Franklin Township (part 18 of 19)

Ry this treaty, the boundary was stipulated to be : Begin- ( ning at a point on the Tennessee River, below Tellico ( Block-house, called Wildcat Rock, in a direct line to the Militia Spring, near the Mary ville road ; from the said spring^ to the Chilhowee Mountain, by a line so to be run, as will leave all the farms on Nine Mile Creek to the northward and eastward of it ; and to be continued along Chilhowee Mountain, until it strikes Hawkins's line ; thence along the said line, to the great Iron Mountain ; and from the top of which, a line to be continued, in a south easterly course, to where the most southwardly branch of Little River crosses the divisional line to Tugalo River. From the place of beginning, the Wildcat Rock, down the north-east margin river, (not including islands,) to a point or place, one mile above the junction of that river with the Clinch ; and from thence, by a line to be drawn in a right angle, until it intersects Hawkins's line, leading from Clinch ; thence down the said line to the River Clinch ; thence up the said river to its junction with Emmery's River ; thence up Emmery's River to the foot of Cumberland Mountain ; from thence a line to be drawn north-eastwardly along the foot of the mountain^ until it intersects with Campbell's line.*

The treaty provides for the niniimg and marking of the boundary, and the payment to the Cherokees, for this cession of territory, of five thousand dollars, and an annuity of one thousand dollars.

The people of Greene county participated in the sentiment of the nation, in reference to the difficulties with France. The following proceedings were had :

At a meeting of the citizens of Greene county, held at Greeneville, Tenn., Colonel Daniel Kennedy was called to the chair, and George Duffield appointed secretary. A committee was appointed to *' draw up and transmit to General Washington an address, expressive of the grateful sensibilities of the people, at his acceptance of the appointment of Lieutenant-General and Commander-in-Chief of the American Armies at the present eventful crisis." The committee discharged the duty assigned, and received from General Washington this reply :

Gentlemen : - Having once more engaged in the arduous duties of public life, (after I had retired therefrom, with the most ardent wishes and pleasing hopes, that no circumstances would occur to call me from my peaceful abode, during the few remaining years of my life,) I cannot be msensible to the approbation of my feliow-citizens ; and while I thank yon, gentlemen, for your warm and friendly address, permit me to obsenre, that I can take no merit to myself for my personal sacrifices I may xnake , in accepting the important trust with which I have been hcmoured ; for when the property of our citizens has been spoiled, oar sovereignty encroached upon, our constituted authorities threatened, can that man be deserving the appellation of an American dtizen, who would suflfer any motives of personal consideration, to withhold his exertions at such an eventful crisis f It certainly appears, gentlemen, as von observe, that the mild and pacific policy of America has been misiaken for cowardice and a base desertion of oor rights. But I trust that the injured spirit of our country will now be roused, and that wo shall show to the world, that we can and will support our rights and the government of our choice, against all aggressions, and that we will yield oor independence only with our lives. To do this, requires a spirit of unanimity, which, I presume, will shortly prevail in every part of the United States, and that every virtuous citizen will see the necessity of his exertions, to preserve the invaluable blessings which we have yet in our power.

I^T, Thomas Hardeman, Seaator flmn Doindsen, liad resigDed, jmd. Jaovei BpbertMm was ejected 'ia hie. plao^ ./WiUiam Bloaat wae elected Seaatw 'fvom Kaos, m plaea of Jaaaie ,^Fhite, reeigaed, Groveraor Bloont Was: ^It^ted Speaker ci JSk^ Senate t Georgn Rooletone^ Clerks and N* B. Bnekiag* ^|am« Aeeistant Clerk. . ,, ^

)e:£dward Scott wta elected Principal Oerk, aod SteplMa ^iird» Aflcictant Clerk, of the HoQse of Repreeeatative^ ^ * T la the mecsage to the Legblatore^ traastnltted by Govemer JA^yier, hft mggests an amendment of the militia law^^tf Jftis moment, when the United States are menaced ivilk ipfeign aggression ;*^ and also "f an appropdation to pMreat deQcieney Iif arms and ammunition.'* . He calls attontioa la the ** recent proceeding of Nortli-CarpUna, milltatiiig witfi -ffi*e. Act of Oesidon and dosing her offieei^ by which that otate prevento the inhabitants of Tennessee from perfecting AfBlr land titles.** He directs legiriative attention to Ae lands recently acquired from the Cberokees, and congratiilates the country on the return to their homes, of such of the citizens as had been excluded temporarily from their quiet possession.

Senators And Representatives In The Congress Of Thb United States From The State Of Tennessee

July, 1798. Senators - Andrew Jackson, Joseph Andbkson. Representative - William Chab. Golb Claibourni. Special Session ci the Senate, began 17th July, and endiDg 19th July,

July 8th. - William Blount, Senator from Tennessee, was, on this day, expelled from his seat in the Senate of the United States. Three davs before that time, he wrote the following letter :

Philadelphia, July 5th, '97. In a few days, you will see published by order of Congress, a letter to have been written by me to James Carey. It makes quite a fuss here. I hope, however, the people upon the Western waters, will seo nothing but good in it, for so I intended it, especially for Tennessee.

The letter to Carey became the platform of proceedings against Senator Blount. The Sergeant-at-arms of the United States Senate, James Matthers, soon after repaired to Knoxvillct with the purpose of arresting the ex-senator, and of taking him in custody, to the seat of Government. After the service of process upon Blount, the Scrgeant-at-arms found it impossible to execute that part of his official duty, which required him to take the accused to Philadelphia. He refused to go. Matthers wa» treated by the citizens of Knoxville with marked attention and civility. He became, for several days, the guest of Governor Blount, and was hospitably entertained by the State authorities. After some dayR, wishing to return with his prisoner to Philadelphia, he summoned n posse to his assistance. But not a man could be found willing to accompany him. Whatever foundation there ^may have been for the impeachment of William Blount, and whatever truth there may have been in the charge preferred against him, there was no one in Tennessee who viewed his conduct as priminal, unpatriotic, or unfriendly to the true interests of the State, or the West ; and all refused to sanction the proceedings against him. The in- 'fluence of the Marshal of the District was either withheld, or was impotent amongst the countrymen of Blount. The Sergeant^at-arms, convinced of the fruitlessness of farther attempt, to execute one part of his mission, started homeward. Some of the citizens accompanied him a few miles .from town, where, assuring him that William Blount could not be taken from Tennessee as a prisoner, bade him a polite adieu.

Next to Sevier, Blount was the most popular man in Tennessee. He had been identified with her people from the earliest settlement of the country, and his public services had been particularly advantageous to their interests^ and had secured their approbation, and were rewarded by their esteem and their gratitude. Whatever may have been public sentiment elsewhere, at home he never lost the confidence, nor forfeited the good opinion of his countrymen. An op- -portunity occurred, soon after the impeachment of Mr, Blount, in which the people of Knox county and the Senate of Tennessee demonstrated their appreciation of his fidelity to their interest, and of his capacity to serve them. General James White, the Senator from Knox county, sympathizing in the general feeling, resigned his seat in the Senate of Tennessee. With this resignation, the Speaker's chair, to which he had been elected, became also vacant. The voters of Knox county seized the opportunity, nnd elected William Blount their Senator ; and upon its meeting at the called session of Dec. 3, 1797, the Senate unanimously elected him its Speaker. And it is a circumstance somewhat remarkable, that while that body was acting as a Court of Impeachment, of which Speaker Blount was the President, the United States Senate was, at the same time, engaged in trying the impeachment against him.

"Monday, Dec. 17, 1798. -* The process issued on the first day of March last, against William BlouDty together with the return made thereon, were read.*^

The Articles of Impeachment, in substance, charged that William Blount did conspire to set on foot a military hostile expedition against the territory of his Catholic Majesty in the Floridas and Louisiana, for the purpose of wresting them from his Catholic Majesty, and of conquering the same for the King of Great Britain. ** William Blount did not appear." Tuesday, Dec. 18, 1798. - Jated IngersoU and A. J. Dallas asked and obtained leave to appear as Counsel for William Blount, and on the 24th, filed their plea, objecting to the jurisdiction of the Court, as William Blount was not now a Senator of the United States, and because, by the eighth article of the Constitution, it is'declared and provided " that in all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury of the State or District wherein the crime shall have been committed,'* &c., &c.

January 10. - Court proceeded in the debate qn the motion, "That William Blount was a civil ofiicer of the United States within the meaning of the Constitution of the United States, and, therefore, liable to be impeached by the House of Representatives, and that as the Articles of Impeachment charge him with high crimes and misdemeanours, supposed to have been committed while a Senator of the United States, his plea ought to be overruled." It was determined in the negative. Yeas, 1 1 ; Nays, 14.

January 14, 1799. - ^Judgment was pronounced by the Vice i President, that **The Court is of opinion that the ( matter alleged in the plea of the defendant, is sufficient, in law, to show that this Court ought not to hold jurisdiction of the said impeachment, and that the said impeachment be dismissed."

The failure to sustain the prosecution against Mr. Blount, and his elevation by his fellow-citizens and the Senate of Tennessee to the dignified position assigned him after his impeachment, testify sufficiently, that in their judgment, he had perpetrated no wrong - inflicted no injury, and purposed no evil - especially against his own State. Had he lived longer, that State would still have confided in and rewarded him further. His services and his abilities were never more highly appreciated than at the time of his death, which occurred soon afterwards, at Knoxville, March 21, 1800, in the 53d year of his age. The several offices he had held, have been enumeratell elsewhere in these Annals, and need not be here repeated. In all of them he had acquitted himself with signal ability, zeal and faithfulness. *' De mortuis nil nisi bonumJ*^ If he erred in the whole course of a patriotic life, let the error be ascribed to an overwrought devotion to North-Carolina and to Tennessee. To the special interests of the mother and the daughter he devoted his life, his energies and his character. In the latter, especially, his memory is still revered, and the name of Blount is gratefully remembered, even at the present day. Here, he was never censured for the conduct which was made the occasion of the Senate's proceedings against him ; and his friends, conscious of :his good intentions, never found it necessary to make a public vindication of his conduct. There is, however, in the hands of this Annalist, a vindication of William Blount, made in 1835, by Willie Blount, his younger brother, who was associated with him in most of the transactions of his public and private life, and who succeeded him in the administration of the duties of Governor of Tennessee for many years. His character for candour, truth and impartiality, will be nowhere questioned, and the position of no one could have been more favourable for the ascertainment of all the facts he mentions, or the purposes to which he alludes, in the vindication of William Blount. It is addressed to Richard B. Blount, and the other orphan children and the relatives of the deceased. This document covers several closely written sheets, and, on account of its length, cannot be here given.

This vindication was never necessary for the good name of the subject of it in Tennessee. Had he lived longer, other positions would have been assigned him in the public service ; but he was cut off in the prime of life. A plain marble slab covers his remains, and points out his grave.

near the entrance of the hurying-ground of the First Presbyterian Church in Knoxville, upon which there is only the simple inscription : ''William Blount, died March 21, 1800, aged 63 years."*

During an early period of Governor Sevier*s administra^ tion, hewas mainly instrumental in procuring the passageof an Act by Congress compromising the land interest, or Tennessee claim to her soil, by securing the appropriation of two hundred thousand acres north and east of the Congressional reservation line, for the use of two colleges ; and also, further appropriations for county academies and common

His administration was also sigqalized by efforts to connect Tennessee with her sister States, viz : through the Cherokee nation, from Tellico Block-house to Georgia; also, from Winchester to Georgia, by Lowry's Ferry '^ and still another, leading from Nashville 'to Natchez, through the Chickasaw and Choctaw country.

On the last day of the ealled session of 1798, viz : January 5th, 1799, the presiding officers of the two Houses thus addressed the Governor :

The communication you have thought proper to make to both Houses of the General Assembly, at the commencement, and dunng the present session, afford additional proofe of the care which hath always marked your official character, since the 6rst appointment to your present station. In the course of the present session, the Legiftlature have taken into consideration, the object of your several commuuications, and acted upon the same consistent with the exigency.

*For some of these details, the writer acknowledges himself indebted to the last of the pioneers of Knoxville* James Pari:, Esq., of that city, who, at to advanced age of a life of piety, usefulneas and public spirit, has kindly contributed, from the rich stores of a well-informed mind and tenacious memory, his recol* lections of the past.

He is, also, in like manner indebted for letters from Hugh Dunlap, Esq., de* eeased, late of Paris, Tenn., who assisted in laying the foundation of KnuzvilU^ and of civilization in Tennessee, from its eastern to its western section He waf the ancestor of the fiunily of that name, already distinguished in their native State, and in Mississippi and Texas, f Bloont Papers.

Elections were held agreeably to law, and resulted again in the eloctioii of John Sevier as Governor of Tennessee, and W- C. C. Claibourne, Representative to Congress.

Sept. 16. - The first session of the third General Assembly, met at Knoxville on Monday, the sixteenth day of September, 1799, when Alexander Outlaw was elected Speaker of the Senate, and John Kennedy, principal Clerk.

Governor'S Message

It is with peculiar satisfaction I have the honour, this day, of meeting your august body in this Qouse, where I have the pleasure of informiDg Tou the State is blessed with peace and quietude - the fields of the liusbandman abundantly supplied with the fruits of the earth - our government. Emigration and population are daily increasing, and I ave no doubt, under the propitious band of Providence, your patronage, the wise and wholesome laws you, in your wisdom, may think proper to enact, that our State will become more and more respectable and. conspicuous, and the citizens enjoy all that happiness and comfort this human life, in an ordinary course, will afford them. The poor and distressed claim the first share of your deliberations, and I have not the smallest doubt your attention will be duly directed to that, and every other object worthy of legislative consideration. Among other things, gentlemen, permit me again to remind you, that the landed estates of your constituents, in general, appear to be verging on to a very precarious and doubtful situation, and should a timely interference be neglected, it may become a subject of very great regret I, therefbrei beg leave to recommend, so far as may be consistent with the cession act, public and good &ith, that you provide, in the most ample maaner, for the security and peaceful enjoyment of all such property as may appear to be in jeopardy.

I now proceed to enjoin on you the great necessity of promoting and encouraging manufactories, the establishing ware- bouses and inspections of various kinds. It will give a spring to industry and enable the agricultural part of the community to export and dispose of all the surplus part of their bulky and heavy articles. Providence has blessed this btate with a soil peculiarly calculated for the production of wheat, hemp, flax, cotton, tobacco and mdigo ; it abounds with ores and minerals, and has navigable rivers, amply sufficient to enable us to export to the best of markets. This being the case, gentlemen, you may readily conceive how essentially necessary it will be for the encouraging and promoting of all the advantages enumerated, for you to lend your early leffislAtive aid and patronage. With respect to the affiurs of Europe, I am not able to give you much satisfactory information. The public prints seem to furnish contradictory accounts, but so far as I am capable of judging, our affairs with France assume a less threatening aspect than hereto&re, and I have the fullest confidence that the Executive of the General Government will use the greatest and wisest exertions to promote and secure the peace, safety and dignity of the United States.

I am deeply and sensibly impressed with the honour conferred on me by my fellow citizens, in being elected a third time, to preside as the C%ief Magistrate of the State. I earnestly wish I possessed greater abiliUes and talents to enable me to discharge the important dutiei^ trust and confidence they have reposed; but rest assured, so far as I am enabled) Dothing ynW be lacking or neglected in me, that will tend towards the interest, welfare and safety of the State. Before I dose tin address, 1 cannot forbear requesting a harmony of measures in your councils, and that you unite in endeavouring to promote our dearest rights and interests, and I have the fullest hope that, by your wisdom and policy, you may secure to our country the advantages and respect to which it IS entitled and has a right to enjoy.

Sir : - It is with peculiar satisfaction the Senate and House of Ropreeentatives received your communication announcing to them thsi our State is crowned with the blessings of peace and quietude ; that tk tcnls of the husbandman are amply rewarded with abundant crops ; ihd the laws, throughout the State, are well and duly executed ; tnat emigration and population are daily increasing ; and we beg leave now to assure you that, under the directing hand of the All-seeing Provideiwe, nothing, on our part, shall be wanting to increase the respectabOity of our rising State, and promote the weuare and happiness of our oonstitnents.

Receive, sir, our assurances that the matters and thinss oontamed in your communications, and recommended to us as objects of legislitive attention, shall meet with that due investigation and delibenticn that the importance of the different subjects requires.

We beg leave, now, sir, to express our gratification of being the iritnesses of your being once more called, by the unanimous suffi^sge of the freemen of Tennessee, to the seat of the Chief Magistrate of the State, and expressing our public confidence that you will continue to execute those duties, which appertain to your office, vrith that firmness, judgment and impartiality which have heretofore characterized the Chief Magistrate of Tennessee.

Oct. 26. - ^The county of Sumner was reduced to its constitutional limits, and a new county, by the name of Smith, established. Its first Court was held at the house of Major Tilman Dixon. Smith county was called for General Daniel Smith, who who was a native of Virginia, and was appointed, by Governor Jefferson, a Commissioner to run the dividing line between that State and North-Carolina. In the execution of this duty, he saw the beautiful country in the West, and soon afterwards removed to what is now

Wilson And Williamson Counties Laid Off

Samner county, whose people he represented in the North- Carolina Legislature, and in the Convention which ratified the Constitution of the United States. He became Secretary of the Territory and a member of the Convention of 1796. He was afterwards elected one of the Senators from Tennessee. General Smith was a practical surveyor of lands, whose works never needed correction. For intelligence, well-cultivated talents, for integrity and usefulness, in soundness of judgment, in the practice of virtue and in shunning vice, he was equalled by few ; and in purity of motive, excelled by none.*

Another new county was, at the same time, established. It was called Wilson, after Major David Wilson, a native of Pennsylvania, who emigrated to Sumner county, then North- Carolina. Here he was chosen a member of the Territorial Assembly, and, subsequently, Speaker of the House of Representatives. He was an active and valuable officer in the Revolutionary war, and, for his services, the State of North- Carolina, by a special act ei her Legislature, presented him with a tract of valuable land within the limits of the State of Tennessee. He was an honest and highly meritorious citizen.

The first Court of Wilson county was held at the house of Captain John Harpole. First magistrates were - Charles Cavenaugh, John Allcom, John Lancaster, Elmore Douglass, John Doak, Matthew Figuns, Henry Ross, Wm. Gray, Andrew Donelson and Wm. McLain.f

Robert Foster was elected clerk ; Charles Cavenaugh, chairman ; Charles Rosborough, sherifi"; Wm. Gray, ranger s John Allcom, Register ; B. Seawell, Esquire, was appointed county solicitor.

The new county was named Williai^on. John Johnson, Sen., Daniel Perkins, James Buford, William Edmonson and Captain James Scurlock, were the Commissioners to lay off

86. Establishing Haysborough, in ^arid 36. Entablishing Dandridge, inJefletton 4S. Making provision for electing Elec President of uio Dnited SUtes.

" That the said Electors may be trouble to the citizens as possible, selected three citizens in each of tl Districts of Washington, Hamilton i was to meet at Jonesboro', Knoxvill tively, and elect one Elector for eac Electors were then to meet at Knoxi dent and Vice-President of the Unite

Besides the distinguished sons of ' these pages, and others still surviving, mentioned many others who have go elsewhere fame and <fharacter - as be Clung, and Clay and Parsons of All Anderson, Lea and Dunlap of Mif Gaines of Louisiana ; Houston, C Texas ; Sevier of Arkansas ; Burne: Gallaber and King of Missouri ; 1

Reynolds of Illinois. The list could be much enlarged, but the limits of this volume will not allow the writer to indulge himself in that grateful duty.

The laws of Tennessee required the Governor of the State to reside in Knoxville. In conipliance with this requirement. Governor Sevier kept the Executive office at that place, but had his domicil in the country, a few miles from the capital. To this he was driven, not less by necessity than his own taste, for rural quiet and the unrestrained habits, which use had imposed upon him in his intercourse with men.

After the organization of the State Government, the aspect of affairs at the capital underwent a change. There was no longer the source of power and patronage. These were no longer lodged in one individual, but were thrown broad-cast over the whole State, and were confided to the people themselves. The same court was, of course, not paid to Governor Sevier, that had been usually offered to his predecessor. There was discernible, too, less of courtly usage^ and less deference to magisterial dignity and patronage. Sevier was, however, equally cordial, hospitable and generous. His private fortune was small. Like Clarke, Boon, and other pioneers, his public services had not been requited with pecuniary compensation. He was, indeed, a poor man. The inadequacy of his salary, forced him to adopt the most frugal and inexpensive habits. His attire was plain, but neat - his household limited, and his dwelling most simple, primitive and unpretending ; but even when thus restricted by the iron hand of poverty, his heart was generous and his feelings liberal. With less of the display of hospitality, with perhaps a smaller appreciation of some of its manifestations than Gov. Blount had shewn, the Governor of the State of Tennessee strove hard, for a time, to maintain the consequence of the Executive oflice, and at least not to allow it to fall beneath that of the Territorial administration. The effort was unavailing. His ofiicial duties he discharged, according to law, in town ; those of the citizen and gentleman, were transferred to his home in the country. The civilities due to all from the Governor, were dispensed at

Upon the great road leading from Knoxville, the first Capital of Tennessee, and still the metropolis of the Eastern section of that State, and connecting it with Sevierville, Newell's and McGaughey's Stations, may be seen, at the distance of five miles from the former place, the ruins of an old station, now in a deserted and worn-out field. In early times it had given protection to several fan:iilies adjacent to it. Before Knoxville was laid off, this station was a frontier post, which was reached by emigrants passing the trace from the mouth of French Broad to the lower settlements on Nine Mile and Pistol Creek. Near that trace, and after it crossed Bay's Mountain, at the foot of one of its rugged spurs, gushed forth a beautiful spring, surrounded by a hilly and rocky country. In this secluded spot stood the cabin of Governor Sevier, He enlarged the building, and made it, if not commodious and elegant, convenient and comfortable.

Here he received his guests in the olden style of primitive hospitality and backwoods etiquette. His bouse was always open, and not unfrequently crowded with his old soldiers and comrades in arms. A wandering pilgrim from Natchez or the Missouri, or his countrymen from Cumberland or elsevhere, passing anywhere through the. country, would find oat the aliode of their old captain, and was sure there to receive an old-fashioned welcome. Amongst bis visitors were some of the Cherokee chiefs, with whom he recoanted past success to one, and defeat and disaster to the other. Id his neighbourhood were his compatriots, White, Gillespie, Jack, Cozby and Ramsey, all ofthem once ofBcers of Franklin, members and officers now of a well-regulated government, and of their mother church.

It is not true, as has been sometimes asserted, that Gov- Sevier was an Elder in the Presbyterian Church. It was far otherwise. He was a member of no church. With his family, he attended publi^ worship at Lebanon, four and a half miles east of Knoxville, then under the pastoral care of Rev. Samuel Carrick, where he was a constant and respectful hearer. On these occasions, he doffed the soldier and comr mander - his hunting shirt and his sword - wearing only his three-corned cocked hat, with citizen^s clothes. He greeted his old friends with his accustomed cordiality. In the churchy his demeanour was grave and reverential.'^ He always occupied the p^w of his well-tried and trusty friend. Doctor Cozby. This pew, in all its antique model and proportions^ is still preserved, and can be seen on the left of the principal aisle, near the front entrance of the present old stone building. While at church, Sevier exhibited the well-bred Williamsburg gentleman, rather than the pioneer citizen. But his demeanour, though characterized by the greatest propriety and gravity, was never understood to imply any personal interest in religious truth. Sevier's '' ethics did not run in that line." G^llio-like, *' he cared for none of these things.** He was too conscientious to appear to be what he was not. This was not only the purest day of the republic, but the soundest period of the church. The conscience of the individual would have been outraged by, and revolted at, a faWe profession, and public sentiment, far from tolerating, administered its severest rebuke of unworthy membership in any ^communion.

The Annals of Tennessee, after the period to which this volume extends, will abound with further incidents in the public service of Governor Sevier. But it may not be deemed out of place to say here, that it was his destiny to wear out his life in that service. After his first series of six years as Governor had rendered him ineligible, he remained in private life two years. Becoming again eligible, he was biennially elected to the Gubernatorial Chair for another series of six years. He was then (1811) elected to the Congress of the United States from the Knoxville District, and re-elected to the same place in the succeeding Congress (1813). This period embraced the twelfth and the thirteenth Congress, in which the war of 1812 was declared and carried on. During this time, though usually a silent member, Governor Sevier was active and efficient. He was placed upon the Conimittee of Military Affairs, where» fVom his long experience, he was able to render e^ntial and important Bervices on subjects referred to his committee. Mr. Monroe^ in 1815, appointed him a Commissioner to run the bonndary of territory ceded by the Greeks to the United States, in that year. He left his home near Knoxville, in Jmie, npon that dnty - was taken sipk of a fever in September, and died in a tent,, on the 24th of that month. He was baried with the honoars of war, by the troops under command of Captain Walker, U* S. A., on the east bank of the Tallapoosa River^ at an Indian village called Tuckabatchee, near Fort Decatu> in Alabama4 He was in his seventy-first year.

During his absence from home, at the August election of that year, Governor Sevier was re-elected to Congress without opposition - an evidence of his undiminished popularity to the end pf life. The Legislature of Tennessee noti<$ed his decease, and attested the appreciation by the State of his great services and high character, by the customary resolution to wear crape as a badge of mourning and respeet toft his memory. For more than forty years, Sevier had been eonstantly, and actively, and successfully occupied in the public service - civil, military and political : and the intelligence of his death diffused a general sorrow throughout the State and the West, where his memory is still respected, and his great services highly appreciated.

More will appear in the further Annals of Tennessee, relai ^^^® ^^ General James Robertson. Here it is proper to ( state, that this father of Tennessee - this founder of the settlements on Watauga and Cumberland ; this most successful negotiator between bis countrymen and their Indian neighbours ; this citizen, who so well united the character oFthe patriot and the patriarch ; continued to the close of his useful life, an active friend of bis country, and possessed, in an eminent degree, the confidence, esteem and veneration of all his cotemporaries ; and his memory and services to the Western settlements, in peace and in war, are recollected with grateful regard by the present generation. He died a little earlier than his compatriot and colleague, Sevier. This event took place at the Chickasaw Agency, September 1, 1814.

Thct Deserve A Cenotaph

Robertson and Sevier both were pioneers on Watauga ; what the one was to East, the other was to West Tennessee. Each, after a long life of activity and usefalness in civil and military affairs, died in the public service, and within Indian territory. A duty remains to be performed, in further honour of her two great founders - Robertson and Sevier - by the people of Tennessee. Their place of entombment is beyond its boundaries, and it is, perhaps, proper that their remains should not be removed from the field of their labours, their conquest and their glory, where they now repose. But Tennessee gratitude and public spirit should resolve, that near the proud Capitol at Nashville, a cenotaph should be erected, princely and magnificent, in memory of the founder at once of the State and of its flourishing Metropolis.

Not less imperative is the further duty, of adorning and dignifying the ancient capital of Tennessee with a similar structure, in memory of Sevier. Let one of the historic places within old Knoxville, or in its environs, be chosen, on which a cenotaph shall be erected, commemorative of the achievements, military and civil, of the pioneer on Watauga, the hero of King's Mountain, the Grovemor of Franklin and of Tennessee. May the writer suggest respectfully, though earnestly, to the able and enlightened press of his State, to appeal - as he does himself here appeal - to the public spirit and liberality of his countrymen, thus to perpetuate the fame of these worthies in the places already consecrated by their noble and patriotic services.

For 'the present, these Annals will stop here. Before closing the volume, however, it may be proper to add some general remarks, which could not be so well introduced elsewhere, upon Frontier Life, Frontier Manners, Frontier Society and Frontier Education.

Besides the enterprise, fearlessness and courage, already mentioned, as characteristic of the first settlers of Tennessee, we may mention other features in the character of these pioneers. In all the relations of life, their position being new and peculiar, their manners and customs, their costume^ amusements, pursuits, &c., are worthy of brief remark.

Bent new coantry of the United States. Emigrants finom As Atlantic cities, and from most points in the Western interioi^ now embark npon steamboats or other craft, and, carryinf with them all the conveniences and comforts of civilind life - ^indeed, many of its Inxories - are, in ^a few day% witb^ out toil, danger or exposure, transported to their new abods% and, in a few months^ are sorroonded with the appendagss of home, of civilization,, and the blessings of law and of society. The wilds of Minnesota and Nebraska, by ths agency of steam, or the stalwart arms of Western boatmen, are at once transformed into the settlements of a coouns^ cial and civilized people. Independence and St. Ppil's, rii months after they are laid off, have their storea and their workshops, their artizans ahd their mechanics. The mnitfaa maker and the tailor arrive in the same boat with the eer^ penter and mason. The professional man and the pcintv quickly follow. In the socceeding year, the piano, ths drawing-room, the restaurant, the billiard table^ the ohorsh bell, the village and the city in miniature, are all foiui4 while the neighbouring interior ia yet a wilderness and a desert. The town and comfort, taste and urbanity, are first ; the clearing, the farm-house, the wagon road and the improved country, second. It was far different on the frontier in Tennessee. At first, a single Indian trail was the only entrance to the eastern border of it, and for many yean admitted only of the hunter and the pack-horse. It was not till the year 1776, that a wagon was seen in Tennessee. In consequence of the want of roads - as well as of the great distance from sources of supply - the first inhabitants were without tools, and, of course, without mechanics - much more, without the conveniences of living and the comforts of house-keeping. Luxuries were absolutely unknown. Salt was brought on pack-horses from Augusta and Richmond, and readily commanded ten dollars a bushel. The salt gourd, in every cabin, was considered as a treasure. The sugar-maple furnished the only article of luxury on the frontier ; coffee and tea being unknown, or beyond the reach of the settlers, sugar was seldom made, and was only used for the sick, or in the preparation of a sweetened dram at a

Thb P&Ontise Dwblun6 Houses

Iron was brought, at great expense, from the forges east of the mountain, on pack-horses, and was sold at an enormous price. Its use was, for this reason, confined to the construe* tion and repair of ploughs and other farming utensils^ Hinges, nails and fastenings of that material, were seldom seen.

The costume of the first settlers corresponded well with the style of their buildings and the quality of their furniture. The hunting shirit of the militiaman and the hunter ^as in general use. The rest of their apparel was in keeping with it - plain, substantial, and well adapted for comfort, use and economy. The apparel of the pioneers' family was all homemade ; and, in a whole neighbourhood, there would not be seen, at the first settlement of the country, a single article of dress of foreign growth or manufacture. Half the year, in many families, shoes were not worn. Boots, a fur hat, and % coat with buttons on each side, attracted the gaze of the beholder, and sometimes received censure and rebuke. A stranger, from the old States, chose to dofi* his ruffles, his broadcloth and his queue, rather than endure the scofi* and ridicule of the backwoodsmen.

The dwelling-house, on every frontier in Tennessee, was the log-cabin. A carpenter and a mason were not needed to build them - much less the painter, the glazier or the upholsterer. Every settler had, besides his rifle, no other instrument but an axe, a hatchet and a butcher knife. A saw, an augur, a free and a broad-axe, would supply a whole settlement, and were used as common property in the erection of the log-cabin. The floor of the cabin was sometimes the earth. No saw-mill was yet erected, and, if the peans or leisure of the occupant authorized it, he split out puncheons for the floor and for the shutter of the entrance to his cabin. The door was hung with wooden hinges and fastened by a wooden latch.

years and the associations which cluster around them, be now seen in Tennessee. Time and improTement have dis^ placed them. Here and there, in the older counties, may yet be seen the old log house, which sixty years ago sheltered the first emigrant, or gave, for the time, protection to a neighbourhood, assembled within its strong and bullet-proof walls. Such an one is the east end of Mr. Martin's house, at Campbeirs Station, and the centre part of the mansion of this writer, at Mecklenburg, once Gilliam's Stati6n, changed seom* what, it is true, in some of its aspects, but preserving even yet, in the height of the story and in its old-fashioned and capacioQS fire-place, some of the features of primitive architecture on the frontier. Such, too, is the present dwelling house of Mr. Tipton, on Ellejoy, in Blount county, and that of Mr. Glasgow Snoddy, in Sevier county. But these old buildings are becoming exceedingly rare, and soon not one of them can be seen. Their unsightly proportions and rude architecture, will not much longer offend modem taste, nor provoke the idle and irreverent sneer of thet fastidious and the fashionable. When the last one of these pioneer hoos^ shall have fallen into decay and ruins, the memory of their first occupants will still be immortal and indestructible.

The interior of the cabin was no less unpretending and simple. The whole furniture, of the one apartment, answering in these primitive times, the purposes of the kitchen, the dining room, the nursery and the dormitory, were a plain homemade bedstead or two, some split bottomed chairs and stools; a large puncheon, supported on four legs, used, as occasion required, for a bench or a table, a water shelf and a bucket ; a spinning wheel, and sometimes a loom, finished the catalogue. The wardrobe of the family was equally plain and simple. The walls of the house were hung round with the dresses of the females, the hunting shirts, clothes, and the arms and shot-pouches of the men.

The labour and employment of a pioneer family were distributed, in accordance with surrounding circumstances. To the men, was assigned the duty of procuring subsistence and materials for clothing, erecting the cabin and the station, opening and cultivating the farm, hunting the wild beasts, and repelling and pursuing the Indians. The women spun the flax, the cotton and wool, wove the cloth, made them up> milked, churned, and prepared the food, and did their full share of the duties of house-keeping. Another thus describes them : - There we behold woman in her true glory ; not a doll to carry silks and jewels ; not a puppet to be dandled by fops, an idol of profane adoration, reverenced today, discarded to-morrow ; admired, but not respected ; desired, but not esteemed; ruling by passion, not affection ; imparting her weakness, not her constancy, to the sex she should exalt ; the source and mirror of vanity. We see her as a wife, partaking of the cares, and guiding the labours of her husband, and by her domestic diligence spreading cheerfulness all around ; for his sake, sharing the decent refinements of the world, without being fond of them ; placing all her joy, all her happiness, in the merited approbation of the man she loves. As a mother, we find her the affectionate, the ardent instructress of the children she has reared from infancy, and trained them up to thought and virtue, to meditation and benevolence ; addressing them as rational beings, and preparing them to become men and women in their turn.

**' Could there be happiness or comfort in such dwellings and such a state of society 7 To those who are accustomed to modern refinements, the truth appears like fable. The early occupants of log-cabins were among the most happy of mankind. Exercise and excitement gave them health ; they were practically equal ; common danger made them mutually dependent ; brilliant hopes of future wealth and distinction led them on ; and as there was ample room for all, and as each new-comer increased individual and general security, there was little room for that envy, jealousy and hatred, which constitute a large portion of human misery in older societies. Never were the story, the joke, the song and the laugh, better enjoyed than upon the hewed blocks, or puncheon stools, around the roaring log fire of the early Western settler. The lyre of Apollo was not hailed with more delight in primitive Greece, than the advent of the first fiddler among the dwellers of the wilderness ; and the polished daughters of the East never enjoyed themselves half so well, moving to the mnsic of a full band, upon the elastic floor of their ornamented bnll-room, as did the daughters of the emigrants, keeping time to a self-taught fiddler, on the bare earth or puncheon floor of the primitive log cabin. The smile of the polished beauty. Is the wave of the lake, where the wave plays gently over it. and her movement, is the gentle stream which drains it ; but the laugh of the log cabin, is the gush of nature's fountain, and its movement, its leaping waters. *"-

On the frontier the diet was necessarily plain and homely, but exceedingly abundant and nutritive. The Goshen of Americat furnished the richest mi!k, the finest hotter, and the most savoury and delicious meats. In their rude cabins, with their scanty and inartificial furniture, no people ever enjoyed in wholesome food a greater variety, or a superior quality of the necessaries of life. For bread, the Indian com was exclusively used. It was not till 1790, that the settlers on the rich bottoms of Cumberland and Nollichucky, discovered the remarkable adaptation of the soil and climate of Tennessee to the production of this grain. Emigrants from James River, the Catawba and the Santee, were surprised at the amount and quality of the corn crops, surpassing greatly the best results of agricultural labour and care in the Atlantic States. This superiority still exists, and Tennessee, by the census of 1840, was the com State, Of all the farinacea. corn is best adapted to the condition of a pioneer people ; and if idolatry is at all justifiable, Ceres, or certainly the Goddess of Indian corn, should have bad a temple and a worshipper among the pioneers of Tennessee, Witbont that grain, the frontier settlements could nothave been formed and maintained. It is the most certain crop - requires the least preparation of the ground - is most congenial to a virgin soil - needs not only the least amount of labour in its culture, but comes to maturity in the shortest time. The pith of the matured stalk of the corn is esculent and nutritious, and the stalk itself compressed between rollers, flirnishes what is known as corn-stalk molasses.

This grain requires, also, the least care and trouble in preserving it. It may safely stand all winter, upon the stalk, - Kendall. t Batler.

without injury from the weather or apprehension of damage by disease, or the accidents to which other grains are subject. Neither smut nor rust, nor weavil nor snow storm, will hurt it. After its maturity, it is also prepared for use or the granar}% with little labour. The husking is a short process, and is even advantageously delayed till the moment arrives for using the corn. The machinery for converting it into food is also exceedingly simple and cheap. As soon as the ear is fully formed, it may be roasted or boiled, and forms, thus, an excellent and nourishing diet. At a later period it may be grated, and furnishes, in this form, the sweetest bread. The grains boiled in a variety of modes, either whole or broken in a mortar, or roasted in the ashes, or popped in an are well relished. If the grain is to be converted into meal, a simple tub-^mill answers the purpose best, as the meal least perfectly ground is always preferred. A bolting cloth is not needed, as it diminishes the sweetness and value of the flour. The catalogue of the advantages of this meal might be extended further. Boiled in water, it forms the frontier dish called mush^ which was eaten with milk, with honey, molasses, butter or gravy. Mixed with cold water, it is, at once, ready for the cook - covered with hot ashes, the preparation is called the ash-cake ; placed upon a piece of clapboard, and set near the coals, it forms the journey-cake ; or managed in the same way, upon a helveless hoe, it forms the hoe-cake ; put in an oven, and covered over with a heated lid, it is called, if in a large mass, a pone or loaf, if in smaller quantities, dodgers. It has the further advantage, over all other flour, that it requires in its preparation few culinary utensils, and neither sugar, yeast, eggs, spices, soda, pot-ash or other et ceteras to qualify or perfect the bread. To all this, it may be added, that it is not only cheap and well tasted but it is, unquestionably the most wholesome and nutritive food. The largest and healthiest people in the world, have lived upon it exclusively. It formed the principal bread of that robust race of men - giants in miniature - which, half a century since, was seen on the frontier The dignity of history is not lowered by this enumeration of the pre-eminent qualities of Indian com. The rifle and the axe have had their inflaeace in subdaiDg the wildemen to the purposes of civilixation, and they deserve their enlogisls and tmropeters. Let psans be sang ail orer the migh^ West, to Indian cornr-withont it, the West woald have still been a wilderness. Was the frontier suddenly invaded t Withoat cominissary or quartermaster, or other sources of supply, each soldier parched a peck of com ; a portioii of U was put into his pockets, the remainder in his wallet^ and, throwing it upon his saddle, with his rifle on his shoulder, he was ready, in half an hour, for the campaig.i. Did a flood of emigration inundate the frontier, with an amount of consumers disproportioned to the supply of grain? The £scility of raising the Indian com, and its early maturifj, gave promise and guaranty that the scarcity would be temporary and tolerable. Did the safety of the frontier deoiand the services of every adult militiaman t The boya and wo* men could, themselves, raise corn and furnish ample supplies ' of bread. The crop could be gathered next year. Did an autumnal intermittent confine the whole family or the entin population, to the sick bed T This certain concomitant of the clearing, and cultivating the new soil, mercifully withholds its paroxysms, till the crop of corn is made. It requires no further labour or care afterwards. Paeans, say we, and a temple and worshippers, to the Creator of Indian corn. The frontier man could gratefully say : '' He maketh me to lie down in green pastures. He leadeth me beside the still waters. Thou preparest a table before me in presence of mine enemies,**

The sports of the frontier -men were manly, athletic or warlike - the chase, the bear hunt, the deer drive, shooting at the target, throwing the tomahawk, jumping, boxing and wrestling, foot and horse racing. Playing marbles and pitching dollars - cards and backgammon - were little known, and were considered base or effeminate. The bugle, the violin, the fife and drum, furnished all the musical entertainments. These were much used and passionately admired. Weddings^ military trainings, house-raisings, chopping frolics, were often followed with the fiddle, and dancing, and rural sports.

account of it furnished many years since to " The Knoxville Argus," is here copied. Its style is scarcely in consonance with the gravity of history, but descriptive as itis of a usage not yet wholly unknown, and once general in Tennessee, it is deemed not unworthy of an insertion here. It was written late in December.

Mr. Editor - Christmas is just upon us again, and its return will awaken in the recollection of many an old settler a melancholy reminiscence, of the way it was kept in auld lang syne. What would you give, Mr. Editor, to see a real old-fashioned backwoods Christmas frolic 7 or a Christmas country dance 7 or a Christmas quilting 7 or best of all, a genuine Christmas wedding 7 I mistake you much, if, with all your known appreciation of modern improvement, the bare mention of it has not excited your enthusiasm : and he must have little veneration, indeed, who can think of it without emotion. Why, your town parties, and balls, and soirees^ and all that, are nothing in comparison. There is no heart about them - there is still less of nature. But the contrast makes me sad, and I leave it. Who, in these times of modern degeneracy, ever hears of school-boys barring out the master 7 That in my early days, on the frontier, was one of the regular observances of the Christmas holiday. Perhaps you don't understand even this custom of early times in Tennessee, and need to have it described. Well, then if either you or your readers have so far wandered from the old paths trodden by our venerated fathers, as to require it to be explained, let me do so by first saying, that in the nomenclature of early times out here, school-boy was synonymous with your present pupil, scholar, student, academian^ or collegian. The different grades of freshman, sophomore, junior, senior, graduate and under graduate, bachelor and master of arts, were as little known as the secrets of astrology or the Metamorphoses of Ovid. A country school had but two classes in it, viz : the big boys and the little boys, and sometimes a third - the girls. Again, in the backwoods vocabulary, master was a synonyme with your present teacher, preceptor, tutor, professor, principal, superintendent, versity, were words not aiiapled to these paratlelB of lBti> tude at all : ami if you had spoken of a matriculation ticket, the employont and employees, pnranls, master and boys, vvoold all have been astounded. They expressed the same idea by a simpler form; "John Smith ims signed the school article, and Jim will be here to-morrow." The school-house was, in that day, a genuine bona fide log cabin, built of unhewn logs, cut from the forest in which it stood, near a spring, and was erected by the joint assistance of the "neighbours." Tht building was sexangular, the extreme points of the longest diameter, subserving the double purpose of ends to the bouse and convenient appendages for commodious fire-places, at chimneys were most significantly and appropriately called in thosedays of simple convenience and comfort in archttectupe. What did it matter if appertures at each end, as large as a barn door, did allow a rather free ingress to Boreas and the snows of winter? A neighbouring wood furnished supplies of fuel without stint. Oh 1 who can forget tbe Inxury of one of those old-fashioned school-house fires 1 1 shiver this cold night to think I shall not again sit by and enjoy them.

But barring out the master was effected thus : A school is a larger commonity in miBiatDre, and a soheolnniater a meoarch upon a small scale. Boys somstimei claim the right of self- government as inherent and divine, and, Hke older politicians, deolu« themselves, and, especially, about Christmas, to be free and equal ; and if that declaration is not sanotioned by others, they claim the right of maintaining it even by revolution. The master, on the other hand, is as teoacktufl of his short-lived authority, as the Aatocrat of Rnseia, or any European legitimist; and resists, at its inception, the first invasion of his prerogative. A short time before the tienal outbreak, a spirit fd insubordination and greater fomiliarity is manifested in the sohool. To repress Uiis in the bud, the master assumes a sterner demeanour, becomefi captious, arbitrary and tyrannical. His subjects become, of course, less patient of restraint, and call a conventioo. Some one " born to command," proposes the bold measare (rf rebellion, and the dethronement of the despot. The propositioD meets the general concarrenoe of tbe. school, uid Pri- day morning preceding Christmas, is appointed as the time for carrying the purpose into execution. The plan is communicated to some congenial spirits in the neighbourhood, who, sympathizing with the feelings of the youthful confederates, become their allies. At an early hour, they tajke possession of the school-house, kindle large fires in the chimneys, barricade the door ; and wait, with shouts of defiance, for the approach of the master. He arrives, and is denied entrance. He commands submission, asserts his authority, attempts to enter by force, but is repulsed. Sometimes he calls others to assist in re-establishing his authority ; but the besieged refuse to surrender, unless upon terms of honourable capitulation - a treat and a week of holidays. Conferrees of both parties are appointed, to negotiate the treaty ; the terms are arranged, and the belligerents are at peace. If the terms are not assented to by the master, negotiation is at an end, and the uUima ratio regum decides the contest. The benches are removed from the barricaded door ; the besieged party sallies forth, and captures the unaccommodating master. A prisoner in their hands, if he still continues obstinate, a gentle kind of violence is threatened. His captors, though unacquainted with the laws of nations, feel that inter arma silent leges, take their prisoner to the nearest water, and plunge him under it. The argument of the cold bath in December succeeds ; he yields to their demands ; a messenger is started off for apples and cider, and, sometimes^ for refreshments of a more stimulating kind. A general merriment and exhilaration follow, in which the victors and the vanquished unite in reciting with cordial glee, both the tragic and comic of the siege. The holidays are spent in rural sports and manly amusements. The good wishes of the season obliterate all recollection of past differences between master and boys ; and when, on the next Monday, "books" is called, each one quietly and cheerfully resumes his proper position in the school-house. The master's authority is recognized as legitimate - his instructions duly valued ; the boys, late successful insurgents, have voluntarily returned to their allegiance, and after a pleasant relaxation from their studies, are again prosecuting them with profit and diligence.

The new-comer, on his arrival in the settlements, was everywhere, and at all times, greeted with a cordial welcome. Was he without a family ? he was at once taken in as a cropper or a farming hand, and found a home in the kind family of some settler. Had he a wife and children ? they were all asked, in backwoods phrase, " to camp with us till the neighbours can put up a cabin for you." The invitation accepted, the family where he stops is duplicated, but this inconvenience is of short duration. The host goes around the neighbourhood, mentions the arrival of the strangers, appoints a day, close at hand, for the neighbours to meet and provide them a home.

Aftpr the cabin is raised, and the new-comers are in it, every family, near at hand, bring in something to give them a start. A pair of pigs, a cow and calf, a pair of all the domestic fowls - any supplies of the necessaries of life which they have - all are brought and presented to the beginners. If they have come into the settlement in the spring, the neighbours make another frolic, and clear and fence a field for them.

All these acts of kindness and beneficence are not only gratuitous, but are performed without ostentation, and cordially. The strangers so appreciate them, and the first occasion that presents, they are ready, with a like spirit, to extend similar kind offices to emigrants who come next. The performance of them thus becomes a usage and a characteristic of the frontier stage of society.

Of other stamina in the character of the Tennessee pioneer, a stern independence in thought, feeling and action, attracts the notice and secures the respect of all who are pleased with simplicity, truth and nature. To these may be added frankness, candour, sincerity, cordiality, and the inviolability of a private friendship. He that could be false or faithless to a friend, was frowned out of backwoods society, and could never again enter it. No perfidy was considered so base, so belittling, and was so seldom excused or forgiven, as the desertion of a friend or ingratitude to a benefactor.

To say of an individual that he was not true, carried with it a stigma which, on the frontier, could never be wiped out. On the contrary, to say his heart was in its right place, secured to him fraternal regard and public confidence.

Being in the simplest stage of society, wealth, station, office, family, were, of course, not essential to distinction 6t esteem. His own personal merits, in which the physique had its weight - ^his good feelings, his capacity to amuse and instruct, and his innate civility, gave the possessor a passport to the consideration and regard of the frontier man and his family. Indeed, without them, an emigrant was friendless and a stranger. To have it said of one : He cares for nobody, was, itself, to exclude and drive him off.*

To say of one - he has no neighbours, was sufficient, in those times of mutual wants and mutual benefactions, to make the churl infamous and execrable. A failure to ask a neighbour to a raising, a clearing, a chopping frolic, or his family to a quilting, was considered a high indignity; such an one, too, as required to be explained or atoned for at the next muster or county court. Each settler was not only willing, but desirous to contribute his share to the general comfort and public improvement, and felt aggrieved an(\ insulted if the opportunity to do so were withheld. *- It is a poor dog that is not worth whistling for," replied the indignant neighbour who was allowed to remain at home, at his own work, while a house raising was going on in the neighbourhood. -**What injury have I done that I am slighted so?"

This beneficent and unselfish feeling is the charm of a new community, and has not yet forsaken the more rural districts of Tennessee. Long may it be retained and venerated amongst the descendants of the pioneers !

At the termination of the Territorial Government, the tocsin of war had ceased, and on the long line of the Tennessee frontier a general peace prevailed - " the sword was beaten into a ploughshare and the spear into a pruning hook." The soldier rested from his martial toils, and no longer thought of the campaign, the rendezvous, the march, the bivouac, the night assault, the desperate charge, the deadly conflict in arms, the deathfal carnage, the fierce Im^ suit, nor the triumphs of victory. The conquest achieved, the enemy driven out, the country settled, after a struggle of twenty years the soldier reposed upon his laurels, doffied the warrior, and in the quiet repose of domestic life, devoted himself to the calmer pursuits of the citizen and the patriot at home. Order and law had taken . the place of disconleot and turbulence. Civil government was firmly established, and each citizen became still prouder of his country, and more interested in its prosperity and improvement.

From the existing peace, sprang up new and important duties. The war which had occupied the pioneers of Tennessee so long and so constantly, had forced upon them the unwelcome necessity of neglecting, in some de^ee, the intellectual and moral training of the young. While physical education had absorbed fully the attention of the first settlers, surrounding circumstances had not permittcul them to give suitable culture to the minds and hearts of their children. In some of the forts and stations, some one in them best qualified for the duty, was selected to teach the children to read and write. Books were scarce on the frontier, and those suited to the age and capacity of the young, were not to be had. Paper, ink, slates and pencils, were of difficnlt procurement. An important letter, or despatch, was often written with ink, made of gunpowder, upon the blank leaf of a Bible, or other book - was sealed with rosin and forwarded by a runner to another post. School-houses on the border settlements were unknown - teacher and pupils would alike have there become victims of Indian cruelty and revenge. In the older neighbourhoods the children were better instructed.

Moral culture was, for like reasons, seldom afibrded to the first inhabitants. Here and there was forted, with the rest of the settlers, the minister of truth, who conducted public worship, and expounded the word, and administered the sacraments. In the absence of such a functionary, a part of these services was performed by some pious layman, who in the older country had known the Sabbath and appreciated its sacredness - had hallowed the sanctuary and valued its privileges - ^had bowed in prayer and felt its power - ^had heard the preached word and was impressed with its influences - ^bad listened to the songs of the people of Grod, and had his heart melted by the inspirations of sacred mt^sio. Such an one, with no license but the consent of his hearers^ no authority but the law of necessity, no order but the command of conscience and duty, became the leader of public worship in a fort, perhaps an exhorter and a minister. It cannot be doubted that this assumption of the sacerdotal office was, for the time being, productive of great good, and exerted a happy moral influence in restraining vice and promoting virtue upon the frontier.

Now, however, when peace was restored, the fort dismantled, and every inhabitant could set under his own vine and fig tree, ** with none to molest or make him afraid," schoolhouses and churches became the first care of the inhabitants. A minister and a school-master was sought for in every neighbourhood. Many of the inhabitants had themselves e]\joyed in the Fatherland the advantages of learning and of religious training. Yielding to the promptings of a spirit of enterprise and adventure, they forsook the altar and the fireside, where parental care and vigilance had furnished the means of moral and intellectual culture. Thrown suddenly upon a distant frontier, surrounded by thoughtless, if not profligate and vicious associates, they may at first have ceased to be shocked at the habitual desecration of the Sabbath, or the use of profane language. ** Evil communications" may have corrupted their purity, and led them to deride the injunctions impressed upon the youthful conscience by maternal solicitude. Engaged in business, they become identified with all the interests of the society of which they now form a part, the heads of a family and the principal citizens of their neighbourhood. Their children are growing up, it may be, in carelessness and ignorance, untutored and vicious. It is now that the lessons of their youth, in all their force and freshness, come home to their heart and conscience, reminding them that their Father's house was a house of prayer. They recollect the sacred quiet of the day of rest, the catechism and the school-house. They think of their old minister and the school. master. A teacher arrives in the neighboorhood, or a pioneer hernld of the cross passes through ihe country. They are sought after. The one is invited to preach, a nucleus of a christian congregation is formed, and the regular ordinances of a christian church are established. The other is employed to teach ; the school-houss iserected ; instruction, cheap, solid and useful, is imparted to the young. The whole face of society undergoes a perceptible amelioration. Good morals, tbrirt, taste, progress and improvement succeed.

Besides these sources of improvement, there were others worthy of notice. Roads and other channels of communication were now opened up to the several parts of the frontier, which admitted to them emigrants from older comma. nities, who brought with them wealth, comfort, books, fash- Ion and refinement. Commt.rce began to exert its wonted inHuence in modifying and refining society. Philadelphia and Baltimore merchants furnished capable young men of the West with a small stock of goods ; and though subjected to the delay and expense of a long and tedious land transportation of seven or eight hundred miles, over bad roads, from these cities to Holston and Cumberland, the traffic became mutually advantageous to buyer and seller. Heavy articles of export reached the foreign markets by the fiatbottomed boats of the country, down the MiBsissippi. A few goods and groceries, from the West Indies, were reoeired in keel boats, by the same channel. Money became more abundant. More attention was given by the inhabitants to the style and convenience of their buildings, the oeiUness and taste of their costume, and the embellishment and improvement of their farms and villages. Knoxville bad begnn to wear the aspect of a town, and Nashville gave, even dien, certain indications of her future importance, wealth and commerce. The streets were extended ; stores were maltiplied and workshops were established. The future proud Metropolis of Tennessee - now adorned with the most magnificent Capitol in thie Union - began to be visited by strangers in search of a theatre for the exercise of commercial enterprise and skill. No city has been more fortunate ia having, as the artificers of its fortunes, skilfid, enligbteiwd, liberal and public spirited merchants. Nashville may well be proud of the soldiers who have gone out from her midst, and the Commanders she has furnished, in every period of her history, when the condition of the State or the Union made a call upon her chivalry, her patriotism, or her devotion to liberty. She may be proud of the fame of her civilians and statesmen, whose remains repose in her precincts, or of those who, in after times, adorned, dignified and still serve her at home or in the national councils. She may boast of her science, her arts and her learning ; but, earlier in her history, it was the spirit of the Nashville merchants, that made her what she is destined to be - and, indeed, already is - the great focus of wealth, of commerce and manufactures. At the end of the last century, radiating from that centre, went forth, to the surrounding settlements, industry, thrift, improvement and taste. Here and there, at irregular intervals, appeared the well-cultivated farm, in the woods of Cumberland, and the stately mansion in the place of the frontier cabin.

In those purer days of the republic, patriotism was not an echo merely. With the pioneers of Tennessee, it was a principle, deep, strong, active, full of vitality and vigour. ** Their glowing love of country, their lofty independence, their devoted courage, their high religious trust, their zeal for education, as the consequence of their deep regard for the welfare of their descendants, all challenge our applause ; all demand our emulation. In those days, professions of esteem, pro bono publico, were sealed with active efforts, not suffered to evaporate in air."*

The principles held by the men of that day were their convictions, the convictions of a deliberate judgment and of a pure and unselfish patriotism. In these, they were persistent and conscientious. An ebullition of disappointment, a factious paroxysm, an unhealthy ambition, a newspaper paragraph, were powerless in degrading a faithful public officer, or in elevating an incompetent or an unworthy aspirant. The tactics of the partizan and the factionist were unknown, and the manufactories of public sentiment, were confined to the good common sense of the people themselvei rather than their passions, their interests and their prejudices. In the selection of public officers, the inquiry wai not - does the office suit the candidate 7 but, is he qaalifiec for the office ? Identity of interest with the constituency, t public service, and an honest, if not enlightened love a country, secured the confidence, and ivith it the patroDa|< and suffrages of the masses.

This account of the progress and improveuient attainec by Tennessee, would be incomplete, without a notice of tb Great Religious Revival, which occurred about the end o ^ the last century. Their frequent conflict vrith the Indiam the war of the Revolution, and the exciting scenes throagi which the pioneers of Tennessee had passed, during the for mation at several periods of their civil Government, had beei accompanied with a necessary relaxation of morals. Re ligious instruction and worship, were necessarily neglected and the forms even of religion were most imperfectl}' main tained. The march of armies, and the excitement of a sol dier's life, are little favourable to the culture of the mora sense. Vice and immorality follow in their train. Tht same may be said of the clamour and tumult attending upoi political antagonism and faction. They have little tendenc] to make men better. The standard of morality is lowered, anc the sacred fire of conscience burns less purely, both in the congregation and the family. Scenes of bloodshed and partizan animosity, steel the heart against the commands of God.

But now, war and its influences bad ceased, and the quiet oi a stable government had given repose to the excited masses. This condition was favourable to the needed reformation, and happily the instruments by whom it was to be efiected were at hand. ** Men of burning zeal, inspired by the lofty theme, and imbued with the power of a boisterous but natural eloquence, came amongst the people, and declared their mission. To most of them it was novel, and, therefore, attractive. Large audiences of sensitive and enthusiastic hearers, were assembled, the fame of the preachers is ex- tended to distant neighbourhoods, other appointments are made, at which thousands will have congregated, some of them having come more than fifty miles."* This created the necessity of what has since been known as '^ a Campmeeting."

'* The first important Camp-meeting on record, was held at Cane Ridge, in Tennessee, in the summer of 1700. The revivals and protracted meetings, which had preceded it, caused the attendance of a vast concourse of people, encamped in the dense forest, where the religious exercises were continued day and night This novel mode of worshipping God, excited great attention, and people flocked to it from a distance of fifty or sixty miles ; many came from Lexington, Kentucky, a distance of one hundred and eighty miles. At night the grove was illuminated with lighted candles, lamps and torches. The stillness of the night, the serenity of the heavens, the vast concourse of attentive worshippers, wrapped in the deep solemnity which covered every countenance, the pointed and earnest manner in which the preachers, in different portions of the vast concourse, exhorted the people to repentance, faith and prayer, denouncing the terrors of the law upon the impenitent, produced the most awfully solemn sensations in the minds of all. Twenty thousand persons were estimated to be presentf

The next important Camp-meeting was on Desha's Creek, near Cumberland River. It was also attended by many thousands of people, and the same scenes were witnesisied in a still more remarkable manner. ;{; In other parts of Tennessee and Kentucky, these assemblages of the people were also general, and were accompanied with similar infiuences.

The Ministers, who led the way in these exciting revivals, were William and John McGhee, Rev. James McGready, Hoge and Rankin, of the Presbyterian church ; and William McKendree, William Burke, John Sale and Benjamin Lakin, of the Methodist church. §

Frontier Edocatiom

FRONTIER EDOCATIOM, - The means of both moral and intellectual culture are n**! CGssarily meagre and inadequate, in all new and frontier settlements. It was so in eariy limes in Tennessee. For many years there were few clergymen, and few competent ,4eachers. There were no libraries and few books, Occa- ' tonally a mtni-:ter of the gospel, well educated and capable of imparting instruction, would open a classical school, and furnish thus tothe young men of the country, the facilities of acquiring useful and solid learning; but such a school was at first rare. The common schools of the country were, in like manner, scarcejand infrequent, and where they were had, the teachers were olten incompetent.

In this dearth of ihe opportunities of moral and mental training, it might be supposed that the inhabitants would become necessarily vicious and ignorant. To some considerable extent, it was so. But he is greatly mistaken, who mpposes that an illiterate is necessarily an ignorant population. Far otherwise. Fortunately for the new communities, upon a remote frontier, olher instrumentalities than the pulpit and school-house - invaluable and inappreciable as they are admitted to he - are found for the improvement of the mind and heart.

Education, in its broadest sense, regards the body, the mind and the heart. When thus subdivided, it is physical, inte)iectual and moral. Physical education is no where more perfectly attained, than upon the frontier, in a salubrious climate. The first emigrants to the solitudes of the West were remarkable for their enterprise, hardihood, vigonr, powers of endurance, health and manhood. These were not only generally inherited by their children, bnt increased and augmented by the circumstances around diem. Their pursuits cultivated and enlarged them. Their mode and style of living had the same tendency. There was no Inxn* ry to enervate, no excess of labour to depress, no idleness to enfeeble them. Every one was employed ; there was no idler - no voluptuary - no drone in society. Each one felt bim- Mit stimulated by his position, in a career of active or use- ful employment. The chase, the campaign, the building of cabins and forts, the felling the forest, the subduing the wilderness, all demanded active and manly exertion, and, ii^ spiring hope and promise for the future, assisted 'in develop* ing in the highest degree the physical man. Nowhere else has the race attained a fuller development or a higher perfection, than upon the Tennessee frontier.

Intellectual education, if it did not advance e^tio j9ed!e, was still not without its own peculiar adjuvants and stimulants. The frontier mind had its culture, though the sources of it, and its channels, were not the same as in older communities. It has been already stated that there were few professional instructors, and few books, and no libraries. This deficit, however to be deplored, was not accompanied with ignorance, as would now, by many, be supposed. A frontier peoplct though generally illiterate, is usually remarkable for great good sense and general intelligence. Of these there are, fortunately, other sources than libraries and institutions of learning. Nowhere, more than upon the frontier, are these brought into requisition. The ambition of superiority is nowhere more active and all-pervading. There, above all others, the race for distinction is open to all ; the start is even ; each one enters with an honourable competition to come out foremost. General intelligence, useful information, good common sense - these, and not scholastic attainment, become the standard, the object, purpose and aim of the frontier citizen. With these in his view, he is stimulated to teach himself. He has the intellect and the ambition to learn ; he has the leisure to inquire, to think and to investigate for himself. Oral communication becomes thus, upon the frontier, the great source of instruction. Information thus acquired, though less minute and extensive, is not less solid or profound, nor less accurate and reliable, than that obtained bv the infant mind from books. Hence, there is less fanaticism, fewer errorists, fewer ultraists, in an unlettered population on the frontier, than in an older community with greater literary advantages - every moment of its time absorbed by and devoted to business, with no leisure, and less inclination, to think for themselves. The thoughts j^f and-DflioitrtthMil toad oMster ilh^^iriilte Ckir other coitt* prehtad a' wider rattge^ and obvw *a greatiBr 'tfea* The ftei^er*iBlnd jprMpe the pvUlb gMd, the inlStiitioiilr e^ ttie eoaiilry, geverttAebti ImWi,- (htodoByi poStidi^ medl* eiiie^ efviry thingw Thb may wAitCh^ iwBMtiiiies did oreate» aa onamiable telfHRiflMeiiet^ *'^ trait of'dttnuS* tMr matt cdmuabte, howtTer, thaa a Wiid iDbMrriennf *^to the dogmas of the adioels or a fluhhmAhHi jmbUe ophitoii: No one to the Magaw ApeUo to the'frn^i^aiatL Heli the Magna* Ap(4k> to htmsdf. N^Uhi»^4MklhmjvtN^ wrfte mrngkiri^ to hto motto.' Free inTiMigfltttoia, imd Biide^ IMadenC thinUoib ^6k yremfaiwit Aataotar irttes of the hor^ der eetdeaientt hi TeiiaeaMe. Theito Wwe luen *ht Ae Toaiiou and 4egi8lrititte» of FraakHii» of di« Tsrritoifid GoTammeat; aad of Ttmms^ yAito omU dM read f aM yttt mMy if hot aUbf them^ were mea of stSiDBg' mental pew^ m^ greittlgood^ eeaie, eactearive, if Mit pHifii^ edge^'aad jrcmaAable fbr thdr ahHiwdite^ (Mgaoity. bitelleots aot dMipahnid by books, roattatt^ lustraetiami dajt seholastie roles ; bat trained by the least imperfbet teacher^ a constant intercourse with man, and an examination into the relations arising from the condition of society. Governor Blount, whose position and attainments gave him the most ample opportunity to form accurate opinions on this subject, felt no unwillingness to consult the least learned of the Territorial Assembly, as to the policy of his administration. ** That old man," said he, ^ is strong-minded, wise, and well-informed, if he^ can not read." Another has said, speaking of the frontier man : ^' He is silent in manner, embarrassingly so at first, extremely accurate in his observation of human nature, and any man that cannot bear to be scrutinized had better not come here. He judges much by the eye, and has a most enviable power of estimation ; your temperament, looks, speech and acts, ape all taken in by him ; and if you can get a tablet of his judgment, you will find a remarkable daguerreotype of your exact worth written. They are phrenologists and physiognomists, not merely ihilosophers, but as practical appliers of those inductive sciences ; and beneath a show of positive laziness or langaor, there is an amount of energy and action, mental and physical, perfectly surprising."

Oral instruction, as alluded to above, we do not confine to one only, of its manifestations. Besides that, in the family or in the neighbourhood, was the Debating Club, the Forum, the Tribune, the Legislative Hall, and the Hustings. As all had the leisure, so no one lacked the disposition to avail himself of each of these agencies, to acquire information. Returning from them to his quiet cabin, the theme was there introduced, and the argument resumed by the frontier man and his sons. A searching anal}'sis was there made of every position taken, and every argument offered ; and with unlettered logic, and with an original ratiocination, a judgment was attained upon the subject examined. Men educated in the schools, were then, as they still are, surprised at the amount of information, and the reasoning powers exhibited, in the humble dwellings of the obscurest neighbourhoods, upon subjects supposed to be beyond their reach.

Moral education upon the frontier was conducted with little of the advantages which result from the institutions of religion and piety. The pulpit and the congregational organizations which accompanied it, were wanting. This great deficit was, upon that account, supplied the more earnestly, by other instrumentalities. It created the necessity, more especially for the conscientious parent, to exercise. the great moral power of the parental office, of the family and the family altar, the home and home influence ; these were all brought to bear upon infancy and childhood, in their plastic forming state. As has been well remarked by another, ** there is not a more gigantic moral* power committed to creatures upon earth, perhaps not in the Universe, than the power of the parent over the child, because it lies back of all other sources of influence. To the parents are committed the fresh materials, untouched by any human hand, out of which the whole physical, moral and intellectual character of the nation, is to be manufactured for good or for evil. Every parent, every home, is an educator for the country.

Through his child, the parent has a. channel of influeDce,a open door of communication with the world and with posterity, through which he is forming the character and shaping the destiny of his country." This great duty became doubly imperative in the new settlements. The pulpit, the schoolhouse, the press, were not there to divide with the parent, the fearful responsibility of the moral training of the^'oung. He was the priest of his own household. The duty could not be transferred to another. The great lessons of truth, honour, probity, virtue, honesty, public spirit and self-reliance, were taught and inculcated at the fireside, with all the freshness of a personal interest, and with all the sanction, authority and alTection of the parental relation. None could have assumed this duty with a higher propriety. They could be discharged by no others with greater fidelity or success.

The enumeration of the traits of character which belonged to frontier life might be much enlarged. We should like to dwell here a little upon the enthusiasm, vivacity, shrewdness and self-respect of the Tennessee frontier man, but we can only mention two others. An unostentatious hospitality characterizes the backwoodsmen. It begins in the wilderness where alellow huntsman has lost a butcher knife. His less unfortunate comrade breaks his own in two, and gives the one half to the other. Has one lost his ammunition? the other cuts his bar of lead, and divides it and his remaining powder, with his companion, before they separate. Emigrant families, on their way through the wilderness, introduced and practised this considerate regard for the coDvenienoe of others. The*Iast duty, at breaking up camp, when setting oat on a day's jonrney, was carefully to cover over the coals and chumps of burning wood, remaining of their camp fire, that those sucbeeding them the following evening, at the same spring or water c6urse, might have the facility of starting a fire, without delay, on their arrival at It. Tn inclement weather, this was a kindness which none but emigrants can duly appreciate. Does the settler descry from his cabin door a stranger riding near it? He goes to meet him, asks him to come in and spend a night The family makes him welcome, attends to all his wants, an- ticipates what may add to his comfort, and never allows him to depart without exacting a promise that he will come again and stay a week on his return. Does a neighbour casually approach his door? He is not allowed to go further till he alights, partakes of some refreshments, and becomes acquainted with the inmates of the humble househofd. Is a neighbour sick - are his fields in consequence unworked, and likely to furnish no crop ? A day is set, the neighbours assemble, distribute the work amongst themselves, plough and hoe the corn, gather his harvest, haul his wood, send a messenger for the physician, and day and night administer to his necessities, and soothe his sufferings and watch around his sick couch. Oh, such sympathy and kindness is itself curative and remedial., and makes us think better of ourselves and of unsophisticated and artless human nature ! It is an Oasis in the desert, a green spot in the contemplation of early times in Tennessee, which it is delightful to witness and remember. Growth, and progress, and art, have, in some places, obliterated these beautiful and amiable features of our earlier society ; enough still remains, to excite a regret that they are less general, and less appreciated than in the infancy of the country.

Another trait, and the last we can mention in the character of the frontier man« is his lofly State pride. This is not a sentiment only ; with him it became a passion. The Tennessee pioneer can be exceeded by none in fondness for and admiration of his own countr}% His valour acquired - his enterprise subdued it. It has become the idol of his heart, the home of plenty, of quiet and security. Its greatness excites his admiration, its beauty his pride, its character his enthusiasm ; its unstained escutcheon is the theme of his boast and glory. If he leaves the hills and plains, the mountains and valleys, and rivers of his own country, like the Swiss, he remembers them with affection and a melancholy pleasure. In all his wanderings, in success and in triumph alike, as in solitude and disaster, his thoughts are turned constantly upon Tennessee and his early home-^he invokes a blessing upon the Fatherland, and heaves the sigh of regret that he left it» and cannot be interred beneath its soil.

Appendix Bt What Authokitt

Off Davidson: this county, when the Sute of Tennessee was named, gave up its name. These seves counties were erected prior to the cession, in 1789, by N. Carolina, of her westen territory.

Boundabies Of Oouhties

Sullivan Comntf is made to hiwin on the BCMip Bbek; thenoe, alow the dividing ridge that separates &e waten of the Great Kedahawa and iPmiMtfM^ to the head of IhcBan Greek; ib6no% idon^f the iflgiNhal ^iridet the waters of Hobton and Watange; ttoiee, aoiredt Sne to the highest part of the C!himney-Top Mountain, A the Lidiaa boOndsrr. Sulifan Oonotf is that part of WashingtoBitwhioh lately waajMm of this line. - *

The fine difi£ng Washington from Gfeeiw,'bMpa:at WiUiam'Wfr fiamsVi, in the brk of Hme Creek, at the fbot oTthe Ixon Moontam^ thenoe, 4 direct eowse to George Gillespie's house, at or near the mouth of Big limestone ; thence, a north ooanse to the fine wUsh divides the Counties of WashiDgton and Sullivan; thenoe, with die said line to the Chimney-Top Mountain ; thence, a direct course to the mouth of Cloud's Creek, on Holston River. That part of Washington which lay to the west of this line, was, thenceforward, to he the County of Greene.

Davidson County. - ^The boundaries of Davidson county were as follow: Beginning on the top of Cumberland Mountain, where the Virginia line crosses it ; extending westwardly along said line to the Tennessee River; thence, up said river to the mouth of Duck River; thence, up Duck River, to where the line of marked trees run by the Commissioners for laying off the land granted to the Continental line of Korth-Carolina intersects said river, which said line is supposed to be in thirty-five degrees, fifty minutes, north latitude ; thence, east, along said line to the top of Cumberland Mountiun ; thence, northwardly, along said line to the beginning.

Sumner County. - The line of division began where the county line crosses the west fork of Stone's River ; thence, a direct line to the mouth of Drake's Lick Creek ; thence, down Cumberland River to the month of Kasper's Creek ; thence, up said creek to the head of the War Trace Fork : thence, a northwardly course to the Virginia line, at a point that will leave Red River Old Station one mile to the east That part of Davidson County that lay east of this line, was to belong to Sum« ner County.

Hawkins County was formed bj dividing SalHvan. The diTiBfoiuiI' line began where the boundary line between Virginia and North-Caro* lina crosses the North Fork of Holston ; thence, down said fork to ita junction with the main Holston ; thence, across said river, due south, to the top of Bay's Mountain; thence, along the top of said mountain to the top of the dividing ridge between the waters of the Holston and French Broad, to its junction with Holston River ; thence, down the said River Holston to its junction with the Tennessee ; thenoe, down the same to the Suck, where said river runs through the Cumberland Mountain ; thence, along the top of said mountain to the aforesaid boundary line, and thence along said line to the beginning. All that part of the territory lying west of the north fork of Holston, was erected into the county of Hawkins.

Tennessee County. - Beginning on the Virginia line ; thence, south, along Sumner County to the dividing ridge between Cumberland River and Ked River ; thenoe, westwardly, along said ridge to the head of the main south branch of Sycamore Creek ; thence, down the said branch to the mouth thereof; thence, due south across Cumberland River to Davidson County line. All that part of Davidson County, west of this line, was erected into a county cialled Tennessee.

Jefferson County. - ^The line follows. Beginning on Nollichucky River at the place where the ridge, which divides the waters of Bent and Lick Creek, strikes it ; thenoe, with that ridge to BulPs Gap of Bay's Mountain ; thence, a direct line to the place where the road that leads from Dodson's Ford to Perkin's Iron Works, crosses the watery fork of Bent Creek ; thence, down that road to the head of Panther Creek ; down the meanders of that creek to the River Holston : thence, a north-west course to the River Clinch. Again : from Nollichucky River, where the ridge that divides the waters of Bent and Lick Creek strikes it, a direct course to Peter Fine's Ferry, on French Broad ; thence, south, to the ridge that divides the waters of French Broad and Big Pigeon, and, with said ridge, to the eastern boundary of the territory. Southward and westward of the line thus described, two new counties were to be established. The one, Jefferson County, to be butted and bounded by the above line, from the eastern boundary of the territory, to the River Holston, and down that stream to the mouth of Creswell's Mill Creek ; thence, a direct line to the mouth of Dumplin Creek, on French Broad ; thence, up the meanders of French Broad, to the mouth of Boyd^s Creek ; thence, south, twenty-five degrees east, to the ridge which divides the waters of Little Pigeon and Boyd's Creek ; and, with the said ridge, to the Indian boundary, or th« eastern bounding of the territory, as the case may be, and by the eastem boundary.

Knox County, - ^Tlie other county, Knox, to be butted and bounded by the lines of Jefferson county, from the mouth of CreswelPs Mill Creek, to the eastern boundary of the territory, or the Indian boundary, as the case may be. Again : from the mouth of the naid Creek, up the meanders of the River Holston, to the mouth of Panther Creek ; thence, north-west, to the River Clinch ; thence, by the River Clinch to the place where the line that shall cross Holston at the ndge that jSi!9«ir Cl9iiiity«-^-BeffinnBiff on the eastm bonndaiy of this terri*. tmy; {nxit . tbenoey - weotune to the ridse that dindee the wHteia 4r JUttle from the waters of Big Fifson; thenoe» along the eame to the head of Hnddr Creek; thenoe, a direet line to Iki lower end of an island in Frendi oroad Biv^, formerij known by the name of Hub: bertVi Island; thenoe, a ^ireet line to the idoath of Orsswell'a IfiU Onek ; thenee^ with the Kdbx Conbty line to the top of B«rV Honiitl^} tbenoe^ along thi^said monntain* to where the IVenbhoroadrwm ^longh the same; th^nee^ along the said movntain, and with the ezfesme hmg^t thereel^ to the place where the ridge finding the walom clrPreoeh JSrotMl.ftiom those of Littie Biver, intersects the sanie ; thenes^ Hiih said ridge to the J^geon Monotain ; thence, aloi^ sud monntain to the Indian boundary, and with the same to the eastern bonpdaiy of the territory ; thence, to the beginning.