Coshocton City (part 8 of 11)

The shops on Sixth street, now occupied by Alex. Manner, were erected by G. A. Pieffer & Sons, of Dresden, in 1869. In 1873, Manner bought these premises at assignee's sale, and has sinee operated there.

Darius Wright for many years carried on wagon-making at Cross Roads, on a scale to become largely known through the county. He is now operating in Warsaw.

Geo. Schleich was the first to do much in this Jine in Coshocton ; subsequently J. Glover undertook the same line of work, and was succeeded by C. W. Frew, who afterward removed to Illinois.

There has been since 1860 a noticeable carriage and wagon-shop, at West Carlisle, in charge mainly of Mr. Welling. There has also been for three years past a considerable amount of work in this line done at New Bedford.

John Irwin for a number of years turned out a large number of plows, but he removed, two years since, to Towa, and this business is now chiefly carried on by King & Mirise, of Roscoe.

The Coshocton gas-works were built in the winter of 1873-4. The contractor was B. Van Steenberg, of New York, who also at the outset was the heaviest stockholder - selling his interest subsequently to Houston Hay. The company was first organized in 1872, F. E. Barney, L. Demoss, John G. Stewart, H. N. Shaw, and W. E. Hunt, directors. H. N. Shaw was succeeded by H. Hay, who, with the others above named, are the present directors.

H. N. Shaw & Sons (in connection with their more extended tanning operations), in 1875, undertook the manufacture of boots and shoes on a larger scale than had been previously attempted.

The latest manufacturing enterprise is that in charge of J. W. Bebee (United States Yeast Company) - the making of dry yeast. In the winter of 1875-6, he entered upon this work in Lower Roscoe, and is at this writing shipping several hundred pounds a day.

Mining

A few years later, the " Licking and Coshocton Coal Company " commenced quite extensive operations at Coalport, and continued shipping by canal to Newark until about 1860, when the works were taken by others.

In 1856, Foght Burt, from his mine on his farm, about a mile southeast of Coshocton (now in possession of W. K. Johnson's heirs), made a four-feet ten-inch railroad to connect with the 8. & I. R. R., making the junction a little south of the freight-depot. At first horses were used to haul the cars; afterward a small locomotive (Little Giant"), T. H. Burt being the engineer. A considerable amount of money was put in the enterprise, and much effort made by Mr. Burt and his sons, R. W. and T. H., but the project was a costly failure, owing, as is said, to the failure of the S. & I. R. R. Co., " from inability possibly," says R. W. Burt, to meet expectations of assistance in building the coal road, and afterward in furnishing cars.

The coal business received a great impulse about 1868, through the operations of Colonel J. C. Campbell and Albert Christy, who leased large tracts, and organized the "Coshocton Coal Company," enlisting A. H. Spangler very thoroughly. This company bought out Prosser's Beech Hollow bank, and Shoemaker dying, the territory held by him was also embraced in their leases. The Miami Company was formed buying from the Coshocton Company the Shoemaker leases; also the New York Company taking some territory two miles south of the town of Coshocton.

Several companies were also organized to operate in the old Coalport field. These, with some changes in organization, continue. The New York Company's mine passed into the control of the Union Company, now under the management of Colonel Wood. The Miami Company was supplanted by the " Penn Twyn." ineis70, Ye end=).eA2 Barney. Ds dae Triplett, S.H: Lee, G. W. Ricketts, E. Prosser, and others formed the " Home Coal Company." Prosser, after a year or so, sold his interest in that company, and opened a mine three and one-half miles southwest of Coshocton, near the canal, shipping by that chiefly to Newark. This bank is still under his control. He also, in connection with J. W. Cassingham and T. Dudley (of Piqua), purchased the Home Company bank. These gentlemen also operate the " Penn Twyn," and are thus the heaviest coal operators in the county at this writing.*

Vast amounts of coal of confessedly superior quality have been shipped from these mines, and whatever the result to some of the stockholders and operators, large pecu-

The difficulties connected with the matter of transportation are alleged to be the chief drawbacks to a more successful prosecution of business at any of them.

Besides the merchant mines already mentioned (eight), there are now a number of home supply mines, of which the principal are those of William Hall, J. Lear, William G. Hay, and J. Burt, of Tuscarawas township; and D. Markley and R. Boyd, of Keene township.

Besides the territory embraced in the leases of the companies above referred to, the Morgan Run Coal and Mining Company has several (three) thousand acres covered by its leases, but as yet unworked. It is expected that these lands will be penetrated by the Massilon and Coshocton Railroad, whose projectors are largely interested in them.

Coal Oil Stills And Oil Wells

From 1857 to 1860 a good deal of money was expended in the making of coal oil in Bedford township, where there are very fine beds of cannel coal. Parties from Boston, New York, and Pittsburg, including such men as Ezra Cornell, of New York; A. E. Kittredge, of Boston; and Robert Forsythe, of Pittsburg, erected stills and opened mines, and made things fora time very lively. But the oil wells in Western Pennsylvania soon set aside the coal oil. Considerable quantities of the coal were afterward shipped to the gas-works at Newark and elsewhere. There was at one time much " oil fever" in Coshocton county.

Messrs. Montgomery and Cowdery came in, and driving about in an elegant conveyance, with silver-mounted harness and whip, made many anxious to get "into oil." They took leases, and gave people to understand that oil abounded in the county. A few of the citizens have reason to remember them, and would rather not hear much about oil stocks.

leadership of F. E. Barney, T. C. Ricketts, and others, formed a "test"? company, and sunk a well near the Empire mills in Roscoe, to the depth of some seventeen hundred feet, at a cost of some $6,000, but did not strike oil in paying quantities. Several holes in the ground were also made on Will's creek, and some gentlemen of Coshocton and elsewhere got into companies "on the ground floor."

During the war and soon after, a great many oil leases were taken on ground in New Castle township, and parties, chiefly under the management of Peter Neff, of Cincinnati, sunk some wells. No oil of consequence was found, but there was an immense outflow of gas, and this has recently been turned to account in making lamp-black of very superior quality and in considerable amount.

Soon after the settlement of the county, salt was manufactured on a small scale at Rock Run, three miles south of Coshocton. A few miles further down the river, just over the line of the county (in Muskingum), are, at this writing, quite extensive salt works, with which John H. Klossen, of Coshocton and Rescoe, has for some years been connected. They were operated for years by Retilley & Bagnall, of Roscoe.

Potteries, in the region of New Castle (where excellent materials are found), have been very successfully carried on by the Richs and their successors.

George Bagnall, about 1860, began operations in that line in Lower Roscoe, and afterward sold out to Mr. Rich, who now carries on the business. Bagnall removed to New Comerstown.

The Coshocton Stone Company (Thomas H. Johnson, of Columbus, and John A. Hanlon and L. L. Cantwell, of Coshocton) have for a year past been operating in their quarry (on the Ohio canal and the projected route of the Massillon and Coshocton railway) and in their yard in Roscoe, where they have steam stone-saw apparatus. They are at this writing shipping a contribution of stone for the Ohio building at the Philadelphia Centennial Fair.

Merchandizing, Banking, Tavern-Keeping, Etc

MERCHANDIZING was, of course, for many years on a very limited scale. The " goods" had to be brought from Pittsburg, Steubenville, or Zanesville, either in wagons or by steamboat. For many years, of even later times, it was a common practice to drive stock on east, and in exchange get supplies of goods. Colonel Williams was a "trader."

Among the men who achieved a reputation in this line in the earlier days were James Renfrew, Benjamin Ricketts, John Smeltzer, and Robert Hay, of Coshocton; Thos. Johnston, of Plainfield; the Mulvains, of Oxford township; Wm. Brown, of West Carlisle; Chas. E. Marquard, at New Guilford; John H. Pigman, at Clayville; Samuel Holmes, of West Bedford; Welch, of Roscoe; Samuel Ramsey, of Keene; F. W. Thornhill, of West Carlisle, West Bedford, and New Guilford (East Union); G. V. Lawrence and N. Shafer, at New Castle.

Of a somewhat later date than above named merchants, we have Wm. Renfrew, W. K. Johnson & Co., John Burns, Bagnall & Le Retilley, John Frew & Co., T. C. Ricketts, R. M. Lamb, Arnold Medbery, H. Meek, Humrickhouse & Co., Samuel Lamberson, John G. Stewart, Jackson Hay, H. N. Shaw, F. X. Fritchey, D. Bretsford, at Jacobsport ; R. Cochran, at West Carlisle; H. Beall, at Keene; Seth McLain, in Roscoe; R. Boyd, at Keene ; the Denmans and the Shoftners, at Warsaw ; Wilson & Thompson, at West Bedford.

after the canals were built, and a very great one along the line of the railway after it was opened.* With this multiplication of establishments has come a division into departments in the larger places, and the same store is now no longer expected, as in the olden times, to have laces and silks and soap and nails. There are, at this writing, in Coshocton and Roscoe only forty-six stores, with nearly as many more shops and saloons, etc. The keepers of some of these, as of others in the county, will doubtless be able to secure honorable and extended mention in " Chronicles of 1976."

In May, 1876 Banking

The merchants of the earlier day received deposits, and settled any eastern claims in any wise arising against their customers. The first parties who undertook the business in regular way of selling eastern exchange, and doing a full deposit, discount, and exchange banking business, were W. K. Johnson & Co., about 1852. They operated at first in the rear room of those now occupied by J. G. Stewart, and then in the office he occupies. After W. kK. Johnson's » death, the firm was J. K. Johnson & Co. (the company being John Johnson). After the latter's death, David and John H., sons of Joseph, were received into the firm, and the business was thus conducted until their removal to New York City, about the lst of January, 1872. Since that time, the establishment is designated "Johnsou's Bank " - John G. Stewart, proprietor. ©

T. C. Ricketts started the second banking-house, about 1855. He also organized the "First National Bank" in January, 1872 (commencing business March, 1872) - T. C. Ricketts, president, and Baxter Ricketts, cashier. In the winter of 1873-4, it was reorganized, Jackson Hay becoming president, Houston Hay vice-president, and H. C. Herbig cashier. Its original capital was $50,000; its preseut, $90,000.

The Merchants' in 1838, and even later, put out their "scrip," and in 1861 the treasurer of Coshocton county gave out many "pieces of pasteboard" as money; but this was the first bank of issue in the county.

About 1856, the south room in the frame building on Second street, next north of B. Shaw's china and glass store, had over it the sign " Bank," and was the headquarters of one who afterward became quite famous in certain monetary transactions - i. e. James M. Brown.

Tavern-Keepers

One of the most prominent features of a country is the public house or tavern, and no proper sketch of a region? or people can ignore this feature. For some years Charles Williams was the only man in the county holding himself out in the capacity of landlord, or having business enough to warrant the taking out of a license. In the earlier days travelers expected and received entertainment at almost any house where they pleased to stop. Hospitality was the pride of the whole people, and those agreeing to supply the travelers' wants were not niggardly in doing so. The appliances were sometimes of a rude sort; but the

Illustrative of the primitive way they had in those days of entertaining travelers, the cheapness of the viands, and the anxiety of the early settlers to treat strangers well, we reproduce from Mr. Melishe's journal* his account of a scene between himself and a landlady: " When near Coshocton, I stopped for breakfast at a small roadside tavern. I was anxious to be gone as soon as possible, and urged the landlady to make all the haste she could. She said she would have the breakfast ready in a minute; but the first indication I saw of dispatch was a preparation to twist the necks of two chickens. I told her to stop, and she gave me a look of astonishment. ' Have you any eggs?' said I. ' Yes, plenty,' replied she, still keeping in a sitting posture, with the chicken in her hand. ' Well,' said I, 'just boil an egg, and let me have it, with a little bread and tea, and that will save you and I a deal of trouble.' She seemed quite embarrassed, and said she never could set down a breakfast to me like that. I assured her I would take nothing else. 'Shall I fry some ham for you along with the eggs?' said she. 'No, said I; 'not a bit." 'Well, will you take a little stewed pork?' 'No.' 'Shall I make some fritters for you?' 'No.' 'Preserve me, what will you take, then ?' 'A littie bread and tea, and an egg.' ' Well, you're the most extraordinary man that I ever saw; but I can't sit down to a table that way.' So I allowed her to take her own way, assuring her I would take mine as to eating. She detained me about half an hour, and at last placed upon the table a profusion of ham, eggs, fritters, bread and butter, and some excellent tea. All the time I was at breakfast she kept pressing me to eat; but I kept my own counsel, and touched none of the dishes except the bread, the tea, and an egg. She affected great surprise, and when I paid her the ordinary fare, a quarter of a dollar, she said she didn't want to take anything."

Knox county, passing through Coshocton, on a silver shilling. Selecting his house, he would ask for entertainment, and, when about to leave, state that he had only this shilling, producing it, and that it was invariably refused.

An invariable attendant of the early tavern was "the bar," with its decanters and glasses arranged on a shelf behind the counter. The great glory of the tavern was "the ball." A gentleman happened at old Charley Willjams' at the time of the usual "court week" dance, and nearly fifty years after gave a graphic, inimitable account of the affair. Becoming at length tired of the revel, he stole away to his bed, but in a little time two of the party came up to him. When on the landing of the stairs, coming down in obedience to their behests, he shrewdly put the candle out, and, slipping past them, got into a nook, where he rested, if not sleeping, until the next morning. The host, as well as the guests, was decidedly festive that night; but the next day he apologized to his stranger guest, and blamed the frolic on " them Zanesville lawyers."

Among the more famous keepers of public houses, besides Williams, were Wilson McGowan, Benjamin Ricketts, B. R. Shaw, Samuel Morrison, J. C. Maginity, in Coshocton ; 'Theophilus Phillips, and Barcus and Mrs. R. Johnston, of Roscoe; B. Magness, of Linton township ; Moses Morgan and P. Wolf, of Oxford township; Robert Farwell, in Keene ; Joseph Butler, in New Castle; Stryker Morgan, three miles east of Coshocton; Augustine White, of West Carlisle; F. A. Stafford, in Virginia township; Moses L. Neal, Coshocton; Ellis D. Jones, first in Roscoe, then in Coshocton; and Wm. Tidball, who was the first keeper of what is now the City Hotel, and had before taking that won a reputation up in Clark township. W.H. H. Price is now growing gray in the business.

Transportation Business

Doubtless the citizens of Coshocton county best known in direct connection with the transportation business on the canal were Captain Isaac Evans and Captain Wm. Morrison, both with good reputations; the former dead, the latter still living inthe county. Neither this sort of work nor the stage-coach business ever seems to have had a large place among Coshocton county interests. Among "the drivers " there were possibly some whose experiences would be freighted with romantic interest were they set out; but they are, if recorded at all, in some tablet of memory now moss-grown and illegible.

Above the general surface there rises the history of the eanal-driver boy, who afterward was governor of lowa - Wm. Stone - originally from the State of New York, but spending his boyhood and young manhood in Coshocton.

A good many " bare-foot Bills,' both in and out of Coshocton county, have gotten well on in the world. For the comfort and encouragement of the present generation let it be recorded.

Chapter Xiv

THERE is record evidence to show that, in all, not fewer than a hundred and sixty persons have practiced medicine in Coshocton county. With the exception of some twelve or fifteen, these have all been " regulars."

The first resident physician was Dr. Samuel Lee. His biography is given elsewhere in this volume. <A ride of twenty miles was in his practice a common occurrence, and for consultation he went to Mansfield, in Richland county. His active practice covered more than forty years.

The next physician who seems to have made his mark distinctly enough to be readily traced was Dr. Hiram Wright. He was a Canadian, coming to Coshocton directly from Western New York. He remained in the county until about 1831, when he removed to Knox county, and not long thereafter died.

In 1831 the physicians of the county were S. Lee, Lewis Colby, Thomas Heslip, William Emerson, Jared Cone, G. R. Morton, Benjamin Hill, and E.G. Lee. Of Dr. 8S. Lee information is given above and elsewhere.

Dr. Benjamin Hill came to Keene township in 1824 from Cheshire county, N. H. Though very young, he had been in the Revolutionary war in its last year as an assistant to an army surgeon. He was quite eccentric, as people judged ; rough in speech, but kind of heart, and especially tender toward the brute creation, horses, dogs, cats, ete. His medical hobby was that all diseases were produced by miasmatic influence. His wife died about 1834, and he returned to New England, and died soon after.

Lewis Colby was a well-educated physician, coming, it is understood, from Vermont to Keene about 1828. Ina few years he went to Louisiana, and there died after a brief period of practice.

William Emerson read medicine with Dr. Lee, and, after attending lectures in Cincinnati, practiced in connection with him, having his residence and office in Roscoe. That was about 1828. He was a promising young man. Died of pneumonia in 1833.

Dr. E. G. Lee was at East Union, one of the two towns united under that name having been laid out by him. He came from Knox county, and went back there after some years.

George R. Morton was at Coshocton; came from Norristown, Pa., about 1830; about 1835 he removed to Sandusky city, and there died a few years since.

With the vast throng coming into the county from 1830 to 1845, there was a due proportion of those proposing to practice the healing art. Some of these did not abide very long, and others did not acquire a very extensive practice, and were chiefly occupied with other pursuits. Among these may be mentioned, as pertaining to the earlier day, Henry Miller, afterward so distinguished in business circles in Columbus, who practiced medicine for a short time at Warsaw, as also his brother Jonathan, afterward of Franklin county; or A. T. Walling, now Congressman from the capital district. Or of still later day, Dr. E. Cone, of Washington township, afterward a M. E. preacher, and who recently reported himself as "grower of peaches and apples on sheep lands." Or, in still more recent times, Dr. B. C. Blackburn, who was for a time a merchant, and subsequently a farmer, and has even taken somewhat to politics, representing the county in the legislature. And, by the way, the doctors seem to have been in favor in this matter, the county having sent to the legislature Dr. 8. Lee, Dr. Williams, Dr. Stanton, Dr. Cass, Dr. Fellows, and Dr. Blackburn.

Among the physicians who, by long residence and prominence in their profession, are worthy of notice, in addition to those already named, may be mentioned Dr. Willetts, for many years at New Castle; Dr. Delamater, who removed to Indiana, and there died in 1874; Dr. Barger, of New Castle, who was killed by the explosion of a: boiler of a steamboat at Louisville, Ky., while on a trip to the west in 1848; Dr. James, who removed from the county about 1846; the Madisons, both dead; Silas Sapp (brother of Enoch), who removed to Indiana, and there died in 1870; R. R. Simmons (brother of John T.), removed to Harrison county about 1860; I. N. Fellows, who died in 1869; L. Howard, who met with his death in Keene at the time of receiving a blow at the hand of his brother-in-law, who was convicted of manslaughter about 1859.

The veteran physician of the county, at this writing, is Dr. Maro Johnston, of Roscoe. He is a native of the county, and studied with Dr. Samuel Lee, of Coshocton ; attended lectures at Ohio Medical College of Cincinnati; commenced practice in Roscoe in June, 1833; uninterruptedly in practice.

Heslip Williams, native of Guernsey county, where he studied and practiced for a time, commenced practice at Jacobsport in 1835; was in legislature; otherwise steadily in practice.*

Josiah Harris, from Maryland, graduated in the medical department of the University of Maryland; came to Coshocton county in 1837; practiced in Roscoe until 1840, and then removed to Coshocton.

William Stanton, native of Hartford county, Ct.; studied with Dr. Sears, of Albany, N. Y.; came to Coshocton county in May, 1838; was at West Bedford five years, and then removed to Warsaw. He gave up practicing in 1849, and has since given attention to farming, merchandising, etc. He removed to Coshocton in 1868.

A. L. Cass, from Muskingum county, studied with his relative, Dr. John Andrews, of Steubenville; graduated at the University of New York; came to Coshocton county in 1842; and with brief exception, while in the State Senate, practiced uninterruptedly until the summer of 1874. At that time he was prostrated by disease, and has not yet resumed practice. At this writing he is residing at Pittsburg.

W. 4H. Vickars, of Muskingum county, studied with Dr. Watkins ; commenced practice at Otsego about 1840; removed to Coshocton county (Jacobsport) in 1845 ; and there died in 1873.

J. B. Ingraham, a native of Harrison county, Virginia, studied with Dr. Carpenter, of Athens, Ohio; attended lectures at Starling Medical College in Columbus ; came to Linton township in 1848; removed to Coshocton in 1864; uninterruptedly in practice.

Samuel McElwee, native of New Jersey, studied chiefly with Dr. A. McElwee ; holds diploma of Cleveland Medical College; commenced practice in 1849 at New Castle; and has been there ever since.

KE. Sapp, native of Knox county, studied with Dr. Houts, of Danville, and came to Coshocton in 1850. For a few years he gaye special attention to dentistry.

John Anderson, native of Guernsey county, read with Dr. Kortz; commenced practice in the fall of 1848 at Port Washington, Tuscarawas county ; then in Keene, Coshocton county. He came to Coshocton in 1868, and has since been engaged in the drug and book business.

S. H. Lee, native of Coshocton, studied with his tather, Dr. 8S. Lee; commenced practice at Canal Dover, Tuscarawas county ; practiced from 1849 to 1856, at Peru, Indiana; then returned to Coshocton; was surgeon in Ohio Volunteer Infantry in 1862, 1863, and 1864. He gave up practice in 1865, and has since been engaged in the drug business.

J. T. Edwards, native of the county, read with Dr. Russell, of Mt. Vernon; graduated at University of New York in 1857; and has since been in practice at West Carlisle.

In addition to those indicated in the foregoing list as still in practice, the following others may be named: J. W. Wright, J. W. Brady, J. C. Brower, W. C. Frew (native of county), at Coshocton; John C. Davis, at Orange; Wm. Bancroft and A. H. Garber, at Jacobsport; W. H. Williams and A. J. Hughes, at West Lafayette; B. W. Chapman and E. P. Stuart, at Bakersville; Peter Lenhart, Chedister, and Volz, at Chili; M. J. Love (native of county), at Keene; 8. M. Carr and Beach, at Clarks ; John Moore (native of county) and N. Calhoun, at Warsaw ; J. W. Winslow, at Spring Mouutain ; , at West Bedford; Wm. Smith (native of county), at West Carlisle ; A. M. Henderson, at Frew's Mills; J. M. Smith (native of county), at Canal Louisville; T. Ralston, at East Union.

A county Medical Society was formed about 1855, holding meetings at intervals unti] about 1867, when the organization was practically abandoned. Under the State Constitution prior to 1851, the county authorities assessed a specific tax upon the physicians practicing in the county, running from three to five dollars per year.

Lest some readers might conclude from the number of physicians who have been in Coshocton county, that it was an unusually sickly region of country, it may be well to state that the statistics for many years show an average death-rate of one to every one hundred and thisty-three inhabitants per year. In 1874, when the population of the county was about twenty-four thousand, the deaths reported were one hundred and seventy-seven.

From 1840, on for a number of years, a traveling dentist occasionally visited Coshocton. The poor fellow finished his course about 1858 by hanging himself (while in a depressed condition of mind, produced by discouragement in business and hard drinking) in a stable then standing in rear of the " Central House." The first resident dentist was Dr. E. Sapp. He was succeeded by Disney & Moffitt. Dr. Jacobs next undertook this work. Disney & Moffitt were succeeded by Finlay and Wernett, and Jacobs by Dr. Wait.

Among the more notable practicers of the so-called " irregular" schools of medicine, have been Dr. Alexander McGowan, of the " Thompsonians ;" Dr. Martin Roberts, who learned his "arts of healing" from the Indians in Western New York; Drs. Wilson, Walling, Waddell, and Farquhar, of the " Uriscopians ;" Drs. Von Ruedegish, Alder, and Burr, of the " Eclectics."

The first Homeopathic physician to settle in the county was Dr. W. W. Smith, who came to Coshocton just after the war of 1861-5. He removed to Pennsylvania in 1874.

The medical remedies in the days of the first settlers, ere the doctors had come around, may have some interest tor some young readers. The diseases of children were nearly all ascribed to worms. For the expulsion of these a solution of salt was given, or some scrapings of pewter spoons, or some copperas gathered near coal-bank runs.

A very general remedy for burns, swellings, etc., was a corn-poultice, made of pounded corn. Poultices of scraped potatoes or raw turnips and slippery-elm bark were often used. For the croup (called the bold hives) the juice of roasted onions or garlic was given. For fevers a tea of snake-root. The itch, which was very common, was cured by an application of brimstone and lard. Rheumatism, and swellings generally, were treated with oil of rattle-snakes, bears, geese, coons, ground-hogs, and polecats. White walnut-bark tea was a great favorite. If it was intended for an emetic the bark must be stripped up the tree; if for a purge, down. Some had great faith in charms. The erysipelas, or St. Anthony's fire, could, as some believed, be cured by circumscribing it by the blood of a black cat, ete.

Chapter Xy

Tue old citizens tell how they and their cotemporaries used to watch for the arrival of the stage from Zanesville bringing the Weekly Messenger. Wm. N. Johnson and other young store-clerks of that day read themselves hoarse for the edification of the customers and loafers, a number of whom were not very good readers, and then, besides, a paper would thus go farther. A President's message, only four days from Washington, was a wonderful thing.

One Dr. Maxwell (who, besides printing the paper, had on sale in the office '" Godfrey's cordial,' " Bateman's drops," ete.) is credited with having started the first paper in Coshocton county - the Coshocton Spy - in the latter part of 1825. It was a sheet twelve inches by eighteen, issued with much irregularity. The concern, after a brief career, was turned over to John Frew, who had furnished supplies from his store for some time. Maxwell went to Mount Vernon, and, in consequence of criminal charges, subsequently fled the country, and the paper was put in charge (as foreman) of one O'Hara, Frew being still the publisher, and steadily paying a little for this honor. O'Hara at length fell a victim to delirium tremens, and Burkit E. Drone became the editor and printer, having also a half interest in the ownership of the paper. After a time, Joseph Medill, afterward famed in Cleveland, and still later and more largely in Chicago, as editor of the T7ibune and mayor of the city, became associated with the paper. The name of the paper at that time was the Democratic Whig. Drone went to Cincinnati, and Medill also removed, and the paper became the property of H. Guild, who at length suspended publication, as some of his predecessors had done. The name at that time was The Republican. After some time the office became the prop-

"In August, 1853, Mr. 11. Guild, the editor and proprietor of the old Whig newspaper in Coshocton called on me and desired to sell me his interest init. He had ceased its publication two or three months previously, having lost hope in its success. I told him I was not a Whig, had been a Democrat, but was now a Freesoiler; that my party in Coshocton county only included about fifty people, and that I saw little or no prospect of establishing a paper in advocacy of my own principles. I also distrusted my ability to do justice to my own cause, never having had any experience as editor, nor even as a printer. I gave him no encouragement, and he went away. But in truth he had awakened a desire in my mind to engage in the work of publicly advocating my principles, which I believed would finally triumph. I thought over the matter, talked with my father and some leading Whigs and independent Democrats, and finally embarked in the enterprise. I was assisted greatly by Hon. James Matthews, and his brother-inlaw, Thomas W. Flagg, was taken in as associate editor. I called the paper the Progress're Age. The first number was published in September, 1853, and was outspoken on the subject of slavery extension and the fugitive slave law, and strongly advocated the cause of temperance. Wm. A. Johnston was foreman in the printing office. I sent the paper to all the old subscribers of the Whig paper, and also to all the Democrats whose names I could get. I soon found plenty of papers returned ' not taken out of the postoffice.' In two months, however, after my first issue, I had only about two hundred and fifty subscribers, but I did not get discouraged. In a few months, by most persistent efforts, my subscription-list was greatly enlarged, and at the end of a year it had reached seven hundred. The following year the Age took part in the formation of the Republican party, and the new party having succeeded in electing nearly all their candidates for county oftices, the Age came in for a share of the public printing, which gave it a firmer footing. Icontinued the publication about three years, and the Republican party was in power in the' county when I sold the paper to A. R. Hillyer, who published it about a year, and then sold it to J. W. Dwyer. I assisted Dwyer about a year, and then left the county."

J. W. Dwyer succeeded Hillyer, making out of the paper very little direct pecuniary gain. He left it to take office in the treasury department under S. P. Chase.

Asa L. Harris, from Columbus, became the proprietor of the paper in 1861. He changed the name from Progressive Age to Coshocton Age. About the close of the war, Harris went to Georgia to become postmaster of Augusta (having served in like capacity in Coshocton); and the paper, after being run for a time by J. W. Dwyer and W. A. Johnston, became, in 1866, the property of its present publisher, T. W. Collier, who had resided in Cadiz and New Philadelphia, and had been in service as adjutant of the Hightieth Regiment, O. V. I. The present circulation of the paper is reported at 1,200 copies.

In 1831 John Meredith began the publication of a paper at East Union, Perry township. It was called the Castle of Liberty. In 1832 it was removed to Coshocton, and was published until after the presidential election in that year, when it was discontinued. It advocated Democratic principles and the re-election of General Jackson to the presidency. James Matthews assisted in the editorial department for a time.

About 1836 the publication of a Democratic paper, called the Western Horizon, was begun at Coshocton. Wm. G. Williams, then county treasurer, was the proprietor, and Russell C. Bryan the editor. For a time John Oliver managed the paper. Subsequently Messrs. Weeks, Wagstaff, T. W. Flagg, and Chauncey Bassett were connected with it. In 1840 its publishers were Flagg & Bassett. It was then about half the size of the Democrat of to-day, and bore that name. About 1845 A. W. Avery, who had been a minister of the M. P. Church in Coshocton, was its editor. He removed to Illinois. In the fall of 1850, A. T. Walling, now member of Congress from the Columbus die- trict, was editor and publisher of the paper. In 1853 Rich and Wheaton were publishing it. In the spring of 1856, Asa G. Dimmock, who had edited the Cadiz Sentinel and 'the Cosmopolite at Millersburgh, and had just finished his service as warden of the Ohio Penitentiary, became editor and publisher. When nominated for prosecuting attorney in 1862, he disposed of the paper to A. McNeal, a young man from Bethlehem township, who had just served as county recorder. He was drowned while fishing in the Tuscarawas river, a few miles above Coshocton, in August, 1862. Wash. C. Wolfe ran the paper from McNeal's death until after the election, when Dimmock resumed, and soon thereafter (November, 1862) J. McGonagle, formerly of the Cadiz Sentinel, became a partner with Dimmock, and continued for some two years. He removed to Shelby, O. In the spring of 1866, the present publisher, John C. Fisher, of Muskingum county, who had been connected with the Newark Advocate, became a partner with Dimmock. The health of the latter was at that time seriously broken. He spent the most of the summer in visiting among friends, and died that fall at the home of his brother, in Montrose, Pa., and Fisher became the proprietor and editor of the paper, continuing as such unto this writing, except that during Mr. Fisher's absence in the State Senate it was edited by W. R. Gault and other temporary editors, and that during the summer of 1875, for a few months, W. C. Brownlee (now of Chillicothe) was associated with him. It is understood that in its earlier history the paper frequently required the help of its party friends, and none of its numerous publishers have been able to retire with a large fortune. Its appliances are better now than in any past period of its history. Its circulation is reported at 1,000 copies.

For a couple of years (1849 and 50), a paper, called the Practical Preacher, was published some months, at Coshocton, by Rev. Mr. Wirick, then residing at Jacobsport, who was the Methodist preacher on the circuit.* He had been a printer before becoming a minister. Rey. Mr. Calhoun and other ministers furnished matter for publication. It was printed in the Age office - did not thrive - was short-lived.

At least two ladies of Coshocton - Mrs. E. W. James and Mrs. E. T. Spangler - have made some reputation as paper and magazine writers. The latter is also the author of a book, the Physician's Wife.

history of Coshocton, partly historical and partly "bar-room stories." The writer of these, in a recent letter, says that the historical matter, then published in the Preacher, is found in Howe's Historical Collections af Ohio, Doddridge s Notes, and other readily accessible publications.

Chapter Xvi School Matters

ScHoo matters did not receive much attention nor attain any noticeable prominence for many years after the organization of the county. The demands of pioneer life were, as is commonly the case, too heavy in other directions to allow of as much time or means for these things as they might in other conditions receive. But there was not much disposition on the part of many to create or improve facilities. There was some study and very earnest efforts on the part of individuals to get something of "book learning," and a very marked individual proficiency in the three great underlying primarily utilitarian attainments of reading, writing, and cyphering; but practically no schools before 1820. About that time, the policy of the State was thoroughly settled and well shaped, and - stimulated what of interest there was in localities. The Congress of the United States, in 1803, had granted to the State the one-thirty-sixth of all the lands in the United States Military District for the use of schools in the same, and the Legislature provided for the leasing thereof. But these leases yielded little or no revenue beyond the expense of managing them, and in 1827 they were sold, and the proceeds taken as a loan by the State (now a part of: the irreducible debt), with the agreement to pay to schools six per cent. interest on the amount annually. These lands in Coshocton county were appraised by James Robinson and Richard Fowler, and staked out by James Ravenscraft. The sale of them was superintended at first by Samuel Rea. Afterward James Hay was appointed for this work, and he declining, Robert Hay was designated. The sum paid to the county from this fund has been for many years about $800.

School Matters. 129 erto in the hands of township trustees, and almost wholly dependent upon voluntary efforts) were fully arranged for, and the householders in such districts were authorized to select a school committee and a collector and treasurer, and the committee was authorized to receive donations of sites for building, and to assess taxes on their district, as also to receive from the township the rents of the school lands.

In 1825 a school tax was directed to be raised in every county, and yet more complete and practicable arrangements as to districts and directors were made. On certain conditions a tax, not exceeding in amount $300, could be levied for building a school-house. Rate (or tuition) bills could be arranged for and relied on where the tax was insufficient.

Under these provisions, " Dr. 8. Lee and his associates," being householders of the district, got from the county commissioners the privilege of erecting a brick schoolhouse (20 by 20) on the southwest quarter of the square, in 1828. Before that, a room in a private house was used. At a few points in the county, family and neighborhood schools of small proportions were carried on for a few of the winter months.

In Coshocton, James Madden, from Virginia, crippled as to one hand, gave instruction in the "elements," especially in writing, in which he was a " proficient." * Then it was, too, that Moses L. Neel,t a '' Down-Easter" - a regular genius - handled the ferule, and otherwise, especially by a remarkably fine penmanship, made his mark sufliciently plain to be read to this day. About the same time, David Grimm was teaching in Millcreek, and the father of Dr. M. Johnson in Keene township.

Among the teachers of the earlier day were Wm. B. Hubbard, who subsequently went to Columbus, and became famed as a railroad "magnate;" Noah H. Swayne, now Judge of the United States Supreme Court, and Chas.

Elliott, afterward the famous Methodist minister and college president. Out about West Carlisle, Robert McCormic was acquiring fame as a teacher; in Coshocton, Jackson was, after the approved methods of the time, training some of our now well-known citizens, and Thomas O'Neil was giving his youthful vigor to Keene and Lafayette townships. What stories of rude appliances and clumsy tricks of big incorrigible boys and of nice homespun girls the chronicles of that period do tell!

Under the law of 1825, there were to be appointed in each county three school examiners, and in 1826 the Court of Common Pleas appointed for Coshocton county Samuel Rea, Wm. Carhart,and Andrew Grim. A year or two after the law providing for a larger number, N. H. Swayne, Robert Hay, Wm. Wright, Wm. Hazlett, Henry Barnes, Wm. Carhart, and Samuel Rea were appointed. A few years later we find in this position T. 8. Humrickhouse, Alex. McGowan, W. K. Johnson, James Matthews, Jos. Burns, and Dr. Geo. R. Morton; and at a yet later day J. W. Rue, Bradley Squires, Richard Moode, Thomas Campbell, Wm. Sample, Dr. Josiah Harris, and Rev. H. Calhoun.

The examiners could individually examine. One of them gives the following as illustrative of the examination then in vogue: A man who had been teaching for some time, came to his office. After hearing the applicant read a few lines, the examiner said: "What is that lhttle mark?" (pointing to a comma.) 'Oh! that's one of them there stops that you see in all books." Examiner. " Well, what is it for? or what does this particular one indicate?" Applicant. " Why, it indicates a stop, of course; they're all stops." Pressed with a few more questions, the applicant insisted on being tried in arithmetic, claiming that he was specially well qualified in that. Hzxaminer. " Well, what is arithmetic?" Applicant. " Arithmetic! why, it's a book about figgers," etc. The man wrote a really fair hand, and was posted in practical arithmetic, and got a certificate. Grammar was not then required to be taught in the schools.

1830 was not greatly modified by the Legislature, and was being more and more efliciently carried out, and more widely extended. Districts were multiplied with the rapidly incoming population; new school-houses were being built, and teachers were multiplied. The appliances were, even at the best, still rude; methods mechanical. Dr. Harris, the veteran county school examiner, coming into the county about 1838, visited several schools accounted the best, and reports them as exceedingly limited in their range of study - the highest branch being geography - and crude in their methods.

In the latter part of this period, say from 1840 to 1850, there was a growing conviction that thorough and extended scholarship had not been attained under the public school system as then ordered by law, and this fact and a higher sense of the importance of the religious element in education gave rise to a number of private schools and academies. In this work at Coshocton were engaged Rev. E. Buckingham, and especially Rev. Addison Cottey, both of the Presbyterian Church. The latter built quite a good brick house (now occupied by old lady Ricketts), with the view of making room for boarders, and had for his schoolhouse the building now occupied by W. R. Forker - both buildings being on south Fourth street. The Rev. Mr. Sturgis, of the Protestant Episcopal Church, started an academy at Keene. There was a good school at West Carlisle, under Mr. Stevenson; and an academy at West Bedford, which was very successful under W. R. Powers. About the same time, there was an academy at Van Buren (now Spring Mountain), in Monroe township, of which Dr. Haldeman had charge, and afterward Prof. Geo. Conant. This was under the control of a conference of the M. E. Church. The removal from the county of some of the gentlemen, especially Messrs. Buckingham, Coffey, and Sturgis, involved the discontinuance of some of these institutions, and others were less, or not at all, in demand, by reason of improvements in the public school system. The West Bedford Academy, as a combined private and public school, is still in operation.

Taking advantage of the "Akron law" (so called because, as first passed, it had relation to the city of Akron, but it was afterward extended in its application), passed in 1849, the citizens of Coshocton proceeded to establish a graded school. Wm. K. Johnson, Joseph C. Maginity, J. G. Smith, Joseph Guinthur, and Jacob Waggoner, were chosen by the citizens as the board of education. The school examiners first appointed were Thomas Campbell, Wm. Sample, and Rev. H. Calhoun.* Wm. R. Powers, formerly of New York State, then of Utica, Ohio, was employed as superintendent, assisted in the higher department by Miss Sallie Elder (Mrs. Geo. Dewey). There were two primary schools, presided over by Miss Araminta Bodelle (Mrs. H. N. Shaw) and Miss Caroline Stewart (Mrs. Samuel Denman). Soon a secondary school was started, and taught by Miss Elder, her place in the higher school being supplied by Miss Delia Roberts (Mrs. Houston Hay).

The schools at that time held their sessions in a little frame school-house on the north school-house lot, and in the basement of the Methodist Episcopal and Second Presbyterian churches. The little brick school-house on the public square had become dilapidated, and, owing to the location, objection was made to repairing it. Among the last teachers in it were Messrs. Alexander, Henrigh, James Irvine, and James Dryden.

In 18538, it was determined to erect a suitable schoolhouse. <A considerable amount of feeling was manifested in regard to the location of it. Some were anxious to have

* The following other gentlemen have served in this capacity: T.S. Humrickhouse, Rev. P. H. Jacob, Dr. J. Harris, A. R. Hillyer, J. C. Tidball, Rev. W. E. Hunt, John E. Irvine, Rey. C. W. Wallace, M. C. McFarland, Rev. 8. M. Hickman, J. C. Pomrene, J. R. Johnson, G. W. Cass. The board at present is: Dr. W. C. Frew, W. R. Gault, and "W.S. Crowell, Esqs.

+ Kindred to this building was one with a tablet over the door, bearing the inscription, '' Know thy. if,' about a mile southeast of Coshocton, in the Orangeville district, where the Burts from Orange county, New York, and the Denmans and Condits, from Orange, New Jersey, 'lived. It was torn down in 1872,

School Matters. 132 it erected on the quarter block (two original town-lots), at the northeast corner of Fourth and Main streets, fronting the public square. Others insisted upon placing it upon the square in the north end of the town, given by the origina! proprietors of the town for the purpose. The latter carried the day. The building (a two-story brick, thirty by eighty feet, with belfry, all in Grecian style of architecture) was finished in 1855. A. N. Milner, a merchant and general operator, took the contract at about $4,500. A small allowance was subsequently made, but it was claimed that he was out of pocket very largely, whether by proper cost or through want of management is disputed. The brick work was done by Henry Davis; the carpenter work, etc., by George Hay. The bell was added six or eight years afterward - purchased by the fines paid in that year by violators of the liquor law. When this school-house was built, the board of education was composed of B. R. Shaw, J.C. Tidball, Jacob Waggoner, A. L. Cass, H. Cantwell, and Wm. Sample.

The following names appear in the list of those serving in this capacity subsequently: John Frew, Thomas Campbell, H. N. Shaw, James Dryden, J. G. Stewart, Henry Davis, W. H. Robinson, A. J. Wilkin, J. C. Pomrene, A. . H. Spangler, D. F. Denman. The board at this time embraces J. M. Compton, J. S. Wilson, H. N. Shaw, C. H. Johnston, Henry Davis, and W. W. Walker.

To meet the demands by reason of the increased population, the board in 1871 erected a two-story brick on the Denmead and Taylor lots, in John Burt's subdivision. H. Davis and Harrison Waggoner were the builders.

In 1874, a small frame was erected on the north schoolhouse lot, and the accommodations being still insufficent, two primary schools were set up in a private house on Chestnut street just east of the railroad.

In 1876, an imposing three-story front addition was built on the Burt tract. The plans were furnished by Johnson* & Kremler, of Columbus, and the work done by the Cosh-

W. R. Powers, as superintendent of "Coshocton Union School," was succeeded (removing to West Bedford) in 1854 by W. A. McKee (now of Knoxville, Iowa), and he in 1857 by T. V. Milligan (now pastor of old Presbyterian church in Steubenville), and he in 1859 by John Giles (now of Springfield, Massachusetts), and he in fall of 1864 by C. Forney (now of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania), and he in 1868 by Geo. Conant, the present principal. There are at this time ten assistant teachers.

In 1870, the Presbyterian church of Coshocton made a proposition to give the frame church building for a schoolhouse, and a strip of ground (now occupied by the parsonage) whereon to erect a boarding-house, to a board of trustees appointed by the session, but including representative members of other denominations, to the number of twothirds of the board, if the community would assist in securing not less than $5,000, wherewith to erect the boarding-house. Over $4,000 dollars were subscribed (all but $300) by members of the Presbyterian church, but the community manifested so little interest in this movement to secure the " Coshocton Female College," that the church, after waiting a year, withdrew the proposition, and proceeded to erect a parsonage with the fund so far as it had been contributed within the church.

A few years later, Rev. Mr. Lee, of the Methodist Episcopal church, the president of an institution called the " One Study University,' undertook to establish a branch or feeder of that university, under the name of " Coshocton College," but this effort also was quite abortive - the concern leading a feeble life for a year or so, and then passing away.

Outside of the public schools at this writing the only work in this line being done is at Bloomfield, where Rey. T. D. Duncan, of the Presbyterian church, is conducting a small classical school, and by Rev. Mr. Nunemacher giving lessons in German to quite a large class.*

The citizens of Roscoe, at a meeting held at the house of C. W. Simmons, on the 15th of March, 1851, voted, according to law, fora union school, and on the 29th of the same month elected the following board of education, viz: John Carhart, John Dodd, John Burns, James Hill, Maro Johnson, and Arnold Medberry. A month later a site for a school house was purchased for $250, and a contract was made with 8. W. Brown, Dennis Chapin, and Samuel Hutchinson for the erection of a brick building, one story, to cost $2,450. When the building was completed some complaint was made as to the workmanship, and the price actually paid was $2,352. The board employed B. W. Lewis, of Ashland county, as principal, and H. Stephens and Charles Hoy were employed as assistant teachers, each to labor half the time. The board of examiners was composed of Dr. M. Johnson, James Hill, and James Le Retilley. Mr. Lewis, after teaching two months, was compelled to resign on account of his health; and, on his recommendation, Charles R. Shreve, of Massilon,.was elected principal. He continued in that position until 1858. The principals since have been R. N. Smith, 1859-61; C. S. W. Griffith, 1861-62; M. Travis, 1862-638; 8S. Cox, 1863-64; A. W. Oder, 1865; R. Hogue, 1866; G. E. Campbell, 1866-69 ; W. Nicholas, 1869-70; G. E. Campbell, 1870-72; T. Carnahan, 1872 to present time. The assistant teachers, at this time, are Eliza Hutchinson and Juliet Gardiner. The present board of directors are Henry Carhart, J. C. Harrison and Robert Dickerson.

From 1865 to 1876, there has been much improvement in school buildings and appliances throughout the county. Besides the new school-houses in Coshocton, very creditable structures have been erected in a considerable number of localities, and these, and many of the older but still good houses, have been fitted up with the modern and attractive style of desks, ete.

fitted for college the majority of those who have gone in that time. Among these last were J. R. Johnson, T. H. Johnson, P. 8S. Campbell, G, W. Cass, Joseph K. Cass, Miss Jennie Nicholas, Charles Ingraham.

One of the neatest school-houses in the county, outside of Coshocton, is that at West Lafayette - a two-story brick, with belfry. It was built in 1873. T. H. Familton, Velzer Shaw, and Lewis Leighninger, were at the time directors. Wm. Gorseline was at that time, and had been for a period before, in charge of the school. H. W. Harbaugh is, at this writing, in charge of it.

There is also a very nice two-story frame building in Jacobsport, built in 1873. The directors, at the time, were L. Carhart, T. P. Latham, and Alonzo Sibley. The teachers, at present, are S. P. Woodward and Miss Anna Johnson.

In 1871, a good school-house was erected at Warsaw. The directors then were N. Buckalew, Joseph Orr, and John Lenhart. John Crawford is the Centennial year principal ofthe school. There is a good school-house (two-story frame) at Keene, in which John M. Finley is "the presiding genius." The school-house at East Union is a good two-story frame. New Castle also has a very creditable building.

The school-house at West Carlisle, and the academies at Spring Mountain and West Carlisle, though not new buildings, are all good and well fitted up - each being a frame two-story structure. Canal Lewisville has a neat brick school-house, and the district just east of Coshocton one - both recently built.

The following statistics give a distinct view of the school affairs in the county for the year 1875: Number of school districts, 189; number of persons engaged in teaching during the year, 285; number of pupils enrolled, 7,692; average daily attendance, 3,839; amount paid for sites and buildings, $5,452; contingent expenses, $7,981; for teachers' wages, $39,280 ; average of teachers' wages per month, $40.00.

A complete list of those who have been engaged, in all the years past, in teaching, would embrace the names of very many hundreds of the excellent women and vigorous men of the county. Of those who, at this writing, may be designated as. teachers, not to repeat those already mentioned, the following may be named as most acceptable and successful. Mrs. Conant, Mrs. Carnahan, Misses H. Hogle, Ida Pugh, 8. Sample, Isa Campbell, Sallie Anderson, Tip Elliott, Ella Johnston, Pauline Weiser, Cassie Raymer, Rebecca J. Trego, Mary Gorham, Elizabeth Magness, Ellen Horn, Nora Crawford, Linda Lanning, Jennie M. Myser, Lyda Hutchins, Melissa Stonehocker, Kate Elliott, Eliza Hutchinson, Elizabeth L. Barnes, Eliza J. Creighton, Bell Simpson, Nannie Jones, Maggie S. Phillips, Sarah E. Buchanan, Juliet W. Gardner, Lucy Dodd, Charlotte Hogle Kate Boyd, and Emma Massa; and Messrs. John Wagner, S. P. Woodward, H. K. Knaval, J. M. Williams, W. K. Spencer, Jas. D. Phillips, H. 8. Mulford, Edgar Carroll, Wm. C. Thomas, Sam') A. Boyd, 8. P. Snyder, J. F. Myser, J. F. Hastings, F. M. Murphy, Lewis V. Cox, Geo. W. McDonald, J. B. Barcroft, Jas. 8. Beall, Jas. P. Lawyer, C. C. Emerson, Wm. Gorsline, H. T. Wheeler, Wm. Fulks, Jno. W. Bell, Jacob Brewer, F. M. Ogilvie, O. M. Seward, Geo. D. Hill, W. 8S. Kilpatrick, D. A. Barcroft, Jonathan Lenhart, Wilber G. Williams, Isaac Loder, and H. B. Barnes.

Under the old law, the school examiners held their office for two years. The number for some time was at least two in each township, and the changes were frequent, so that the list would embrace scores of names. Ifa man, in those days, was not a school examiner, one of three things might be concluded - either he would not be bothered with the office, or he had not any noticeable literary attainments, or he was not politician enough to secure the appointment.

Under the law (in force since 1851) vesting the appointment in the probate judge, and providing for only three examiners for the county, the following is the list, with term of service: C. R. Shreve, teacher, 1851-59* ; John E. Irvine, teacher, 1851-54*; Wm. R. Powers, teacher, 1851-56* ; John T. Simmons, Esq., 1854-56; Rev. H. Calhoun, 1856-58*; Wm. A. McKee, teacher, 1854-58 ;* J. J.

With the impulse given, teacher's institutes, under the auspices of the County Teachers' Association, were inaugurated about 1852. By the,state law asmall amount could be drawn, for this work, from the county treasury, upon the condition that a like amount be contributed by the teachers and friends of education.

Probably the most enthusiastic friends of this undertaking, in its original form, were C. R. Shreve, principal of | the Roscoe school, and Rev. H. Calhoun, and Dr. J. Harris, of Coshocton. After a few annual meetings - partly owing to the removal from the county of Mr. Shreve and Mr. Calhoun - the institute work was discontinued. Under the law setting aside, for this purpose, the fees paid by applicants for teachers' certificates, the institute was revived about 1865, and there has since been an annual effort (and for one year, two) in that direction. Dr. J. Harris, Wm. E. Hunt, Prof. Geo. Conant and wife, Prof. T. Carnahan and wife, W. C. Thomas, Wm. Gorsline, W. Nicholas, I. Compton, Geo. Hill, Misses H. Hogle, and Ida Pugh have been officially and prominently connected with this work. The officers for 1876 are as follows: President, J.T. Moore ; Executive Committee, Wm. Gorsline, Thomas Carnahan, and Eph. Ellis; Secretary, E. L. Retilley; Treasurer, Ida A. Pugh.

Among the instructors and lecturers engaged in connection with this work have been Professors Tappan, Marsh, Kidd, Henkle, White, Mendenhall, Andrews, Williams, T. W. Harvey, Knisely, and other gentlemen, well known in connection with such matters, residing elsewhere than in Coshocton county. Prof. Conant and Mrs. Conant, Dr. J. Harris and Rev. Wm. E. Hunt, have also been employed in the capacity of instructors and lecturers.

Chapter Xvii Military Affairs

Mi.itary spirit has in all its history been largely manifested in Coshocton county. "Fighting blood" abounded among the early settlers. Nearly every neighborhood had its champion wrestler or fighter. Personal combats were frequent - often accounted a fitting close for every public day, ranking along with horse-racing. and rifle-shooting. Pages could be written showing the strength and prowess of some of the old-time heroes, especially as detailed by some of their boon companions. At aterm of court held in 1813, twelve indictments were found "for fighting at fisticuffs by agreement," including one against the sheriff of the county. In these appear the even yet well known names, Van Kirk, Markley, Hill, Cantwell, Williams, Cain, Roderick, Neweum, and Clark.

A citizen, coming in some fifteen years later, details how he frequently heard little companies of men quietly talking together and discussing the question as to who was "the best man." And upon the facts coming out it would always appear that this phrase did not denote the man of - mind, and heart, and good character, but the man of muscle - the brawniest, bulliest fellow!

The " musters " were the big occasions, brightening the eyes of citizens generally, and affording a fine field for ambition, and producing a large crop of Majors, Colonels, and Generals. Thus came Generals Johnston, Burns, Meredith, Workman, etc.; Colonels Swigert, Ferguson, Ravenscraft, etc.; and Majors Frew, Robinson, ete. Much might be written presenting the tamer or the more ludicrous aspects of the "corn-stalk" musters, and trainings, and drillings of the "citizen soldiery." But these things were in nowise peculiar to Coshocton county, and all the old chroniclers tell of them.

"We all in fancy now see the gentleman in that most dangerous and glorious event in the life of a militia general on the peace establishment - a parade day! The day for which all other days of his life seem to have been made. We can see the troops in motion - umbrellas, hoe and axehandles, and other like deadly implements of war overshadowing all the field - when, lo! the leader of the host approaches ; ' far off his coming shines.' His plume white, after the fashion of the great Bourbon, is of ample length, and reads its doleful history in the bereaved necks and bosoms of forty neighboring hen-roosts! Like the great Suwaroff, he seems somewhat careless in forms and points of dress; hence his epaulettes may be on his shoulders, back, or sides, but still gleaming, gloriously gleaming in thesun. Mounted he is, too, let it not be forgotten. Need I describe to the colonels and generals of this honorable house the steed which heroes bestride on such occasions ? No, I see the memory of other days is with you. You see before you the gentleman from Michigan, mounted on his crop-eared, bushy-tailed mare, the singular obliquities of whose hinder limbs are described in that most expressive phrase, 'sickle hams;' her height just fourteen hands, 'all told" Yes, sir; there you see his 'steed that laughs at the shaking of the spear;' that is, his ' war-horse whose neck is clothed with thunder.' Mr. Speaker, we have glowing descriptions in history of Alexander the Great and his war-horse, Bucephalus, at the head of the invincible Macedonian phalanx ; but, sir, such are the improvements of modern times, that every one must see that our militia general, with his crop-eared mare with bushy tail and sickle ham, would literally frighten off a battlefield a hundred Alexanders. But, sir, to the history of the parade day. The general, thus mounted and equipped, is in the field

*In a speech in the House of Representatives, February 14, 1840, in answer to Hon. Isaac E. Crary, of Michigan. Corwin several times spoke at Coshocton - the last time in 1860.

and ready for action. On the eve of some desperate enterprise, such as giving order to shoulder arms, it may be, there occurs a crisis - one of the accidents of war which no sagacity could foresee or prevent. A cloud arises and passes over the sun! Here an occasion occurs for the display of that greatest of all traits in the character of a commander - that tact which enables him to seize upon and turn to good account events unlooked for as they arise. Now for the caution wherewith the Roman. Fabius foiled the skill and courage of Hannibal. <A retreat is ordered, aud troops and general, in a twinkling, are found safely bivouacked in a neighboring grocery! But even here the general still has room for the exhibition of heroic deeds. Hot from the field, and chafed with the untoward events of the day, your general unsheathes his trenchant blade, eighteen inches in length, as you will well remember, and with an energy and remorseless fury he slices the watermelons that lie in heaps around him, and shares them with his surviving friends. Other of the sinews of war are not wanting here. Whisky, Mr. Speaker, that great leveler of modern times, is here also; and the shells of the watermelons are filled to the brim. Here, again, Mr. Speaker, is shown how the extremes of barbarism and civilization meet. As the Scandanavian heroes of old, after the fatigues of war, drank wine from the skulls of their slaughtered enemies, in Odin's halls, so now our militia general and his forces, from the skulls of melons thus vanquished, in copious draughts of whisky assuage the heroic fire of their souls, after the bloody scenes of a parade day. But alas for this short-lived race of ours, ali things will have an end; and so even it is with the glorious achievements of our general. Time is on the wing, and will not stay his flight. The sun, asif frightened at the mighty events of the day, rides down the sky; and at the close of the day, when 'the hamlet is still, the curtain of nigbt drops upon the scene -

War Of 1812

It was proposed originally that this work, as giving special prominence, though far from exclusive attention, to the days of "the fathers," should contain a list of all the soldiers of the war of 1812. But success has not crowned efforts in this direction. The recollection of the few survivors is unreliable and incomplete; the statements made by those supposing themselves informed contradictory. Repeated applications to the War Department were declined, with information that, while answers will be given in relation to individuals, when company, etc., are given, lists will not be furnished or allowed.

There are reports that, at the outset of the war, a considerable number of citizens, chiefly from the south and west parts of the county, joined a company that was being raised by Lewis Cass. This detachment was surrendered by Hull, and sent home on parole.

Under a requisition from the governor, Judge Isaac Evans responded with a full company, marching to Franklinton (across the Scioto from Columbus), where they were mustered into service, and furnished with uniforms and United States muskets. They v.ere in the forces of General Harrison. Their period of service was six months.

Captain Tanner is reported to have taken a company from the southern part of the county, and mention is also made of Captain Beard's company.

Detailed for the protection of "the Mansfield frontier," under command of Colonel Charles Williams, by order of Return J. Meigs, Governor of Ohio:

Abraham Miller, ensign; Thomas Foster, first sergeant ; John M, Miller, second sergeant ; Frederick Markley, third sergeant; Robert Culbertson, fourth sergeant; John H. Miller, first corporal; Zebedee Baker, second corporal ; John M. Bantham, third corporal; John D. Moore, fourth corporal.

It will be observed that this force was a volunteer rifle company. The men, as they went out, wore new yellow hunting-shirts, trimmed with white fringe, and each carried his own trusty rifle and tomahawk and scalping-knife. The company was summoned to the field under the impulse given by the account of the massacre of the Copeland family, near Mansfield, by some Indians. It was mustered into service August 25, 1812, and mustered out September 25th of the same year.

Colonel Charles Williams went along with the force in the capacity of scout and general adviser, and in expectation of taking charge of a regiment, if occasion might offer or necessity require.

One of the sentinels of the company shot a cow, mistaking it in the dark for an Indian. An Indian, supposed to be a scout, was discovered behind a tree and killed and scalped, the scalp being an adornment of one Om the riflemen for years afterward.

In addition to those whose names appear in the foregoing list the following are reported as having rendered service in the war of 1812: Peter Moore, Charles Miller, John G. Pigman, Thomas Johnson, Richard Johnson, Andrew Mc- Clain, Samuel Elson, Francis Smith, W. R. Clark, James

Some of the saltpeter used for making powder for the war of 1812 was collected a few miles south of Roscoe. The " caves" formed by projecting rocks had in the decomposed stone on their floors a great deal of nitrate of lime, which, being leached with wood-ashes and exposed to the air and sun, gave nitrate of potash, a high-priced material in those war times, wherewith to make powder.

Mexican War

On the first call for troops for the Mexican war, more than a hundred citizens of Coshocton county sprang to arms, although the whole State of Ohio was asked to furnish only some 2,400.

On the 5th of June these embarked on a canal-boat at Roscoe, destined for the " Halls of the Montezumas." Upon reaching Camp Washington, near Cincinnati, a full company was mustered into the service, and became part of the Third Ohio regiment.

A considerable number of the Coshocton boys went into what was commonly spoken of as the Union company, made up of soldiers from Muskingum, Morgan, and Coshocton counties.

The full Coshocton company was oflicered as follows: Captain, Jesse H. Meredith; First Lieutenant, J. M. Love; Second Lieutenant, 8. B. Crowley ; Third Lieutenant, Jos. D. Workman. Seven of this company were lost by the casualties of war. This force was under General Taylor, but was not in any considerable battle.

There was also a considerable number of Coshocton county boys in Captain Hart's (afterward Captain Irvine's) company, which became part of the Fourth Ohio regiment. This was raised under the call for troops in 1847. The term of service of the first forces was one year, and they

It is reported that there are now in the county only seveu Mexican war survivors, the rest having died or removed. Joseph Sawyer sports the medal of the Veteran Association, a handsome bronze shield, made out of cannon captured in the war.

The War Of 1861-5

The people of Coshocton county, as those of all other localities, were watching with intensest interest the occurrences of the winter of 1860-61. Whatever the personal sympathies, political attachments, or peaceful proclivities, none were indifferent. When Lincoln, in the latter part of February, passed through the town of Coshocton on his way to the national capital, he was greeted by an immense throng of anxious citizens. The news of the fall of Sumter caused hereabouts as elsewhere a thrill that passed and repassed along the nerves of the people. Many of the settlers had come from south of Mason and Dixon's line, and had tender recollections of their old homes and the people therein. But the war spirit was not wanting, even among these, and as promptly as in any county the masses of the people were up in arms. Under the first call of the president, two companies of men were enlisted for three months' service. One of them was commanded by Captain James Irvine,j and the other by Captain R. W. McLain. They were mustered into the Sixteenth Ohio Regiment, of which Irvine became colonel, John D. Nicholas taking command

* Charles McCloskey, of Coshocton (now of Steubenville), at the time of the Mexican war, was a soldier in the regular army, and one of the storming party or "forlorn hope" at the capture of the City of Mexico, when he was terribly wounded, and for a long time near to death. Upon his return to Coshocton, after his recovery, a salute was fired by some of his old comrades, and, by the premature discharge of the cannon, Joseph Sawyer and John Richards lost each an arm, care ried away by the rammer.

+R. M. Voorhees, Esq., lays claim to having been the first man to put his name on paper in the recruiting of this company. It is said that N. R. Tidball claims the same distinction.

of the company. The regiment, as will be remembered, was sent to Western Virginia, and smelled a little powder at Philipi. These forces were sworn in for three months' service, and rendered it. Before this time was up, however, it became manifest that the suppression of the rebellibn was to be no ninety days' job. Promptly, Josiah Given, Esq., who had seen service in the Mexican War, set about raising another company for three years' service, under the second call of the president, and in a little time another hundred of the youth and strength of Coshocton county were mustered in, and became part of the Twentyfourth Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry. There soon followed another hundred, entering the Thirty-second Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry, with Captain Stanley, First Lieutenant C. C. Nichols, and Second Lieutenant Geo. Jack. Then, indeed, were the piping times of war. <At every cross-road was a recruiting station. Within a few months, nearly a thousand men were recruited. The most of these were mustered into the Fifty-first and Eightieth Regiments Ohio Volunteer Infantry, which rendezvoused at Camp Meigs, near Canal Dover. In the Fifty-first were Companies D, F, H, and I, commanded respectively by Captains John G. Patton, D. W. Marshall, John D. Nicholas, and James Crooks, and about one-half of Company C, commanded by Captain Hesket, was also made up of Coshocton boys. Of this regiment R. W. McLain was made lieutenant-colonel, and D.W. Marshall, adjutant, both of Coshocton county. In the Hightieth Regiment there were three companies and a considerable part of a fourth. The commissioned officers of the three companies were as follows: Company F, Captain Pren Metham; First Lieutenant James Carnes ; Second Lieutenant F. H. Farmer : Company G, Captain Wm. Marshall; First Lieutenant Peter Hack ; Second Lieutenant John Kors: Company H, Captain G. W. Pepper; First Lieutenant John Kinney ; Second Lieutenant J. W. Doyle. The major of this regiment was Richard Lanning.*

While the Fifty-first and Eightieth were being collected, J. V. Heslip raised a considerable squad in this county, for the Sixty-ninth Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry, and R. W. Burt, formerly a resident of the county, came up from Newark and enlisted a few Coshocton boys for a regiment being raised in Licking county. In the summer and fall of 1862, four companies were raised for the Ninety-seventh and One Hundred and Twenty-second Regiments Ohio Volunteer Infantry. Of one of those in the Ninety-seventh, E. Shaffer was captain, Martin Weiser first lieutenant, and G. W. Smailes second lieutenant. Of the other, C. C. Nichols was captain; N. McLain first lieutenant, and C. H. "Matthews second lieutenant.

Of those in the One Hundred and Twenty-second, B. F. Sells and Dr. O. C. Farquhar were captains, Joseph Work and G. H. Barger first lieutenants, and James M. Sells and Anderson second lieutenants. About the time these companies were being raised, Colonel James Irvine, commissioned to raise a regiment of cavalry, secured some fifty men in Coshocton county, who were mustered in the Ninth Ohio Volunteer Cavalry. In the summer of 1863, a draft was ordered. The enrollment reported, in August of that year, three thousand and nine persons in the county subject to military duty. Of these some eight hundred were of the second class (between thirty-five and forty-five years of age, and not subject to duty until the first class, from twentyfive to thirty-five, was exhausted). On the day fixed for examination of claims for exemption, there was a pretty good mass-meeting in the public square in Coshocton. Many claims were justly made and allowed. The horrors of the draft were largely diminished as the whole process was better understood. The results of it in securing soldiers in Coshocton county are not readily accessible; but it is believed that they were not widely different from those in the country at large, as follows: On the 19th of October, 1863, the provost-marshal general reported that of every farmer in earlier years; afterward studied law, and was prosecuting attorney of the county when commissioned. He was about fifty years of age. His body was sent home, and lies in the Coshocton Cemetery.

one hundred and fifty men drafted, thirty never reported, being thoroughly disinclined to the service or confident of their legal right to exemption. Of the one hundred and twenty reporting, seventy-two were excused. Of the fortyeight held for service, twenty-four paid the commutation, sixteen furnished substitutes, and the balance, being eight, -went to the field. In an effort to arrest drafted men in Crawford township, three men were shot. A few of the citizens of Coshocton county, excited by stories of personal outrage and official mismanagement, gathered their old shot-guns, and repaired to Napoleon, Holmes county, whence fearful accounts of resistance to the draft were soon sent out; but no Coshocton county blood was there spilled.

An incident of the Napoleon excitement was the march of a detachment of bronzed soldiers, in charge of a small gun, which had been sent by the governor to Napoleon, down the Walhonding valley to Coshocton, where they took the cars for Camp Chase.

During the Morgan raid excitement Coshocton became the depository of the treasures of the banks of Cadiz, which were brought hither and put in the vault of Joseph K. Johnson & Co.'s bank. Morgan, on his way to Columbus, after his capture, spent a few minutes in Coshocton.

The men drafted or going as substitutes were allowed the privilege of going into companies and regiments in which their friends and associates were, and the ranks of some of these were thus increased. The generous provision made by the township for the relief of the families of those in the service, and the bounties offered, bore their fruits in the enlistment of many scores of men in the summer and fall of 1868; and, while no new organizations were formed, several hundred men went during that season out of Coshocton county into the military service.

In the fall of 1863, some seven volunteer military companies were, by state authority, organized and drilled under the name of Ohio National Guards. On the 25th of April, 1864, these were ordered by the governor to take the field. They rendezvoused at the fair-ground in Coshocton, and after a few days proceeded to Columbus. After inspection, some five hundred men were selected out of the nearly seven hundred men, and two companies were placed in the One Hundred and Forty-second Regiment, and three in the One Hundred and Forty-third Regiment. The companies in the One Hundred and Forty-second Regiment had the following commissioned officers: Captains L. B. Wolf and Caleb Wheeler; First Lieutenants John Weatherwax and D. L. Lawson; Second Lieutenants B. F. Leighninger and -. On the staff of the regiment was A. H. Fritchey, quartermaster. Of the One Hundred and Fortythird Regiment, John D. Nicholas was lieutenant-colonel. The commissioned officers of the companies were as follows : Captains N. R. Tidball, Jno. L. Dougherty, and Jas. Ririe ; First Lieutenants D. F. Denman, A. J. Stover, and James Crawford ; Second Lieutenants John Willis, D. Rose, and Nat. Elliott. They were mustered into the United States service, May 18, 1864, and mustered out September 138th, of the same year,

A few men were secured in Coshocton for the gun-boat service. Dr. S. H. Lee and Dr. A. G. Brown, of Coshocton, and Dr. Edwards, of West Carlisle, represented Coshocton in the medical department, and Rev. G. W. Pepper, of the Methodist Episcopal church at Keene, was chaplain, as well as captain of acompany. And there was no arm of the service that did not find some of its strength in the warm hearts and brawny arms of Coshocton county boys.*

It is not in the plan of this work to trace the career of those entering the military service after leaving the county. They were absorbed in the larger bodies of which they became part, and the record of these is in the general history of the war. They were given by the county to this service, and most of them proved worthy representatives of it. It is estimated that in all there entered the service

* Major-General William Burns, of the regular United States army, and Lieutenant Poe, of the United States navy, were born and bred in Coshocton county.

nearly twenty-five hundred men, and of these between three and four hundred fell by the casualties of war. There is not a graveyard in Coshocton county but holds the ashes of some of them, and scores of them rest in "' the south-land.''*

To promote enlistments and serve as counselors in relation to all military matters, the following persons acted, by appointment of the governor, as a military committee for Coshocton county: A. L. Cass, Houston Hay, Seth Mc- Lain, J. D. Nicholas, and D. Rodahaver. Soldiers' aid societies were formed in almost every school district, gathering up comforts and delicacies for the camps and hospitals in which were the "boys." Rev. A. McCartney, of Keene township, and Joseph Elliott and Rev. C. W. Wallace, of Coshocton, visited the '" Army of the Cumberland " as delegates of the United States Christian Commission.

* In the Coshocton Cemetery is buried a young Confederate soldier, who died in the cars when near Coshocton while being transported as a prisoner of war.

Chapter Xviii

Tuer Coshocton County Bible Society was organized in April, 1830. It has distributed by sale and gift some six thousand dollars' worth of Bibles and Testaments in the county, and paid over to the American Bible Society for its benevolent work in the home and foreign field some twelve hundred dollars.

Sunday-School Association

Some ten years ago, a county sunday-school association was formed, but after a brief period became extinct. W. H. Robinson was Pres.; Dr. E. Sapp, V. P.; J. Glover, Treas.; J. R. Johnson, Cor. Sec.; W. J. Moffit, Rec. Sec. In the summer of 1876, a new association was organized. Pres., Joseph Frew; Sec., L. Disney; Treas., J. G. Magaw.

Temperance Movements

The various temperance movements of the country at large have always been to greater or less extent engaged in by the people of Coshocton county. And in few regions has there been either more need for the work or more faithfulness in it. Records which, if given in detail and in such way as to make the account one of personal and local interest, would perpetuate family shame and mortify personal and local pride, tell in general that Coshocton county has contributed its full quota of victims to " the monster evil."

From the days of the Washingtonians, on through Sons of Temperance, Cadets of Temperance, Good Templars, Women's Leagues, there have always been those to "lift up the standard against the enemy." The records of many of these organizations and societies are not now to be had, and it is not deemed best to make herein transfers from them, at best only partial.

In early days, every shop, tavern, and trading-place sold whisky. In 1820, there were not less than thirteen such places in Coshocton county, then including the lower half of Holmes county, and having a population of 7,086.

In 1876, with a population of some 23,000, there are in the county forty-five drug-stores, saloons, etc., paying tax to the United States government on sales of liquor.

Lodges of Good Templars are at this date reported in West Bedford, Mohawk Village, and Coshocton; and Women's Leagues in Warsaw, Jacobsport, and Coshocton.

Among the more noticeable movements, we mention two, partly because the record of these was more distinctly made and can now be readily traced.

In the month of March, 1870, in the village of Coshocton, a meeting was called (and held in the Frame Presbyterian Church) to devise, if possible, some more efficient measures looking to the removal of the evils of intemperance from our community. After some discussion, it was resolved to put in the field, at the approaching spring election, a ticket pledged to pass and enforce the " McConnellsville Ordinance," as it was commonly called, or some other of similar sort. Each of the great parties had already presented its ticket. In due time, after a brief but vigorous campaign, the following " Citizens' Ticket" was elected: Mayor, Hiram Beall; Clerk, H. O. Smith; Treasurer, G. F. Cassingham; Marshal, John Taylor; Councilmen, F. E. Barney, W. 8. Tidball, Wm. E. Hunt, Geo. Ross, J. 8. Williams, and Josiah Glover.* The average vote for the gentlemen on this ticket was one hundred and forty-three; the total number of votes cast in the corporation that year being three hundred and fifty.

The ordinance having been passed, and vigor displayed as to the enforcement of all temperance laws, four saloons were closed entirely, and the others put under much restraint. But eminent legal ability soon discovered weak places, and the delinquents always got the benefit of them, and of doubts. The tax-payers grew restive under the expenses of trials, etc., and public sentiment, never really as to majority, but only by plurality, on the side of this movement, failed to support the movement, and in due course put into the controlling municipal places those who, while preserving the form of the ordinance, had no sympathy with its spirit.

The recent famous " Crusade," or * Prayer Work," or " Women's Whisky War," as variously termed by the journals of the day, may be said to have been commenced in Coshocton, February 15, 1874.

On the evening of that day (Sabbath) a mass meeting of "the friends of temperance" in the village of Coshocton was held in the Methodist Episcopal Church, to consider the new movement, and the propriety of inaugurating it here. The meeting was presided over by the mayor, and addressed by a number of speakers, the general drift of whose remarks was in favor of "the movement" already sweeping up from the southwestern part of the state, and immensely '" written up" in the papers.

On the 21st of February (Saturday), "the visiting band" of women, led by the venerable Mrs. D. Spangler (after frequent conferences among themselves, and direct or indirect conference with those who professed that " the secret-of the Lord was with them;" and who, " knew that the Lord was in this movement," and that all the pains and toils would be light when the success was achieved), began their visitation of the saloons. The day was exceedingly stormy ; efforts were contined to pleading with those in the business to give it up. After some days, the prayer exercises were entered upon. Usually the ladies were allowed to come into the premises, the proprietor often, however, being out at the time. But at length the exercises were conducted upon the pavement, often in the chill March winds and amid the rain and snow. Meanwhile public meetings were held every evening, at which addresses were made by popular speakers more or less in sympathy with the work, and relations of the experience of reformed drinkers and reports of the women's work were given in. At these great crowds were present, filling the largest rooms available - the Methodist Episcopal Church, Central Hall, the Presbyterian Church, and the Opera House. Morning prayer meetings of large proportions also were held. Pledges were circulated; the newspapers and the lawyers were completely enlisted to put no hindrance in the way, but rather to help "the women," with whom, in their sorrows and general purposes, there was as yet almost universal sympathy, whatever might be thought of some of the methods. Still, no "surrenders"? were made, and it was evident, possibly with a view to what followed, that larger sales than ever were being made, especially by a drug store or two, whence flasks were being largely carried out, which probably came into play when the saloons were more closely guarded, or even practically closed.

At length "pickets"? were set in each drinking place or as a guard before the door. Two women, often closely blanketed and with warm bricks at the feet, sat hour after hour, until relieved by others sent out by "the officer of the day," by authority of "the League." At length, after days of uneasiness and nights of anxiety and devising, the establishment having the smallest stock and doing the smallest trade surrendered, with the understanding that the liquors should be purchased by the League or its friends, and also the U. 8. internal revenue license. And then followed another and another - the liquors were poured into the gutter, the brass band played, the church and courthouse bells rang, the men shouted, the women sang aud cried and prayed; the strange enthusiasm was felt in every home to greater or less extent. Then came a lull. Prosecutions, under the temperance ordinance, were now tried. Money was wanted, and came in slowly. Somehow a great deal of liquor was still drunk. Although a few hundred dollars' worth had been captured, it was known that there were thousands of dollars' worth still in the town. With little observable signs of trade - none when the pickets were around - the breath of many still had the odor of beer, or what even seemed more discouraging, whisky; because indicating a readiness to take the stimulant in even more concentrated and damaging form. One man coming out of a meat shop connected with a saloon, with a large basket exhibiting some fine beefsteaks only, he was closely watched, and was detected in distributing flasks to his thirsty old customers assembled in a hay-mow.

Curiously enough, as some thought, the establishments which had females connected with them were the most pertinacious in their rejection of all terms proposed by the League. Still the women held on, evincing the depth of their feeling and the strength of their purpose. At length more surrenders, mainly of empty barrels and old fixtures, were made. These were, in two cases, sold at auction - the proceeds to go to the proprietors.* Glasses brought five dollars a piece, and other things in similar proportion.

But now the actual results of this work, as done elsewhere, were beginning to come out in the papers. Little difficulties began to grow up inside "the League." It was apparent that some were chiefly interested in the movement from its bearing upon personal notoriety, political preferment or supposed party gain, or sexual advancement or denominational popularity. Soon there was talk about bad faith and broken pledges, of divers sorts. An election was approaching, and interest began to center init. The temperance people were unfortunate in their selection of a ticket, and on the first Monday of April received an unmistakable blow. A few weeks later the temperance ordinance, passed by the temperance council of 1870, was " modified,"

What occurred at the county seat, with slight mutations, occurred at the villages all through the county. Probably the point of most interest after Coshocton was Warsaw, which, like Coshocton, has always been a little unfortunate in having some of the meanest whisky or whisky-drinkers in the country. To their credit, be it said, that many 'who "signed the pledge" during this movement, are still keeping it, as some of them had done before for many months, in connection with other movements; and several of those who then relinquished the business have not since engaged in it.

Whatever results followed - whatever extravagances marked its course - no thoughtful one can deny, that in the attention aroused to the monster evils of intemperance in the discussions pertaining to it, in the more thorough instruction of the young, the crusade accomplished much good. The estimate of female influence and essential divinity may be lower. The idea that those who can not prevail with God, and over the passions and appetites of those whom they love and by whom they are loved - their fathers, husbands, brothers, and sons - to the inducing of them to give up the use of drinks, can yet without fail prevail over those, it may be, alien to them in race and religion, to resist their passion for easy living and the love of gain ("the accursed thirst for gold,' as the poet says), may not be so generally accepted as it once was; but the crusade was no failure, in at least some important aspects. And though, with some, "distance may lend enchantment to the view," its work in Coshocton county was as effective as elsewhere, where it encountered the same conditions.

And what is true of this is also true of the many movements preceding it. People who talk of "no progress" in this great subject, must surely look out only to the narrow circle of their own personal grievances, or have queer ideas of progress. They certainly can not stand with the writer of these sketches, and see the river of fire in its tortuous flow along the years covered by this work. They would at least see indications that the springs of the river were very certainly, if gradually, losing their volume and depth of color. Even in the face of the saddening and disgraceful fact that there are in Coshocton county to-day so many drinking places and so much intemperance, no one who has studied the whole movement will say there has been no progress, unless determined to argue in advance "that the former days were better than these days." From the days that church authorities in Coshocton county must spend hour after hour in cases of discipline arising out of intemperance - from the days that a popular politician could haul a barrel of whisky to the public square, in front of the polls, and, tying a couple of tin-cups to the barrel, after knocking out the head, sing out: "Come on, boys!" there would seem to have been at least some change. From the days when every store kept liquors to the days of back rooms and screens - from the time when the use of liquors was universal to even those in which it is even very general, some progress has been made.

Secret Orders

In early days there was a famous society called the " Hoo! Hoo! Society," composed of a rollicking set of fellows. Unfortunately for the historian, all their proceedings were conducted by "a dark lantern," but it is said that getting '"'on the gridiron" or "riding the goat" were tame things compared with their rites and ceremonies.

Ll. The Pre-Historie Race. 2. Ancient Burial Grounds. 3. Meaning of the names Muskingum, Tuscarawas, and Walhonding. 4. Prose Legend of the Walhonding. 5. Heckwelder's Famous Ride. 6. Temperance Crusude among the Indians. 7. Gnadenhutten Massacre. 8. Curious Stories Touching Captives Reclaimed by Colonel Boquet. 9. Description of Hunting-Shirt. 10. The House and Furniture of the Pioneers in Coshocton Ciunty. 11. Louts Philippe at Coshocton. 12. How to Raise a Large Family. 12. Indian Stories. 13. Backwoods Sports.

The Pre-Historic Race

Dopprip@g, in his " Notes on the Settlement of Western Pennsylvania and Virginia," etc., says, touching the earth forts, mounds, grave-yards, stone-hatchets, and other evidences of a race preceding the Indians :