of class elsewhere. The West Regional Library (2224 W. 51st Street) lost about one-third of its roof, and Fire Station #26 sustained minor damage. Four industrial businesses sustained damage, and 70 homes were damaged by the tornado. Damage in Tulsa County is estimated at $2 million. For more information on the Creek County portion of this tornado, see the Tornado entry for Creek County. The combined path length through Creek and Tulsa Counties is 7 miles. |
| April 2008 | Hail | Tulsa | $1,000,000 | Golfball size hail fell near the intersection of Mingo Road and 91st Street South. Extensive damage to homes, businesses, and automobiles occurred. |
| May 2000 | Hail | Tulsa | $1,000,000 | At 908 pm cdt baseball size hail fell at 81st and Yale.At 908 pm cdt quarter size hail fell at 81st and Memorial.At 910 pm cdt golfball size hail fell at 81st and Sheridan.At 916 pm cdt golfball size hail fell at 91st and Memorial. |
| May 2000 | Hail | Tulsa | $500,000 | Tennis ball size hail fell on the north side of Tulsa. |
| April 1993 | Thunderstorm Wind | Tulsa | $500,000 | no account filed |
| March 2015 | Thunderstorm Wind | West Tulsa | $300,000 | Strong thunderstorm wind blowing from the north to south damaged numerous homes, snapped or uprooted numerous trees, and blew down power poles. A building had the north-facing wall blown in and the roof above it collapsed. Seventy-five young girls were in the building at the time and sheltered in the basement just before the storm severely damaged the building. No injuries resulted from this damage. |
| July 2013 | Lightning | Tulsa | $250,000 | Lightning struck the Union 8th Grade Center, igniting a fire that severely damaged the roof of the building. |
| July 2013 | Lightning | Tulsa | $250,000 | Lightning struck a day care center, resulting in a fire that destroyed it. |
| May 1999 | Lightning | Tulsa | $150,000 | Lightning struck the roof of a south Tulsa house, sparking a fire that burned the whole roof off. The house was located near 111th Street South between Yale and Sheridan. |
| July 1996 | Thunderstorm Wind | Tulsa | $110,000 | no account filed |
| May 2025 | Hail | Tulsa | $100,000 | Golf ball size hail damaged homes, businesses, and vehicles. |
| May 2008 | Thunderstorm Wind | Tulsa | $100,000 | Thunderstorm winds estimated at 80 miles an hour damaged a roof at Townwest shopping center near 49th West Avenue and Interstate 44. |
| February 2000 | Tornado (F1) | Tulsa | $100,000 | An F1 tornado touched down for a minute one mile southeast of Tulsa International airport or in the vicinity of the corner of Pine and Garnett. The tornado damaged some equipment at a farm implement dealership and threw a parked car on top of another parked car. Six to eight power poles were blown down as well. |
| June 1998 | Thunderstorm Wind | Tulsa | $90,000 | Winds measured as high as 96 mph caused extensive damage in downtown Tulsa and throughout a large part of the city. Specific reports follow:- At 232 AM CDT, the NWS received reports of transformers blowing up in north Tulsa. Eventually, 70,000 PSO customers lost electrical service. Numerous power lines, including 27 distribution poles and 10 transmission poles as tall as 75 feet, were blown down. Nine of these were along Sheridan Road between Admiral and 11th Street S. PSO reported damage located in an area from Keystone Dam east to Broken Arrow and from Tulsa International Airport to 31st Street S. The worst damage was near 11th and Sheridan.- At 240 AM CDT, spotters reported a 65 mph gust in east Tulsa.- At 240 AM CDT, spotters measured a 96 mph gust near US Hwy 75 and Apache.- At 242 AM CDT, a KOTV (Channel 6) meteorologist reported 85 to 90 mph winds at their studios in downtown Tulsa. Much of downtown Tulsa lost electrical service.- Around 245 AM CDT, winds tore the roof off of Houston Elementary School on North Cincinnati. New Hope Baptist Church next door lost part of its roof as well.- Large trees and traffic signals were blown down in the downtown area, blocking several streets. A newspaper clipping had a picture of a traffic signal laying on the ground at Second Street and Cincinnati.- The roofs of at least two units at the Osage Hills Apartments (423 W. Haskell) were blown off. Downed tree branches nearby broke out several windows on a car.- The roof was blown off of the Town Center Building (507 E. Archer) in downtown Tulsa.- Two large plate glass windows were blown out of the 400 S. Boston Building in downtown Tulsa. The glass was at least one-half inch thick. - A newspaper clipping showed a picture of a very large tree that was blown onto a Nissan Maxima near 37th and Troost, totalling the car. - Gasoline pumps at a gas station (2718 W. Edison) were torn from their bases, and the station's large metal canopy was blown across the street.- There was one indirect injury as a man was trimming a tree that had fallen on power lines. A limb fell and contacted a live power line, shocking the man. Also, the Tulsa Regional Medical Center admitted five patients for reasons related to the power outage. |
| May 2025 | Hail | Tulsa | $75,000 | Golf ball size hail damaged homes, businesses, and vehicles. |
| May 2024 | Hail | Tulsa | $75,000 | Golf ball size hail damaged homes, businesses, and vehicles. |
| May 2025 | Hail | Tulsa | $50,000 | Golf ball size hail damaged homes and vehicles. |
| May 2025 | Hail | Tulsa | $50,000 | Golf ball size hail damaged homes and vehicles. |
| May 2024 | Hail | Tulsa | $50,000 | Half dollar size hail damaged homes and vehicles. |
| June 2023 | Thunderstorm Wind | Tulsa | $50,000 | Strong thunderstorm wind damaged the roofs of homes and businesses. |
| October 2021 | Flash Flood | West Tulsa | $50,000 | Locally heavy rainfall that fell in a short period of time resulted in portions of a number of roads flooding in the City of Tulsa. Some of the reported flooded areas included: S Sheridan Road near E 44th Street S, and E 32nd Street S; S Memorial Drive near Skelly Drive, and E 14th Street S; and S Boston Avenue near E 15th Street S. Several vehicles were stranded in high water in these areas, necessitating swift water rescues of the drivers. |
| April 2020 | Hail | West Tulsa | $50,000 | Large hail damaged vehicles and the roofs of homes. |
| April 2020 | Hail | Tulsa | $50,000 | Ping pong ball size hail damaged vehicles and the roofs of homes. |
| June 2007 | Hail | Tulsa | $50,000 | Golfball size hail fell near the intersection of Sheridan and 81st Street South. |
| April 2006 | Hail | Tulsa | $50,000 | Golfball size hail fell in downtown Tulsa. |
| May 2004 | Thunderstorm Wind | Tulsa | $50,000 | Thunderstorms winds estimated at 60 miles an hour caused extensive damage at the Mayfest celebration in downtown Tulsa and also caused power outages to thousands of customers in that part of town. Much of the damage at Mayfest was due to blown down tents and displays in combination with the heavy rain which accompanied the wind. |
| August 2003 | Thunderstorm Wind | Tulsa | $50,000 | Thunderstorm winds estimated at 70 miles an hour blew down numerous large trees, tree limbs and power lines mainly across the southern part of the city of Tulsa. Some cars were damaged by the debris and up to 38,000 customers lost power. |
| April 2011 | Hail | Tulsa | $50,000 | no account filed |
| May 2024 | Hail | Tulsa | $35,000 | Half dollar size hail damaged homes and vehicles. |
| May 2025 | Hail | Tulsa | $30,000 | Ping pong ball size hail damaged homes and vehicles. |
| May 2025 | Hail | Tulsa | $30,000 | Ping pong ball size hail damaged homes and vehicles. |
| May 2025 | Hail | Tulsa | $30,000 | Ping pong ball size hail damaged homes and vehicles. |
| April 2020 | Hail | Tulsa | $30,000 | Half dollar size hail damaged vehicles and the roofs of homes. |
| September 2007 | Flash Flood | Tulsa | $30,000 | Heavy rain caused widespread severe street flooding across the City of Tulsa. Numerous vehicles were stranded in the flood waters. The worst reports of flooding were on Sheridan Avenue between 42nd and 46th Street South where water was three to four feet deep. Cars were stranded in the high water. |
| May 2025 | Hail | Tulsa | $25,000 | Half dollar size hail damaged homes and vehicles. |
| May 2025 | Hail | Tulsa | $25,000 | Half dollar size hail damaged homes and vehicles. |
| May 2025 | Hail | Tulsa | $25,000 | Half dollar size hail damaged homes and vehicles. |
| May 2025 | Hail | Tulsa | $25,000 | Half dollar size hail damaged homes and vehicles. |
| May 2025 | Hail | Tulsa | $25,000 | Half dollar size hail damaged homes and vehicles. |
| May 2025 | Hail | Tulsa | $25,000 | Half dollar size hail damaged homes and vehicles. |
| June 2023 | Thunderstorm Wind | West Tulsa | $25,000 | Strong thunderstorm wind blew out glass windows and the door entryway to the Performing Arts Center in downtown Tulsa. |
| November 2021 | Tornado (EF0) | Tulsa | $25,000 | This tornado developed over Woodward Park, where large tree limbs were snapped. The tornado then moved through a neighborhood just east of the park, where a couple trees were uprooted, and large tree limbs were snapped. A few homes were damaged, primarily from the trees or tree limbs falling onto them. The tornado dissipated near Utica Square. Based on this damage, maximum estimated wind in the tornado was 80 to 85 mph. |
| March 2015 | Thunderstorm Wind | Tulsa | $25,000 | Strong thunderstorm wind gusts damaged the roofs of houses. |
| July 2013 | Thunderstorm Wind | Tulsa | $25,000 | Strong thunderstorm wind damaged the roof of a home and blew down trees, one of which fell onto a home. Power lines were blown down resulting in power outages. |
| July 2013 | Lightning | Tulsa | $25,000 | Lightning struck a hotel, resulting in a fire that damaged the structure. |
| February 2010 | Lightning | Tulsa | $25,000 | Lightning struck a night club causing a fire that damaged the building. |
| June 2010 | Thunderstorm Wind | Tulsa | $25,000 | The media reported a large tree blown down onto a house. |
| July 2007 | Hail | Tulsa | $25,000 | Golfball size hail fell near the intersection of Harvard and Independence. |
Nearest settlements
The eight closest, with where each one stands in the county. Distances are straight-line, computed from the Geographic Names Information System coordinates.
| Map | Place | Distance | Sheets |
|---|---|---|---|
| West Tulsa | 1.4 miles | 16 | |
| East Tulsa | 3.0 miles | 23 | |
| Garden City | 3.0 miles | 14 | |
| Kengle | 3.3 miles | 16 | |
| Red Fork | 3.7 miles | 14 | |
| Price | 4.2 miles | 16 | |
| Carbondale | 4.3 miles | 14 | |
| Dawson | 4.8 miles | 23 |
Elsewhere
Matched on this settlement's Geographic Names Information System number rather than its name, so it cannot be a different place of the same name in another state.
| Wikipedia article on Tulsa | An encyclopaedic summary. Its text is share-alike, so it is linked here rather than copied. |
| Wikidata item Q44989 | The structured record the population and elevation above come from. Public domain (CC0). |
Provenance
This settlement is recorded in the Geographic Names Information System as feature 1100962. The sheet list is computed by point-in-boundary test against the United States Geological Survey's historical topographic inventory. Both are works of the United States government and carry no copyright under 17 U.S.C. 105.
Wildfire. Short, Karen C. 2022. Spatial wildfire occurrence data for the United States, 1992-2020 [FPA_FOD_20221014]. 6th Edition. Fort Collins, CO: Forest Service Research Data Archive. https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2013-0009.6 Collected with United States Government funding and usable without additional permissions or fees.
Mines and quarries. USGS Mineral Resources Data System (MRDS) https://mrdata.usgs.gov/mrds/ A work of the United States government, no copyright under 17 U.S.C. 105.
Storms. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Storm Events Database https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/stormevents/ A work of the United States government, no copyright under 17 U.S.C. 105. Narratives are quoted verbatim from the National Weather Service report and are not edited or summarised.