Revere City (part 3 of 6)

VlX. Galloupe was born at a period when the full effect of the Puritanical education of the earU^ settlers was still uncontaminated by outside influences, and the ever3^-day life of the people was the same as that of their ancestors who lived two hundred years before them. Marrying- and intermarryino- only among- themselves, the community was simply an ever-enlarging family, through which, down succeeding generations, was transmitted the religious belief and the Puritan habits, manners and customs of all who had gone before. Rising with the sun, and devoting- themselves to their daily tasks during the whole of the week, without recreation or the thought of light enjo\'ment and trivial pleasures, when Saturday night came, it was the beginning of a restful Sunday, which was given up to the worship of God, without a thought of the burden of cares and anxieties which they had borne during the week. At 6 o'clock on Saturday night, the children left their simple plays and sturdily studied the lessons for the Sabbath-school until the ringing of the 9 o'clock bell, which sent them to their beds, to be awakened at early dawn for their weekly baths and the donning of the " Sunday clothes " in preparation for the proper observance of the Holy Day. At an early hour, the frugal breakfast of brownbread and beans was taken from the brick oven where it had been placed the day before (no cooking- being permitted on Sunday), and, after a blessing had been asked, and each had partaken of the meal, the table was cleared, and the famih', gathering again around it, joined unitedly in the reading of Scripture and a length}' prayer, all standing, as kneeling savored too much of the Episcopal form of worship.

After morning- prayers, the family filed in solemn procession to the " meeting-house," to listen to the singing and praying and a sermon from an hour to an hour and a half in duration, which constituted the services of the morning. After a cold dinner (the continuation of the breakfast), the same routine was repeated in the afternoon, with an additional hour and a half for Sunday-school.

In the evening, the reading- of religious books was permitted ; and every one awoke on Monday morning, commencing the new week with a feeling- of relief that the Sunday was over, with all its obligations fulfilled,

The "district" or public school afforded the principal means of education, and, at the age of fourteen, the school-boy was called upon to bear his share of the burden of life, by apprenticeship until twenty-one

Beverly, in 1825, was built almost entirely upon one street, then called the Main Road (afterwards Cabot street), and contained about two thousand inhabitants. As Salem at that time was in a full success and monopoly of its India business, the better class of the Beverly people, almost without exception, were either captains of vessels in the India trade or their connections or descendants. In the summer season almost all of the male population not connected with the India mercantile business in Salem were engaged in the fishing business, and obtained their livelihood by spending their summers in fishing for cod on the banks of Newfoundland.

Having passed through the different stages of education afforded boys of his position, that is, having attended the preliminary or "mistress" school, the "district "or " master's " school and a course at the "academy," the education of Mr. Galloupe was considered as finished, and he was supposed to be amply fitted for the battle of life, which he commenced at the age of fifteen, by entering the " dry-goods " store of Mr. Elbridge Fisk, on Cabot street, in Beverly, as a clerk. Here he remained about two years, but finding his native town too limited a field for any one desirous of making his way in the world, after procuring letters of recommendation from the "minister" and the "selectmen " of the town, he left Beverly, and obtaining a situation in Boston as a salesman with Messrs. Carney & Sleeper (then at No. 40 Ann, now North street, opposite Merchants' Row), he commenced his independent and self -relying life.

Boston, at that early date, was so unlike our present city, that a description of it from one whose continued experience covered an unbroken period of fifty years of active life in its midst, is well worthy of being preserved.

The Boston of half a century ago (1843) was an entirely difi^erent city in area (its greatest length from north to south was two and three quarters miles; width, east to west, one and one-eighth miles), manners and customs, as well as population (it contains 103,000 inhabitants), from the city of to-day.

Merchants were in their counting rooms as early or earlier than nine o'clock, occupying themselves busily until two, when, dining at their own houses, they returned in the afternoon to see that the business of the day was properly completed, and spent their evenings in social entertainments; but little ostentation was displayed and comparatively few private carriages were kept.

The system of " drumming " for business, which prevails so extensively throughout our country at present, was unknown and unthought of. Buyers from a distance (the West and South) came regularly to market twice (spring and fall) in each year, and purchased, after personal examination, what merchandise they required, while buyers nearer home (New England) came to town as they needed goods, perhaps once a week or oftener, and selected their goods themselves. The ordinary term of credit for those who purchased for the retail trade was six months, with a discount of four per cent, off for ca.sh in thirty days, and for those who "jobbed " (or sold at wholesale), eight months, and often a special inducement of twelve months with interest at .six per cent, after eight months, was conceded.

Central and Kilby streets (extending to Milk street) were the headquarters of the dry goods jobbing trade, and the principal dry goods commission business was done in Milk street, below Atkinson (Congress) street.

The upper part of Milk street, with Place (now Arch street) and Sewall Place, was occupied principally by dwelling hou.ses. At the corner of Devonshire and Milk streets was a fine old colonial mansion, which had found its fate in becoming a hotel or tavern, called the " Stackpole House," which was famous for its soups and Welsh rarebit. It is said that Julian, for whom the famous soup was named, was once the cook or " chef " of the house.

In Devonshire street, directh' opposite the front entrance of the postoffice, was the extensive blacksmithing establishment of " Dea. Safford," and the neighborhood resounded with the ringing of the sturdy blows upon the anvil.

Opposite Devonshire street, leading from Milk street to Franklin street, was a passageway called Theatre alley, some five or six feet in width, well known to all good citizens as containing " Mother Dunlap's " store, whose famous snuiT was in the pockets of many of her merchant neighbors.

Opposite Theatre alley, upon the other side of Franklin street, adjoinino- the Catholic cathedral, was an opening, protected b}^ stone posts, so arranged as to admit of the passage of individuals, but not carriages, into Winthrop and Otis Places, both of which, leading from Summer street, connected with, and were entered from the passageway from Franklin street. It was an exceedingly genteel neighborhood, and the Winthrops, Hunnewells, Daniel Webster, Rufus Choate, Edward Everett and other distinguished citizens dwelt in either one of the two places, or their immediate vicinit}*.

At the junction (or connection) of the two places, oppo.site the opening for foot passengers, was the stately granite mansion of " Madame " Blake, with areas upon the sides and front, and entered through an imposing columned portal, guarded by two life-size statues of lions in metal.

Franklin street, from Hawley street to Theatre alley, formed a crescent, in the center of which was a well kept lawn, surrounded by an ornamental iron fence, and the brick houses (painted white) were set back far enough from the sidewalk to form a very pretty lawn or flower garden in front of each. These areas were protected by iron fences similar to that around the center, and the houses were entered through iron arches of ornamental design. It was one of the most picturesque streets in Boston, and was the home of the Perkinses, Wigglesworths and other prominent families. John Simmons, by erecting two granite warehouses upon lots near Arch street, purchased by him at auction, wrecked the street for residential purposes, and brought it into a new life as a business street.

The wholesale clothing business was done in Ann street, and that portion from Union street to North Square, as well as a part of Blackstone street, was filled with both wholesale and retail stores.

Fulton street and a portion of Blackstone street was filled with leather stores, and Merchants' Row, next to Ann street, contained many wholesale and retail boot and shoe stores. The crockeryware business was largely done in South Market street and the southern end of Merchants' Row. The principal wholesale liquor firms were located at the foot of State street, while the upper part, then as now, was filled with merchants" offices, insurance offices and financial institutions. The " ^lerchants Exchange," a tine granite building, occupied the site of the present "Exchange Building," and all days of the week, from one to two o'clock, was crowded with merchants from all parts of the city, who met to discuss business affairs and negotiate with each other for the exchange of snch commodities as they desired to dispose of. The interior of the building contained a fine reading room, well supplied with papers from all quarters of the world. The usual place of meeting was in the street, which was crowded from sidewalk to sidewalk ; in rainy or inclement weather the reading room was made use of. No merchant of good standing ever failed, if within his power to be present, to daily meet his fellow merchants "on change."

Washington street from Dock square to AVinter street was filled with retail stores of various kinds, and the inauguration of the present system of large and monopolizing dry goods stores, was, by a new departure, instituted by George W. AVarren, upon the premises (the store was burned in the great fire) now occupied by Macullar, Williams & Company's clothing store. No. -tOO Washington street. The store was of granite, two stories in height, and covered about one-half of the area of the present building.

An old, gable-roofed wooden building, with projecting stories, covered the lot at the corner of Winter and Washington streets, and was occupied b}' Clark & Plympton, who sold laces and ladies' trimmings. Both Winter and Summer street, particularly the latter, were filled with genteel residences, as were Franklin, Winthrop and Otis Places, Federal, High and Pearl streets.

The grocery business was done principally in Commercial street and around the wharves, what is now Atlantic avenue being covered with water. "Wilde's Tavern," situated in Elm street (absorbed by the extension of Washington street) was the starting point of many lines of stage-coaches to the surrounding towns.

Watchmen patrolled the streets at night, wrapped from head to heels in long caped coats, carrying a rattle of a half a mile power, warranted to awaken every sleeper within that distance. Upon an alarm of fire, which was given by the ringing and clanging of bells, the wakeful watchman, while on his beat, would stop at the corner of the street, and, shouting with all his might: " Fire! fire! fire, at the South end" (or wherever it may have been), would spring his deafening rattle and trudge on to the next corner, where he would repeat the ceremony. No one in Boston at that time needed the early edition of the morningpaper to learn where the fire was. It was the custom of the watchman to proclaim the hour of night and the state of the weather, by strikingthree times upon the pavement with his staff, and shouting "one o'clock, (or whatever hour it might have been), a fair night and all is well." His voice was seldom heard on rainy nights, as it would have awakened the families under whose porch he was comfortably ensconced.

The fire department was served by volunteer firemen, who received no compensation, the glory of being a fireman being a sufficient remuneration.

Hand (or " tub ") engines only were in use, which were pumped by levers worked from each side of the machine, by the combined efforts of all the company.

To each engine was attached a rope, about an inch and a half in diameter and a hundred and fifty feet in length, and, upon the sounding of an alarm, a rush was made for the engine-house, and seizing the rope, the firemen tore like madmen, shouting and yelling through the streets, to the place of the fire. The engine first reaching the burningbuilding obtained the place of honor, and the rivalry between the companies was intense and dangerous, often leading to bitter fights.

The head of the line was taken by the foreman of the company, and his place at a fire was at the " butt," or holding the nozzle. The fire company was a terror to all quiet citizens, and the change from a volunteer to a paid fire department was welcomed as a blessing.

The transportation of merchandise through the streets from point to point was all accomplished b}^ "trucks." This freight carrier was a Boston institution, kn(jwn in practice nowhere else. It was. composed of two long planks, placed side by side, four inches in thickness, about one foot in width and some twenty feet in length, with a space between them into which the horse was harne.ssed, the ends of the timbers forming the shafts; the whole resembling a huge pair of " skids," balanced and resting upon the axletree of a very small but very heavy pair of wheels. The whole formed a long and solid platform upon two wheels, which could be packed to any height required, with the heaviest merchandise. As the axle, the pivot of the platform, was much lower than the horse, it was necessary to lift the shafts in order to harness, and, consequentl)', the rear end was brought within a foot of the ground; this facilitated the loading, and for those who used it the " truck " was a very convenient vehicle; but woe to the passers-by if thev were not upon the lookout when one of them was "in action " in their vicinity. When heavily loaded, three or sometimes four horses were used, giving a total length of some fifty feet to the monstrous team. Those who never have seen them, may form some idea of what they were, by imagining a team of three heav}' truck horses hitched in tandem to an enormous platform composed of two heavy planks, the rear of which, prong like, projected some ten or fifteen feet beyond the wheels, and, in turning, described a circle of thirty feet in diameter, within which, if one was caught, the only means of safety from broken limbs, was, in being able to clear the whole with a jump, or by a leap upon the monster itself.

The truckmen, a lusty set of fellows, with an esprit dc corps equal to that of Harvard collegians, appeared in procession upon all "processional " davs, and attracted a great deal of attention and favorable comment by their neat appearance (in white linen short frocks) and good bearing.

Another obsolete "institution," secondary and auxiliary to the truckmen, were the "hand-carters," who had their stands inmost of the streets, and were as plentiful as "banana" men now are in Boston. As the truck was adapted to the transportation of heavy merchandise only, all of the "bundle" business (there were but few expresses at that time) was done by the hand-carters, who were as useful in their way as the truckmen in theirs.

The "Miller Tabernacle," a wooden structure one story in height, was located upon the site of the present Howard Atheneum in Howard street, and after the failure of the programme for the ascension of the saints, was sold for theatrical performances. Anna Cora Mowatt, supported by W. H. Crisp, the father of the present speaker of the House of Representatives at Washington, appeared in one of the earliest engagements. This building was destroyed by fire, and in its place was erected a fine granite building, which became the "swell " theatre of the town. Previous to this the National Theatre on Portland street (where Coleman's Horse Mart now stands) was the only theatre of any importance in the town in successful operation. The internal arrangement of the theatre was a typical one of the old style, and the last of its kind in Boston. What is now the orchestra was called the " pit," and was considered (next to the gallery) the poorest part of the house. It was entered by a narrow dark alley-way under the "boxes " or family circle, and was furnished with narrow and very uncomfortable wooden licnches. Next above, and in the rear of the pit, was the genteel (and only respectable) part of the house; it was called the "boxes" and corresponded to our orchestra circle. The "third tier" was next above the boxes, and was frequented by persons of both sexes of the lowest character onh*, no person of respectability ever carin;;' to risk his reputation by being seen there. In the midst, and open to all comers, was an immense open bar, filled with liquors of all kinds, which were rapidly dispensed by three or four active bar-tenders, who found ample employment in supplying the numberless and continual calls which were pressed upon them from all sides during the whole of the performance, which usually consisted of three, never less than two, pieces, and the theatre remained open, usually, until about midnight. Although wines were always kept at the bar, the traffic was almost wholly in liquors; the price of a drink was fenir cents, and the drinker was allowed to take from the bottle as much as he pleased. The gallery was above the "third tier, " and was patronized only by ragged urchins and negroes. The prices of admission were, fifty cents for the boxes, thirty-seven and a half cents (two and thrippence) for the third tier, twenty-five cents for the " pit," and twelve and a half cents for the gallery. There were no reserved seats. Macreadv, the great tragedian, when in this country, played at this theatre.

The area of Boston occupied for business purposes was exceedingly small, the whole of the business portion being east of Tremont street and north of Milk street. Beacon street and " Colonade Row " (Tremont sti'eet, facing the Common) constituted the court end of the town. Next in social grade came Franklin, Summer and Pearl streets, while High and Federal, and other streets in the vicinity, followed them.

Beacon street was, par excellence, the one and great aristocratic street of Boston, the crnnc dc la crriiic, but the sacred precinct extended to Cliarles street only, and a resident beyond may as well have been in Roxbury. An innovation was attempted in bviilding the granite block of dwelling houses beyond Charles street, but the houses remained vacant, and an offer of ten thousand dollars not being obtainable, they were for a time used for storage purposes, two of them, at least, being filled with bags of wool. The Jolin Hancock residence was still in its prime, and was, by far, the most princely residence in town. The last houses to be built on the upper or old part of Beacon street were erected, somewhere about the fifties, by Daniel Denny and Seth W. Fowle, between Somerset street and Freeman Place, and in order to give them the proper space, it was necessary to excavate and remove the residue of Beacon Hill, a mound of gravel some fifteen or twenty feet in height, upon the rear of the lot.

The parade ground, at the western extremity of the Common, adjoining Charles Street, was an unsightly swamp, which could not be crossed without miring to the knees.

What is now the Public Garden was a salt marsh, through which a creek ran to Charles street, which was made the depository of all the rubbish of the vicinity. " Bramin's Baths " were situated on the other side of Charles street, and were most popular. From 6 to 9 o'clock during the summer months the baths were frequented and crowded by old and young, who frolicked away the sultry evenings they were obliged to pass in town. From Charles street to Sewall's Point in Brookline (now the junction of Commonwealth and Brookline avenues and Beacon street) was an unbroken sheet of water, intersected by the Great or Mill Dam, a narrow causeway, fifty feet in width, built of stone, across the "Great Bay" (one and a half miles in length), and a spur called the " Short Dam," now forming Parker street, leading to Roxbury.

From the foot of Beacon street a toll house was situated near what is now Berkeley street, and a swinging bar across the road prevented the passing of carriages until they had paid the prescribed toll. The great sheet of water extended to the " Tremont Road " (now Tremont street), which was a narrow roadway across the water to Roxbury, hardly wide enough to admit the passing of carriages going in opposite directions. The bed of the road was made up mostly of rubbish and "topped off " with oyster shells and gravel. It was but little used by others than marketmen, who, in order to be at market early (before daylight), "put up" their teams and passed the night at a small tavern (with a swinging sign) situated on Tremont road, beyond the crossing of the Boston and Albany Railroad. The regular travel was over the "Neck " (Washington street) to Roxbury. When Dover street was built it was considered so far out of town that the houses would never be occupied. As late as 185G there were but nine houses on Chester Sc^uare, two upon the northern side and seven upon the southern, and from the latter a good view of the Common was obtained, and not a building of any kind interfering with the view on the west to Brighton and over Charles River to Cambridge.

Boston fift_v years ago controlled the cotton and woolen manufactories of the countr}', establishing branch agencies in New York and the larger cities, while the headquarters remained at Boston. The people were enterprising and sagacious, never allowing the influence of the pocket to overweigh good judgment. vSuch an undertaking as cutting a channel eight or nine miles in length, sufficiently wide to permit the passing of an ocean steamer through ice thick enough to bear heavily loaded teams upon its surface, in order to afford the passage of a steamer to open water upon her appointed day of sailing, merely that it should not be said that Boston had not a good winter harbor, was a feat that has not been and will not be paralleled in this or any other country. It was a formidable imdertaking, but it was promptly and expeditiously executed. The spectacle of an ocean steamer making her way through the ice, the passage on both sides lined with thousands of people within a dozen feet of her hull, hurrahing themselves hoarse and cheering vociferous good-byes to the company on their way across the ocean, was a sight for a lifetiine.

The principal hotel in Boston was the Tremont House, on Tremont street, which was patronized by the best people, both as sojourners and permanent guests. Daniel Webster and many other notables made it their headquarters when temporaril}Mn town. The Marlborough Hotel on Washington street, opposite Franklin street, was the transient home of a most serious class of people, who were drawn to it from the fact that morning and evening services were daily held in the parlor, and a blessing was asked at each meal at the public tables in the dining room. vSome of the stages running to the towns in the vicinity made this hotel their terminus. No drinking or smoking was permitted, and the hotel was called by irreligious people " The Saints' Rest." The New England House, at the corner of Clinton and Blackstone streets, was well kept by Paran Stevens, who, when the Revere House Company was organized, was called to the charge of their hotel. He soon included within his care, upon his own account, the Tremont House, and afterwards the Fifth Avenue and other hotels in New York. He died a millionaire.

Harvey D. Parker, another noted hotel landlord, at that time kept in a cellar (well below the sidewalk) at the corner of Court street and Court SqTiare (now covered by Young's Hotel), where he served his patrons as well and liberally as do his successors at the Parker House, but not at the same prices. Parker took "diners" by the week, jjiving" them the restaurant's bill of fare to select from, and the price per week was three dollars, or fifty cents per dinner, allowance being made for absences. No limit was made to the number of courses, the guest having full latitude to select the dishes to his taste. The Bromfield House, in Bromfield street, was another hostelry famous for its good table, and was most liberally patronized by the down town merchants and clerks as a dining place. Dinner tickets, good until used, were sold at five dollars per dozen, and ver}' often when one of the holders of a ticket required the price of it for other purposes, he found the ticket as good c^r a better circulating medium than we find silver at the present day. George Young was then head waiter at "Fenno's, " which ultimately fell into his hands, and became the famous "Young's Hotel," so universally well known throughout this and other civilized countries. George served his friends upon Saturday evenings with a splendid bird supper of many courses of game, for, exclusive of wine, one dollar each plate.

"General " Bates, an Englishman, full six feet in height, who owed his title to his magnificent physique, kept " The Shades," and filled his rooms on Washington street, next north of the Rogers Building, with delighted partakers of Welsh rarebits, poached eggs and " Croton " ale. Nothing else could be had and nothing else was wanted.

The " Alhambra, " on Washington street, opposite Bromfield street (where the store of Weeks & Potter now stands), furnished for forty cents the most luscious and juicy beefsteak and the lightest, most crispy and delicate fried potatoes to be imagined.

It was the custom to keep all retail stores open until nine o'clock in the evening, and on Saturday until eleven o'clock, and itinerant venders of eatables found quite a sale among the clerks for their wares. Hot corn was sold, principally by negroes, with the cry, " Hot Corn, hot corn, two cents a ear," and an ear of steaming hot com, with a .small package of salt, was furnished to each purchaser for the two cents.

Wheelbarrows of hot smokiniy lobsters filled the air with fragrance, as the lobster seller plodded his way, crying, "Lob; lob; buy a lob." The usual price was three cents a pound.

East Boston was a hilly pasture, with wooden houses scattered here and there, filled with Irish. Daniel Crowley, a bustling little Irish contractor, with his dump carts, was king of the place. It is related that his wife, belated at the ferry, finding the boat several feet from the drop, shouted as she rushed down the gangway, " Stop the boat, stop the boat; I am Dan Crowley's wife."

Nearly the whole island was bonded to Daniel D. Brodhead, Charles A. White and others of a "syndicate," for seventy thousand dollai\s, and they were obliged to forfeit the bond, as there were no buyers for the property.

South Boston looked down upon the harbor in almost as sullen and repulsive a condition as when the soldiers of Washington's army showed themselves at the summit (Dorchester Heights) to the astonished English army occupying Boston. A few houses, surmounted by the Blind Asylum, were scattered here and there, but the larger part (rf'it was an uncultivated and barren hill.

The firm of Carney & Sleeper was one of the wealthiest, most successful and prominent of the wholesale clothiers of Boston, well known for their sterling integrity and great enterpri.se. In addition to a most extensive wholesale business with all sections of the country, they were, and had been for many years, contractors with the United States government for supplying the navy with clothing. With a determination of purpose not easily swerved, Mr. Galloupe applied himself so closely to the business, that he soon gained the approbation and good will of both Mr. Carney and Mr. Sleeper, which they demonstrated in a most complimentary and practical manner.

After a clerkship with the firm of slightly more than two years, Messrs. Carney & Sleeper, being desirous of relieving themselves from the cares of business, selected Joseph J. Whiting, M. Kehoe, jr., and Charles W. Galloupe, to whom, as equal partners (Mr. Galloupe being then but twenty 3'ears of age and consequently a minor), they entrusted the business, making them their successors by forming a special copartnership of five years (from January 1, 1846), contributing an abundant amount of capital for the continuation of the business.

Tills special partnership existed until its termination b}- limitation in 1851, and upon its dissolution, a new firm, under the name of Whiting, Kehoe & Galloupe was formed.

With the rapid increase of the business of Boston came a corresponding change in and extension of, the locality in which the business was carried on, and it was sotm evident that the old location in North street must be vacated by the firm for a more desirable one, in a better neigh- Ixirhood, and in ISod they removed to a new granite building (completed for them by Mr. Benjamin Adams) in Federal street, near Milk street, which had become the center of the dry goods jobbing and commission business. Here a very successful business was done until the expiration of the partnership in 1850, when, Mr. Kehoe withdrawing, Joseph W. Bliss, Albert T. Whiting, Otis H. Pierce and James McKenna were added to the concern, and the business continued under the firm of Whiting, Galloupe, Bliss & Co. This firm remained in Federal street until another change of localit}' was deemed best, when they removed to Franklin street, occupying a new granite store fitted up for them by the trustees of Harvard College, where a ver)' extensive and prosperous wholesale business was done, not only with all parts of the country, but with the United States government, by supplying the army, navy and Indian departments with clothing b)' contract.

In 1802 Mr. Whiting and ;\Ir. (ialloupe, in their turn, being desirous of relieving themselves somewhat from the cares of the business in which they had so long been engaged, withdrew from the firm and established, by a special partnership, as their successors their former partners, under the firm of Bliss, Whiting, Pierce & McKenna, contributing ample capital for the prosecution of the large business to which the firm succeeded ; this ended the strictly mercantile life of Mr. Galhjupe.

After their retirement from the clothing business, ^Ir. Whiting and Mr. Galloupe, having associated with themselves Mr. Charles A. Putnam, cashier of the Washington Bank, formed a banking house, under the firm of Whiting, Galloupe & Putnam, and established themselves at No. 76 State street, where they were soon engaged in a very large and successful business. They were appointed by the United States government one of the agents of the five-twenty loan, and by their extensive connection in all of the large cities of the Union with the banks and most prominent bankers, they soon attained an honora- ble and respected position. The sudden death of Air. Whitin<^- in lSG-4, which occurred in the office at No. 70 State street, while sitting at the desk with Mr. Galloupe, severed a warm and sincere friendship and a close and always enjoj'ed connection, that had existed during' the whole of the business lives of both Mr. Whiting and Mr. Galloupe.

I )eprived of the support and companionship of his friend and partner (jf twenty years, the enjoyment and zest of doing- business lost its attractiveness for Mr, Galloupe, and, after continuing the banking business for a short time under the firm name of Galloupe & Putnam, he retired, establishing his brother-in-law, Mr. Edward L. Giddings, in his place, who, forming a partnership with Mr. W. A. Tower, the present firm of Tower, Giddings & Co. became his successor.

There are few in Boston who, in a comparatively short business life, have had associated with them in close business relations so many well known men of public reputation as has fallen to the lot of Mr. Galloupe. Andrew Carney, whose name is well and gratefully known to thousands of distressed sufferers, distinguished throughout all his lifetime for his many and liberal charitable contributions, was the founder of that beneficent institution, the Carne}^ Hospital at South Boston, second in its usefulness to hardly any other in the State; Jacob Sleeper, the munificent philanthropist whose large gifts and generous personal support have placed the Boston University upon so high a plane; and Albert T. Whiting, the efficient chairman of the State Board of Police Commissioners, were his partners. Alanson W. Beard, the present United vStates collector of customs for the port of Boston ; Alderman Sydney Gushing and Coimcilman John Taylor were all in the employment of Mr. Galloupe.

After his retirement from the clothing business in 1802, Mr. Galloupe offered his services to the United States Government in connection with the War Department in Boston, and was appointed to take charge of the clothing and equipment contracts, in which capacity he served without compensation for more than a year. When there was no longer any occasion for his services, he was honorably retired and the thanks of the War Department tendered him in writing, through the officer in command at Boston.

On the 21st of March, 1860, the oldest daughter of Mr. Galloupe, Sarah Kittredge Galloupe, was married to the Hon. Ellis W. Morton, and in May the entire family, including Mr. and Mrs. Morton, sailed for England and traveled extensively through Europe until August,

18(m', when they returned. Mr. INIorton, after a most siieecssful career a.s assistant United States district attorne}', in which he was connected with Hon. Richard H. Dana, w-as elected to the House of Representatives of the State Legislature, and afterwards to the Senate, where he served tw^o terms. Being- in ill health, he declined the nomination of representative to Congress, and died in Swampscott the ^ith of September, 1874, leaving an only son, Galloupe Morton.

In 187"2 Mr. Galloupe associated himself with the old Trinity Church parish in Summer street, and, from the time of his connection, a warm and intimate friendship of the closest personal relation existed betw-een the rector, Rev. Phillips Brooks, during the whole of the remainder of the life of the beloved pastor, terminating only with his death.

In March, 1872, it having been determined by a vote of the proprietors " to remove Trinity Church, provided a sale of the property could be obtained and a satisfactory location agreed upon and land secured for a new church," a petition to the Legislature was granted, and in 1872 land was purchased in what is now Copley vSqtiare. A building committee was created, consisting of Wardens Geo. Dexter and Charles Henry Parker, and the Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, Hon. Martin Brimmer, Charles R. Codman, John C. Ropes, John G. Gushing, Charles J. Morrill, Robert Treat Paine, jr., Stephen G. Deblois, treasurer, and Wm. P. Blake, secretary. In April Mr. Galloupe was added, and the whole management was placed by the General Building Committee in the hands of an executive building committee consisting of Warden Charles Henry Parker, Robert Treat Paine, jr., and Charles W. Galloupe, with full powers to execute the work.

From that time for the ensuing five years, until the completion of the church and its consecration on February 9, 1877, Mr. Galloupe's time and attention was devoted to the erection of the building.

In 1870 Mr. Galloupe's daughter, Wilhelmina, was united in marriage to Dr. Samuel J. Mixter, of Boston, and the young couple having decided to spend some time in Austria for the completion of Dr. Mixter's studies, Mr. Galloupe with his family joined them in 1880, and after spending a year in Vienna, he with the two families returned to America.

ment or entertainment of an}- kind during the long and somewhat dreary months of winter. The only means (aside from the "singing school ") afforded the quiet people to break the monotony of the lonely evenings was by attendanee on the Lyceum lectures. The " Lyceum" was a literary society or club composed of the well-to-do class of people, formed in most of the small towns for the purpose of establishing a course of weekly lectures for the winter season, the expenses of which, assumed by the society, were made so small that the managers were able to place it within the means of all to attend. The town, in its corporate capacity, usually co-operated with the " Lyceum " by allowing the use of its hall without expense. The institution fell gradually into decay and is now obstilete.

To give some idea of the workings of the Lyceum, it will not be amiss, and somewhat interesting, to give a slight account of one of the oldest, and, during its existence, one of the most noted, as that of Beverly certainly was. The ordinary price of the tickets for the course of twelve lectures delivered weekly was one dollar.

The " Lyceum " in Beverly, having been suspended for want of sufficient encouragement, Mr. Galloupe, with two young friends, determined if possible to resuscitate it and create a new interest which should exercise a beneficial influence in the town and give solid enjoyment to those who were inclined to patronize it; but it was not an easy matter to bring into vigorous life an institution which had nearly reached its end by simple inanition. The town very generously offered the use of the town hall for the mere expense of lighting it, and the young men undertook the task of bringing it again once more into popular favor. They assumed the responsibility of engaging lecturers sufficient in number to make up a programme for sixteen lectures and entertainments, agreeing among themselves to make good any deficit which might occur. It will be a matter of surprise to man}- in these days of high prices to learn that the price of the entire course was jDlaced at thirty-seven and a half cents, making something less than two and a half cents for each lecture ; and it will be still more surprising to learn, which was the fact, that the first course was opened by His Excellency, the Honorable John (Juincy Adams, ex-president of the LTnited States, and that he was followed by Henry Ward Beecher, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Wendell Phillips, John Pierpoint, Professor vSolger, Professor Guyot of Harvard College, and other lecturers of note, and that m the course were included one or more concerts by the ]\Icndclssohn yuintette Club; and that notwith.standiny these great, and what would now be extravagant attractions, during the three years that the Lyeeum was continued, none of the three engaged in the management were assessed for more than twenty dollars. No lecturer received more than ten dollars for his services, and as they were entertained gratuitously by either Mr. Galloupe, Mr. William Endicott, jr., or Mr. Charles S. Giddings, who were engaged in the enterprise, the entire additional expense of the lectures was included in the small traveling expenses and the slight cost of the hall.

About 750 tickets were sold at thirty-seven and a half cents each, which provided a fund of about $203, and as the price paid to the lecturer was limited to ten dollars ($100), more than a hundred dollars was left for the payment of incidentals. Probably no other such case exists in the country.

In 1852, before public libraries were so extensively known as they are at present, the same three young men, finding they were so successful in their first enterprise, determined that their native town should have a library which should benefit those whose means were so limited that reading must be furnished gratuitously, if at all. It was a serious undertaking to procure subscriptions in a town like Beverly to establish a librar}', but they determined to undertake it, and after a continued application for nearly three years, they procured a sufficient sum, in their estimation ($3,000), in sums varying from one hundred dollars to twenty-five cents, to warrant the purchase of books. They proposed to the selectmen to present the library to the town, provided a room should be fitted up in the town hall for the reception of the books, and that the town should take charge of and assume all the care and expense of conducting the library. After a public meeting, it was so voted by the town, and the Beverly Public Library - -one of the very best, as well as one of the very earliest, was established upon a firm foundation, and its usefulness at the present day may be appreciated by the fact that the library has been increased from 3,000 to 15,000 volumes, and the average number of books annually in circulation is now nearly 40,000. Many interesting incidents were connected with the procuring of subscriptions, one of which will be related. Beverly had, in its time, produced many prominent people who were no longer residents of the town, and they, with their descendants, were pertinaciously invited to join in the work. One noted millionaire of Boston, a native of the town, who was waited upon by two of the young men, ushered them into his gorgeously furnished library, where he was most warmly solicited to assist his native town b}^ a liberal contribution to the object. He heard all that was presented very coolly and patiently, and after all had been said, he replied: " Young gentlemen, I do not approve of your project, and have no sympathy with such an undertaking. I do not consider it proper that the working class of people should have advantages equal to those who have reached a higher position, and it is an injustice to me that I am unable, with all my wealth, to give my children a better education than the children of any laboring man may have gratuitously; for it is a truth that no better education can be had, with all my means, than a poor child may obtain, without expense, in the public schools of Boston. lean give you nothing." The young men, who had fully relied upon a subscription that would far outlead all the others, left the house very much disheartened and disappointed.

John Witt Randall

John Witt Randall, son of Dr. J(jhn (H. C. 1802) and Elizabeth Wells Randall, granddaughter of vSamuel Adains, the great patriot of the Revolution, was born in Boston, Mass., November (!, 1813.

He received his preparatory education at the Boston Latin School in company with many who were afterwards his classmates in college, by whom his peculiar and marked originality of character is well remembered. Though among them, he was not wholly of them, but seemed to have thoughts, pursuits and aspirations to which they were strangers.

This was also the case after he entered college, where his tastes developed in a scientific direction, entomology being the branch to which he specially devoted himself, though heartily in sympathy with nature in her various aspects. The college did little at that time to encourage or aid such pursuits, but Mr. Randall pursued the quiet tenor of his way till he had a very fine collection of insects and an extensive and thorough knowledge on that and kindred subjects, while his taste for poetry and the belles-lettres was also highly cultivated.

He studied medicine after graduation, but his acquisitions as a naturalist were so well known and recognized that he received the honorable appointment of professor of zoology in the department of

We can all remember the wearisome delays and jealousies which occurred before the sailing of the expedition, which finally caused Mr. Randall to throw up his appointment. Since that time he has led a quiet and retired life, devoting himself to his favorite pursuits, adding to them also one of the most rare and original collections of engravings in this country. He has also devoted much time to the cultivation and improvement of an ancestral country seat at Stow, Mass., for the ancient trees of which he has an almcst individual friendship.

An account of his life and experiences from Mr. Randall's own pen would have been interesting, as well as amiising and witty, for in these qualities he excels. In excusing himself from giving this, he writes as follows :

As for myself, my life having been wholly private, presents little that I care to communicate to others, or that others would care to know. I cannot even say for myself as much as was contained in Professor Teufelsdrock's epitaph on a famous huntsman, viz. : that in a long life he had killed no less than ten thousand foxes.

It might have been interesting in former days to have related adventures of my foot-journeys as a naturalist, amid scenes and objects then little known or wholly unknown, where the solitary backwoodsman and his family, sole occupants of a tract of boundless forest, were often so hospitable as to surrender their only bed to the stranger and huddle themselves together on the floor. But since Audubon published his travels, and railroads have penetrated everywhere, such accounts cease to be original, and indeed the people themselves have become everywhere homogeneous. Itineraries fill all the magazines, and natural curiosities little known forty years ago have become long since familiar to the public.

As for my present self, I will sav no more than that for health's sake, to be much out of doors, I have been for a long time engaged in hydraulic, planting, building, and other improvements on my grounds, \vliich create, it is true, pleasant occupation, but when compared with wild nature, so varied about me, I am impressed with the conviction how inferior are our artificial pleasures to those simple enjoyments of wood, water, air and sunshine which we unconsciously and inexpensively share with the innumerable creatures equally capable of enjoying them.

As to my literary works; if I except scientific papers on subjects long ago abandoned, as one on Crustacea in the Transactions of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; two on Insects in the Transactions of the Boston Society of Natural History ; one manuscript volume on the Animals and Plants of Maine ; Critical Notes on Etchers and Engravers, one volume; Classification of ditto, one volume, both in manuscript, incomplete, and not likely to be completed, together with essays and reviews in manuscript, not likely to be published - my doings reduce themselves to six volumes of poetic works, the first of which w-as issued in 1856 and reviewed shortly after in the North American, while the others, nearly or partially completed at the outbi-eak of the civil war, still lie unlinished among the many wrecks o£ Time, painful to most of us to look back upon, or reflect themselves on a future whose skies are still obscure. '

John C. Haynes

John Cummings Haynes, son of John Dearborn and Eliza Walker (.Steven.s) Haynes, was born in Brighton (now a part of Boston), Mass., September 9, 1829. On his father's side he is a descendant, seven generations removed, of Samtiel Haynes, a sturdy, thrifty farmer, who emigrated to America from Shropshire, England, in 1035, and settled at Strawberry Bank, now Portsmouth, N. H,, where he helped organize the First Congregational Church of the town and became its deacon. On his mother's side he is of Scotch-Irish descent from the Gilpatrick family, many of his relatives now living in and about Biddeford, Me., where the first settlement was made.

He was educated in the ptiblic schools of Boston, finishing with the English High School. In July, 1845, he entered the emijlo}' of the late Oliver Ditson, the celebrated music publisher, commencing as a boy of-all-work at the very foot of the ladder. He quickly made himself useful to his employer, and at the age of twenty-one was given an interest in the business. January 1, 1857, Mr. Haynes became a partner, the firm becoming Oliver Ditson & Co.

The death of Oliver Ditson, in December, 1888, dissolved the firm and led to the formation of a corporation by the surviving partners (Mr. Haynes and Charles H. Ditson, son of Oliver Ditson) and the executors of the estate of Oliver Ditson, several of the most useful of the young men who had grown up with the business being admitted as stockholders. The corporation was organized under the laws of Massachusetts, with Mr. Haynes as president. The headquarters are in the large btiilding 453 to 463 Washington street, Boston, and the branch houses, all of them a part of the corporation, are as follows: John C. Haynes & Co., Boston; Charles H. Ditson & Co., New York; and J. E. Ditson & Co., Philadelphia.

and musical culture of the country being- comparatively in their infancy. As the country increased in population, wealth and culture, so did the publications of the house increase in number and cjuality, until at the present time its employees number several hundred, its sheet music publications are nearly one hundred thousand, and its music book publications about twenty-five hundred.

Mr. Haynes has also been interested and is noted for his large and successful real estate ventures, and owns many valuable estates that have materially added to the assessed valuation of the city of Boston. When a young man he assisted in organizing the Franklin Library Association, and his many years' connection with it, taking part in debates and literary exercises, was of great advantage to him in his early training and culture.

He is a life member of the Mercantile Library Association, of the Young Men's Christian Union, of the Woman's Industrial LTnion, and the Aged Couples' Home Society; he is one of the trustees of the Franklin Savings Bank, a director in the Massachusetts Title Insurance Compan}', treasurer of the Free Religions Association, member of the Massachusetts Club, Home Market Club, Boston Merchants' Association, and is president of the Music Publishers' Association of the United States. He takes a lively interest in the investigation of religious, social, political and scientific subjects, and for many years has been president of the Parker Memorial vScience Class, which holds its services every vSunday during eight months of the year. He joined the Free Soil party when a )'oung man, casting his first presidential vote in 1852 for John P. Hale, went with it into the Republican party, with which he is still identified.

He was a member of the Boston Common Council four years, from 18G2 to 1805 inclusive, and while there interested himself in securing the opening of the Public Library on Sundays. In early life, after having been for many years a scholar in one of Boston's Baptist Sunday schools, he became interested in the preaching of Theodore Parker in 1848, and the Twenty-eighth Congregational Society, which was organized " to give Theodore Parker a chance to be heard in Boston," serving for many years as chairman of the Standing Committee. He was active in the construction of the Parker Memorial Building, and largely instrumental in its transfer to the Benevolent Fraternity of Churches, Boston ; the object of this transfer being to perpetuate the

The "Parker Fraternity Course of Lectures" was inaugurated by the Parker Fraternity because of the exclusion of Mr. Parker largely from the lecture platform of Boston, and was .sustained for nearly twenty years. They were remarkable for their influence in moulding and directing public opinion, especially during the war of the Rebellion, and the years of reconstruction immediately following. In the first course in 1858 Mr. Parker delivered his four celebrated lectures on Washington, Franklin, Adams and Jefferson.

Mr. Ha3'nes was married in Boston by Theodore Parker, May 1, 1855, to Fanny, daughter of Rev. Charles and Francis (Seabury) vSpear; of this imion were seven children: Alice Fanny (Mrs. M. Morton Holmes), Theodore Parker (deceased), Lizzie Gray (Mrs. O. Gordon Rankine), Jennie Eliza (Mrs. Fred O. Hurd), Cora Marie (Mrs. E. Harte Da}'), Mabel Stevens and Edith Margaret Haynes.

Joseph N. Fiske

Joseph Norton Fiske was born in Wrentham, Mass., March 4, ISl-t, and was the eldest son of Josiah J. and Jerusha (Norton) Fiske. He was of English descent, and his ancestry can be authentically traced from the opening period of the thirteenth century. As early as the eighth year of the reign of King John (A. D. 1208) we find the name of Daniel Fisc, of 'Laxfield, appended to a royal grant which confirmed a deed of land in Digniveton Park, made to the men of Laxfield by the Duke of Lorraine. This grant is in the public record office of London. Simon Fiske held land in Laxfield early in the fifteenth century, and was lord of the manor of Stodhaugh. There are in several churches monumental tablets and brasses bearing the arms of the family, which seems to have been prominent in the counties of Suiifolk and Norfolk. Col. F. S. Fiske, of Boston, has in his possession an interesting copy of the '"Confirmation of Arms and Grant of Crest from College of Arms,

London," issued to the Fiske famil}- in 1635. Nathan Fiske, the first American ancestor, was among- the earliest settlers of Watertown, and came from Weybread, county of .Suffolk, England, in l(U"i. From him the line of descent to the subject of our sketch is as follows: Nathan- (born January -2:5, KiTl), Henry ^^ (born January ^i, 1707), David-* (born December 17, 17511), Josiah J.,^ Joseph N. '>

Hon. Josiah Jones Fiske, the father of our subject, was born in Sturbridge, Mass., November 28. 1785. He was graduated at Brown University, where he was a classmate and friend of William L. Marcy, some time governer of New York. After leaving college in 1808, he was for a short time preceptor of an academy in Maine; but soon determined upon the law as a profession, and studied first in the office of the late Nathaniel Searle, LL.D., of Providence, and afterwards with Timothy Bigelow, escj., of Boston. He developed marked ability as a lawyer, and soon found him.self in the enjoyment of an extensive practice. His office at Wrentham became a favorite resort for students; perhaps few lawyers unconnected with the law schools have superintended the legal instruction of a greater number of yoimg men. To strong powers of logic and anah'sis Mr. Fiske added quickness of perception and readiness in expression ; he had an energy of character, a perseverance in carrying out his plans which no obstacle could discourage, and if he had continued to devote himself exclusively to the law, there can be little doubt that he would have ranked among the most eminent in that profession. But he lived in the time when the great manufacturing interests of New England were just beingfounded. Early foreseeing their importance, he was tempted to devote to them much of his own energy, and during the latter years of his life his attention was given to manufactures almost exclusively. His own enterprises were located in his native town, Sturbridge, and the now flourishing village of Fiskdale commemorates his name. He laid the foundation of the Sturbridge cotton manufactures; his first mill was built in 1827, and in 18:3-1 he built another larger mill, containing ten thousand spindles and two hundred looms. He was active, intelligent, strong; strong in character and influence, strong in mind and judgment, with that enterprise and public spirit which seeks not selfish ends alone, but labors for the good of all. In public aff'airs he was prominent ; possessing the well-won confidence of his fellow townsmen, he was often chosen to positions of honor and trust. He was State senator from 183:3 to 1820, inclusive, a member of the Governer's Coun- cil in 1831 ; served on the first Board of Railroad Commissioners created by the State, and held many minor positions. From 1823 to 1827 he was aide-de-camp to Major General Crane, and took a deep interest in the Masonic order, for several years being district deputy grand master. Like most active men, Mr. Fiske was in advance of the general thought and sentiment of his time. Subsequent developments have proved the wisdom of many of his views for the improvement of the towns of Wrentham and Sturbridge, which maythen have been deemed utiwise or impracticable. In his manners he was always kindly and genial, and this virtue was above all conspicuous in his home life. His wife, Jerusha, was the daughter of Dr. Jenckes Norton, of Wrentham, and Jerusha Ware. He died August 15, 1838, at Sturbridge, the place of his birth. Two of his brothers were also graduates of Brown University.

Of the ten children of Josiah Jones Fiske, Josiah J. and George Jenckes were well known as members of the Boston firm of James M. Beebe & Co., contributing largely, by their skill and energy in the management of the business, to the great success of that firm, josiah died unmarried in 1850. George died at Nice, in France, in 18(;8, leaving a widow, Frances Lothrop, the daughter of James M. Beebe, a son, George Stanley, born in Paris in 1807, and a daughter, Esther Lothrop, born at Nice in 18(58. Miss Elizabeth Stanley is now the onh' remaining child of Josiah J. Fiske.

It will be seen from the foregoing that our subject, Joseph N. Fiske, came from a distinctively New England family, and one whose record is eminently creditable. Mr. Fiske's boyhood was passed in his native town of Wrentham, where he received his early education at Day's Academy, then the most popular school for the preparation of boys for college in Massachusetts. At school young Fiske displayed unusual application and interest in his studies and made most gratifying progress. He had at first intended to take a collegiate course, but developed a strong inclination for mercantile pursuits, which led him to abandon his original purpose. In 1833 he came to Boston and acquired his early business training and education in the counting-room of Shaw, Patterson & Company, one of the large dry goods commission houses for which at that time Boston was noted. For five years he remained with this firm, and then became the confidential clerk in the banking-house of George B. Blake & Compauy. In 18-tl he engaged in business for himself, but from 1844 to 1840 was obliged by ill health tcj remain in- active. In 184ii he became a ineinbcr of the Boston Brokers' Board and commenced a banking and brokerage business on State street. Beginning with small capital, he prosecuted his business with such good judgment that it rapidl_v increased and soon became very lucrative. For twenty-four years he continued the business without intermission and with extraordinary success. During this long period, covering the most eventful years in the financial history of our country, he was among the best known men in the financial and banking circles of Boston. He enjoyed the highest commercial credit and during the entire period of his active business career there was never an obligation he assumed that was not promptly met. He possessed the confidence of the business publicto a wonderful degree. This was due not only because of his unquestioned personal integrity, but because of his well known business methods and the careful arrangement of his financial matters. He was a careful, far-sighted operator. While at times his operations were immense, his capital was invested in assets only of the highest character, so that he could in every emergency meet his obligations without inconvenience or sacrifice. He avoided all purely speciTlative ventures, and his connection with an enterprise was a guarantee that it was based on good business principles. He was self-reliant, and his actions in any business transaction were the result of his own conclusions.

In 1870 Mr. Fiske retired from active business, and with his y?ife passed three years in Europe. During his residence abroad he traveled extensively and made himself especially familiar with the business interests and financial problems of the old world. After his return home in 187:3 he devoted himself to the management of his real estate and various trusts, and a few large transactions in railroad securities, which proved eminently successful. He was among the first of the large property holders in the business center of Boston to inaugurate the erection of the modern palatial office buildings. This occurred in 1888, when he began the erection in State street of the well known Fiske Building, which is one of the finest structures in Boston. It is ten stories in height and in richness of interior finish and beauty of architectural effect is unsurpassed by any building in New England. It was the pioneer structure of its class in this part of the city, and has since been followed by many similar edifices, which now make this section of Boston especially noteworthy.

Quietly and modestly, with no desire for publicity, Mr. Fiskc durintj the latter years of his life attended to his extensive private business affairs. Up to the very end of his life he had enjoyed remarkably vigorous health, his well preserved faculties of mind and body when past the period usually associated with strength and vigor being often the subject of comment and congratulations. The illness which terminated in his death, June 18, 1892, was the result of a severe cold which had confined him to the house only ten days.

It was in his home life that Mr. Fiske's real character best revealed itself. Of naturally retiring disposition, his chief pleasures were found within the domestic circle, surrounded by his family and intimate friends. Here the natural unaffected simplicity and genial nature of the man came to the surface, his happ)-, sunny disposition making him a charming host, whose home was always open to welcome and entertain his friends. His charity found exercise in the most unostentatious way and seldom where publicity would be given to his acts. He was much interested in educational, industrial and benevolent institutions, and to extend this field of usefulness was a cheerful contributor. Deserving young persons, poor but ambitious, strongly appealed to his sympathies, and several could be named to whom he furnished the means to provide for a collegiate education. His charities indeed were well directed and dispensed in directions the public knew little of. He held liberal views on religious matters, but all his life was a firm believer in the cardinal doctrines of Christianity, his life being governed by their teachings and precepts. He was reared in the Congregationalist faith, but the latter part of his life he attended Trinity Episcopal Church, where he had been for many years a pew holder. Politically. Mr. Fiske acted with the Republican part}', but he was never an intense partisan, nor did he have the least desire for public office. To discharge honestly and conscientioush* the duties of a private citizen, keenly solicitous for the public good, filled the full meed of his ambition.

Mr. Fiske is survived by his wife, to whom he was married May 24, 1840, in Detroit, Mich., by Rev. George Duffield, D.D. Her maiden name was Charlotte Matilda Morse, daughter of Dr. Elijah Morse, of Moimt Vernon, Me., and granddaughter of Dr. Jacob Corey, sen., of Sturbridge, Mass. Her father was for several years a member of the Senate and House of Representatives of Maine.

John Cummings

Hon. John Cummings was born in Woburn, October 19, 1812. He came of a .Scotch family found in Watertown in the early days of the Massachusetts colony. His great-grandfather moved from Andover to Woburn in 1750, and bought the estate on which Mr. Cummings now lives.

Mr. Cummings was largely self-taught, but had for a brief time the advantages of the Warren Academy and the school at South Reading. Entering business, Mr. Cummings engaged in the tanning and currying industry, associating with himself, sooner or later, John B. Alley, Charles Choate, Leonard B. Harrington and Leonard Harrington. In 18(18 he became president of the .Shawmut National Bank of Boston, which office he now holds. He has served in both houses of the Massachu.setts Legislature ; w-as a member of the Centennial Board of Finance, which redeemed from failure and conducted to a triumphant success the Philadelphia Exhibition of 18T<>, and was also one of the judges of the exhibition. He has served as a director in the Perkins Institution for the Blind, and in the Massachusetts Institution for Feeble-Minded Children.

Mr. Cummings early developed decided scientific tastes, especially in the department of natural history, and made acquirements, which, considering the occupation <jf his time by business cares and duties, are remarkable. He has always been an enthusiastic agriculturist, with an ardent interest in the application of scientific principles to the cultivation of the soil.

His most intimate public relations in his later life have been with the Bostcjn .Society of Natural History, the Agricultural College at Amherst, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, to all of which he has rendered inestimable services. Of the last named institution he was for seventeen years the treasurer, as well as a member of the executive committee of the corporation from the organization of that committee. To his courageous acceptance of responsibility and his strong financial support the friends of the school largely attribute its rescue from pecuniary embarrassment, and its subsequent remarkable development. By a vote of the corporation in 1889, when he retired from the office of treasurer, Mr. Cummings's name was applied in perpetuity to the laboratories of mining engineering and metallurgy in recognition of his services.

Mr. Curamings's remarkable disinterestedness in public life, his severe integrity, combined with great kindliness in personal intercourse, his powerfiil intellectual grasp and strong Scotch-American sense, have made him one of the most useful citizens of his native Commonwealth.

Weston Lewis

Weston Lewis, who for many years occupied a prominent position in the commercial, financial and political affairs of Boston, was born April 14, 1834, in Hingham, Mass., where the Lewis family is one of the oldest and most respected.

His educational advantages were rather limited, but comprehensive reading and varied contact with the world more than balanced the deprivations of his youth. Natural ability of a high order, imited to untiring industry and unswerving honesty, were the main secrets of his success in life. He began his business career in Boston in 1850 at the age of sixteen, and ten years later, in I860, founded the dry goods house of Lewis, Brown & Co. , with which he retained his connection imtil ISSo, during which period a large and successful business was developed. While actively engrossed with the exacting nature of his business interest he did not, however, neglect the duties every good citizen owes to the community. Early in his business career he took an active part in the management of municipal affairs, and in 1865 was elected a member of the Common Council. He was re-elected in 1866 and ISfn', and during the latter year served as president of the council. His eminent fitness for public service was still further recognized in 1870 by his appointment as inspector of vState prisons by Governor Washburn, in which position he very creditably served for three years. In 1870 he was made inspector of vState charities. In 1872 he was selected by Mayor Gaston as one of the three commissioners to report on the annexation of Dorchester, Brookline, West Roxbury and Charlestown, and in 1880 was appointed on the State Board of Arbitration by Governor Robinson, serving in this body as chairman until 1880, when he resigned to accept the presidency of the Manufacturers' National Bank. He again took a leading part in the shaping of municipal affairs during 1801 and 1802, being a member of the Board of Aldermen from the Eighth District, and serving on many important committees.

He was pi-e-eniinently public-spirited, and although a staunch and lifelcjng- Republican - his first presidential vote being cast for John C. Fremont in 185(1 - he conscientiously and in a thoroughly non-partisan way strove to advance the best interest of the city. His latter services in behalf of municipal matters were given at the sacrifice of personal interest, and the additional strain imposed b}' the demands of his work for public causes undoubtedly undermined his health. liarnest in all he did, a man of excellent judgment, considerate and courteous in manner, he made an official respected and esteemed bv all. He was fearless in all his business relations and equally so in all matters pertaining to the city. " He never hesitated," says an intimate associate in the conduct of city affairs, "to state his views, and he would speak them fully and frankl}'. He did not hesitate to criticise when he did not agree with associates on the subject matter before them. He was never equivocal; we always knew where and how he stood."

In his business career Mr. Lewis was conspicuously successful. He was careful and conservative in methods, but whatever he imdertook was carried forward with an energy and judgment that rarely met with defeat. In 1883, on account of ill health, he retired from the firm of Lewis, Brown & Co. , and upon his resignation from the Board of Arbitration in 1889, accepted the presidency of the Manufacturers' National Bank. To his management of this financial institution its present high standing can be largely a.scribed. Well known in the business community as a man of trained and tried business ability of a high order, and personally popular and implicitly trusted, his connection with the bank commanded for it the fullest confidence, and under his lead it more than douliled its deposits during the four years of his presidency.

Outside of his business relations, which were varied and of magnitude, Mr. Lewis was a positive factor for good in many directions. No movement of a religious, philanthropic or literary character was inaugurated that did not receive his hearty encouragement or substantial assistance. He was one of the founders of the Unitarian Club and of the Boston Merchants' Association, and by his efforts in their behalf did much to augment the sphere of usefulness of both these organisations. He was also for thirteen years an efficient trustee of the Boston Public Library.

Mr. Lewis died in East Pasadena, Cal., April (.;. I8!i;), whither he liad gone for the benefit of his health. He had been in failing health for several months, due lar^-el}- to overwork, but nothing serious was anticipated, and it was thought a brief respite from his engrossing cares and responsibilities would restore him t(5 his wonted vigor. His death was therefore unexpected, and the receipt of its intelligence was received with sincere sorrow among his many business and political associates. Tributes to his worth as a citizen, public official and business man were many, and by all his death was deplored as a public loss. At the monthly meeting of the Unitarian Club, which was held while his bod}' was being borne to the scene of his labors and usefulness. Secretary William Howell Reed spoke as follows in reference to Mr. Lewis's connection with the club:

When we consider the history of this club, the influence it has attained in this community, the inspiring utterances from this platform on themes so vitally touching the life of the time, and that it has been the pioneer from which all the other religious clubs have taken root as from a parent stem, it seems fitting that as his coffin containing his silent dust is borne across the continent to its last resting place, we should pause for a moment as we speak his name, and in silence honor him by this simple recognition of the inestimable service he has rendered to every good cause which through his foresight has found advocacy here through all these years.

That not since the formation of this organization have we lost one so thoroughly identified with its entire history, activity and usefulness. Reaching its highest official position, he nevertheless was not satisfied in retiring therefrom to discontinue his active interests, but in response to the wishes of the association had continued to serve as a director until the day of his death.

The earnestness and usefulness of Mr. Lewis in this relation is, however, only a part of an exceedingly valuable life which could not be limited in its field of effort. His services for the State in different public trusts, for the city in her highest offices and commissions, for various societies - religious, philanthropic, literary and commercial - all indicate on the part of our community an appreciation of the qualities of mind which made his services so largely called for.

Those of us who knew him most intimately can hardly realize that we shall not witness and share in the prompt and bright way in which he grappled all questions of public concern, and we shall remember him as an able, upright, public-spirited citizen, and an exceptionally kind, considerate and genial associate and friend.

That in the decease of our esteemed fellow citizen and associate, Weston Lewis, we take this occasion to express our sorrow and regret that he has been called from amongst us. In his career as a member of the Board of Aldermen he was ever guided by the principles of right and justice. During the two years that we were associated with him he was alive to the interest of all the people. Prejudice and partisanship had no place in his makeup, and he retired with a record for independence and high character that has gained for him our lasting respect and remembrance.

Whereas, By the death of Hon. Weston Lewis, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and the city of Boston have suffered the loss of a public-spirited citizen distinguished by brilliant service in many capacities, beloved and respected for his warm sympathies and other traits of character, and,

Whereas, It is fitting that the Building Trades Council of Boston, representing labor, commemorate those services which he rendered to working pefjple in the interest of the whole community, therefore.

Resolved, That we place upon the record our keen sen.se of loss which the labor element has sustained. One of the original members of a commission which had no example in the history of industrial legislation, he contributed to jlace State arbitration on the highest plane of good government. Although a representative of capital, his manly friendship for the wage earners always prompted just measures, and as alderman he advocated every project that was calculated to promote the good and welfare of the working people. They have lost a valuable friend.

In words equally eulogistic the public press of Boston referred to the death of this well-known and universally respected citizen who had figured prominently in many phases of the life of his community and time. In all positions, either public or private, he acquitted himself with the greatest ability and the strictest integrity. " He has left to his two sons," says one writer, '' the priceless legacy of an honest and able merchant and banker, a faithful public servant, a genial character which won troops of friends, and a career without blemish, which benefited his fellowmen."

Mr. Lewis is survived by two sons, Weston K. and Frederick H. Lewis. His wife, Martha J. Lewis, daughter- of Ezekiel Kendall, of Boston, to whom he was married July 18, 1855, died September 13, 1892.

Samuel Sth.Lman Pierce

S..\MUF.L Stillman PiERCK, fouudcr of the widely known house of S. S. Pierce & Co., was born March 37, 1807, and was a direct descendant of Robert Pierce, who came to New England early in the seventeenth century in the Jo/iii and Mary. In is:!! he became associated with Eldad Worcester in the j^rocery business, under the firm name of Worcester & Pierce. They began with limited resources in a little store on the corner of Tremont and Court streets, but seemingly from the first their modest venture was successful, and in a few years they were eonducting one of the most profitable mercantile enterprises of that period in Boston. Ten 3'ears after the formation of the firm Mr. Worcester retired, and Mr. Pierce continued it alone until April 1, 1874, when Charles L. Eaton, who had been for many years a clerk in the establishment, was admitted as a partner, and the name of the firm was changed to S. vS. Pierce & Co. One year later Wallace L. Pierce, a son of the founder, was taken into the firm.

Mr. Pierce died October l'.i, 1880. For some years prior to his death he had been an invalid, and personally had had little to do with the active management of the business. He was a man of unflinchinghonesty and sterling integrity of character; gentle, unassuming and modest in manner, but beneath his cpiiet exterior was resolute determination, fixed opini(jns and purposes, which no simple question of expediency or policy could in the slightest degree change or modifv. The rugged honesty of the man manifested in every action was the key note of his success. He was married in February, 183G, to Miss Ellen Maria Wallis, who at the advanced age of eighty-one years still survives her husband. Thej' had nine children, of whom two sons and three daughters are living.

Upon the completion of the sixtieth year of the existence of the firm of S. S. Pierce & Co., the following account of its rise and progress appeared in the Boston Evciiing Transcript. It contains so much of an interesting historical nature that no excuse is necessary for its insertion here:

To one with antiquarian tastes, there are few things more interesting and instructive than the records of the early transactions of a long-established business house. They tell of people long since dead, - what they wore, what they ate, the bills they paid, and the bills they left unpaid. In a city like Boston, where changes in business are of frequent occurrence, the founders of the houses are generally soon forgotten, and the books telling of their first sales go to the paper-mills, to make daybooks and journals for the generations that follow them. This has not been the fate, however, of the ledgers of Samuel S. Pierce, the founder of the house of S. S. Pierce & Co. , whose principal store is on the very spot from which sixty years ago were trundled in a wheelbarrow the groceries that supplied the opulent citizens of the region in the vicinity of the corner of Tremont and Court streets, where the little store then stood.

The yelliiw leaves of the little ledger, neat and prim as the old beaux of that day, inform the curious that the first recorded sale was made on October 21, 1831, to the firm of O. & R. Goss. And it was on this date that the copartnership was formed between Eldad Worcester and Samuel S. Pierce, under the firm name of Worcester & Pierce.

The modest beginning evidently did not deter the best people of the city and the Commonwealth from giving it their patronage, for conspicuous on the pages of the book are the names of William EUery Channing, John P. Thorndike, Otis Norcross & Co , Gardner Green, Nathaniel Hooper, Walter Frost, John Snowden, jr., Samuel Langmaid, Dr. John C. Ware, Dr. Walter Channing, brother of the celebrated divine, Daniel Dennie, Thomas Goddard, Patrick T. Jackson, Charles Lyman, Thomas H. Perkins, Moody Merrill, Dr. John Jeffries, and many others whose names are as familiar to the people of Boston to-day as they were half a century ago. Another name appears on the book, but not in so creditable a manner as those mentioned above, for, while the entries show that these gentlemen paid their bills promptly, there is a little financial transaction on the part of the United States Court, involving the purchase of thirty cents' worth of goods, which still remains unsettled. The bill was contracted on March %~i. 1833, and, with compound interest, would today amount to - let the man with the horse-shoe problem work it out! A peculiar and primitive feature of this ledger is the omission of the first names of many of the customers, which indicates a most delightfully close association between Mr. Pierce and them. It is easy to imagine Smith, Brown, and Robinson strolling into the store in the evening from their comfortable' homes at the West End to indulge in a bit of political discussion, and suddenly remembering as the hour for closing arrived the commissions of their thoughtful wives for tea, coffee and sugar. While there may have been many of the same name m the town, it would have seemed to the genial storekeeper an iinnecessary use of time and ink to write out in full on his account books the names of his friends and ne.xt-door neighbors, so all their commercial transactions were indicated by the names by which they were most familiarly known.

One of the early patrons of the firm was George W. Vinton, the noted restaurant keeper, who opened an account on December 14, 1831. Peter Brigham, another famous caterer, made his first recorded purchase on June 8, 1833, and the celebrated founder of the Parker House the same year observed Washington's birthday by becoming a patron of the store, - a patronage that lasted as long as he lived, and was continued by his successors. James Parker, a wealthy, eccentric gentleman, who, on his deathbed gave orders that his pet horse should be shot, that he might be sure it would not fall into unkind hands, inaugurated an account with the firm on March 4, 1883, and on November 35 of that year appears the name of Samuel. Adams, but not the historic Sam who had died thirty years before. John Wilson, whose great printing-office is still one of the features of Cambridge, opened an account on November 37, 1831, and Nathan Hale, the founder of the Advertiser, on May 12, 1833. On December 24 of the same year the famous Dr. Francis Parkman became a customer of the firm. Mr. Pierce was a member of the fire companies of those days, so it is not surprising to find recorded on his ledger sales to Adventure No. 1 and Engine Company No. 18. The Eye and Ear Infirmary was also another public institu-

With such a list of customers rapidly increasing in numbers, it was inevitable that the wheelbarrow must be discarded for a more commodious vehicle for the delivery of goods, and a handcart was introduced. As trade was pushed beyond the West End not only were better facilities for carrying trade demanded, but more rapid transit had to be introduced. And this led to the use, for the first time in the grocery business of Boston, of a horse and wagon for this purpose. To-day the same firm has in constant use in the delivery department fifty-nme horses and wagons, to say nothing of the use it makes of city expresses carrying for it goods at its own e.\pense. But this is but one item of its business. The firm of S. S. Pierce & Co. to-day sends its goods not only into every State in the Union, but across the sea as far as St. Petersburg and the west coast of Africa. Even back as far as the time when this country was engaged in breaking up the slave trade on the African coast the officers of the cruisers depended on this house to supply them with luxuries not included in the rations of the government, and there is a story told that at one time, when the extras gave out and "hardtack" and "salt horse" were for days the unpalatable food of these fastidious epicures, the arrival of a consignment of goods from the Boston grocers was made the occasion of the most hilarious antics. Before the edibles and drinkables could be carried to quarters, the boxes were unceremoniously broken open on "Afric's burning sands," and bottles of champagne bearing the familiar brand were hugged lovingly by blue-coated arms. During the Rebellion supplies were sent to the naval vessels wherever they could be reached.

One of the special features of the house has always been direct importations of tlie finest qualities of foreign merchandise. Its managers send to the farthest corners of the earth for goods, and many of these orders go out without limit as regards price, they believing that this is the only way to be sure of securing the best quality, and they will have no other. One house in Bordeaux has been furnishing the firm with the highest grades of wines for nearly fifty years. The great advantage to the customer from direct importation is that the firm stands directly between the producer and the consumer, and the charges of middlemen are thus reduced to the very smallest minimum. The extent of this importing business is simply marvelous. There is but one house in New England that pays as much money in duties at the customhouse, and that single exception does a commission business, and imports anything that anybody may want. The im]3orting done by S. S. Pierce & Co. is confined largely to fancy groceries, cigars, wines and perfumery. The duty on cigars is very heavy, and counts up fast. The same high integrity which has characterized the dealing of the firm with its customers prevails in its business with the government.

For twenty years there has not been even a question as to any invoice, and its statement as to values has always been accepted as correct. The changes which are constantly going on in the taste of the people, and the introduction of new articles of diet, have produced quite a revolution in the importing business. Before the day of gelatine Russian isinglass was used exclusively in the manufacture of jellies, and it cost at one time as high as eighteen dollars a pound. Once the firm was compelled to send into the interior of Russia for its supply, which had to be carted in dog sleds through the great forests of that country to a seaboard town for shipment to this

Country. That business is now at an end. At one time so little oatmeal was consumed in New England that all the stock needed to supply the demand for gruel was kept in a drawer no larger than is used for spices. Now the firm imports Irish oatmeal in lots of twenty tons, and that raised in this country is bought by the carload.

One of the best evidences that can be offered of the confidence which the community lias in the honesty and fair dealing of the firm, and of the success which the present managers have had in upholding in every way the high standard set by the founder of the house, is the retention, through three generations, of the patronage of the families who were its first customers. The name of John H. Rogers is to be found on the books of the firm as early as October 28, 1831, and his account was continued until his death, some time ago. Edward Austin, who opened an account a few days later, is still a customer. The firm of French & Emmons began buying goods of the firm on November 18, 1831, and one of the partners is still a patron of the house. John Codman has been a continuous customer since February 4. 1833 ; Horatio Hammond, who was recently buried with military honors at Bermuda, made his first purchase of the firm on January 18, 1833. Then there are the descendants of Thomas Lamb, John Codman, John Reed, B. W. Crowninshield, Samuel Q. Cochran, and many others, who are continuing in the footsteps of their ancestors, fir.st made as far back as 1832.

The firm has successfully resisted the strong temptation and tendency in the grocery trade to buy cheaper goods, which are said to be just as good as the higherpriced articles. And this recalls a remark made by one of its most distingiiished and oldest customers. Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes. A gentleman told him he had found a place where he could buy groceries cheaper than they could be obtained at S. S. Pierce's. "I can't afford to buy anything cheaper than what they sell," replied the doctor. The increase of business has been steady every year since the firm was established. All through the years of panic and depression, and even when prices were at the highest, business was best. So that at the present time it is eight times larger than it was twenty years ago. Besides the great retail store on the original site (erected in 1883), the firm owns the immense Pierce Building, in Copley Square (erected in 1887),,in which a branch retail business is conducted, while the wholesale business and the storage of the bulk of stock have been concentrated in the new building at the head of Central Wharf, next to the Chamber of Commerce (erected in 1891.)

Thomas Nickerson

Th()m.'\s Nickerson was a native of Brewster, Mass., a member of the widely connected family of that name, who have inhabited that part of Massachusetts for generations. He was born in 1810, the yoimg-est of five brothers, all left fatherless and almost penniless in their youth. From Cape Cod they came to Boston, where Joseph, the eldest, and Thomas became well known in railroad circles. The foiTaer, whose biography appears elsewhere in this volume, was once the largest shareholder in the Atchison and New Mexico railroads, and was always the staunch friend of these enterprises. Frederick, another brother, was at his death a director of the Union Pacific Company. All of these brothers were evidently possessed of superior business qualities, as their success shows. From poverty they all came to wealth by their own industry and effort.

Mr. Nickerson, after some reverses in his early store-keeping, formed a partnership with Pliny Nickerson for the ownership and management of vessels. The firm of Nickerson & Company was for thirty years one of the best houses in the city. Its fleet was once the largest in the United States. Anticipating the decline in maritime commerce, Mr. Nickerson retired from the firm about twenty-five years ago, to give his attention to railroading, in which he had become largely interested. Although he had been prominently identified with the shipping interests and had been highly successful in this line of business, it was his subsequent connection with railroads that most thoroughh' brought out and illustrated his remarkable business ability.

The Atchison Railroad came into the hands of Eastern parties in 1870. In the fall of the same year Mr. Nickerson was elected one of the trustees of the Land (jrant Bonds, and in that capacity, in connection with a committee from the Board of Directors, composed of ]\Ir. Emmons Raymond and Mr. Alden Speare, reappraised all of the lands which would come to the railroad company, and b}' such reappraisal saved to the company more than two millions of dollars.

In May, 18T1, Mr. Nickerson was elected a director of, the Atchison road. In May, 187:5, vice-president. The road had been completed early in the year 1873 and a certificate of acceptance had gone to Washington; but the road, except the first one hundred miles, was without business or connection beyond the western line of the State, with the exception of two feeble stage lines, one to Santa Fe and the other to Pueblo. For the 3'ear previous the Atchison company, in order to secure money, had been obliged to secure the endorsement of the directors of the road on its paper. It soon became apparent that the road coiild not pay the interest on its bonds, and a scheme was drawn up looking to exten.sion of a portion of its coupons. In this, the then president, Henry Strong, did not sympathize, but preferred that the road should go into the hands of a receiver. Mr. Nickerson, on the other hand, was fullv determined that the road should not sj'o into the hands of a receiver, and that the funding;' scheme of the coupons should be carried throu.yh. Tliis, notwithstanding- the o]iposition of the president, with the hearty eo-tiperation of the other directors of the road, Mr. Nickerson, b_v his prompt and able manag-ement, was able to accomplish, and many of the oldest directors and friends of the road believx' that this one act of Mr. Nickerson's was not only manifestly for the advantage of the road, but for all parties who had any interests in Western enterprises, and to him, more than to any other person, should be g'iven the credit of its successful accoinpli.shment.

In May, 1874, he was elected president of the road, and when he retired five years later, eight hundred miles of road had been built, and in such a healthy conditit)n were its affairs that the first bonds were worth 130, second mortgage bonds sold at par, and the stock at 11(1.

Mr. Nickerson, while president of the Atchison road, was selected as the man best adapted to harmonize the New York and Boston parties in the Atlantic and Pacific road. The directory of this ecjmpany was made up of representatives in equal numbers of the Atchison and St. Louis and San Francisco companies. Ten million dollars were immediately subscribed, and its bcmds were marketed at a premium, when the Mexican Central Company was organized to build from El Paso to the capital, 1,100 to 1,200 miles, and unanimously elected Mr. Nickerson president, which position he most ably filled until August 4, 1S84. Besides these railroad enterprises he was interested in numerous minor projects of similar character in many parts of the country.