Revere City (part 4 of 6)

As a railroad ])ro3ector and manager he was remarkably succe.ssful, but so quietly and modesth' did he go about his work that the world at large knew comparatively little of him. Only his intimate associates and those brought within close contact with him fully appreciated his strong and vigorous personality. The world has been told often and much about most of the leading railroad projectors of the country, but the extreme modesty of Mr. Nickerson prevented any reference to himself, except in reports of meetings of his various companies. It was always a peculiar feature of his character to keep out of .sight, at least out of public gaze. He was always a plain, hard working man, and while at the time of his retirement from business, when he had probably as great and substantial a financial following as any man in the country, he was less known to the public than a score of others far less deserving of mention.

Mr. Nickerson resided for many years in Boston, but during the latter years of his life resided at Newton Centre. He was connected with the Baptist Chuixh; had been superintendent of a Sunday-school, and took a leading part in missionary and benevolent society circles. He was a liberal g'iver, and contributed laroely to mission and home charities. He took an interest, but not an active part in politics, although he was at one time a meniber of the Legislature from Boston, and held several positions of public trust.

Personally, Mr. Nickerson was of a genial and hospitable nature. He was as simple in his tastes as a New England farmer, but denied himself no comfort or luxury. Any extravagance in business or on his farm displeased him. While he had but little time for social pleasure, he was fond of compan\-, and was a generous host. He was in many respects what we are pleased to call in America, "a self-made man" in the best sense of the term. He first had to build himself, and having laid a good foundation and builded carefully, he was strong himself and a tower of strength to others. Men do not fail to find merit where it exists, and the eminent qualities of his heart and head have been recognized and honored by his associates.

He died at Newton Centre, July "i-i, IS'.H, leaving three children: Theodore, his only son, who was associated with his father in some of his railroad projects; Mrs. T. L. Rogers and Mrs. Edward H. Mason, all of whom lived near their father's residence. Mr. Nickerson's wife died just one year prior to his death, and from that shock he never full}' recovered.

George C. Lord

George C. Lord, son of George and Olive (Jefferds) Lord, was born in Kennebunk, Me., February 27, 1823. He was descended from Nathan Lord, who came from England in 1030 and settled in Kittery, Me. Until he was sixteen years of age he attended the public schools of his native town, and in 1839 came to Boston and entered as clerk the store of Holbrook, Carter & Co. , a dry goods house on Kilby street. After remaining there about four years he became in 184-3, at the age of twenty, a partner in the firm of Damon & Howe, wholesale grocers, on Long Wharf. Though still a young man, he displayed a special aptitude for business, and with a eharacter of whieh integrity, industry and intelligence were the ingredients, he successfully crossed the threshold of a career in which he became one of the substantial and respected merchants of Boston. In IS-tT he formed with his brother, Charles H. Lord, the firm of George C. Lord & Co., wdiich for many years was largely engaged in the shipping business and built and managed a fleet of ships and barks which found their way into the waters of every sea. Before the outbreak of the war they built the following ves.sels, a list of which has an interest as showing what at that time must have been the amount of Boston capital invested in navigation, when so large a tonnage was launched and managed by a single firm :

These vessels sailed largely under charters, though occasionally loaded wholly or in part on the owners' account, and their flags were familiar objects in the ports of Liverpool, New Orleans, San Francisco, Cadiz, Valparaiso, Calcutta, China and Australia. Their captains belonged to the aristocracy of the ocean, and included such navigators as William Kelley, William Chatfield, Isaac Smith, Tobias Lord, David Rnnvn, Hiram Newcomb, John H. and Hiram Perkins, C. B. Williams, Edgar Paine, John Wallace, John C. Lord, W. H. Harding, G. M. Edwards, Wm. B. Nason, John W. Barker, A. N. Williams, C. Thomas, 'Capt. Seave}', William Williams and Noah Mason.

At the decline of navigation during the war many of these vessels were sold in London to Briti.sh owners, and Mr. Lord gradually withdrew from active business on his own account. The firm of George C. Lord & Co., however, continued with Charles H. Lord, a brother of George C. Lord, Robert W. Lord, a son, and Charles W. Lord as its members, until the death of Charles H. Lord in 180-2, when the firm was dissolved.

About ISO") Mr. Lord was chosen ])resident of the New England Mutual Fire and Marine Insurance Company, and until 1881 devoted himself to its service. This company under the presidency of Mr. Lord rapidly increased its business, and when he retired from its control it had become one of the strongest in New England. Associated with him in its management as directors were some of the leading capitalists and ablest business men in Boston, among them being- Henry L. Richardson, John Gardner, J. Cushing Edmands, Isaac Taylor, Ezra H. Baker, Alpheus Hardy, Osborn Howes and Jacob W. Seaver.

In LSfifi he was made a director in the Boston and Maine Railroad, in 1S80 vice-president, and in 1881 president, at that time resigning his position as president of the insurance company. In 1889 he resigned, having seen during his presidency the business of the road multiplied seven times. At the time of his death he was a director of the Second National Bank of Boston, the Boston Safety Deposit Company, the American Loan and Trust Company, the John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company, the Worcester, Nashua and Rochester Railroad, the York Harbor and Beach Railroad, and the Newton and Watertown Gas Light Company.

j\Ir. Lord married September 23, 1846, Marion Ruthven, daughter of Robert Waterston, the head of the large and well known dry goods house of Waterston, Pray & Co., and sister of Rev. Robert C. Waterston, of Boston. In 184S he became a resident in Newton, and until his death felt a deep interest in the welfare of that town, assisting in the formation and aiding in the support of the Free Library ; and especially earnest and liberal as a member of the Channing Unitarian Church. He died at his home in Newton February 23, 1893. No man received, or deserved, a larger share of the respect of the community in which he lived. He belonged to that class which in these days of speculation is unfortunately not enlarging, from which the testator .selects an executor or trustee, and contending parties seek a referee. His good sense, his love of justice, his untainted integrity, his fearless independence, were traits which his fellows earlv discovered and did not fail to make use of.

The varioiis corporations with which Mr. Lord was connected adopted at his death resolutions eulogizing his worth. The directors of John Hancock Mutual Life In.surance Compan}' placed upon the records of the company, among other tributes to his memory, the following:

Mr. Lord was remarkable for the calmness and correctness of his judgments. No matter how momentous the questions at issue, or how disturbing the conditions surrounding them, he was always cool and deliberate; his conclusions were based upon correct reasoning, and were never controlled, or even influenced, by the excitement of the moment.

He was by nature kind to all and considerate of the feelings of others, generous with his advice, his active assistance and his means to all causes that benefit mankind. These qualities he showed with such a naturalness and freedom from ostentation, that it was apparent he was unconscious of his unselfishness, and that he performed these acts of kindness without thinking that he was doing in anv Avav differently from what every one else would do.

Benjamin S. Rotch

Benjamin S. Rotch was born in Philadelphia, March 4, 1817. He belonged to a family distinguished in several generations for commercial enterprise and success, for intelligence and refinement, and their engaging social qualities. To his great-grandfather, William Rotch, of Nantucket, belongs the distinction of being one of the prominent founders of the prosperity of New Bedford, and being the first to establish our whale fisheries in' Europe. It was from one of his ships (the historic Dartiiiontli) that the tea was emptied into Boston harbor, a somewhat curious coincidence, as it was from another of his vessels that the American flag was first unfurled in the River Thames. Of such ancestry Mr. Rotch was a fitting representative. From them he inherited a character of uncommon strength and beauty. From the beginning he lived up to the family traditions, and his whole life was the embodiment of the finer elements of the race to which he belonged.

After a thorough preparatory course, he entered Harvard College, from which he was graduated with honor in 1S38, being marshal of the class which numbered among its members Lowell, Eustis, Devens, Story, and many other well-known men. He never lost his interest in the college, but was always alive to its well being, watching with jealous thoughtfulness the new measures, which from time to time were introduced there, and ready to render any service that he might, officially or otherwise, in departments where his own attainments fitted him to be particularly useful.

suits. Soon abandoning a field of activity uncongenial to his tastes and inclinations, he turned his attention toward manufacturing, and in earh^ life did much to promote the indtistries of New Bedford. With his brother, William, he founded the New Bedford Cordage Company, which still remains a monument of his energy and ability. Later on he was one of the first to discover and develop the value of the McKay sewing machine, which has since won a world wide reputation.

Mr. Rotch was married in 1846 to the eldest daughter of the Hon. Abbott Lawrence, and accompanied the latter to England when he was appointed minister at the Court of St. James. It was during this and subsequent visits to Europe that he had the opportunity to improve and cultivate that interest in the fine arts which rendered his influence most valuable in this community. Gifted with a refined taste and sensitive feeling for form and color, his careful study of foreign collections, supplemented by practical work, made him a competent and fastidious critic, as well as a painter, whose landscapes have been shown to advantage in oitr local exhibitions. He was keenly alive to the impossibility of suddenly producing in a strictly commercial community works of art of the highest excellence, yet he was ever ready with a kind word and generous hand to help forward its cause. Many a struggling artist will remember gratefully the timely help which was so imostentatiously and freely given. For several years before his death he gave much thought to the question, of how he could best advance the interest of art in this country, and decided that architecture, in which he had educated his eldest son, was the branch which most needed encourage ment, it being the art whose development in a new country naturally preceded the less practical ones of painting and sculpture. His sitdden death came before his plans were matured, and it became a pious duty for his heirs, two sons and two daughters, to carry out his intentions. It was decided to found, as a memorial, a traveling scholarship for students of architecture. The high degree of success which has attended this the first traveling scholarship in this country, has inspired a number of similar foundations, so that its good influence has extended far beyond its owns beneficiaries. It has been a decided factor in guiding and helping on the movement among us for a truer appreciation of art, and for a larger development and better training of our native artistic talent.

Unobtrusive and retiring in disposition, ]\Ir. Rotch had no desire for political or oiificial prominence, but he nevertheless exerted marked in- fluence in the community, and in pri\-ate, and in many ways worked for the good of society. His good judgment made him a wise coimselor, and his unswerving and fearless regard for truth and justice made him often a champion of those who had none other to befriend them. His critical judgment was constantly appealed to in all artistic matters, and for many years he served most acceptably as tiaistee of the Athenitum and of the Museum of Fine Arts. He also for many years was a trustee of the Eye and Ear Infirmary, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Perkins Institute for the Blind, and an overseer of Harvard College, while for eight years he served as aid on the staff of Governor Briggs, with the rank of colonel.

During the period of the late civil war Mr. Rotch, a strong Republican, was prevented from going into active service by imperative duties to his sick wife, but he gave his ardent energy and lavishly of his wealth to help tlie Union cause. At the time when Charles Sumner was practically ostracized by the aristocratic set in Boston, Mr. Rotch's home was always open to the senator, and a life long friendship was deepened under these trials.

Mr. Rotch was a member of the leading social, and artists' clubs of Boston, Init enjoyed especially the refined atmosphere of the Wednesday and Thursday Evening Clubs. In the closer relations of life he was a delightful companion, yet so retiring and sensitive was his nature that the privilege of his intimate friendship was extended to but a few, but by those who were so fortunate as to have shared it he will be long remembered. His interest in agriculture found expression in his fann in Milton, to which he was one of the first to import rare Alderneys and Jersej's. For several years he was an active member of the Massachusetts Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, and took a lively interests in its deliberations. He was a religious minded man, careful to fulfill his duties in the church to which he belonged, being at the time of his death the senior warden of Emanuel Church.

Mr. Rotch died suddenly at his summer house in Milton, August 19, 1883, and is survived by two sons and three daughters. His wife died in 1893.

Richard Sullivan Fay G12 Suffolk County

sex county. He was educated in the schools of that town, and entered Harvard College in 1831, being graduated in 1825 with good distinctions as a scholar. Among his classmates were Charles Francis Adams, Rev. Frederick H. Hedge, Rev. S. K. Lothrop, John L. Sibley, Sears C. Walker, and many others who distinguished themselves by useful and honorable service. At the close of his college career he entered upon the study of law at the law school in Northampton when that institution held a high place under the direction of some of the most brilliant lawyers in the Commonwealth. He established himself in business in Boston in connection with Jonathan Chapman, who became a leader at the Suffolk bar, and mayor of the city of Boston.

In 1832 Mr. Fay married Catherine Sanders, daughter of the Hon. Dudley L. Pickman, of Salem, and resided many years in Boston in the diligent and active practice of his profession. In 1848 he took his family to Europe, and after an extended journey on the continent he took up his residence in England, where he resided for several years on an estate in Shropshire, known as Moor Park, one of the most beautiful and cultivated of those landed properties of England, in which are combined the elegance and luxury of a well appointed home, and the best practical system of agriculture. It was undoubtedly this experience in England which increased Mr. Fay's natural love for rural pursuits and cultivated those tastes which made him an ardent and useful promoter of agriculture in his native State, to which he returned in 1853. He had previously purchased a large estate in Essex county, known as Lynn Mineral Spring Hotel, comprising more than five hundred acres of diversified land, in which fertile valleys, picturesque and rugged hills, and a beautiful lake were combined. He commenced at once the improvement of this place, now called Lynnmere, by draining the land and covering the hills with immense trees, many of which he planted with his own hands. He imported larches, maples, firs and pines in large quantities, planted acorns constantly in his walks about the estate, and succeeded in converting a roiigh and a somewhat imattractive landscape into a variegated forest, through which winds an aveniie of great beauty, bordered by deciduous and evergreen trees distributed with great taste, and constituting a charming combination of variety and luxuriance of foliage. The forest which Mr. Fay planted has now become a profitable woodland. The bare hills which he covered with Scotch larches, the rude stone walls, and the waste pasture, where originally there was only a growth of red cedar and huckleberry bushes, through which the approach to the house led, have g-ivcn way to shade trees of great variety, which now, after forty years, are in magniiicent beauty. Huge rocks were drawn out of the soil now verdant in lawn, grass-fiields and rich crops. The place is one of the inost picturesque in New England in natural beauty, and in its present condition is a memorial of the taste and genius of the man who developed and added to its attractiveness.

In addition to this extensive forest and ornamental tree culture, Mr. F'ay encouraged by precept and practice many of the most important branches of agriculture which belong especially to the practical farmer. While in England he had observed the importance attached to sheep husbandry, for the production of coarse and middle wools, and the supply of mutton as a healthful and economical article of food, at that time not in general use in this country. He selected from all the heavy and rapid growing breeds in England the Oxford Downs as larger than the South Downs and finer than the Cotswold, and from his large flocks he made for a long time a wide distribution throughout the country. In this branch of stock raising he was considered as authority, and in connection with it he encouraged the growing of root crops, the most improved Swedes and Mangolds, which English flock masters and cattle breeders consider indispensable to their calling.

To the establishment <jf market-days in Essex county Mr. Fay gave early and earnest attention, and contributed much instruction on this system of trade, so common in England, through the agricultural press of the country. His attendance at the meeting of farmers was frequent. As a trustee of the Massachusetts Societ}' for Promoting Agriculture, in which body Robert C. Winthrop, George W. Lyman, Chief Justice Bigelow, George Peabody, Charles (\. Loring, Stephen .Salisbury, George B. Loring, Leverett Saltonstall and others were his associates, he did good service, and edited the first issue of the records of the society. As president of the Essex Agricultural Society he called around that association the most eminent patrons of farming known in the coimtry and did much to place it in the position it now occupies. He had a sincere love of rural life, and ulthougli connected from time to time with business enterprises, he never forgot that agriculture is tlic foundation of all our prosperity and that a knowledge of its economies and a taste for its pursuits add much to one's usefulness and happiness.

never lost sight of the efforts required for the development of human enterprises, and was somewhat impatient of those theories which disturbed society and endangered its perpetuity and siiccess. He lived in a time of great transitions, in which, although occupying no official position, he gave strong expression to his views and equal impress to his exertions. Early in the breaking out of the civil war he organized at his own expense a company known as the Fay (juards, which did brave and honorable service in the great conflict. This company was attached to the Thirty-eighth Massachusetts, and was in the following engagements: Port Hudson, May 17 to July 9, 1863; Cane River, La., April, 1804; Mausura Plains, La., May, 18(14; Winchester, \'a. , September 19, 1804; Fisher's Hill, Va., September 21, 1804; Cedar Creek, Va., October 19, 1804. Mr. Fay lived to see the glorious and happy termination of his country's trial. He died in Livcrjjool, July 0, 1805, leaving a widow and four children.

Henry G. Parker

CoL. Henry Grosvf.nor Parker, son of Ebenezer Grosvenor and Rebecca Morton (Davis) Parker, was born in Plymouth, Mass. , March 1 9, 1836. He received his primary education in the public schools of Plymouth. Later he came to Boston and attended the old Adams .School on Mason street, and was afterwards prepared for college at Chauncey Hall School. Although he had strong literary inclinations, he relinquished a collegiate course to enter upon a mercantile career. After passing a year in the wholesale house of Blanchard, Converse & Co., he became assistant bookkeeper for the hardware firm of Callender, Rogers & Co., and was engaged in that capacity for three years. He next became bookkeeper for Blodgett, Clark & Brown, and three years later was appointed confidential clerk for Jordan, Marsh & Co., remaining in the latter position for seven years. He was then offered and accepted the treasurership of two mills operated by Francis vSkinner & Co. The bankruptcy of this house put an end to this agreement, and it was then that Colonel Parker turned his attention to journalism, with which he had been more or less identified as a contributor since his sixteenth year. His first article was written for the old Boston Mail. Still later he became the correspondent of the Neiv York Mir?'or, and also wrote for the Jhiston Bcc\ the Boston J\>st, the Boston Daily Courier, and the Saturday Evening Gazette. When the last named journal was oflfered for sale in 1870, Colonel Parker purchased it. His success as editor and business manager is well known. He was one of the first, if not the first, journalist in this county to adopt the personal society news. This innovation was not at first received very kindly, more especially by his contemporaries, but he continued until this department, imder the caption of " Out and About," was recognized and sought for. The wisdom of the move is attested by the fact that many of the journals that were most violent in their reprehensions of Colonel Parker, now follow his example with their own departments for society gossip. The Gazette, under Colonel Parker's management, became highly successful,* and among the few profitable papers of its class in the country. Colonel Parker's ability as a journalist was of high order. He believed in an outspoken expression of editorial opinion, without fear or favor, and he made more friends than enemies by this frank and manly course. The result was that the Ga::cttc was looked upon as an authority that could always be relied upon in those matters to which it devoted special attention.

At the Peace Jubilee of 1S'3!1 and the World's Peace Jubilee of ISI'a, Colonel Parker acted as general secretary of the executive committee; and while serving in that capacity, an acquaintance previously existing with Hon. Alexander M. Rice was cemented into a warm friendship. When Mr. Rice was installed Governor of Massachusetts, he selected Colonel Parker as a member of his staff. Colonel Parker held this position during the three years of Governor Rice's administration, and was again appointed by Governor Talbot.

Colonel Parker died May 13, 1893, after a brief illness, leaving a widow, the daughter of the late William Brown, and also survived by his mother, Mrs. George S. Tolman, who resides in Plymouth. In social life Colonel Parker was justly a favorite, and his cheery presence will long be missed at the Algonquin and Suffolk clubs, of which he had long been a member.

The following estimate of Colonel Parker's character was written by one who had I6ng been a close and intimate associate, and best able to judge of the qualities of his mind and heart:

As a man, one of his characteristics was frankness and admiration of frankness in others. He was outspoken in the expression of his opinions, and was tenacious of them, but was always ready to hsten to otijections, and to adopt them on conviction.

By nature he was tender and amiable, and those who did not know him intimately were not aware of the sweetness and kindness that lay behind a manner that on the surface was apparently aggressive; nor of the ease with which his gentle emotions w"ere touched. Though mainly known to the community as a business man, he had fine literary tastes, was an earnest reader, and took great delight in the company of men and women of culture. His love of music was intense, and his taste in what was refined in art was marked. To his friends he was devoted heart and soul, and his loyalt)' to them was as enthusiastic as it was sincere. As a host lie was generous in his hospitality, and experienced genuine pleasure in contributing to the happiness of those to whom his heart went out.

Addison Macullar

Addison Malum. ak, founder of the clothing house of Maculhir, Parker & Company, wa.s born in Barre, Mass., December 19, 1822, and died in Worcester, Mass., March 11, 1893. He was a son of Horace N. and Jane (Kelly) Macullar. His first regular employment was in the printing office of the Barrc Gazette. Later on he went to Worcester, Mass., where he began his mercantile career in 1842 at the age of twenty 3'ears. In March, 1849, he commenced business on his own account under the firm name of A. Macullar & Co. In February, 1852, he and George B. Williams established a house in Boston under the firm name of Macullar, Williams & Co., for the manufacture of clothing for the wholesale trade. In 1800 Charles W. Parker was admitted as partner, when the firm natne was changed to Macullar, Williams & Parker, and in 1879 to Macullar, Parker cl- Compan}', continuing as such until the present time. Mr. Parker, who for many years has had the actual management of the bu-siness, became associated with Mr. Mactillar as a fellow clerk in Worcester in 1847, and when the latter opened a store in Worcester, accompanied him, acting as store boy, salesman and book-keeper, in fact was the onl}' employee. Their re-' lationship from the days of their association as clerks in Worcester to the time of Mr. MacuUar's death was particularly intimate and distinguished for cordial and mutual feelings of regard.

The firm of Macullar, Parker & Company has long occupied a foremost position in its special line in New England, and has been a leader rather than a follower in what has grown to be the principal industry of Boston. Its history from the standpoint of financial success has been highly creditable, while the agreeable and harmonious relations which liave evei" characterized the intercourse of the individual member of the house, have been particularly ntjteworthy. From the inception of the business to the present time - a period of forty-three years - there have been probably as few changes in the firm as in any in Boston covering the same period of time. During the latter years of his life Mr. MacuUar personally had little to do with the detail management of the business, but his name and personality remained as positive factors in its operations. His long mercantile career was not only singularly successful, but marked, perhaps, with fewer unpleasant features than fall to the lot of most business men. He was a man of genial nature, agreeable address, and by the frankness and generosity of his disposition strongly attached to himself those with whom he was brought into close contact, while the sterling integrity of his character commanded the respect of all who ever knew him.

Mr. Macullar was married in 1850 to Martha M. Reed, of Chichester, N. H., who survives her husband. They had two children, Charles and Frank R. Macullar, the latter of whom is now living in Worcester, and the junior member of the firm of Macullar & Son.

Roland Worthington

RoL.-^N'i) WoRTHrNGTON is One of the veteran figures of New England, and, indeed, of American journalism. He was born in Agawam, Mass., September 22, 1817, and in the seventy-sixth year of his age is still in the full vigor of a well preserved manhood.

Mr. Worthington received his education in the district schools of his native place, and after the manner of the farmers' sons of his boyhood days, graduated into the sterner school of work at the early age of twelve. From that time until he reached his twentieth year he was employed in various capacities, supporting and educating himself as he went along. In March, 1837, he went to Boston, and found employment in the counting-room of the Daily Adve-tiscr. For six years he had the valuable experience of association with the business department of that paper, which, with Nathan Hale as its editor, was indisputably the leading daily of New England, both in point of enterprise and influence. .So close had been W\\ Worthington's application to business that, in 1843, his health was seriously impaired, and, under advice, he sought its restoration by a trip abroad. He crossed the Atlantic, and made a journey up the Mediterranean, touching at various points, and enlarging his knowledge of Europe by actual observation. Returning to this coimtry he then passed a winter at the South, where he acquired a practical insight into the political and social conditions of that section, which proved valuable to him as the great questions which culminated in the civil war developed themselves.

In June, 1845, having returned to Boston with fully renewed health, Mr. Worthington took charge of the Daily Evening Traveller, and its history and his own have ever since been one and inseparable.

The American Traveller was launched on January 1, 1825, Royal L. Porter being its first editor. Later, the Stage Register, a journal which had for its principal feature several columns of stage line advertisements, was incorporated with the Avierieau Traveller. With the issue of the new Daily Evening Traveller, the first number of which appeared on April 1, 1845, the American Traveller became its semi-weekly issue, and the Stage Register was transformed into the Weekly Traveller. This prograjnme of publication is maintained to the present time, the Boston E.vcning Traveller (daily), the American Traveller (semi-weekly), and the Weekly Traveller, all being regularly issued in large and steadily-growing editions from the well-known Traveller Building, on the corner of State and Congress streets, facing the Old State House - in many respects the most striking newspaper site in the city. The first number of the Daily Elvening Traveller was a four-page sheet, about fourteen by twenty, bearing the imprint of Upton, Ladd and Company as the publishers; but that firm very soon afterwards relinquished all connection with it. Its originators and first editors were Rev. George Punchard and Deacon Ferdinand Andrews. They projected it as a strictly Orthodox paper, devoted to the zealous advocacy of the temperance cause. Rev. Mr. Punchard was popularly spoken of as " the bishop of the Orthodox churches of New Hampshire," in which State he had been preaching with marked ability and power. Mr. Andrews, his associate, was a deacon of the Pine Street Church. Together they set the moral and social standards of the Traveller\\\^\\, and though they have both long since since ceased their connection with it and passed to their rest, the paper to this day is conspicuous for the respect with which it treats all religious and moral movements, its constant and vigorous advocacy of the temperance reform, and its careful exclusion of all matter that would give offence in the family circle. In this way it steadily enjoyed, and still retains, the enviable distinction of being one of the cleanest newspapers in the country, and this, with its enterprise in the legitimate news field and the high order of literary work constantly displa3'ed in its editorial columns, have secured it a warm welcome in thousands of the best homes of Boston, Massachusetts, and far and wide throughout New England. The credit of laying the basis of its permanent success as a vigorous, wide-awake, robust, daily journal belongs unquestionably to Mr. Worthington. He brought with him, from his experience on the Advcr1isc)\ a large fund of practical wisdom as a publisher, and a natural endowment of creative and originative faculty besides, which, from the date of his connection with the Traveller until he disposed of the paper, was the dominating factor in its development.

Mr. W(jrthington's name is identified with some notable steps in the progress of journalism. The newspaper life of Boston, at the time he first entered it, was a very stately and slow-going affair. All the dailies of the Hub, save the Mail and Times, were six-penny sheets, and newsboys were not permitted to cr}' any of them for sale on the .streets. Their very rigid ideas of what dignity recjuired confined them to circulations acquired "by subscription only." In August, 1848, Daniel Webster was announced to address a meeting of his neighbors at Marshfield on the political issues of the hour. General Taylor had been for some time nominated for the presidency, but the "God-like Daniel " had played the part of Achilles, "sulking in his tent." There was intense interest on the part of the people of the State, and of the whole country to hear what he would say when he broke silence. Mr. Worthington saw his opportunity in connection with this event, and engaged Dr. James W. .Stone, a well known and expert stenographer of that time, to go to Marshfield and report Mr. Webster's address in full. To make sure the enterprise should not miscarry, the young publisher drove Dr. vStone himself to the scene of operations, secured the great expounder's personal co-operation in perfecting the verbatim report of his speech, and then drove the doctor with his notes back to Boston. Other reporters were there for the older dailies, but Mr. Worthington's push distanced them all, and early next morning a Traveller extra was on the streets of Boston, and had an immense sale. Large editions were rapidly called for, and the newsboys of Boston cried it Instil}' all day long. The speech was that ever memorable one in which Webster described Taylor's nomination, in the now historic phrase, as one "not fit to be made " From the Traveller' s r^^^orX. it was sent specially to the New York Herald^ and from that time on till the organizing of the Press Association, the Traveller was the New York Herald's Boston correspondent. Still the prejudice of the older publishers against the crying of the newspapers by boys on the streets remained; and Mr. Worthington's innovation was regarded unfavorably, even by some of his own business associates. He was obliged to seek a personal interview with the president of the Eastern Railroad in order to obtain a permit for a boy to go upon the ferry-boat in the afternoon to sell his evening paper. He persisted in the innovation, however, and by another energetic stroke made it a permanent feature of the newspaper business. When the news of the French Revolution of 1848 and the dethronement of Louis Philippe arrived in New York, it was sent by telegraph to the Boston reading-room. The telegraph office, by a curious blunder, sent a copy of the dispatch to the three Boston evening papers. Mr. Worthington saw instantly th-e importance of the news, though its value seems to have escaped immediate observation in the offices of his rivals. He ran off Traveller Extras as quickly as the press facilities would allow, and his press-room was kept at the high pressure point of activity until late in the evening, sati.sfying the demand for this startling piece of foreign intelligence. The newsboys' cries of " Traveller Extras," "Revolution in France," " Fall of Louis Philippe," ''Traveller Extra," were heard on every great thoroughfare, and from that moment the day of newspaper sales by "subscription only" was gone by. The dispatch which the Traveller thus used to such advantage is said to have been the first sent over the telegraph wires from New York that was ever published in Boston.

Another feature of newspaper offices, which is now stereotyped by general use, but the initiation of which in Boston belongs also to Mr. Worthington, is the staring placards or bulletins giving the brief heads of the latest news of the day. In passing it may be said that the Traveller' s present daily-painted bulletins, in blue and red, are commonly remarked upon as at once the clearest and most ornamental exhibited in front of any newspaper office in the city, and at any time of the day, when stirring news is coming over the wires, a large crowd is sure to be found flocking to them.

The I'ravclLr's first publication office was at No. 47 Court street. In April, 1852, its home was removed to the Old State House, and later it was established on its present advantag-eous and commandinjj site in the large and convenient Traveller Building, which is now the propert}' of Mi'. Worthington.

Mr. Worthington was one of the earliest of the Free vSoilers of Massachusetts and is remembered by all the survivors of " the men of '48 " as a staunch and steadfast member of the little band of men who at that early date foresaw and welcomed the conflict with the slave power, and who were in fact the advance guard of the great Republican party, which was twelve years later to take the destiny of the nation into its keeping. When the Republican part)' was organized, Mr. Worthington, in common with his brother Free-Soilers, at once joined it, and carried his paper with him, though this last step cost him a conflict of opinion with Editor Andrews, who was strongly disposed to follow the lead of Daniel Webster's famous speech of the ith of March, 1S52. It was wholly due to Mr. Worthington's inflexible attachment to the FreevSoil idea that Mr. Andrews's views were overruled, and the I'rnvcllcr held true to the policy which has ever since made it one of the most fearless and ablest exponents of the Republican creed. At Mr. Worthington's instance the brilliant Manton Marble, who later became nationally distinguished as the editor of the New York World, then took the managing editorship of the Traveller. Young Marble was then only in his twenty-second year, but he filled the position with signal ability until Samuel Bowles, who became famous later as the founder of the Springfield Republiean, joined the paper in 1857. Mr. Marble and Mr. Bowles could not work in the harness together, and the former left for a broader field of labor in New York. Mr. Bowles became the managing editor of the Traveller on the 13th of April, 1857, and threw tip the position on the 10th of August following. His connection with the paper was brief and brilliant, but, for Mr. W^orthington, ver)^ costly and all but fatal. Mr. Bowles entered upon the project of uniting the Atlas, the Bee and the Chroniele with the Evening Traveller and founding upon the consolidation a great quarto, modeled after the New York Tribune, to be supported by the highest literary talent, and to be first class in every respect. Mr. Bowles failed utterly, and, soured by his failure, he left his post and started for Springfield without giving any notice to his colleagues, leaving Mr. Worthington in the lurch to struggle out of the quagmire of debt into which his

G-22 Suffolk County

Quixotic editorial manag'cmcnt had cfinducted the concern. Mr. Bowles was succeeded as managing editor by Mr. Joseph B. Morss, who put into its columns many years of solid and effective work. The war for the Union came, and the price of the paper was advanced to four cents, and later to five cents a copy. The Traveller showed great enterprise in the collection and publication of war news, and, in common with all the other wide-awake newspapers of that period, made rapid strides in circulation in conseciuence. Mr. Reuben Crooke followed Mr. Morss as managing editor of the paper, under Mr. Worthington's direction. An indefatigable worker, a ready and well-informed writer, and a man who carried his conscience into all his editorial labors, Mr. Crooke well sustained the Traveller's reputation as a champion of sturdy Republicanism in politics, and kept it on the right side in all tlie moral reform movements of the time. He still remains with the paper.

The Traveller^ under Mr. Worthington's direction, showed remarkable foresight in discussing political situations. It seems to have divined, as if by intuition, the safe and the sagacious course for its party to take, and its coimsels, not always taken, have been well-nigh invariably verified by the events. In ISfiO it was the first paper to suggest, as the successor of Governor Banks, the man who became the great war governor of the Commonwealth. When Governor Talbot's declination to accept a renomination in 1S79 necessitated the choice of a new standard bearer against the formidable candidacy of General Butler, the Traveller brought forward the name of Honorable John D. Long. Against the united and strenuous opposition of the other Republican dailies of Boston, it urged Mr. Long's nomination upon the Convention, and he was nominated and elected. In 1883 it warned its party against the nomination of Mr. Bishop, and urged the selection of Mr. Crapo as the opponent that year of General Butler. The party disregarded its advice, and went to defeat as it had presaged. In 1883 again, against every other Republican paper in Boston, it insisted that Honorable George D. Robinson was the wisest nomination that could be made against Governor Butler, basing its argument on the claim, which it repeated over and over again, that necessarily Governor Butler must be met on the stump and talked down before the people, and that Mr. Robinson was emphatically the man for that service. The party came near to making another nomination, but at the eleventh hour the Travellef s advice was taken, Mr. Robinson was nominated, and in the campaign which followed Governor Butler was beaten - exactly as the

Traveller had said he would be - by Mr. Robinson's contest with him on the stump. In the larger field of national politics the paper has shown the same intelligence and insight. A strong and consistent exponent of the radical or stalwart type of Republicanism, it, nevertheless, counseled the party with great earnestness against the continuance of the faction fight pi'ecipitated in 1880-81 between 'the Grant-Conkling and Blaine-Garfield wings. Again and again it foretold the national overthrow of Republicanism if the feud was kept up. When the Chicago convention was about to meet in June, 1885, the Traveller appealed most earnestly to the New England delegates to join the Arthur column early and secure the defeat of Mr. Blaine, whose candidacy it plainly intimated would, in its belief, be perilous to the party at the polls. Over and over again it warned the Massachusetts delegation that the Edmunds movement was farcical, because it had no chance of success, and recorded its opinion that if it was persisted in Mr. Blaine's nomination would be secured on the second or third ballot at the latest. In all these forecasts the Traveller proved to be absolutely correct. The Edmunds movement proved to be utterly barren of result, Mr. Blaine was nominated on the second ballot as the direct result of the action of Massachu.setts, and in the end, as it had feared, Mr. Blaine and the party suffered national defeat. This is a remarkable record f)f political far-sightedness, and the credit of it belongs to Mr. Worthington, who, at all the turning-points of affairs, laid down its course and inspired its utterances. A keen and close observer of the current of public affairs, with a strong faculty for perceiving the practical points in a political situation, his judgment gave the paper this singular preeminence as a sound and safe political guide. Although writing but little himself, he was a very ready and correct critic of good writing, and always drew around him, by an instinctive appreciation of literary talent, an editorial corps of capable and accomplished writers. Always a warm admirer of Honorable Chester A. Arthur, he sturdily championed him against the hostile criticism of the so-called half-breed presses at the time of his nomination f(ir the vice-presidency. When President Garfield's death was announced, Wr. Worthington promptly undertook to correct the prejudice created against the new president in tlie public mind h\ the same presses, and the Traveller's predictions of a conservative, capable and patriotic administration liy Mr. Arthur were abundantly realized in the three years which followed. Without solicitation President Arthur tendered to Mr. Worthington the office of collector of the Port of Boston in April, 1882. A bitter opposition was made to his confirmation by Senator Hoar, purely on political grounds, but the appointment was confirmed by a very large majority, and even those who then opposed it now concede that he proved a most efficient collector, that he conducted the business of the ofiice with an eye single to the service of the government and the business community which had to do with the Custom House, and never allowed partisan considerations to interfere with the management of the large force of employees iinder his orders. It is doubtful, indeed, if true civil service reform was ever carried out more perfectly in any government office in the country than at the Boston Custom House under Collector Worthington. He served as collector until December 1, 1885, after which he continued to direct the publication of the Traveller until May 1, 1890, when he sold the paper and has since devoted his time and energies solely to the management of his private affairs.

Aaron W. Spencer

Aakcin W. vSpknckr was born in Sijringfield, Windsor county, Vt., January 17, 1823, where his ancestors had long been residents. His father was Guy vSpencer and his mother Mary Warner, of Acworth, N. H. He received a common school education, and was graduated at Chester Academy, Chester, Vt. Mr. vSpencer came to Boston in 1S42, beginning his business career as messenger boy with Messrs. J. W. Clark & Co., bankers and brokers, whose place of business was in the Globe Bank Building at the corner of State street and Wilson's lane. The building has been demolished by the extension of Devonshire street, into which Wilson's lane has been merged. Mr. Spencer was admitted to partnership in the firm of j. W. Clark & Co. in 1850, and retired in 1850 to establish the banking-house <-)f Spencer, Vila & Co., retiring from this firm and from active business in 1SU7. In 1853 Mr. vSpencer married Miss Josephine Vila, of Roxbury. The firm of Spencer, Vila & Co. did a large business while Mr. Spencer was at the head of the house, and durmg the war for a considerable period they were the exclusive agents of the Treasury Department for the sale of government securities in the New England States, their sales aggregating hundreds of millions, They probably had the largest southern and western correspondence of any banking-house in Jioston. Mr. Spencer joined the Boston Stock Exchange, which was then known as the Boston Board of Brokers, in 1850. He was president of the Exchange for the years 1860, '01 and 'iyi, and at that time was one of the largest operators connected with the Exchange. Mr. Spencer's second term as president of the Exchange was for the years 1889, '00 and '91, when he retired, declining re-election. The house of J. W. Clark & Co. was one of the first to become interested in the then undeveloped mineral districts of North Michigan, even before the old "Cliff" and "Minnesota " mines, now obsolete, began to pay dividends. In this connection Mr. .Spencer frequently visited Lake Superior and passed over the sections which now comprise the Calumet and Hecla, Tamarack and Osceola mines, then covered by the primeval forest, with no more indication of the great mineral wealth beneath the surface than has Boston Common at the present day. Mr. Spencer has been connected with the mining interests of Lake Superior from that time, and retains large interests in the leading producing mines. Since his retirement from business Mr. .Spencer has taken no prominent part in the transactions of the Exchange, although he continues his connection with it and is a daily attendant at its sessions. His only son, Alfred Warner Spencer, a graduate of Harvard, died in 1887; his only surviving child is Mrs. Frederick Lewis Fay. Mr. .Spencer's residence since 1853 has been on Columbia street of the Dorchester District of Boston, where he owns one of the most attractive estates in the vicinity, comprising nearly twenty acres, on which the most perfectly rural conditions have been maintained, including the stone walls built a hundred years ago and shaded by oaks of more than a century's growth. Mr. Spencer is a member of the Algonquin, Temple, Athletic, Suffolk, Art and Country clubs.

Gen. Francis A. Osborn

Gen. Fr.\ncis Augustus Osborn was born in Danvers, now Peabody, Mass., September 22, 1833, and is the eldest son of Augustus K. and Mary (Shove) Osborn, ancestors of whom settled in New England in 104:5. His early education was gained at his place of birth. In 1845 he came to Boston, and from that time until he graduated in 1849 he attended the Boston Public Latin School. He began his business careei" with W. Ropes & Co., Russian merchants, remaining" in their employ as clerk for six years. For five j^ears thereafter he engaged in the ship chandlery business. In the mean time he had become a member of the State militia, and when the civil war began he was an officer in the New England Guards. Upon its organization into a battalion of two companies he was commissioned captain of the original company April 19, 1801. A few days later the battalion was sent to Fort Independence to do garrison duty, where it remained for a month. At the expiration of this time it returned to Boston, when Major Thomas G. Stevenson, of the battalion, and Captain Osborn offered their services to Governor John A. Andrew and were soon after commissioned colonel and lieutenant-colonel respectivel)^ of the Twenty-fourth Massachusetts Volunteers. The first service of this regiment was in Burnside's expedition to North Carolina, taking part in the battles of Roanoke Island and Newbern, and several other minor engagements. Lieutenant-colonel Osborn, who had been in command of the regiment since the middle of March, was promoted to the colonelcy on December 38,

1863, after which the regiment served in the Department of the vSouth, participating in the sieges of Fort Wagner and Fort Sumter, doing regular duty in the trenches for several months. On August 36, 186)), the regiment made, under Colonel Osborn, an assault upon the enemy's rifle-pits in front of Fort Wagner and captured them, taking prisoners nearly the whole occupying force. This was a brilliant and valuable victory, especially noteworthy, as three previous assaults upon these rifle-pits by other regiments had been repulsed. The importance of the work came from the fact that the enemy, by holding these rifle-pits, which were in a strong position, had been able to check completely the advance of the engineering against Fort Wagner. After the victory of Colonel Osborn's regiment, work was at once resumed, and speedily resulted in the captrire of the fort. In the spring of 1864 the regiment was sent with the Army of the James to join the operations around Richmond and before Petersburg, being there actively engaged during the summer and fall of 1864. During this service Colonel Osborn was slightly wounded in the neck by, a spent ball. On November 14, 1804, he was mustered out of service, and for gallantry was brevetted brigadier-general, the original appointment being dated October 3S,

1864. Upon his return to Boston he was for a time cashier of Blake Brothers & Co., bankers. On March 19, 1807, he was appointed naval officer for the district of Boston and Charlestown, and served for two

3'ears. He then went into the stock brokerage business, having licen previously elected a member of the Boston Stock Exchange. On Jannar}- 1, 1874, he became treasurer of the Corbin Banking Company of New York and Boston. In May, 1883, he sold out his interest and soon after resigned as treasurer. In November, 188:5, he organized the Eastern Banking Company, becoming its president, a position he still holds. He has been a director of the Tremont National Bank since January, 187U, and was the original treasurer of the New England Mortgage Security Company, having been elected in April, 1875, but on June 14, 1879, resigned on account of pressing business, but is still, however, a director. For 1807, 1808 and 1SG9 he was a member of the City Council, and for the last named year was Department Commander of the Department of Massachusetts, G. A. R. He was one of the original charter members of the Massachusetts Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United vStates, and was first commander of that commandery, being succeeded b}' General Devens. Beyond the interests already mentioned General Osbom has been active in many other directions. He has been a trustee of various land associations; for man}' years has been largely interested in real estate, and was a member of the first Board of Directors of the Real Estate Exchange and Auction Board, and its president from March, 1891, to March, 1802, when he declined re-election. He was largely instrumental in the organization of the Citizens' Association in December, 1887, and was its first president, serving for four years and then declining a re-election. In June, 1886, he was appointed civil service commissioner by Governor Robinson, and for three years served as chairman of the board, but the condition of his private business caused him to decline reappointment to office by Governor Ames. General Osborn has been twice married, first to Miss Mary M. Mears, and of this union was born one daughter; and second to Miss Emily T. Bouv6; of this union have been born four children - two daughters and two sons.

John Brewster

In the commercial and financial history of Boston John Brewster was for many years an important factor. He was bom in Wolfborough, N. H., December 14, 1812. At the aoe of sixteen he became a clerk in a j^-eneral hardware store at Rochester, N. H. Two years later he filled a similar position in a hardware store in Dover in the same State, where he remained for five years. He then, in 1835, came to Boston and began a business career on his own account, embarking in the dry goods trade as a member of the firm of Williams & Brewster. A short time thereafter the firm of Brewster, Cushinan & Bancroft was formed, their business quarters at first being located at 44 and 46 Hanover street and afterwards at 63 and 05 Water street.

After several years of highly successful business, Mr. Brewster, in 1851, retired from the dry goods trade, and with Charles A. Sweet established the banking house of Brewster, Sweet & Co., at 76 State street, but later at 40 State street. In 1874 Mr. Sweet retired, when the firm name was changed to Brewster, Basset & Co., at which time it was composed of Mr. Brewster, William Basset, Henry E. Cobb and Arthur F. Estabrook. In 1883 the firm was again reorganized under the firm name of Brewster, Cobb & Estabrook, the new members being Charles E. Eddy, C. H. Watson, Arthur L. Sweetser and Frank B. Bemis.

Mr. Brewster's success as a banker was conspicuou.sly notcworth}'. At the breaking out of the war of the Rebellion, his firm being one of the leading banking establishments of Boston, became the agent of the United vStates government, and placed many millions of government bonds upon the market. It a]s<j figured largely in many of the large financial operations which have made Boston famous in financial circles throughout the world. As a business man Mr. Brewster possessed abilities of a high order. He inspired confidence in any enterprise in which he enlisted, and by the uniform success which attended his undertakings, surrounded himself b)- a wide circle of friends who largely relied upon his judgment in matters of a financial nature. He was a man of genial and generous nature and one whose sympathies were easily aroused and never appealed to without ready response. With no taste for public life or political honors, he devoted his energies to the more genial pursuits of a strictly business career, in which he achieved by laudable means a well deserved place among the conspicuously successful business men of Boston. He died suddenh^ at his home in Cambridge, Mass., January 13, 1880. His large fortune, after amply providing for his son and relatives, he bequeathed to endow the Brewster Free School and Academy of his native town. Wolfborough.

Charles Wallin(;fori) Parkkr, the senior member of the firm of Macullar, Parker & Co., was born in Framingham, Mass., June 2?, 1831, and is a son of Charles and Mary Hildreth (Wallingford) Parker. The first of the family in America was Thomas Parker, who, in l(i;35, at the age of thirty, came to this country from England in the vessel Susan and Ellen, and settled first in Lynn, but subsequently removed to Reading, where his son Hannaniah was born and lived until his death. John, a son of the latter, removed to Lexington in 1712. A son of the last named, also named John, settled in Framingham in 1736, and from that time to the present this town has contained representatives of the family. Peter, the great-grandfather, and Josiah, the grandfather of our subject, were both born and died in Framingham, residing on a farm which for more than one hundred and fifty years was in the possession of the family. Upon this estate, also the home of his father, the early life of our subject was passed. His ediication, although confined to the district school and Framingham Academy, was thorough and beyond the advantages enjoyed by the average farmer's son of that time. At the age of sixteen he began his business career in a retail clothing house in Worcester, in which Addison Macullar and (lecrge B. Williams were salesmen. Two years later, March 1, 1849, Addison Macullar opened a similar store on his own account, and young- Parker entered his employ as store boy, salesman and book-keeper, in fact was the only employee. About 1850 George B. Williams became associated with Mr. Macullar as partner, under the firm name of Macullar, Williams & Co., and in 1852 the firm established a house in Boston on North street for the manufacture of clothing, but retained their Worcester retail store. Upon the opening of the Boston branch, Mr. Parker came here as book-keeper for the firm. Two years later they removed from North street to No. 47 Milk street, and in 1857 they established a retail store in the old Washington Coffee House, just south of where the Transcript office now stands, being one of the first retail stores of any consequence in that locality. The immediate and large business which was developed soon demanded larger quarters, and the whole estate from Washington to Hawley streets was secured. In 1800 another removal was made to 192 Washington street, at which time Mr. Parker was admitted to the firm, the name being changed to Macidlar, Williams & Parker. In ISlU they removed to 200, now 400

Washington street, into a new store built for them by the trustees of the Joshua Sears estate. This was destroyed in the great fire of 1872, and the present larger and finer structure was completed in 1874. In 1880 their quarters were enlarged by the addition of the adjoining store, 398 Washington street. These buildings extend through to Hawley street, a distance of 225 feet, and are five stories in height, giving a total floor space of about two acres. Mr. Williams retired from the firm in 1879, and the firm name liccame Macullar, Parker tS; Company. Mr. Macullar died March 11, 18!t;3, thus terminating" a business association with Mr. Parker which covered a period of forty-six years, which was remarkable not only for its length but also for the unbroken harmony, mutual esteem and sincere aftection which existed lietween them.

The house of Macullar, Parker lV- Company has long occupied a leading position in its special line in New England, both in the character and the extent of its business operations, representing in its history, from the pioneer period, all the changes and developments in an industry which now constitutes the most important manufacturing pursuit in Boston. Of late years the control and management of the busine.ss have developed upon Mr. Parker, and the high degree of success attained is due to his superior business qualifications. He is a man of careful judgment and a high order of executive ability - attainments well known and thoroughly appreciated in the business community with which he has been so long and prominently identified. Of broad and liberal views, he has found time jn an active business career to keep fully abreast of advancing thought in many avenues of knowledge, and is much interested in letters and art. He has traveled extensively, not only in his own but foreign lands, which to one of his keen and discriminating mind has been a source not only of pleasure, but the means of acquiring wide and general information.

Mr. Parker was married in Chelsea, November 150, 1854, to Miss Mary J., daughter of Charles E. and Ann (Huse) Schofl^. They have had five children : Mary, Charles S., Herman, Allston (deceased), and Ross Parker.

Henry C. Jackson

known as Xorth Bridgewater, :Mass., but is now the city of Brockton, April I'.i, 1838, and is a son of Ephraim and Lucy (Wilde) Jackson. His early education was received in the public schools of his native town and later supplemented by a period of instruction at the Adelphian Academy, at that time a well known local institution. Equipped with a practical education and naturally ambitious, young Jackson at the age of seventeen came to Boston. Here he began his business career in the dry goods house of William F. Brett Sc Bro., then located in Federal street. He remained with this concern until 1801, when he entered the employ of Josiah Caldwell & Co., engaged in a similar line of trade, with whom he continued until the beginning of 1863. His experience in the business up to this time had been varied and general in character, and his natural business aptitude, his energy and keen comprehension of the requirements and possibilities of the trade, had not escaped attention. About this time the firm of Pierce, Stearns & Adams, .successors of the old dry goods house of Pierce, Howe & Co., was undergoing reorganization, which resulted in the formation of a new firm under the name of Jackson, Mandell & Daniell. With the inauguration of this firm came a radical change in the general character and manner of conducting the business, with the purpose of making it more especially a New England house. To assist in the accomplishment of this idea Henry C. Jackson was invited to link his fortunes with the new firm, and from that time until his retirement from the firm - a period of twenty-nine years - he devoted all of his great energies unreservedly to its interest. From the beginning marked success attended the firm, year by year, adding not only to the extent of their trade, but gaining prestige and reputation for solidity and reliability unsurpassed by any house in Boston. It became a large importer of foreign goods, and in special lines of a dry goods jobbing trade became one of the best known concerns in the United States. So well were the affairs of the house managed, and upon such firm basis had it become established, that although one of the heaviest losers in the great fire of 1873, it was .so strong financially that not a minute's delay was occasioned in meeting every obligation, and within a few days new quarters were .secured and its business was moving along as usual, having met the unusual strain without having asked a single favor or the extension of a dollar of obligation. So strikingly was its strength shown in this catastrophe, which overwhelmed so many, that it excited widespread comment and universal admiration. The spirit and energy exhibited by this firm at this period had a most wholesome effect in restorinj;' confidence, its example being felt in every avenue of trade at a time when faith was shaken and even concerns before considered strong were forced to suspend operations. As soon as possible after the fire, Jackson, Mandell &' Daniell moved into the spacious quarters provided for them in the building erected byj. Montgomei'v Sears on the southeast corner of Sumner and Chauncey streets.

It can be stated of this firm, what perhaps is hardl}- true of any concern that ever did an equal amount of business, that it gave no notes and never failed to take advantage of every discount by paying its bills before they were due. These facts, well known to the trade, gave it a prestige in every market of the world second to none. Beginning with comparatively limited capital, yet so ably were its affairs conducted that not a year passed but showed a gratifying increase in trade, as well as healthy and satisfactory gain. At the time of the dissolution of the firm it had long occupied a position of commanding importance among the most successful mercantile houses in New England. The ability and business generalship recjuired to have attained this result will be fully appreciated in these days of close and vigorous competition.

The illness and subsequent withdrawal of Gustavus Jackson from the firm during the earlier period of its existence threw upon Henry C. Jackson added responsibilities, and from that time he became the recognized head of the house. A man of remarkable energy, keen business instincts, and possessing a high order of executive ability, he was admirably fitted for the position. An aggressive, positive and forceful character, and with a rugged constitution which permitted almost an unlimited amount of physical and mental labor, he was able to devote himself to his work without reserve, and even extracted pleasure out of his very activity. From such devotion and well directed efforts, in wdiich he was so ably assisted and aided by his associates, came a degree of success seldom excelled in the same line of trade. Although associated with strong," positive and able partners, imbroken harmony prevailed throughout their long association, and their mutual feeling of rare good will and respect for each other in no small measure was conducive to the general prosperity of the house.

Upon the dissolution of the firm of Jackson, Mandell & Daniell, December 31, 1891, when Mr. Jackson and Mr. Dwight Prouty, his associate in business for twenty-nine years, retired from the business, the occasion was made the theme of manr flattering comments in local and trade journals, which were not only highly complimentary to the character and personal worth of the retiring partners, but laudatory of the great business house they had been so conspicuous in creating. Upon the retirement of these partners, the firm of Jackson, Mandell & Daniell ceased to exist, its successor being the present firm of Chatman, Kendall & Daniell.

Mr. Jackson was married in 1860 to I\Iiss Maria Amanda :Moulton, daughter of Dr. Alvah Moulton, of Ossipee, N. H. Comparatively in the prime of life and possessing vigorous health, Mr. Jackson has before him the promise of many years in which to enjoy his well earned rest. He is deeply interested in all that pertains to, the well being of Boston, where he has so long resided and where his sterling worth and high character are so well known, and the city has no firmer or more sincere friend.

Joshua Bennett

Joshua Bennk.i't was born in Billerica, Mass., November fi, ViWl, and was the son of James Bennett, a prosperous and respectable merchant of that town. He passed his boyhood upon his father's farm, obtaining his education in the common schools of the town and in the academy at Westford, Mass. When about twenty-four years of age he engaged in teaching a grammar school in Dorchester, Mass. Although always fond of books, he relinquished the work of teaching at the end of three years and entered upon a business career in which few men have shown equal sagacity and few have met with equal success. Even while a teacher he devoted his evenings to trade. As the leading partner in the firm of Bennett & Felton in Boston, he early laid the foundation of his future success and fortune. His active mind found many sources of wealth. He became a very extensive dealer in hops, a business in which his father had preceded him. He had transactions with most of the hop-growers and brewers of the country. He became an exporter of hops and a distiller. It is told of him as an interesting incident that in 1849, being in London at a time when the hop trade was depressed, he actually purchased a large lot of hops which he had himself exported and sent them back to America, thus making two profits upon the same goods.

It was by the skillful use of the property early acquired in trade that Mr. Bennett amassed the most of his ample fortune. He was a very shrewd and successful dealer in real estate, making his investments with distinguished sagacity. He became the possessor of a large amount of property in Lowell and of a much larger amount in Boston,

Mr. Bennett was not a politician, and he only accepted those offices which his compeers in the business world bestowed upon him on account of his acknowledged ability to fill them with honor and success. He was a director of the Providence and Worcester Railroad, and was on the first board of directors of the old Lowell Bank, the earliest of the discount banks of Lowell, having received its charter in 1828. This board consisted of men of high character, among whom were Kirk Boott and Samuel Batchelder, two of the most distinguished founders of American manufactures, and Josiah B. French and Nathaniel Wright, both of whom subsequently became mayors of the city. After a service of thirty-three j^ears as director, Mr. Bennett was in 1801 elected president of the bank, which office he filled with great ability through the entire period of the civil war, resigning it on account of failing health only a few months before his death.

As a bank officer he was conservative and sagacious, and was esteemed the highest authority upon the question of investing the funds of the institution.

As a citizen Mr. Bennett gained his highest honor by his patriotic conduct in the early days of the Rebellion. When others faltered he stepped boldly forward. Not only did he proffer to his country his own wealth, but he exerted his great influence as a financier to bring to the rescue the moneyed institutions with which he was connected. He had full faith in his country, and freely instrusted to her his wealth. It was the noble conduct of men like him who in that hour of peril and alarm inspired new hope and courage in the national heart.

Throughout the war his patriotism never faltered. To every soldier who enlisted from his town, he gave from his own wealth a special bounty.

In his will he gave $25,000 to the Washingtonian Home in Boston, an institution in which he was greatly interested. He also gave $15,000 to each church of the various denominations in the town of Billerica, as well as small legacies to their respective pastors. It is greatly to the credit of the heirs, that though his will was not signed, all the legacies for benevolent purposes were honorably paid in accordance with the known wishes of the testator. On October 8, 1815, Mr. Bennett married Eleanor, daughter of Ebenezer Richardson, of Billerica.

Mrs. Bennett died at Billerica May (i, 1891, at the advanced age of ninety-seven years. Her life was one filled with good' deeds, and the whole town miss her many acts of kindness to rich and poor.

Of his two children, Ellen, the older, became the wife of George Holden, of Boston, and Rebecca became the wife of William Wilkins Warren, of Boston. The widow of Mr. Bennett, in honor of her husband, gave a library to the town of Billerica, erecting for it a substantial brick edifice. Mr. Bennett died August 0, 1865, in the seventy-third year of his age, and was buried at Mount Auburn.

Henry M. Whitney

Henry Melville Whitney, widely known for the important part he has borne in the development of the electric transit system, was born in the town of Conway, Franklin county, Mass., on October 32, 1839. At the time of his birth, his father. General James S. Whitney, kept an old-fashioned country store, where the good citizens of Conway were wont to assemble and discuss and settle, in their own minds, the most important questions of the day. The enterprising public spirit of General Whitney, his broad intelligence, his capacity for business, and his superior tact in the management of men and affairs, were destined to leave their impress upon the boy, who thus grew up in a home made happy and charming by the presence of a good mother - Lucinda (Collins) Whitney. General Whitney was a stern old Democrat of the Jacksonian type and the idol of the community in which he dwelt. He served two term in the Legislature, where it is stated his vote decided the election of Charles vSumner to the United States Senate; subsequently, from 186-1: to 1800, he was superintendent of the United States Armory at Springfield, and was collector of the Port of Boston for one year preceding- the inauguration of President Lincoln. His death occurred October 24, 1878.

Of the youthful days of Henry M. Whitney there is little to be said. In the public schools of the town he acquired his first rudiments of education, and then, while still in his teens, he was sent to Williston Seminary at Easthampton. He was accompanied by an elder brother, William C. Whitney, since famous as secretary of the navy during the administration of President Cleveland.

Young Whitney's term at Williston was limited to one year. Returning to Conway he went to work in the store, and later for three years served as clerk in the Conway Bank, where he developed that business turn of mind which has served him so well ever since.

In 18<!() his parents removed to Boston, where General Whitney, after leaving the Custom House, became identified with enterprises of large extent and importance, notably with the Boston Water Power Company and the Metropolitan Steamship Company. The son, in the mean time, had passed two years in the Bank of Redemption ; afterwards was a clerk in the naval agent's office, and later was engaged in the shipping business in New York city. In 18G(J he became Boston agent of the Metropolitan Steamship Company, and in 1870, after he had obtained possession of the stock, which had gradually sunk in vahie, he became president, holding the same position to this day. From that time to 1887, Mr. Whitney was recognized by all who knew him as an unusually keen-witted and thrifty business man. His mind was full of enterprises of various kinds and character; in all that he engaged success followed him. Indeed, everything to which he turned his attention seemed to bring him gold.

In the spring of 188G Mr. Whitney, who had long foreseen the magnificent possibilities of that section of Boston which borders on the suburban town of Brookline, quietly purchased large tracts of land along the line of Beacon street in the last named place. In midsummer of the same year he became conscious that he had himself put not less than $800,000 into the scheme, and that it was likely to be too heavy to carry on alone. He at once took a number of his more intimate and wealthy friends into his confidence, told them what he had already done and what he proposed to do further, and then invited them to join him.

That they acceded promptly is a striking evidence of the confidence reposed in Mr. Whitney's integrity, wisdom and tact. The syndicate thus formed was the now famous West End Land Company. The result of its endeavors is one of the most picturesque boulevards of which this country can boast, fringed with residences and suburban villas of rare beauty, such as onh' the rich can afford.

The next move was the building of a street railway, which should connect Boston with Brookline, and run directly through this territory, by another corporation formed and headed by Mr. Whitney. The length of the road was about eight miles, and it was named the West End Street Railway. This Ime had been in operation but a few months when the subject of street blockades in Boston began to seriously worry the public mind. At the time the f(jllowing roads, besides the West End, centered in Boston : the Metropolitan, the Cambridge, the South Boston, and the Consolidated (Middlesex and Highland). Popular sentiment decreed that the incessant clashing of interests engendered by so many distinct companies must come to an end, and that, too, speedily. Mr. Whitney and the mature minds associated with him became convinced that there was only one way out of the difficultv, that only a single plan could solve the problem - that was consolidation. Such a plan was outlined, and was agreed to by the various roads. In September, 1887, Mr. Whitney explained the policy of the West End Street Railway Company, at a meeting of the new corporation, in language as forceful to-day as it was prophetic then. The address is one of the most interesting and important ever delivered by its author. One passage in it deserves reprinting in this sketch. Said Mr. Whitney:

I believe that this company is destined to play a very important part in the lives of this whole community. I am myself deeply sensible of the responsibility which this organization holds in this community. I hope and believe that we shall so be able to administer our affairs that not only shall the stockholders be proud of the organization and have a security second to none, but that every employee shall be proud to belong to the organization, and that the entire community will point to it with pride. We believe we can do something for the comfort and happiness of this people that we could not do as individual corporations, and I am deeply sensible of the responsibility that rests upon us to do it. I hope that this company will meet the future questions connected with the transportation problem in the broadest way.

No words were ever uttered with more profound sincerity ; and that they have been scrupulously lived up to, so far as Mr. Whiting is concerned, no one can deny, who is conversant with all the facts underlying the history of this gigantic enterprise from that date to the present moment. That perhaps the most important franchise granted by the State and city to a private corporation was placed thus in safe hands, is equally true.

The part Mr. Whitney bore in giving to Boston the most complete system of electric railways which exists in the world is well known. In ISST the electric railway in Richmond, Va. , attracted attention far and wide. Mr. Whitney went to that city to study its merits. He returned to Boston, impressed with the conviction that electricity was indeed the power of the future. He decided to test it as a power for the present; and as a result of his conviction, in 1888, an electric line was opened, extending from Park Square, Boston, to Oak Square in Brighton District - a portion of it being operated by an imderground conduit, and the remainder by the trolley system. In February, 1889, a line of twenty motor cars from Bowdoin Square, Boston, to Harvard Square, Cambridge, was inaugurated, and so successfully by the Thomson-Houston Electric Company, that Mr. Whitney six months later gave an order for six himdred additional motors. This was the beginning of the great electric system, which to-day is both the pride and the boast of Boston. Since then the history of the West End street railway has been one of constant development and of rapid improvement. Gigantic power stations have been erected, which are marvels of engineering skill ; more modern models of apparatus have replaced those of older and less efficient tj'pes; nearly 16.000 horse power is being daily furnished by the electric generators of these stations, and over 1,200 motors are imder 400 electric cars. Although but one hundred and twenty miles of the two hundred and sixty operated by the company are equipped with the electric system, suburban property reached by the system has appreciated in value over one hundred per cent.

Having carried the system to such a successful stage of completion, Mr. Whitney through the demands of other business interests which required attention, retired, much to the regret of his associates, from the presidency of the West End Company in September, 1893. His able management of this great corporation had won universal admiration and gave him national reputation.

Henry M. Whitney may rightly be called the pioneer of the commercial side of electric railroading, and in his retirement the street railway industry has lost a member to whose perseverance, intelligence and enterprise it owes much.

With keen perception he saw the possibilities of electricity for street railway service while the new power was only in its infancy. His faith in it was so strong that be was not afraid to stake his reputation on the success of its application.

Winning over to his views his fellow-directors in the West End Street Railway Company, he invested a large amount of capital in what was then looked upon by many financiers as a hazardous undertaking, and by his eloquence, aided by his indomitable perseverance, gained from a conservative and somewhat reluctant public the privilege of installing in Boston the largest system of electric railways ever then attempted.

Much of the labor to be performed was in an unexplored field, and costly experiments had to be made. In the results of these every electric railway company in the country has been a beneficiary. The knowledge acquired at immense cost in Boston has been utilized in the economical construction and operation of electric roads in different parts of the country.

Mr. Whitney was always an ardent advocate of attracting to the suburbs the city's workers. To aid in this he has done a great deal in extending the distance of travel on a single fare. Much more would undoubtedly have been accomplished by him in the way of rapid transit has his offers and suggestions been met in the same spirit as that in which they were tendered.

As an organizer in consolidating and unif \'ing into one corporation the many street railwaj' companies in Boston, his executive ability was especially marked.

Mr. Whitney's home is in Brookline. It was in this beautiful but quiet town that he first met Miss Margaret Foster Green, to whom he was married on October 3, 1878. This union has been blessed by the birth of one son and four daughters. The summer home of the family is at Cohasset.

Mr. Whitney's success in life has been phenomenal, a surprise even to his most intimate friends. The West End enterprise has not required the whole of his time by any means, and his name is associated with several other prosperous corporations, notably the Hancock Inspirator Company, the Non-slip Horse Shoe Company, the Metropolitan Steamship Company, and several others. In all of these enterprises he has largely invested capital, and actively directs their policies.

The personal appearance of Mr. Whitney is clearly indicated by his portrait. There is no mistaking the look of firmness and decision his eyes flash upon all occasions, but it is a look tempered by refined courtesy and kindness, except when it confronts a man unworthy of his trust. Frank, outspoken and confiding himself, Mr. Whitney regards nothing more despicable than deceit. He is of medium stature, rather stout and somewhat inclined to stoop when walking. He is quick in all his actions, perhaps nervously so, and equally as quick to decide a question. In social intercourse he appears to be more a good listener than a oood talker; and yet few persons can recite a more taking anecdote or more keenly relish one. As is generally conceded, he is a most impressive public speaker, and always commands the attention even of his opponents. He possesses a wonderful memor)', a deep sense of the value of facts and figures, and rarel}' advances an argument that does not rest on both. His address to the State Legislature in March, 1891, is an illustrious example of this assertion. Mr. Whitney's generosity is proverbial, his charities are dispensed freely, unostentatiously and with discretion, and many there are who to-day are indebted to him for their success in life. Happy in his home, true to his frienships, appreciative of all efforts that tend to uplift humanity, and ever ready to assist them, he enjoys the universal respect of the community.

Francls Blake

Francis Blakk, widely known through his important invention in connection with the telephone, was born at Needham, now Wellesley Hills, Mass., December 25, 1850. He is of the eighth generation descended from William and Agnes Blake, who came to America from Somersetshire, England, before 1636, and settled at Dorchester in that part of the town now called Milton. William Blake was a distinguished leader in colonial affairs, and his descendants have, kept his name in honorable prominence to the present time.

Mr. Blake is a grandson of the Hon. Francis Blake, of Worcester, State senator, and for many years one of the prominent members of the Worcester county bar, and son of Francis Blake, who engaged in business pursuits in early life, and from 1862 to 1874 served as United States appraiser at Boston. Mr. Blake's mother was Caroline Burling, daughter of George Augustus Trumbull, of Worcester, a kinsman of General Jonathan Trumbull, the original " Brother Jonathan," who was private secretary to George Washington .

Mr. Blake was educated at public schools until the year 18G6, when his uncle, Commodore George Smith Blake, U.S.N., secured his appointment from the Brookline High School to the LTnited States Coast Survey, in which service he acquired the scientific education which has led to his later successes in civil life. His twelve years' service in the Coast Survey has connected his naine with man)' of the most important scientific achievements of the corps. His first field work was in connection with a h}'drographic survey of the Susquehanna River, near Harve de Grace, jMaryland, followed by similar service on the west coast of Florida and the north coast of Cuba. In October, 1808, he was ordered to astronomical duty at Harvard College Observator}^ in connection with the transcontinental longitude determination between the observatory and San Francisco. On this occasion, for the purpose of determinating the velocity of telegraphic time signals, a metallic circuit of 7,000 miles with thirteen repeaters was used, and it was found that a signal sent from Cambridge to San Francisco was received back, after traveling 7,000 miles, in eight-tenths of a second. Tn October, lS(iO, Mr. Blake was ordered to determine the astronomical latitude and longitude of Cedar Falls, la., and St. Louis, Mo., and for the successful accomplishment of this work was promoted to the rank of subassistant. Portions of the year 18(!9 he spent in Europe in determining the astronomical difference of longitude between Brest, France, and Harvard College Observatory, by means of time-signals sent through the French Atlantic cable.

November %-!, 1870, he was detached, from the Coast vSurvey and a])- pointed astronomer of the Darien E.xploring Expedition, under the command of Commander Selfridge, U.S.N. This expedition was for the examination of the Atrato and Tuyra River routes for a ship canal across the Isthmus of Darien. Mr. Blake's work included the determination of astronomical latitudes and longitudes of several points on the Gulf and Pacific Coasts, and in the interior, as well as a determinaof the difference of longitude between Aspinwall and Panama. In a letter, dated March 9, 1871, Commander Selfridge wrote to the supertcndcnt as follows: "Upon the close of Mr. Blake's connection with the expedition, it gives me pleasure to bear witness to the zeal, ability and ingenuity with which he has labored, and to recommend him to your favorable consideration."

In March, 1873, Mr. Blake was ordered to Europe for astronomical duty in connection with the third and final determination of the difference of longitude between Greenwich, Paris, and Cambridge. He was engaged for more than a year in this great work, which was carried on under the general direction of Professor J. E. Hilgard, then assistant in charge of the Coast Survey Office, and later superintendent of the Coast Survey. Mr. Blake made all the European observations, being stationed successively at Brest, France; the Imperial Observatory,

Paris; and the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. Returning- to the United States, he was stationed at Cambridge and Washington for the determination of differences of personal equation.

On April 1, 1873, Mr. Blake was promoted from the rank of subassistant to the rank of assistant. Up to this time his promotion in the service had been very rapid, his work meeting with the warmest approval of his superiors, the superintendent of the Coast Survey in a letter to the secretary, in 1871, declaring: " His observations have invariably borne the severest test in regard to accuracy," while the assistant, Charles O. Boutelle, at the close of Mr. Blake's astronomical work in the vShenandoah Valley, wrote under date of October 30, 1871: " The symmetrical precision of the latitude observation made by you at Maryland Heights, Clark and Bull Run stations has never been excelled in the Coast Survey."

In 1874 Mr. Blake was ordered to duty in the preparation for publication of the results of transatlantic longitude work. This work involved a rediscussion of the result of the transatlantic longitude determinations in 18(!'; and 1870, as well as an original discussion of the final determination of 1873. Mr. Blake was so engaged for more than two years, and the results of his labors are embodied in Appendix No. 18, United States Coast Survey Report, 1874. The finally accepted values for the difference of longitude between Harvard College Observatory and Greenwich are:

Hours. Min. Sec

The precision of the work will perhaps be more evident to the general reader when it is stated that this result justifies the statement that the distance between London and Boston has been thrice measured, with a resulting difference in the measurement of a little more than ten feet.

Mr. Blake's observations of 1873 gave a new result for the difference of longitude between the Royal Observatory at Greenwich and the Imperial Observatory at Paris - 9 min., 30.97 sec. The previously accepted value was 9 min., 30.03 sec, which left a difference of 0.34 sec, or 111 feet to be accounted for. -Subsequent observations by European astronomers have confirmed Mr. Blake's results, and the finally accepted value is 9 min. , 20. 95 sec.

In 18T; Mr. Blake represented the Coast Survey at a eonfcrence of the commission appointed to fix the boundary line between New York and Pennsylvania. This service was followed by geodetic duty in connection with a re.survey of Boston Harbor, under the direction of the Massaclnisetts Board of Harbor Commissioners. This was the last field-work performed by Mr, Blake, whose active career in the Coast vSurvey closed with the following correspondence:

Weston, Massachisetts, 5 April, 1878. Sik: Private affair.s not permitting me at present to discharge my official duties, I respectfully tender my resignation as an assistant in the United States Coast Survey. It is impossible for me to express in official language the regret with which I thus close the twelfth year of my service.

Washington, April 9, 1878. Sik: I regret very greatly to have to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of April o, tendering your resignation as an assistant of the United States Coast Survey. I accept it with the greatest reluctance, and beg to express thus officially my sense of your high abilities and character - abilities trained to aspire to the highest honors of scientific position, and character to inspire confidence and esteem. So loath am I to sever entirely your official connection with the Survey that I must request you to allow me to retain your name upon the list of "extra observers," under which title Prof. B. Pierce, Prof. Lovering, Dr. Gould, Prof. AVinlock and others had their names classed for many years. This will, of course, be merely honorary ; but it gives me a " quasi " authority to communicate with you in a semi-official way as exceptional occasion may suggest. Your resignation is accepted to date from April 15th.