Medford City (part 4 of 14)

"John Brooks was horn in Medford, Massachusetts, in May, 1752. His father, Capt. Caleb Brooks, was a respectable farmer, much esteemed and beloved by his friends and neighbors. His mother was a woman of superior personal charms, and of remarkable talents, for one of her advantages and station in life. She early discovered in her son those faculties which were destined to raise him from the plough to the first station in society, and was solicitous to place him where he might cultivate them to advantage. We are probably much indebted to this excellent woman for the estimable traits of character displayed in the son. Our matrons give the first and most important impress of our moralists, our statesmen, and our heroes. Happy is the lot of those who have mothers of that superior excellence which rises above the vain show and glitter of life, whose pleasures centre in the care of their offspring, in forming their habits and directing their minds to elevated sentiments and noble objects, whose greatest pride is in those splendid ornaments, - the virtues displayed by their children.

" Mrs. Brooks had an excellent friend in her physician, Dr. Simon Tufts, at that time a very respectable practitioner in Medford. His high standing in our profession is evinced by his being enrolled in the list of our members previously to the present organization of the society, when its number was limited to seventy, and none were elected fellows but those who were the most distinguished practitioners in the State. Dr. Tufts observed the anxiety of the mother to elevate her son to a superior station in life, and encouraged her to give him as good an education as their finances would permit. He was accordingly placed at the town-school, where he was taught the rudiments of science, and the Latin and Greek languages. Such was his proficiency in his scholastic studies, and so amiable and exemplary was his character, that he secured the friendship of Dr. Tufts, who took him into his family at the age of fourteen, to educate him for his profession. The skill and science of the instructor, and the indefatigable attention of the pupil, supplied the deficiencies arising from the want of a liberal education. His progress in medical science, and in judicious practical observation, was such as to secure the confidence and respect of his master.

" During his pupilage, the amiable traits of his character were more fully developed ; and he began to display that talent and fondness for military discipline which were eminently manifested at a subsequent period, and contributed to establish that erect and manly port for which he was so remarkably distinguished. In the hours of relaxation from study, he amused himself with the drill and exercise of the soldier. 'His manners were so gentle and attractive that he was the delight of all the village boys ; they collected about him as the chief source of their pleasures and amusements ; he formed them into a company, and trained and exercised them in all the duties of military discipline. Dr. Tuft's yard was often converted into a train-field, and displayed in miniature all ' the pomp and circumstance of glorious war.' These juvenile scenes are still recurred to with pleasure, by those who were engaged in them, as the happiest moments of their lives.

" He continued, until he was twenty-one years old, under the tuition of Dr. Tufts, who then advised him to commence the practice of physic in the town of Reading, and gave him a high recommendation to the people, as well qualified for the important trust, and worthy of their fullest confidence. He accordingly settled there, and was soon after married, and his prospects were fair for a very respectable establishment in his profession ; but he was destined to act a more conspicuous part in the great drama of life.

" The storm which had been a long time gathering in our political horizon began now to assume a most portentous aspect, ready to burst over the country with destructive fury. The stout hearts and steady minds of our countrymen had been preparing for the shock, resolved to defend themselves against its tremendous power. The busy hum of warlike preparation was heard through the country. Companies were formed in almost every town, who held themselves in readiness to march at a minute's warning. One of these companies was raised in Reading, and Brooks was elected to command it. He gave all the attention he could to this company, consistently with his professional duties ; and was active in his exertions to drill his men, and infuse into them that heroic spirit and ardent patriotism which animated his own breast.

" He was, however, much perplexed to determine what course he ought to pursue in this momentous crisis. He had a strong attachment to his profession, and was deeply impressed with the moral obligations he was under to discharge the duties of it with fidelity. The kindly affections of his heart and the amenity of his manners qualified him to administer relief with peculiar acceptance, and gave the fullest promise of a skilful and popular physician. He had just entered into practice with flattering prospects, and with all the ardor of a youthful mind. He had already many patients afflicted with severe disease. Judge, then, with what reluctance he , listened to the calls of patriotism, urging him to relinquish these prospects and duties, to engage in a contest fraught with the most appalling dangers to himself and to his country. On the other hand, he had displayed such talents as a military disciplinarian, and was so esteemed and beloved by those who were under his command, and by all who were connected with him in military duty, that he was thought the most competent to take the lead in their affairs. In the organization of a regiment, he was elected a major. This honor he declined, from an apprehension that it might call him too much from professional duties, and involve him too far in the military and political movements of the times ; so that he would finally be under the necessity of relinquishing his profession ; an event which he was anxiously desirous to avoid. His fellowofficers would not accept his resignation, and unanimously repeated their solicitations that he would assume the duties of an office which he was so well qualified to sustain. This flattering distinction was enough to shake his resolution. He again took the subject into serious consideration, and the same objections presented themselves to his mind. He then determined to meet his brother-officers, and absolutely decline the honors they were disposed to thrust upon him.

when the news arrived that a detachment of the British army had marched to Lexington and Concord. His ardent patriotism then rose superior to all other considerations. His high-minded spirit could not shrink from the duties which devolved upon him as a military commander. He ordered out his company with promptness, and directed them to proceed on the route to Concord ; and, having made such provision for the medical relief of the sick under his care as the time would permit, he joined his gallant corps with all possible speed. Having arrived in the vicinity of Concord, he met the British on their retreat, with the cool and determined bravery of a veteran, and made such a disposition of his men, as to secure them from injury, and enable them to annoy the enemy with destructive volleys as they passed a narrow defile. He then hung on their rear and flanks, in conjunction with other troops, until they arrived at Charlestown. The military talents and calm courage which he displayed on this occasion were remarkable in a young man only twenty-three years of age, who had never seen a battle. It was noticed by those who had the direction of public affairs, and he soon after received the commission of a major in the Continental army.

" He now entered on the duties of a soldier with ardor, and devoted all the powers of his mind to the cause of his country, and the profession of arms. He carried into the service a mind pure and elevated, and ardent in the pursuit of knowledge. He had a high sense of moral rectitude, which governed all his actions. Licentiousness and debauchery were strangers to his breast ; they fled from his presence, awed by his superior virtue. His gentlemanly deportment and unassuming manners secured the favor of his superiors in office, and rendered him the delight of his equals and inferiors. The following description of Agricola, by Tacitus, his inimitable biographer, is peculiarly applicable to Brooks : -

" Although he sought no enterprise through vain-glory, his active zeal and high ambition led him to solicit the post of danger, if he could thereby render useful service to his country.

"When Gen. Ward had determined to fortify the heights of Charlestown, and arrangements were made for this purpose, finding that he was not included in the detachment, he solicited the general to permit him to accompany it ; and his request was granted. He was active during the whole night of the 16th of June, in throwing up intrenchments, in reconnoitering the ground, and in watching the movements of the enemy. On the morning of the 17th, when it was perceived that the enemy were making preparations for an assault, he was despatched by Col. Prescott, as a confidential officer, to inform Gen. Ward of the movements, and to represent to «him the importance of his sending reinforcements. No horse could be had, and he was obliged to walk. This duty prevented his being in that glorious battle which has immortalized the heroes who were engaged in it, and consecrated the ground to everlasting fame.

" Amidst the exulting feelings which this dear-bought victory of the enemy inspired, our infant army did not fail to profit by the experience they had gained. The advantages of superior discipline in the enemy were apparent to every one. They made a strong impression on the minds of our officers, and especially on that of our youthful hero. He had already acquired such a knowledge of tactics, that he had been consulted by superior officers on a system of discipline to be introduced into our army. He now applied himself with renewed diligence to this important part of his duty, and he soon acquired a high reputation as a disciplinarian. The corps he commanded were distinguished during: the whole war for the superiority of their discipline, evinced by their gallant conduct in battle, and by their regular movements in retreat. He was second only to the celebrated Baron Steuben, in his knowledge of tactics. After this officer joined the army and was appointed inspectorgeneral, we find that Brooks was associated with him in the arduous duty of introducing a uniform system of exercise and manoeuvres into the army.

" He assisted in fortifying the heights of Dorchester, which compelled the British to evacuate Boston. He was very efficient in the successful retreat from Long Island. He acted a distinguished part in the battle of White Plains ; and, when the detachment of our army was overpowed by numbers, his regiment, of which he was the most efficient officer, so ably covered the retreat, that it received the distinguished acknowledgments of Gen. Washington for its gallant conduct.

"In the year 1777, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenantcolonel in the eighth Massachusetts regiment ; the command of which devolved on him, in consequence of the sickness of his colonel. In the spring of this year, he was ordered to join the northern army, and he took an active part in those movements and battles which terminated in the surrender of Gen. Burgoyne. In short, the capture of that army may be attributed in no small degree to his gallant conduct on the 7th of October, in the battle of Saratoga. It is well known how ably he turned the right of the enemy ; with what fearless intrepidity he led on his regiment to storm their intrenchments, entering them at the head of his men, with sword in hand, and putting to rout the veteran German troops which defended them ; and with what firmness he maintained this post, which he had so gallantly gained, notwithstanding the utmost efforts to dislodge him. This action compelled the enemy to change his position, and the field was then open for Gen. Gates to surround and capture his whole army.

" On the surrender of Burgoyne, Col. Brooks was ordered to join the array under Gen. Washington, and soon after went into winter quarters at Valley Forge, and, in common with the army, suffered all those privations and hardships, which required more heroism to endure than the most severe and bloody battles. How great are our obligations to those wonderful patriots, whom neither nakedness nor disease, nor famine, nor the sword, could dishearten !

" To follow our hero through all his valuable and laborious military services would be to give a minute history of our Revolutionary War ; for there was scarcely any important services performed in the northern and central operations of the army in which he did not act a conspicuous part. To describe these, is the province of the historian : we allude only to those remarkable events which serve to illustrate his character.

"At the conclusion of the war, our army had a still more severe ordeal to pass through than the battles and privations they had endured. It remained for them to subdue their own passions and resentments, and to make this last and most noble sacrifice for the welfare of their country. The pay of the army was greatly in arrear ; and most of the officers had spent, in their country's service, all they had owned and all they could borrow. Congress had do adequate funds for their payment, and it was deficient in the power of creating them. In this deplorable state of things, inflammatory anonymous letters were circulated through the army, founded on the most plausible reasons, exciting them to retain their arms, and to take by force what was due to them in right. The apparent justice of this measure concealed from the unreflecting the horrible consequences which must have ensued from it. Fortunately for our country, there were many influential officers in the army, of that purity of heart, that soundness of judgment and elevated patriotism, which led them to view with abhorrence this fatal expedient ; and it is highly honorable to Col. Brooks that he was among the first who opposed it. He had taken measures to this effect in his own regiment before the opinions of Washington were known, and he had the satisfaction of finding that his sentiments were in perfect accordance with those of the Father of his country. He was honored with his most grateful acknowledgments and full confidence. His brother-officers were so strongly impressed with his wisdom and prudence, that he was appointed one of the Committee which finally made an adjustment with Congress, and allayed that dreadful excitement. By the influence of these magnanimous patriots, the army gave this distinguished proof of their devotion to the liberties of their country ; and, in the language of Washington, we may say, ' had this day been wanting, the world had never seen the last stage of perfection to which human nature is capable of attaining.'

Governor Brooks

soldiers, and in the esteem of the wise and good. He was not onlyfree from the vices incident to a military life, but, what was remarkable, he had acquired moi'e elevated sentiments of morality and religion. He was received in his native town with all the kindness, the congratulations and attentions which love and friendship could elicit, or respect inspire. He was rich in honor and glory ; but he had nothing to meet the claims of his beloved family but the caresses of an affectionate heart.

" His old friend, Dr. Tufts, being infirm and advanced in life, was desirous of relinquishing his practice into the hands of his favorite pupil, whom he thought so worthy of confidence. His fellow-townsmen responded to the wishes of his patron. He accordingly recommenced the practice of physic, under the most favorable auspices, in Medford and the neighboring towns. He was soon after elected a fellow of this societv, and was one of its most valuable and respected members. On the extension and new organization of the society, in the year 1803, he was elected a counsellor, and continued to discharge the duties of this office with fidelity until he was Governor of the Commonwealth. He was then discontinued at his own request. In the year 1808, by the appointment of the board of counsellors, he delivered an anniversary discourse on Pneumonia, which has been published, and evinces a mind well stored with medical science and correct practical observation.

" On his retiring from the chair of state, he was again chosen counsellor, with the view of electing him President of our society. It is unnecessary for me to expatiate on the pride and satisfaction we derived from his accepting this honor. Your own feelings will best convey to you the height of the honor which he reflected on our society. That he felt a deep interest in our prosperity, we have ample evidence in his so kindly remembering us in his will.

" As a physician, he ranked in the first class of practitioners. He possessed in an eminent degree those qualities which were calculated to render him the most useful in his professional labors, and the delight of those to whom he administered relief. His manners were dignified, courteous, and benign. He was sympathetic, patient, and attentive. His kind offices were peculiarly acceptable from the felicitous manner in which he performed them. His mind was well furnished with scientific and practical knowledge. He was accurate in his investigations, and clear in his discernment. He, therefore, rarely failed in forming a true diagnosis. If he were not so bold and daring as some in the administration of remedies, it was because his judgment and good sense led him to prefer erring on the side of prudence rather than on that of rashness. He watched the operations of nature, and never interfered, unless it was obvious he could aid and support her. He was truly the ' Hierophant of nature,' studying her mysteries and obeying her oracles.

" In his practice, he added dignity to his profession by his elevated and upright conduct. His lofty spirit could not stoop to the empirical arts which are too often adopted to obtain a temporary ascendency. He soared above the sordid consideration of the property he should accumulate by his professional labors. Like the good and great Boerhaave, he considered the poor his best patients ; for God was their paymaster. In short, he was the conscientious, the skilful, and benevolent physician, - the grace and ornament of our profession.

" His mind, however, was not so exclusively devoted to his professional duties as to prevent his taking a deep interest in the affairs of state. He had contributed so largely towards establishing the independence of his country, and had exhibited such sincere devotion to its welfare, that his countrymen, who have ever been distinguished for the acuteness of their discernment in judging of public men and measures, were always ready to display their confidence in him. They felt an assurance that they might safely repose on his conscientious integrity, wisdom, and patriotism. He was consequently called to fill numerous offices of high importance in the State.

" He was for many years major-general of the militia of his county, and established in his division such excellent discipline, and infused into it such an admirable spirit of emulation, that it was a most brilliant example for the militia of the State. In the insurrection of 1786, his division was very efficient in their protection of the courts of justice, and in their support of the government of the State. At this time, Gen. Brooks represented his town in general court, and he gave support to the firm and judicious measures of Gov. Bowdoin for suppressing that alarming rebellion. He was a delegate in the State convention for the adoption of the federal constitution, and was one of its most zealous advocates. After the establishment of the federal government, he was the second marshal appointed by Washington for this district, and afterwards received further evidence of his confidence and approbation by being appointed inspector of the revenue. He was successively elected to the senate and executive council of the State. He was appointed by the acute and discriminating Gov. Strong as his adjutant-general, in that perilous crisis of our affairs, the late war with England. The prudence and discretion with which he discharged this arduous duty will be long remembered by his grateful countrymen.

" These multifarious and laborious public services were performed with so much punctuality and ability, and with such dignity and urbanity, that, on the retirement of Gov. Strong from the chair of State, wise and discreet legislators from all parts of the Commonwealth selected him as the most suitable candidate for that high and responsible office. It will be recollected how forcibly every judicious mind was impressed with the excellence of the selection, and how strongly the public suffrages confirmed that opinion. His very name seemed to disarm party spirit with talismanic power; for many, who had never acted with his political friends, prided themselves in testifying their unlimited confidence in him.

" It is fresh in your memories with what trembling apprehensions he shrunk from the loftly attitude of the chair of State, and yet, when placed there, with what singular ease and dignity he presided, and with what signal ability he discharged its various imporant duties. His government was firm and decided, yet it was so mild and gentle that its influence was chiefly perceptible in his happy facility of allaying party spirit, and all the angry passions of our nature. It was like that of a beloved and revered parent, whom all are disposed to honor and obey.

" Amidst these high military and political honors, which his fellow-citizens took delight in bestowing on him, almost every institution of a literary, religious, patriotic, benevolent, or professional character seemed to vie with each other in conferring their highest honors on him. In 1781, Yale College conferred on him the honorary degree of A.M. Harvard University acknowledged the value of his literary acquirements, by conferring on him the degree of A.M., in the year 1787 ; and, in 1810, the degree of M.D. ; and, in 1817, the highest honor of that seminary, the degree of LL.D.

" The Society of Cincinnati recognized him as one of their most distinguished members. He was elected to deliver the first oration before them, on the 4th of July, 1787 ; and, on the death of Gen. Lincoln, their first president, Gen. Brooks was elected to succeed him.

" He was a member of the Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was president of the Washington Monument Association, of the Bunker-hill Monument Association, and of the Bible Society of Massachusetts.

" Having faithfully and ably discharged the duties of chief magistrate for seven successive years, he expressed his determination to retire from the cares and anxieties of public life. How great were the public regrets, and how gladly would a large majority of his fellow-citizens have retained his valuable services ! but they forebore urging him to any further sacrifices for the good of his country. He retired to private life with dignity, and with the love and blessings of a grateful people.

" Having imperfectly traced the brilliant path of his public career, let us for.a moment contemplate Gov. Brooks in his private character ; and perhaps we may discover the true source of all his greatness, the charm which bound the hearts of his countrymen to him in ties so strong. He possessed a heart free from all guile, and every inordinate selfish feeling, - an evenness of temper and sweetness of disposition. His discordant passions - for we presume he had them, being human - were kept in complete subjection to his virtues. He had a peculiar composure and complacency of countenance ; and the delicacy and courteousness of his manners were uncommonly attractive. But, above all, his conduct was regulated by the influence of that pure morality derived from our holy religion, which was impressed deeply on his mind at an early period of life.

" To those who contemplate his fearless intrepidity in the field of battle, or have observed the ease and dignity of his deportment on the military parade, or in the chair of State, it may appear incredible that this brave man possessed an uncommon share of diffidence ; but to those who have approached him nearly, it is well known that this was a predominant trait in his character. This quality, so rare in little minds, is seldom wanting in great ones ; but it is scarcely ever so paramount as it was in our departed friend. It was absolutely necessary to make use of some degree of finesse to induce him to accept any important office. This great reluctance in assuming responsibility, sometimes arises from inactivity, or a love of ease : not so in him we would commemorate ; for whatever might be his situation, he never was idle.

" The mind of Gov. Brooks was clear in its perceptions, and discriminating in its judgment ; it was active, ardent, and industrious in the pursuit of every valuable attainment, and powerful in the application of those attainments for the benefit of others. Although his mind shrunk from observation with the delicate excitability of the sensitive plant, it was like the oak in sustaining the pressure of every duty to his friends or his country.

" In his relation to his native town, he completely reversed the maxim, that a prophet has no honor in his own country ; for the inhabitants of Medford idolized him. They knew his worth, and fully appreciated it. He was truly their friend and benefactor. He took so deep an interest in all their concerns, let their station in life be ever so humble, that they could always approach him with ease and confidence. They referred to him all their disputes ; and so judicious were his decisions, that he had the rare felicity to satisfy all parties, and to reconcile them to bonds of amity. It was observed by an eminent lawyer who resided there, that he had no professional business in Medford; for Gov. Brooks prevented all contentions in the law. In addition to these intrinsic services, he was the grace and the ornament of their social circles, and seemed to fill the measure of their enjoyments."

He had a real love of pithy anecdotes, and delighted to tell them ; and, though he was tediously long in cracking the shell, we always found the kernel sweet. He never voluntarily made his successes in the sick-chamber or battle-field or cabinet a topic of conversation. He was remarkably fond of society, and loved to see the old and young together. In the street, he never passed any acquaintance without a friendly recognition ; and he has taken me up a hundred times, when a schoolboy, to give me a ride in his chaise. He liked to work on his land ; and, as many of his horticultural experiments were suggested by books, he often found them of small pecuniary profit. In the army, he played chess with his friend Kosciusko, and occasionally in Medford enjoyed a social game.

He said that the most fatiguing day he ever spent was the 19th of April, 1775. That, we apprehend, was the auroral hour of his life. He was greater than his means. How many men are less !

" On the morning of the 19th of April, just at sunrise, alarmguns were fired. The regulars had gone to Concord. I ran directly to Major Brooks, and asked if he were going to Concord, and when ? ' Immediately ' was the answer."

" As the enemy passed the road from Bedford, they met a body of minute-men, commanded by Major John Brooks. A little below Bedford Road there was a sharp action, and several of the British were killed."

" The enemy faced about suddenly, and fired a volley of musketry upon us. They overshot. The fire was immediately returned, and two British soldiers fell dead in the road near the brook."

An instance of his sturdy Spartan-like directness of purpose and warm zeal was seen in his volunteering to march for the relief of Fort Stanwix (now Rome), at the head of the Mohawk : - advancing to its aid, had been killed, and his troops dispersed. At a council of officers, it was objected to weaken the main army at Saratoga by sending away any of the regular troops. Gen. Schuyler, much depressed and excited, said he would ' beat up for volunteers the next day, if he could get men by no other means,' and asked for a brigadier to command them. The next day the drum beat for volunteers, and Lieut. Col. Brooks volunteered with his reeiment."

He considered his efforts at Saratoga as the most effective in his military career. No skill or bravery during the war exceeded his on that occasion. The historian says : -

"On the left of Arnold's detachment, Jackson's regiment of Massachusetts, then led by Lieut. Col. Brooks, was still more successful. It turned the right of the encampment, and carried by storm the works occupied by the German reserve. Lieut. Brayman was killed ; and Brooks maintained the ground he had gained. This advantage of the Americans was decisive."

" The capture of Gen. Burgoyne and his army may be attributed in no small degree to the gallant conduct of Col. Brooks and his regiment, on the 7th of October, in the battle at Saratoga."

" The confidence which Washington reposed in him was shown on many occasions, and particularly in calling him to his councils in that terrible moment when, at Newburg, in March, 1783, a conspiracy of some of the officers, excited by the publication of inflammatory anonymous letters, had well nigh disgraced the army, and ruined the country. On this occasion, the Commander-in-Chief, to whom this day was the most anxious moment of his life, rode up to Col. Brooks with intent to ascertain how the officers stood affected. Finding him, as he expected, to be sound, he requested him to keep his officers within quarter to prevent them from attending the insurgent meeting. Brooks replied : ' Sir, I have anticipated your wishes, and my orders are given.' Washington, with tears in his eyes, took him by the hand, and said: ' Col. Brooks, this is just what I

At the end of the war, he retired, a laurelled hero of the revolution, to private life, and found himself so poor that he opened a small shop in a building next the bridge, on the

Governor Brooks'

When first a candidate for Governor in 1816, Medford gave two hundred and thirty-eight votes for him, and twentyeight for Mr. Dexter. More than twenty-eight votes against him were never given in Medford during the seven years he was Governor.

The uniformity of his example in attending public worship had a powerful influence on the people of Medford. He was never absent, morning or afternoon, when he could be present ; and his attention to the preacher was profound. He often made an abstract of the sermon. His favorite moral writer was Paley ; and he used to speak of his Horce Paulina as an " unanswerable book." When the controversy between the Calvinists and Unitarians arose in 1820, he took side with the latter, but never liked the extremes of either sect. For many years he had wished to make a public profession of his faith in Christianity ; but had been deterred by the minister's custom of calling upon each candidate to express belief in certain doctrines, some of which doctrines he did not believe. In 1817, he had come to the conclusion that he would announce to Dr. Osgood his convictions, and request him to suppress the objectionable sentence, and thus admit him. The sentence was this : " Sensible of the depravity of the human heart, your own proneness to sin and inability to that which is good, you promise," &c. He did not believe in man's inability to that which is good, and therefore he wished this omitted. Dr. Osgood knew so well his force of mind and purity of life that he yielded to his wishes ;. and on the £2d of March, 1818, the Governor of the Commonwealth declared in public his belief in the divine origin of Christianity, and took his seat at the table of the Lord. We who were present, and witnessed that act of dedication, can never forget the solemnity of the scene. There was so much of Socrates and Solon about him, that Christianity did not seem strange to him. He lived as he professed. It seemed to be his youthful resolution to make his life worthy the" contemplation of his most elevated moments in old age. Some years after, he was chosen deacon of the church, but declined on account of age.

writer of this witnessed. He said once to his first cousin, Mrs. Jonathan Brooks, " I wish to make a bargain with you. I will promise to be with you when you are sick, and I wish you to promise to be with me when I am sick." She did so promise ; and, after several sicknesses, she performed the last sad duty of closing his eyes in death. A very dangerous illness of Mrs. Brooks occurred, while he, as Governor, was engaged at Boston by the sitting of the Legislature. In the coldest part of the winter, he rode out each day in his chaise to see her. As she became more ill, his attendance increased, and his solicitude was that of a brother. One evening he arrived at eight o'clock ; and, having found her more ill than ever, he jumped into his chaise, drove quickly to his house, and brought back a bottle of particular old wine. He asked to go to the kitchen fire ; her son conducted him there ; and, having opened the wine, he placed himself before the fire, and there made a porringer full of wine-whey. When it was done, he waited to have it cool. He would not accept of any help. He took out a few spoonfuls, and said, " Give your mother that." Her son took it to her with a prayer on his lips. In ten minutes after she had taken it, she whispered to him, " I shall recover." With a heart almost bursting, he rushed to the Governor to announce the tidings. A tear started in his eye : and he said, " Thank God, we shall have her again." I felt at that moment as if I should fall down, and worship him as the saviour of my mother.

When Gen. Lafayette came to Massachusetts in 1824, he took an early opportunity to dine with his friend and fellowofficer, then living in dignified retirement at Medford. Respect for the illustrious stranger, and love for their patriotic townsman, induced the inhabitants to make ample preparations for receiving the guest. On Saturday, Aug. 28, 1824, the General entered Medford, at half-past two o'clock, p. m., from West Cambridge, attended by a few select friends. The notice of his coming was short ; nevertheless, the ladies, with their characteristic enchantment, made flowers from the gardens, and evergreens from the fields, fly at their bidding, and arrange themselves into wreaths of beauty and crowns of honor, while the young men spanned the streets with arches, and filled the air with flags. When he crossed the Wear Bridge, the bells began to ring, and the cannon to thunder. The houses were filled with eager and happy gazers, waving handkerchiefs in the joy of recognition. The children of the town, in uniform, were stationed in order to salute him, and the huzzas of the crowded streets testified to the triumph and gladness of the occasion. Opposite the front door of the meeting-house of the first parish, a graceful arch spanned the street, having this inscription, "Welcome to our hills and Brooks." And there, under a canopy of trees, garlands, and flowers, the Selectmen of the town met the General and his cortege ; and they thus addressed him, by Turell Tufts, Esq., their Chairman : -

" General Lafayette, - The Selectmen of Medford, as representatives of the town, deem it a grateful and honorable part of their duty to bid you welcome.

" They are proud, sir, that Medford is the birthplace of one of your companions in arms ; a man who, by his bravery in the field, his patriotism and civic virtues, contributed to acquire as much of glory to our country as honor to himself.

" We rejoice, sir, that you both live to meet again and to enjoy together the consolations fairly derived from your virtuous and heroic deeds.

" The minds of our countrymen traced your course with anxious solicitude through the French Revolution, from your first success in the cause of liberty until the spirit of oppression confined you in a dungeon ; and their hearts were gladdened when, by the influence of our great and good Washington, their friend was at last set free. In the rich harvest you are now gathering of the expressions of interest and gratitude of this numerous people, whose freedom and happiness your exertions so essentially contributed to establish, we hope you will find some compensation for all your toils, sacrifices, and sufferings ; and we feel much complacency, that in this respect you have gained so complete a triumph over the monarchs of the world.

" Again, sir, we bid you a most cordial welcome ; and hope the testimonials of approbation you are receiving from every heart and every tongue will for ever remain an instructive lesson to mankind, - that patriots who endure faithfully to the end shall not lose their reward."

" Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen, - I am most happy, in visiting the town of my old brother-soldier and friend, General Brooks, to be received with so kind a welcome. You speak of ' some compensation.' Compensation ! Sir, the smallest part of the delight which I have experienced would more than repay me for all sufferings past or to come.

The procession soon arrived at General Brooks's house, escorted by the Medford Light Infantry ; and, after the introduction of a few friends, dinner was announced.

The dinner was a private one, in the Governor's house, and about twenty only were present. There was a witty discussion at table about the origin of the word hurrah. General Lafayette said, " I know not whence it came ; but, in Massachusetts, I have learned where it has got to." Of all the persons at that table, the writer of this alone survives.

The closing sickness of the patriot was neither long nor full of pain. He bore it with calm acquiescence ; and spoke of it with gratitude, as affording him an opportunity for reviewing his career, and for striking the balance in life's great ledger. He said to his cousin : " My case is beyond physicians. I have received my orders : I am ready to march." The lamp of religion was within him trimmed and burning, and he believed that his life was hid with Christ in God. Never has there died among us a man so widely known, so highly honored, so truly beloved, or so deeply lamented.

His printed compositions were few. The first public oration delivered by him was printed with this title, " An Oration delivered to the Society of the Cincinnati, in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts : July 4, 1787. By John Brooks, Esq." This is just such an oration as a sensible and patriotic officer, fresh from the fields of conquest, would deliver to his fellow-officers on the Fourth of July.

When President Monroe visited Boston in 1817, he said he had " read the inaugural speech of Governor Brooks with entire approbation;" and then added, "I am willing to take the principles of that speech as the basis of my administration."

After the death of the Governor, which occurred March 1, 1825, the Massachusetts Medical Society, of which he was then President, took notice of the event in the most appropriate manner. The next day, March 2, the Councillors of that Society passed the following : -

" Resolved, That the Councillors regard with deep sensibility the loss by death of the late President of the Society, the Hon. John Brooks, and that they feel assured they shall express the sentiments of the Society, as they do their own, in stating that the Society has derived honor from having had at their head a man beloved in private life, justly respected in his profession, and distinguished in his state and country for the faithful and honorable performance of high military and civil duties.

" Resolved, That the Councillors ask permission to attend the obsequies of their late President, both for themselves and the other members of the Society.

" Sacred to the memory of John Brooks, who was born in Medford, in the month of May, 1752, and educated at the town-school. He took up arms for his country on the 19th of April, 1775. He commanded the regiment which first entered the enemies' lines at Saratoga, and served with honor to the end of the war. He was appointed Marshal of the District of Massachusetts by President Washington ; and, after filling several important civil and military offices, he was, in the year 1816, chosen Governor of the Commonwealth, and discharged the duties of that station for seven successive years to general acceptance. He was a kind and skilful physician; a brave and prudent officer; a wise, firm, and impartial magistrate ; a true patriot, a good citizen, and a faithful friend. In his manners, he was a gentleman ; in morals, pure ; and in profession and practice, a consistent Christian. He departed this life in peace, on the 1st of March, 1825, aged seventy-three. This monument to his honored memory was erected by several of his fellowcitizens and friends, in the year 1838."

Chapter Iv Political History

Medford takes a rich share in the political honors of the country. At an early date, it expressed its determination to preserve inviolate the rights and privileges secured to the colony by the charter of 1629. When the four colonies of Plymouth, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Haven united, May 19, 1643, under the name of "The United Colonies of New England," their politics and patriotism seem to expand together. This fraternal bond was especially strengthened in our ancestors' hearts, when, by the charter of Oct. 7, 1691, Plymouth was annexed to Massachusetts.

May 10, 1643 : The General Court say "that the whole plantation, within this jurisdiction, is divided into four shires ; to wit, Essex, Norfolk, Middlesex, and Suffolk." Each had eight towns, except Norfolk, which had six.

The indignation of our fathers in Medford, at the oppressive taxation of Andross, was expressed by a fisherman, in a pointed figure drawn from his craft. Sir Edward Andross, belonging to that select political family of which Benedict Arnold was an accepted member, was sent by the king as a spy to New England in 1684. He gathered facts from his imagination, and returned to persuade the credulous royal government that the Colonies had forfeited their charter. This induced the king to appoint him " Governor-General and Vice- Admiral of New England, New York, and the Jerseys." He arrived in Boston, Dec. 29, 1686, and commenced, as despots generally do, with professions of friendship and patriotism. But he came prepared for trampling on the liberties of the people, by bringing with him power to enact laws, raise an army, impose taxes, and abolish the representative system. He thus destroyed townships, and said, - " There is no such thing as a town in the whole country." He and his Council were vested with all legislative and executive powers. And thus the country mourned over their lost charter and fallen liberties. This tyrant contended that every owner of land must renew his title to it, and for his agency the most exorbitant fees were demanded. He levied taxes without any permission from the people Or government, and punished cruelly those who refused to pay. The inhabitants of every town were forbidden to meet and exercise their corporate powers, except once a year : and they were told by the Judges, in open Court, " that they had no more privileges left them, than not to be sold for slaves."

Political History

The Anglo-Saxon blood of our Puritan Fathers could not brook this ; and they dared to more than think of relief. The great revolution of 1688, in the mother country, ending in the abdication of James, and the accession of William and Mary, afforded an encouraging example on this side the "water. That example was promptly followed ; and on the morning of the 18th of April, 1689, the people rose in righteous revolt, seized their oppressor, secured him in prison, and destroyed his government. This was decisive New Englandism. He was soon sent back to London to be tried. Of this odious ruler, one of the Medford people said, " If Andross comes to Medford, we will treat him, not with shad or alewives, but a sword-fish."

The loyalty of our fathers was seen in their holding days of public fasting and prayer when sorrow or defeat visited the mother country, and of holding days of thanksgiving when prosperity and triumph blessed the king. As an example, we would mention a day of rejoicing set apart in Medford, October 14, 1743, on account of victory gained by the English troops in Germany.

Our town, though small, did its share in Philip's War, and raised money and men to put down that intelligent and brave Indian enemy. The same spirit of liberty breathed in their souls at a later day ; and, when the odious Stamp Act was proclaimed, the inhabitants of Medford came together, as with a rush, on the 21st of October, 1765, to express their sober convictions of its unconstitutionality and injustice. With entire unanimity, they addressed a letter to their representative, protesting against some former acts of Parliament, but most emphatically against " this most grievous of all acts, wherein a complication of those burdens and restraints are unhappily imposed,, which will undeniably deprive us of those invaluable liberties and privileges which we, as freeborn Britons, have hitherto enjoyed." Professing loyalty to their king and parliament, they nevertheless say, that, " whenever they require such an obedience from us as is incompatible with thw enjoyment of our just liberties and properties, we cannot but arise and openly remonstrate against it. And this, we esteem, is so far from a spirit of rebellion and disloyalty in us, that to act the contrary would argue in us a meanness and degeneracy of spirit much beneath the character of true Englishmen, and would therefore justly expose us to the contempt of all true lovers of liberty, both in Great Britain and America." - "Therefore we seriously enjoin it upon you, as our representative, that you be no ways aiding or assisting in the execution of said act." This language, with them of prophecy, had a meaning almost as clear as it has with us of history. Their words have that political polarity which points at ultimate independence. If every little village in the Province was thus moved with quick indignation at the first instance of positive oppression, does it not prove the existence of a general sympathy and a united brotherhood which will be unconquerable ? Medford felt every pulsation of the central heart, and spoke openly what she felt, and was ready to act as nobly as she spoke. The above resolves and instructions of the town were among the first and firmest of the acts of resistance to royal oppression.

On the 18th of March, 1766, Parliament repealed the odious act by a vote of two hundred and seventy-five to one hundred and sixty-seven. The joy exhibited at Medford, on this event, was most intense, and was manifested by fireworks, ringing of bells, and jubilant dinners.

Parliament resumes taxation, June 29, 1767, asserting its right to " bind the Colonies in all cases whatsoever." Duties were laid on paper, tea, glass, and painters' colors. A custom-house was opened, and a civil list established ; and the act provides, that, after ministerial warrants are satisfied, the residue of the revenue shall be at the disposal of Parliament. The trump of doom could not have caused a more general awakening. New England now was doubly alive.

" Voted to choose a Committee to take under consideration the grievances we labor under, and in particular of salaries said to be appointed by the Crown for our supreme judges ; and also to draw up instructions for our representative relative thereto."

This signal-gun, fired from the battlements of liberty, gave not an " uncertain sound," as will be seen in the following acts of our patriotic fathers. Dec. 31, 1772: - and vigilance (discovered on several occasions) in endeavoring to preserve our civil constitution from innovation, and to maintain the same inviolate. And we. do assure them that our assistance shall not be wanting in the use of all such lawful proper measures as shall be thought expedient to be adopted for the preservation of our liberties, civil and religious."

« Sir, - You being our representative, we, your constituents, this day, in lawful town-meeting assembled, having taken into serious consideration the many and alarming grievances, as generally and justly complained of, which the Colonies in general, and this Province in particular, labor under, as being subversive of the essential rights and privileges of free British subjects, and repugnant both to the letter and spirit of our royal charter, take the freedom to lay before you our sentiments thereupon, and to enjoin you, as our representative, to use your best endeavors in the Honorable House of Representatives, at their next sessions, in promoting and assisting in such constitutional measures as shall appear best, and most likely to obtain redress of the same.

" It would be too tedious, as well as needless, to enumerate, and particularly remind you of all the grievances we suffer at this time from ministerial and parliamentary proceedings ; but it may suffice to say generally that our sentiments of the claims we are justly entitled to, as free British subjects, and also of the infringements from time to time made upon them, are similar to those contained in the pamphlet (now read) which our patriotic brethren of Boston have generously furnished us with ; which book we recommend to your serious perusal.

" In particular, we desire that you inquire into the truth of a report currently spread and prevailing among us, namely, that the Hon. Justices of the Superior Court are in future to receive their salaries from the Crown. Since such a provision, which renders them so enormously dependent upon the Crown, is of so threatening an aspect, so dangerous to the free and impartial administration of justice, as must alarm every serious person who has the welfare of his country at heart, it gives us just reason to fear that the axe is now laid at the root of our liberty, with a fixed intention to hew it down.

" Therefore, sir, if, upon inquiry, you find this to be really the case, we trust you will zealously and vigorously exert yourself to avert so formidable an evil, and frustrate the wicked machinations of our inveterate enemies ; and, in the mean time, that you will endeavor that the Hon. Justices of the Superior Court of Judicature, Court of Assizes, and General Jail Delivery, be amply and honorably supported by grants from the General Assembly, and in such a manner as shall best tend to the maintaining of justice in the land. Finally, that you endeavor that the disputes and differences now subsisting betwixt Great Britain and the Colonies be speedily and amicably adjusted, and peace and harmony again restored."

The records of Medford are full of the most clear and stirring expressions of patriotism with reference to the oppressions of the Crown. So near to Boston, every pulsation of that central heart found an answering beat in the bosoms of our ancestors. They were among the first and steadiest supporters of colonial rights. There were men in Medford, in 1770, who knew their political, civil, and religious position, and who were ready to defend themselves from parliaments and ministers and kings. It will not be necessary to copy into this history the many declarations and resolutions which glow with the auroral light of liberty on the records of the town. It may be interesting to see into what form their views and feelings had settled in 1773 ; and these may be apprehended by the following record of a townmeeting held for the special purpose of expressing their opinion upon the Tea Question.

" The town being informed, that, by reason of the American merchants generally refusing to import tea from Great Britain while subjected to the payment of the duty imposed thereon by the British Parliament, the East India Company there have been so greatly embarrassed in the sale of their teas, that they have at length determined (through permission of Parliament) to export a supply for the Colonies on their own account. Several ships have already arrived in Boston with large quantities on board, and several more are daily expected ; and we are informed that the said duty will be paid upon all such teas.

" To prevent, therefore, the many formidable evils consequent upon the success of this alarming and subtle attempt to rivet the chains of oppression, the town, after mature deliberation, comes into the following resolutions: -

1. Resolved, That it is the incumbent duty of all free British subjects in America to unite in the use of all lawful measures necessary and expedient for the preservation and security of their rights and privileges, civil and religious.

2. That it is the opinion of this town, that the British Parliament have no constitutional authority to tax these Colonies without their oivn consent ; and that, therefore, the present duty laid upon tea,

" 3. That said India Company's exporting their own teas to the Colonies, while charged with said duty, has a direct tendency to establish said revenue acts.

" 4. That we will exert ourselves, and join with our American brethren, in adopting and prosecuting all legal and proper measures to discourage and prevent the landing, storing, and vending and using those teas among us ; and that whosoever shall aid or assist said India Company, their factors or servants, in either landing, storing, or selling the same, does a manifest injury to his country, and deserves to be treated with severity and contempt.

" 5. That we are ready at all times, in conjunction with our American brethren, as loyal subjects, to risk our lives and fortunes in the service and defence of His Majesty's person, crown, and dignity ; and also, as a free people, in asserting and maintaining inviolate our civil and religious rights and privileges against all opposers whatever.

" 6. That the thanks of this town be and are hereby given to our worthy brethren of the town of Boston, for their unwearied care and pains in endeavoring to preserve our rights and privileges free from innovation, and furnishing this and our other towns with copies of their late proceedings.

June 1, 1774 : The Boston Port Bill, which prohibited all trade by water, brought the great question to its issue. Every one here was asking, Must we be slaves ? Can wre be free ? When men's labor is forbidden, and their bread fails, then "bayonets begin to think." Our fathers now felt that the hope of the country was in the union of the Colonies.

Men who could understand these acts of oppression, and could thus talk, were ready and willing to act ; and their first prophetic deed was that of abstinence. Nov. 14, 1774, Medford voted thus : " Resolved, That, if any person or persons sells or consumes any East India teas, the names of such persons to be posted up in some public place." Again, " Voted that we will not use East India teas till the Acts be repealed." This was equivalent to cleaning the rifle, and looking into the cartridge-box.

Medford had its stock of powder deposited in the powderhouse, on Quarry Hill, and, on the 27th of August, 1774, removed it. Governor Gage heard that the powder in that house was fast leaving it ; and, as he called it the " king's powder," he resolved to remove it to Castle William (Fort

Independence). Accordingly, " on Thursday morning, September 1, about half-past four, two hundred and sixty troops, under the command of Lieut.-Col. Maddison, embarked at Long "Wharf, Boston, in thirteen boats, sailed up Mystic River, landed at Temple's farm (Ten Hills), marched to the powder-house, and removed all the powder in it, two hundred and fifty half-barrels, to Castle William." This clandestine act of power, executed on the very borders of Medford, called forth here the deepest indignation, and made every man ready for the issue which it foreshadowed. It is impossible now to conceive of the excitement which this act produced.

" Five boats " had been built, and " the Selectmen of Medford were ordered to take a party of men to Charlestown Neck, to launch them, and carry them up Mystic River." And this was done.

We find the inhabitants of Medford again assembled ; and, Feb. 1, 1775, two Representatives, Benjamin Hall, and Stephen Hall, 3d, are sent to the Provincial Congress at Cambridge. Medford now, as one man, enrolled itself, and stood ready at the first tap of the drum. Signs of terrible portent abound ; and soon comes the 19th of April. A beacon-fire has been lighted ; a horseman rides at full speed through the streets of Medford ; the bell rings, drums beat, all doors fly open. The awful tidings have already spread over the county, and will soon penetrate the adjoining States. The workshops, the brickyards, the counting-houses, and the cornfields are all deserted. The horse is suddenly loosed from the plough, and the plough left in the furrow. Women collect to ask if they can do any thing, and then hasten to help fathers, husbands, and sons. All eyes are strained to see, all ears to hear, and every heart palpitates as before the lightning flash of an overhanging cloud. The time has come. The British regulars are marching from Boston to Lexington for plunder and hostility. Patriotism reddens every American cheek at the announcement of this fact. The heart of the whole town moves as by one pulsation. There needs no conscription here. All are ready. The auroral blush of liberty is in the sky. They seize their rifle and their fowling-piece, they fill their powder-horn and cartridge-box, they store their knapsack and roll up their blanket; and then, with quickened step and firm resolve, heart answering to heart, the fearless patriot band take up their solemn march to meet the foe. Some Medford minute-men soon joined the ranks of their neighbors from Reading, who had volunteered already, under the command of their gallant young physician, John Brooks.

The Medford Company, fifty -nine in all, were out early on their march to the scene of danger, and, for five days, were in active service. The maxim at Medford was this : " Every citizen a soldier, every soldier a patriot."

A Medford farmer, at the "West End, as soon as he heard of the march of the British towards Lexington, ran to his house, seized his gun, and made ready for departure. Dinner was on the table, but he would not stop. His wife exclaimed, " Why, husband, you are not going without your dinner ! " " Yes, I am," he replied ; " I am going to take powder and balls for my dinner to-day, or to give them some."

These were times when men had reasons shorter than logic. Their minds glowed like the burning furnace ; and to put a stop to British oppression they were resolved. God and freedom now became watchwords. They felt that every true American was their ally ; and they knew that the first shot fired at their neighbors at Lexington would convert every citizen in the Colony to a minute-man and a soldier. These ancestors of ours were men ; they have the right to be called men ; and, with such men, liberty is safe. How faintly, at this day, can we conceive of the electric enthusiasm of the 19th of April ! It seemed

The number belonging to Medford who were killed on that day is not known. A worthy old man told us that he knew of four who fell : "William Polly and Henry Putnam, at Concord ; and a man named Smith, and another named Francis, in "West Cambridge. The two last mentioned were killed by the flank guard of the British, on the retreat to Boston.

Medford men were with "Washington at Monmouth, at Brandywine, at the crossing of the Delaware, and in other places, and fought bravely for the liberties and independence of their country.

" Aug. 6, 1775 : Skirmishing up Mistick River. Several soldiers brought over here wounded. The house at Penny Ferry, Maiden side, burnt." "Aug. 13. - Several gondaloes sailed up Mistick River, upon which the Provincials and they had a skirmish; many shots exchanged, but nothing decisive."

It appears from these records that the enemy attempted incursions here, but were promptly met and repulsed by our fathers. This event put the inhabitants of Medford in a state of watchfulness and defence at the very earliest period of the Revolution.

A detachment of troops from the army at Cambridge were ordered east ; and, on the 13th September, 1775, they encamped for the night in Medford, having Benedict Arnold as their commander.

After the battles of Lexington and Concord, our patriot fathers felt themselves pledged to the cause, and much anxiety arose about the selection of their Representative to the General Court. They felt that the most momentous questions might come up for discussion, and that the decision of Massachusetts might be final. The gentleman they first chose declined. The choice then fell on Capt. Thomas Brooks, as a man whose solid judgment, characteristic decision, and burning patriotism, fitted him for the trying emergencies. So ably and promptly did he fill his trust, that the town elected him eight times in succession. From his" own farm he supplied the army with wood while in Charlestown and on Winter Hill.

" To know the minds of the town, - whether, should the Honorablev Congress, for the safety of the said Colonies, declare them independent of the Kingdom of Great Britain, they, the said inhabitants, will solemnly engage, with their lives and fortunes, to support them in the measure.

pit in Medford on the first Sunday after its arrival. After this, the question of preparing and adopting a form of free, representative government came before every mind with deep impressiveness ; and Sept. 20, 1776, found our fathers assembled to discuss it. They voted that they were " ready for a constitution and a form of government for the future." That year, for the first and only time, two representatives were chosen, - Captain Thomas Brooks, and Mr. Stephen Hall, 3d. r

The expenses of war were borne without a murmur in Medford; and every person made a cheerful sacrifice of whatever was necessary to promote the cause of freedom. In 1776, the inhabitants tax themselves £226, in addition to the current expenses of the year.

During these hard times, Medford had two ministers to support, and Mr. Osgood asked for more salary. The town, March 2, 1778, granted him £100 as a gratuity.

May 28, 1778 : " Voted to raise the sum of X 1,400 towards defraying the charges of the town the ensuing year." x Nov. 30 : " Voted to raise £1,600, in addition to the £1,400 voted last May."

1779 : William Earl, of Medford, was "powder-monkey " on board the ship-of-war Bon Homme Richard, Sept. 23 1779, then commanded by Capt. Paul Jones. On that day' the captain encountered the British ship-of-war Serapis greatly his superior in force ; and, after a most desperate and bloody engagement off Flamborough Head, he captured her. Young Earl lost his leg in that battle, and afterwards received a pension. He pursued, in Medford, the trade of a tailor. He was a good citizen, and a good singer.

The people of Massachusetts felt the need of a Constitution, or form of civil government. A convention for drafting one was called, and they present the result of their labors Feb. 28, 1778. In drafting this Constitution, the Legislature acted as a Convention. They sat at Cambridge.

" The Constitution and form of government being read, it was put to vote ; and there appeai*ed to be thirteen in favor of it, and twenty-three against it."

"May 17, 1779: The Committee appointed to instruct their Representative relative to forming a new Constitution of civil government in this State report, - That said Representative use his best endeavors and influence, that, if the General Court are empowered by the majority of freeholders of said State to call a convention to form said Constitution of government, said convention may consist of no person or persons belonging to said General Court."

A new movement was made, and another convention called ; separate counties held preparatory meetings ; and, October, 1779, Stephen Willis, 3d, was chosen Delegate to meet in convention at Concord. When the town came to act on the doings of this convention, as they regarded a new

"July 29, 1779 : The whole of the proceedings of the convention at Concord was read, paragraph by paragraph, and then voted upon separately ; and it was unanimously voted that we comply with the same."

The draft of the new Constitution for Massachusetts was at last prepared ; and, May 28, 1780, Medford accepted it, with a few exceptions. The record is as follows. The Committee report : -

" We apprehend that the Governor, with the advice of the Council, should, in the recess of the General Court, be vested with the power, on special occasions, in time of war and rebellion, to order the militia out of this State to the assistance of a neighboring State ; and that the said Governor, with the advice of Council, shall not be empowered to continue the militia out of this State, on the aforesaid emergencies, for a longer space than thirty days at one time, without the consent of the General Court. Yeas, 49 ; nays, 5.

" Concerning the writ of habeas corpus, we are of opinion that it should not be suspended by the Legislature, on any account, for a longer space of time than six months. Unanimously, 39.

" We are of opinion that no person ought to be elected a Delegate to the Congress of the United States, who is not possessed of property, in the State of Massachusetts, to the value of £600, currency, according to the Convention. Unanimously, 39 votes.

" We should be pleased if the above alterations might be made in the said Constitution, but mean not that said alterations should prevent the establishment of said Constitution at the next session of said Convention.

" Voted to accept of the first Section of the second Chapter of said Constitution, styled Governor, with the foregoing amendment. Yeas, 49 ; nays, 5.

" The declaration of rights was unanimously accepted (except the third article), by 44 votes. The third article being particularly discussed, a vote was called for ; 28 for and 6 against it.

" All the remainder of said publication was unanimously accepted (with the foregoing amendments), by 23 votes, one-half of the people having before withdrawn."

Stephen Hall, 3d, was the Delegate from Medford to form the Constitution of 1780. The convention sat at Cambridge from Sept. 1, 1779, to March 2, 1780.

After the adoption of this Constitution, the form used in warning town-meetings was changed, and they warned " in the name of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts."

Thus established under a Republican Constitution of their own making, our ancestors felt as if they had passed from a state of minority to a state of manhood. The first election, therefore, under this new political charter, was an event of deep interest. They wished to set an example of wise selection, disinterested patriotism, and fraternal unanimity, which might serve for an example to all future times. They did so. They selected intelligent statesmen, true patriots, and professing Christians. The first election took place Sept. 4, 1780 ; and, in Medford, the votes stood thus : -

Here we find two candidates for each office ; thus parties, inseparable from a state of free inquiry and equal rights, revealed themselves at once. The question being settled, the next election showed great unanimity, and recognized that central principle of majority which lies at the basis of our civil liberties. The Constitution provided that the annual election should take place in April ; thus giving the farmers the winter to think of it, and an occasion of finishing it before planting.

The State government took up the cause of independence with wisdom and power. At this time, a levy of clothing and beef for the army was made by it, and our records show that Medford raised its share with promptitude.

At the fourth annual election, April 7, 1783, Governor Hancock had, in Medford, 36 votes ; Lieutenant-Governor Cushing, 30. Each Senator had 24. These facts show remarkable political harmony in the town.

The recognition of independence by the mother country caused a day of thanksgiving in Medford,which the aged among us remember. There were meetings and feastings and congratulations and rejoicings without number. It seemed here as if the whole heavens were filled with rainbows. So intoxicated with hope were our fathers, that they doubtless presumed that two blades of grass would henceforth grow where only one had grown, and that a shower of twopenny loaves might be expected at any time. From these dreams of a political Elysium they were doomed to awake plain New England farmers ; and, on the 1st of March, 1784, in townmeeting, they thus voted : " That the guns and gunlocks, axes, pickaxes, spades, shovels, and lead, belonging to the town, be sold at public auction." When the first gush of republican joy was over, and the town became settled in the new ways of freedom, then they began to ask how much independence had cost, in pounds, shillings, and pence.

To give only two specimens of individual zeal in the cause of independence among us, we may mention the remark of our first Medford merchant, Benjamin Hall, Esq. : -

" When the struggle began, in 1775, 1 would not have exchanged my property for that of any man in Middlesex County ; and now, in 1784, I am worth nothing."

The other case is that of Rev. Edward Brooks. He was librarian of Harvard College two years. On the 19th of April, 1775, he hastened towards Lexington, and did duty through the day. Lieut. Gould, taken prisoner at Concord, was committed to his custody at Medford. He was chaplain in the frigate " Hancock," in 1777, when she captured the British frigate " Fox." Afterwards, when the " Hancock " and " Fox " were retaken by the British off Halifax, he was carried there as prisoner of war, but was soon released. He had not money to give, but he would have given his life, to the American cause. He died at Medford, May 6, 1781, aged 48.

Medford took steps to pay its debts at the earliest period. It was to be done by degrees ; and, May 12, 1785, they vote thus : " To raise £400 to defray the expenses of the town, and X400 towards sinking the town-debt." The next year they vote that " one quarter of the town's debt be paid this year." They thus continued the wise work of liquidating all claims against their treasury, and, before many years, were free also in this particular.

Our fathers shared largely in the intense anxiety which pervaded the United States, from the declaration of peace in 1783 to the adoption of the Federal Constitution in 1788. Though independence was achieved, yet it might prove a curse, if a form of government could not be adopted which would harmoniously unite all the Colonies into a strong, just, and brotherly union. To draft such a constitution required all the Numas, Lycurguses, and Solons of the land. There was, in the country, the wisdom, the learning, the patriotism, and the virtue necessary for the stupendous and allimportant work ; but attending circumstances were, in some respects, unpropitious. Differing opinions and opposite interests, state rights and state sovereignties already established, the disbanded soldiers sowing discontent and immorality among the citizens, the enormous public and private debts, the unwarrantably large importations of foreign merchandise, the draining of the specie from the country, and the fear of a political chaos, - all these fertile sources of alarm rendered the formation of a durable federal compact a gigantic labor. March 10, 1787, a, convention of delegates from the several States was agreed upon, who should prepare a form of government which should " render the Federal Constitution adequate to the exigencies of government and the preservation of the Union." This convention was to meet in Philadelphia on the second Monday of May next. The General Court appoint Francis Dana, Elbridge Gerry, Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus King, and Caleb Strong as Delegates from Massachusetts.

At this juncture, the late requisition of Congress, Aug. 2, 1786 for $3,777,062, calls on our Commonwealth to pay its proportion, which was $324,746. The murmurs of the people, under what they deemed excessive taxation, became loud and emphatic. There were those who were ready to rise in rebellion against the government, and throw the whole fabric of American liberty in ruins. This suicidal sophistry found its advocate in Shays, who put himself at the head of a military force of eleven hundred men. The Governor of Massachusetts ordered out four thousand four hundred troops of militia and four companies of artillery, who, under Gen Lincoln, marched to Worcester, Jan. 22. General Shepherd took possession of the arsenal at Springfield, and, on the 25th of that month, encountered Shays, and soon scattered his adherents to the four winds, leaving upon the field three of them killed, and one wounded. This base attempt to involve the country in civil war being thus promptly and totally crushed, while it united anew the friends of freedom and order, put a final check to further insurrections. We have mentioned these facts to show the fidelity of our Medford patriots to the cause of their country ; for no sooner had this subversive movement been taken, than our town votes its entire disapprobation of the traitorous scheme, and offers to pay any soldiers who would volunteer to put it down. Young men went, and they were paid accordingly.

The Constitution of the United States was adopted by Massachusetts, Feb. 6, 1788, in its Legislature, by a vote of 187 yeas. There were 168 nays. This memorable instrument, which, among its other agencies, was to establish an equitable system of taxation, regulate trade, and secure property, was also to inaugurate order and peace, to foster commerce, encourage agriculture, and promote useful arts. Our ancestors felt satisfied with its provisions, and were not disappointed in its promises.

At this time arose the two great parties, the " Federalists " and " Antifederalists ; " the one supporting, and the other opposing, our present Constitution. The name "Antifederalist " was soon dropped, and that of " Republican " substituted.

Provided with two constitutions, one for their native State, and the other for their country, the time had now arrived for the organization of a general government ; and the citizens of the United States now collect in their several towns, and, for the first time, give in their votes for a President of the Republic. The ballot for electors was unanimous, and stood thus, in Medford, Dec. 18, 1788 : -

The government of the country being now administered by President Washington with wisdom, power, and economy, several years of quietness and prosperity gave rest to the public mind. Our town had little else to do than accord with the general acts of Congress. When the Father of his Country chose to decline a third election to the Presidency, the preference of our town for Mr. Adams, as his successor, was unequivocally shown ; and when this patriot stood candidate a second time, and was successfully opposed by Mr. Jefferson, Medford, Nov. 7, 1796, adhered to the son of Massachusetts, in a unanimous vote of 41, given for Benjamin Hall, as elector.

The death of General Washington, in December, 1799, touched every American heart as a family bereavement. Its announcement came to every one as a paralytic shock, and each one felt as if his strength had been suddenly withdrawn. No sooner had the mournful tidings reached Medford, than the inhabitants came together, and, Jan. 2, 1800, expressed their sorrow at the sad event, resolving by vote, -

" That the town will pay suitable respect to the memory of the late General George Washington ; and that a Committee of eleven be chosen to make the proper arrangements."

"1. At one o'clock, p.m., the stores and shops of the town to be shut. The bell is to toll from one o'clock till the procession shall arrive at the meeting-house. The inhabitants to assemble at Union Hall, with a black crape or ribbon upon the left arm, above the elbow, as mourning. The scholars of the town school to join the procession in a body. The procession to move at two o'clock, under the direction of the Committee.

Every thing was thus done by the town which could express grief at the loss, or respect for the memory, of the venerated chief. General John Brooks, the companion in arms of the illustrious warrior, and one of his favorite friends, was the person, of all others, to deliver the public eulogy ; and it was done on the thirteenth of January. On that day all business was suspended as on the sacred sabbath, the shops closed, the flags at half-mast, the meeting-house robed in black, and every inhabitant dressed in mourning apparel ; and these badges were continued for thirty days. In forming the funeral procession, the children of the town preceded ; the military, with muffled drums, were in attendance, as an escort ; and the officers of the town, the chaplain, and the orator, were accompanied by strangers of distinction. The meeting-house, as the writer well remembers, was crowded to its utmost capacity ; and the funeral music and impressive prayers were in proper keeping with the solemnities of the commemoration. The eulogy, prepared in a short time, was the outflowing1 of a warm and afflicted heart. It was written in plain, strong language, and narrated, with lucid order, the prominent facts in Washington's life, and the salient features of his character. It was printed with the following titlepage : -

" An Eulogy on General Washington, delivered before the inhabitants of the town of Medford, agreeably to their vote, and at the request of their Committee, on the 13th of January, 1800. By John Brooks, A.M., M.M.S., and A.A.S. Printed by Samuel Hall, No. 53, Cornhill, Boston."

" The interjunction of public eulogies with funeral solemnities is a practice neither novel nor unusual. Emanating from the strength and poignance of grief for departed merit, it is the expression of an affection of the human heart which may be beneficially indulged. . . . Vain would be the attempts of the most accomplished eulogist to do justice to a character so transcendently illustrious as that of our late dear and much-loved Washington. ... So long as wisdom shall be revered, talents command respect, or virtue inspire esteem, so long will the American breast exult that he was a native of this western world. . . . After the wanton conflagration and capture of our sister , Charlestown, and the untimely death of the hopeful Warren, the animating presence of Washington, who was received by our army at Cambridge, in July, 1775, elevated the drooping spirits of the troops, then forming the tardy blockade of Boston. Without discipline, badly armed, and destitute of artillery and every description of military stores, no operations against the enemy could be warrantably undertaken until the spring of the year 1776. In consequence of the approaches which better supplies had enabled the army to make against the enemy, General Washington then compelled them to abandon our capital. . . . He maintained, through all vicissitudes, a virtuous empire over the affections of his countrymen. . . . General Washington, in whom were combined the fine polish of Attic refinement with the sternness of Spartan virtue, resisted their solicitations with address, and their menaces with firmness ; and the faithful guardian of his country's safety and honor, obeying the dictates of a severe but imposing policy, assigned the hapless Andre to the destiny of a spy. . . . Such is the structure and imbecility of the human mind, that praise is exceedingly prone to destroy its equilibrium; but the Aristides, as well as the Fabius, of the age, neither despondent in adversity nor elated with success, preserved a philosophical equa- nimity amid the most copious effusions of enthusiasm and panegyric; and when a Csesar would have assumed the purple, or a Cromwell usurped the protectorship, he resigned with eagerness the proud insignia of command, and converted the splendid weapons of war into the humble implements of the arts of peace. . . . The name of Washington is pronounced with pleasure and with pride by the people of every civilized nation on earth. . . . Thus was our much-loved friend, the Father of his Country, great in war, great in peace, great in life, and great in the moment of his dissolution. _ . . What though his once manly, graceful form be now mingling with its native dust ; yet Washington still lives immortal. Yes : he lives in his matchless example ; he lives in those lessons of wisdom that flowed from his pen ; he lives in our hearts, and in the hearts of a grateful country ; he lives, transporting thought ! resplendent in glory, in the realms of ceaseless day."

The Rev. Dr. Osgood preached an appropriate sermon to his people on the great subject ; the town voted to print it, and to append to it Washington's " Farewell Address," and then to give a copy to each family in town. "When February 22 arrived, the meeting-house in Medford was open for religious exercises, and the day was kept as sacred.

During the presidential canvass, in 1800, party lines began to assume definiteness, and that great contest of parties arose which has vexed and steadied the nation ever since. Medford took strongly the side of opposition to the policy of Mr. Jefferson and his immediate successor, and sustained the State government in a similar course. When the embargo of 1807 was laid, the people of Medford felt indignant. So near the sea, and so dependent on commerce, they became great sufferers. The sloop and schooner craft of our river became liable to irritating detentions on their shortest coastwise trips, and could not undertake any profitable trade. Commerce, for the time, was struck dead. Fishermen could not sell their fish, or carry them where a market could be had ; men unaccustomed to manufactures could not engage in them with profit ; agriculture could be rendered available only in small degrees ; merchants, who would have had cargoes in every clime, were anchored in idleness per force ; mechanics, whom commerce fed, were reduced to want ; and, in short, a general paralysis struck down the labor and enter prise of the North. By recurring to the votes for Governor and members of Congress, during these two or three years, it will be seen how almost unanimously the inhabitants of

When the war with Great Britain was declared, June 18, 1812, the town of Medford took decisive stand against this measure of Mr. Madison, and in their opposition were cheered and strengthened by their pastor, who seized every occasion that offered to hurl the thunders of the Old and New Testament, and his own also, upon the authors of the " abominable wickedness." The country sustained the government ; and the good effects which were anticipated from this series of measures showed themselves at last, and are now making New England rich and strong. The " Hartford Convention," which was called in the midst of the country's struggle and gloom, December, 1814, had one member from Medford. That convention was supposed to be patriotic and wise in its inception, but is now believed by many to have ended in words and smoke.

The selection of General John Brooks, as candidate for the office of Governor of Massachusetts, gratified the people of Medford ; and, if party ties could have been sundered, it is believed he would have received the vote of every individual in the town. As it was, few only voted against him ; and, through seven elections, Medford stood by its son with unaltered affection. His refusal to continue in office cast a gloom through every family. Never was a man more truly or justly beloved. During his administration, Medford seemed to be the head of the Commonwealth.

The coming into Medford of ship-carpenters who belonged to the Democratic party, and the gradual change of policy in the national administration, both helped to change the forces of town politics. As parties became more equally divided among us, the warmth of conflict increased ; and, on some occasions, it was fearfully great. The two parties wore several names between the administrations of Mr. Monroe and Mr. Van Buren ; but Medford became as fully and strongly " Democratic " as it had once been "Federal." The first time a plurality was obtained by the Democratic party in Medford was April, 1828 ; and they lost it in 1854.

The multiplication and mixture of new issues in politics have so broken society into divisions, and crumbled it into fragments, that old-fashioned patriots are confounded, and withdraw from the conflict altogether. A signboard, planted at the entrance of several roads, would not be a very safe guide to a stranger, if it was made to perform, at the same time, the office of weathercock. "We have no doubt that this bewildering jumble of political parties in our country will lead to good and safe results. Each has its mission ; each works out its idea ; and, by their centripetal and centrifugal forces, they unexpectedly keep the country in the orbit of safety. The war carried on against Mexico, during Mr. Polk's administration, received the approbation and support of a majority of the inhabitants of Medford. That war gave a President to the United States, in a laurelled hero, who changed that majority in this town.

Nov. 1, 1830- : Voted that the town approve of the Address of the Bunker-hill Monument Association, which has now been read, and " request their Representative to promote such appropriation."

1831: Medford instructs its Representatives in the General Court to oppose all measures which tend to make the number of Representatives in Massachusetts more than two hundred.

A convention was called for revising the Constitution of Massachusetts ; and, Oct. 10, 1820, Nathaniel Hall and Abner Bartlett were chosen delegates. On the 9th April, 1821, the town voted to accept the amended draft. The vote was as follows : -

Nov., 1833 : The town voted on an amendment of the Constitution of the State. It related to the third article in the Bill of Rights, which regulates the membership of parishes. By the amendment, any person may file with the clerk of the parish to which he belongs a written notice that he dissolves his relationship to that religious society, and it is thereby dissolved. The vote in Medford was one hundred and five yeas and twelve nays.

Histoky Of Medford

Another amendment was proposed in 1840, relating to the basis of representation in the Senate and House of Representatives. On this "thirteenth act of amendment of the Constitution of Massachusetts," Medford voted eighty-one yeas and one nay.

We seem to be in the midst of prophetic political saltations. The secret, sudden, and effectual dismemberment of the Whig, Democratic, and Free Soil parties, in this State, by the agency of an association improperly called " Know Nothings," gave a new character to the political affairs of Medford ; and, at the last gubernatorial election, the votes stood thus : -

To the honor of Medford it should be recorded, that amid the fiercest contentions of political parties, and at their caucuses, and at their ballotings, there have never been instances of ruthless violence, or passionate menace, or systematic corruption. The meetings have been marked with that decorum and self-respect which evince an intelligent and virtuous community.

Colonel Isaac Royal

As one of the wealthiest citizens of Medford was frightened into Toryism, in 1775, it may be fit to give a short notice of the facts, especially as they illustrate, by contrast, the deep devotion of the rest of our people to the cause of independence. Abundant evidence exists that Medford took an early and decisive stand against the oppressions of the Crown, and, when called upon, paid taxes, raised soldiers, and shed blood in defence of American liberty.

Strong and steady opposers of independence there certainly were in the Colonies ; and it therefore required superior wisdom and courage to meet such domestic forces. The patriots were baptized by the royal government with the name of " rebels," and their doings called " the faction." A trialquestion was brought before the Whigs and Tories in a townmeeting held at Boston in June, when a Tory moved to censure, and then annihilate, the " Committee of Correspondence." The Tory speaker said of the Committee : -

" It is the foulest, subtlest, and most venomous serpent that ever issued from the eggs of sedition. It is the source of the rebellion. I saw the small seed when it was implanted ; it was as a grain of mustard. I have watched the plant until it has become a great tree ; the vilest reptiles that crawl upon the earth are concealed at the root ; the foulest birds of the air rest upon its branches. I now would induce you to go to work immediately, with axes and hatchets, and cut it down, for a two-fold reason : because it is a pest to society, and lest it be felled suddenly by a stronger arm, and crush its thousands in the fall."

This called forth Samuel Adams, the author and right arm of the Committee ; and, with his upright intent, his manly voice, his profound good sense, his irresistible logic, and his

New England heart, he crushed the specious declamation of the Tory orator. From Faneuil Hall the crowd went to the Old South Church ; and, so far from being censured, the Committee was thanked, and told to go forward, whatever the consequences. The weaklings of royalty quailed before truth and right ; but they did not stop their vituperative tongues. There were no opprobious epithets in the language which they did not freely bestow on the patriot cause. One said, " The annals of the world have not been deformed with a single instance of so unnatural, so causeless, so wanton, so wicked a rebellion." The patriot leaders were called " calves, knaves, and fools;" "self-interested and profligate men; « the Boston saints." " The merchants form a part of those seditious herds of fools and knaves;" and "the generality of young Bostonians are bred up hypocrites in religion, and pettifoggers in law." Such were the words and arguments of the Tories against the cause of their country. No wonder that such abuse should stir the blood of James Otis and John Adams. The great question was now fairly brought before the country and the world ; and there«was left but one course for patriotism to pursue, - which was, to fight for liberty and independence. Our fathers met the issue ; and the great results are now shaking Europe to its very centre.

« Of nearly two hundred exiled Royalists who were banished by the government of Massachusetts, more than sixty were graduates of Harvard College. Of the five Judges of the Supreme Court of that Province at the commencement of the difficulties, the Hon. William Cushing alone was of patriot principles ; and he was afterwards on the bench of the Supreme Court of the United States."

Our patriot fathers felt that they could not trust those to live among them who were the avowed enemies of freedom or the avowed supporters of the Crown. After long patience and ready allowances, the General Court felt called upon, in self-defence, to pass three acts. The first was passed September, 1778, entitled "An act to prevent the return to this State of certain persons therein named, and others who have left this State, or either of the United States, and joined the enemies thereof." The second was passed April 30, 1779, and was entitled " An act to confiscate the estates of certain notorious conspirators against the government and liberties of the inhabitants of the late Province, now State, of Massachusetts Bay." The third was passed Sept. 30, 1779, and is entitled " An act for confiscating the estates of certain persons commonly called absentees."