Geneva Township (part 1 of 3)

And Village

The lands at present embraced within the limits of this township were, at the drawing of the territory east of the Cuyahoga river in 1798, used for the purpose of equalization, and fell by lot to Caleb Atwater, Gideon Granger, and William Hart. Upon the organization of Ashtabula County, Harpersfield township embraced all the territory now included within the .prescribed limits of that township, Geneva, Trumbull, and Hartsgrove. On March 22, 1816, Geneva was detached, and formed into a separate township, of which action we find the following entry on the record of the commissioners of Ashtabula County : " Resolved, that all that part of Harpersfield township north of the north line of number eleven in the fifth range, to the lake, be set off fronj that township and erected as a separate township to be known by the name of Geneva, and that the first township election be held at the dwelling-house of Loren Cowles, on the first Monday of April next."

Topography And Soil

This township is trapezoid in form, the east line being something over five miles in length, and the west considerably less. The surface of the township is of a rolling nature, aud is crossed from east to west by two small elevations of land, termed the North and South ridges, which run parallel with the lake, and are perhaps one mile apart.

The soil is varied, the ridges being composed of sand, while between them vegetable mould or clay and loam predominate. This township was in early times considered too wet for farming purposes, but by persevering industry much of the land has been brought into a profitable state of cultivation.

There are in the township two streams of considerable magnitude, besides numerous small runs and rivulets. The first of these streams is, from the " South ridge" to the lake, called Cowles creek, and derives its name from Noah Cowles, who was the first white settler near it. This gentleman was also the first settler in what is now the thriving, go-ahead village of Geneva, the place of his location being upon the spot now occupied by the residence of R. B. Munger, on North Broadway, north of Railway. Cowles creek rises in Austinburg, enters Geneva perhaps one mile from the southeast corner, and passing westerly one mile and one-half, turns northwesterly, and passes in this direction to the lake, into which it empties some two miles from the west line of the township. Marsh creek from the southwest, and Muddy brook from the southeast, discharge their waters into Cowles creek near its mouth. The next stream is Indian creek, which enters this township from Saybrook, near the northeast corner, and flows into the lake some two miles east of the mouth of Cowles creek. This stream is called Indian creek from the fact that, upon its west bank, near its mouth, was buried an Indian, named Little John, who, it appears, was a great favorite with not only the aborigines, but with the white settlers. This Indian was killed by a falling tree, at a point now embraced within the limits of Geneva village. Wheeler creek rises in Harpersfield, enters Geneva on the south line near the centre, passes through the township, and empties into the lake near the northwest corner of the township.

Settlement

The first settler within the limits of Geneva was, without doubt, Theobalt Bartholomew, who came from Charlotte, Schoharie county, New York, in the year

1805, and made settlement on the South Ridge road, near the west bank of Cowles creek. Mr. B. was somewhat advanced in life when he came into Geneva, but he lived many years, and during those years saw the inhabitants rapidly increasing and settlements advancing. He was a soldier in the frontier and border warfare maintained at Schoharie and the neighboring settlements during the dark and gloomy days of the Revolution, and in his new home rose to considerable distinction. The next settler was Elisha Wiard, who came from Connecticut, and located some quarter of a mile north of Bartholomew's. Wiard was a young, active, and industrious settler, and made considerable improvement. He died in the winter of 1812. The next settlers were James Morrison, Sr., and Levi Gaylord. These pioneers came from Harpersfield, New York, and located in Geneva in the year

1 806. They settled near each other on the South Ridge road, near the east line of the township. At the time of their emigration Morrison had arrived at the age of fifty, and Gaylord forty-six years. Major Gaylord filled some of the most important offices in the county. He represented the county one term ; in fact was the only representative from Geneva township until the fall of 1877, when our able young statesman, the Hon. Freeman Thorp, was elected. For further particulars of the life of Major Gaylord see biographical notes in another portion of this volume.

In 1807, John and Robert Lamont and Benjamin Custin made a temporary settlement on the Norman Webster farm ; remained some two years, and removed to what is now Harpersfield township, the history of which see for further particulars of this family. In the year 1808, Eleazer Davis commenced improvement on the farm afterwards owned by the Reverend Jonathan Leslie, now the property of John C. Brakeman. About this time, Dr. Nathan B. Johnson and Noah Cowles came to reside in Geueva, and located on the South Ridge road, east of Cowles creek. These are thought to be all the settlers in Geneva township up to 1808. During the next seven years there were accessions made to the settlement, consisting of perhaps fifteen families. Among them were Squire B. French, John Ketchum, John, Benjamin, and Jacob Bartholomew, Rev. Jonathan Leslie, Samuel Quinton, Abisha Lawton, and Truman Watkins. On the North ridge were Samuel Thompson, Norman Webster, and Harvey S. Spencer (father of Warren Platt Spencer, of the Geneva twins, and brother of the renowned father of penmanship, Platt R. Spencer, whose biographies appear, the one in connection with the group of editors of the county, and the other with the Spencer family group, which see for further mention). Another settlement was begun on the lake-shore, in the northeast corner of the township, as early as 1811. This consisted of Barzillia N. Spencer, lot 53; John Austin, lot 51 ; James M. Morse, lot 50 ; Jacob Hall, lots 44 and 45 ; and Strowbridge Morrison, on lot 46. From divers causes, this settlement was finally abandoned, and the cabins were left to resolve themselves into their original elements. The early settlers of Geneva, in common with all the pioneers of the Reserve, endured privations and hardships of which those of to-day can have but a faint conception. Under the most favorable circumstances, their food was always coarse, often unsavory, and, if accident befell the sources from which they were supplied, scantiness as well as coarseness mingled with their meals. The two principal articles of food upon the tables of the early settlers were bread and meat. If the bread chanced to be made of wheat flour, and the meat consisted of the flesh of domestic animals, then was the fare considered good in the superlative degree. If the bread chanced to be made of corn-meal, and the meat consisted of the flesh of the deer, the bear, or the raccoon, there was no complaining, for in those days were they less concerned about the quality of the food than they were about the quantity. Coffee was known only by the name, and tea, if drunk at all, was drunk about as frequently as it was by the Whigs of Boston immediately after that article was cast into the harbor from the British ships. In respect to clothing, as well as other necessaries for which the settlers had to depend in whole or in part upon the market, they were about as well provided for as they were in respect to tea and coffee. There were no stores in the vicinity, so that whatever was required beyond what their own hands could supply was entirely dispensed with or supplied in a meagre manner. The consequence was that the wardrobe of the ladies comported but miserably with their patient and untiring industry.

One striking characteristic of the pioneer settlements on the Keserve was their eagerness to afford the advantages of schools to their families. Geneva was fully the equal of her sister townships in this particular. In default of positive knowledge in relation to the first school-house in the township, Harvey 11. Gaylord, Esq., now of Saginaw, Michigan, was appealed to with the following result : " No doubt the log school-house which stood nearly opposite S. P. Holden's, on or near the site of which Jesse Leonard afterwards had a wagon-shop, was the first schoolhouse built in Geneva. This was undoubtedly erected in the fall of 1807 or spring of 1808. I am sure that my sister Margaret (afterwards the wife of Otis Johnson) taught a term in this house in the summer of 1808, which was the first school taught iu the township of Geneva." The first frame school-house was built in probably 1821. W. P. Spencer, of the Geneva Times , furnishes us the following in relation to that old-time teacher, Josiah Alford : " Born in Connecticut in 1771. In about the year 1817 he removed to Ashtabula County, and located in Geneva. His wife was Pauline, sister of Judge Q. F. Atkins (of whom see prominent mention elsewhere). Mr. Alford was a professional teacher; taught his first term in Granby, Connecticut, in 1792, and his last in Trumbull, this county, in 1837, covering a period of forty-four years. During this interval he taught in the townships of Saybrook, Jefferson, Geneva, Morgan, Harpersfield, Windsor, Conneaut, and Trumbull ; also in Crawford and Mercer counties, Pennsylvania, and in Trumbull county, this State. This faithful old teacher and most exemplary citizen died at his residence on the lake-shore, in Geneva, in the year 1851." As a contrast to the present wages paid teachers we learn that the first two terms this gentleman taught in Granby, Connecticut, he was paid at the rate of two dollars per month and his hoard , and for his last school (in Trumbull) he received twelve dollars per month, boarded around, and had fi fty-one scholars. For statistical matter pertaining to Geneva township, - number of teachers employed, number of scholars enrolled, etc., - see close of this history. The following historical matter in relation to the Geneva normal school was prepared by Prof. J. P. Treat, the able principal of that school, to whom our thanks are tendered:

Geneva Normal School

" Notice is hereby given by the board of education of Geneva school district that there will be a special meeting of the qualified voters of said district at the school-house, on Monday, the 20th day of April, 1868, at one o'clock p.m., to consider the question whether a tax of from eight to ten thousand dollars shall be levied upon the taxable property of said district to build a new school-house. The erection of such a house is, in the judgment of the board, necessary.

Such, in brief, was the origin of the normal school. The educational necessities of the village and the surrounding country demanded it, and the people responded promptly.

The board of education at this time consisted of J. L. Morgan, president ; Asa Lamb, treasurer; I. C. Chamberlin, secretary; N. Brigham, H. S. Munger, and S. S. Burrows. J. S. Morgan and II. S. Munger constituted the building committee. The building was planned by Hurd & Blythe, Cleveland, Ohio. Under the direction of the building committee the work was begun in the early part of May, 1868, and the structure was ready for occupancy by the 1st of September following.

Description of the Building. - The Normal building is one of the finest in the county. It is brick, seventy-five feet long, forty feet wide, of modern style of architecture, and four stories high. The first story, with one exception, is devoted entirely to the purposes of a boarding-hall. The pantries, kitchen, and matrons' rooms are all large and conveniently arranged. The music-room is also pleasautly situated in this story.

The laboratory, commercial-room, library, chapel, and recitation-rooms are located in the second story. The chapel is large, well seated, and contains an organ, pictures, etc. The floor is matted and the rostrum carpeted. The halls and the three flights of stairs are also matted. The recitation-rooms are pleasantly situated and well lighted. In the third and fourth stories are rooms or dormitories conveniently arranged for the occupancy of teachers and foreign students. The preceptress' recitation-room and the reception-room are also located in the third story. The dormitories are large, well lighted, and very delightful places for study. Lake Erie, nearly all Geneva, and a large portion of the surrounding country can be seen from the rooms. The building stands on elevated ground, and faces Eagle and Park streets. It is surrounded by a beautiful grove of maple-trees. The building, with furniture, apparatus, etc., cost sixteen thousand dollars.

History of the School. - The first school taught in the new building began the first Monday in September, 1868. C. H. Roberts was the first principal, being assisted by Mrs. C. H. Roberts, Mrs. G. M. Pinney, and others. Professor Roberts continued in charge two years. J. S. Lowe, assisted by Mrs. J. S. Lowe, Professor Rice, and others, was principal during the next three years. Under Professors Roberts and Lowe the school became very prosperous, and commanded a large foreign patronage. At one time there were sixty boarders in the boarding club, and the average attendance exceeded one hundred students. The next principal was L. V. Dodge, who was elected in the fall of 1873. He was assisted by Mrs. L. V. Dodge, Miss H. 31. Bliun, 31iss Libbie Churchward, and A. II. Stockham. In 1874, L. T. Kirk was elected principal. He was assisted by 3Iiss H. 31. Blinn, A. II. Stockham, and others. Professor Kirk was succeeded by R. H. Kinnison, who was elected principal in 1875. His assistants were 3Irs. II. H. Kinnison, 3Iiss H. 31. Blinn, and A. II. Stockham. This administration continued one year. In June, 1876, the board secured the services of Jay P. Treat as principal. At this writing (3Iarcli, 1878) Professor Treat has been in charge nearly two years, and is elected for two years longer.

In consequence of frequent changes in the superintendency, together with other causes, the school did not prosper during the years of 1873 to 1875. Under its present administration the Normal is regaining much of its former influence and prosperity, and is steadily growing in favor.

Present Condition and Advantages of the School. - The present board of instructors is as follows : Jay P. Treat, A. 31., principal and teacher of higher mathematics and languages; 3Irs. Jay P. Treat, preceptress and teacher of natural sciences, French, painting, and drawing; 3Iiss Laura E. Burnette, mathematics and English branches ; A. II. Stockham, physiology, book-keeping, and writing ; 3Iiss Ella F. Grover, instrumental music ; Prof. C. A. Bentley, vocal music ; 3Irs. A. A. Bowers, matron ; A. II. Stockham, steward.

Normal Preparatory and Union School Department Prof. J. D. 3IcCalmont, principal and teacher in grammar school ; 3Iiss Emma Barnum, assistant in grammar school; 3Iiss Nellie Amidon, intermediate department; 3Iiss Ella Kinsley, primary department.

Courses Of Study, Revised And Adopted In 1876

The courses of study - English, classical, teachers' course, and preparatory - are in harmony with the spirit of the age, being thorough, practical, and comprehensive, including the higher pursuits and studies as well as the common branches.

The teachers and board of education recognize the wants of a progressive age, and have honestly endeavored to constitute liberal courses of study which shall be sufficient to qualify young ladies and gentlemen for entering upon any business calling or profession in life, or for taking an advanced standing iu any college.

Fourth Year

The German course is as follows : German grammar, two terms ; Wilhelm Tell, one term; Herman and Dorothea, one term; German conversation, one term; German newspaper, one term.

The French course: French grammar, two terms; Le Grand Pere, one term; Telemaque, one term ; French newspaper, one term ; conversation, one term.

Geography with map-drawing, definition and analysis of words, English grammar, systematic penmanship, United States and modern history, English composition, book-keeping, natural philosophy, physiology, intellectual arithmetic, practical arithmetic, higher arithmetic, algebra (two terms), analysis of sentences, vocal music, rhetoric, chemistry, geometry, drawing, didactics, or theory and practice of teaching, lectures, and class-drill. If desirable, students pursuing this special teachers' course can study the language and higher mathematics in the regular classes.

Normal Department

Fourth. To give copious exercises which involve the use of blackboards, globes, apparatus, instruments, blocks, objects, etc., with a view of enabling students to introduce the same into their schools when they shall become teachers.

Those students pursuing the English and classical courses are required to do a large part of the work provided for in the teachers' course. The courses are so arranged to make this not only possible but desirable, and of great advantage to the student.

ganized each term for regular instruction and drill in the " science and art of teaching," explaining fully and practically the best and latest methods of teaching, governing, and school management, and the best means of preparing and using simple apparatus to interest and instruct pupils in the common or district schools.

This class is organized for those who cannot complete the regular teachers' course, yet who are engaged in teaching common schools. The members of this class are subjected to most rigid and satisfactory drills in orthography, English grammar, analysis of sentences, letter-writing, arithmetic, geography, map-drawing, and elocution, as well as in theory and practice of teaching. They are thoroughly prepared for the work of teaching, and for passing first-class examinations before the county board.

German. - This branch receives special attention. It is daily becoming more important, and, from a commercial point of view, it ranks next to a knowledge of book-keeping. In many places, a person must be able to speak it in order to do business successfully.

Commercial Department

The commercial department of the Normal, as in the past, will continue to be a leading feature of the school. A. H. Stockham, the principal, is a graduate of Eastman's National business college, situated at Poughkeepsie, New York. After his graduation he was thought competent to take charge of one of the departments in the college, which position he filled with credit to himself and satisfaction to his employers. He has been connected with the Normal four years. During this time his department has met with large success, and is rapidly growing in favor.

Book-keeping. - Book-keeping is taught in theory and practice. In single and double entry, commission, shipping, partnership business, commercial calculations, business paper and forms, business habits, etc., the instruction is thorough and practical. The usual regular business course is followed, and upon its completion in a satisfactory manner a diploma is awarded the student.

Penmanship is taught in all its branches, including business and ornamental, ladies' hand, running hand, flourishing, pen-drawing and card-making. Pendrawing receives special attention. By a moderate expenditure of time during one term a drawing may be taken off suitable for framing.

Rates of Tuition. - Business course scholarship, with time unlimited, $20 ; book-keeping, per school term, $4 ; book-keeping, per school term, with other studies, $2.50; penmanship scholarship, time unlimited, $15 ; penmanship, fall and spring terms, $3.50 ; penmanship, winter term, $4 ; pen-drawing, flourishing, and card-making, with plain penmanship, during fall and spring terms, $5 ; same, winter term, $0.

Music. - Students receive thorough instruction in this branch by competent and experienced teachers. Professor Bentley has charge of the vocal music in all the schools, and, being hired by the board of education, his instruction costs the student nothing. It is not often that such an excellent opportunity is afforded to study vocal music. Professor Bentley has been a teacher of music nearly forty years, and during the past seven years he has been engaged in teaching in many of the public schools of northern Ohio. His large experience, eminent success, and deserved popularity are facts universally known in this section of the State.

Instrumental music is successfully taught by Miss Ella F. Grover, who has had considerable experience. The rapid and thorough advancement of her pupils is her best recommendation.

Literary Society. - A prosperous literary society of over sixty members, in connection with the school, constitutes one of the attractions of the Normal. Its object is to cultivate friendship and morality, and improve its members in reading, composition, declaiming, public speaking, debating, book reviews, and in a knowledge of " parliamentary bodies." The society is known as the N. K. Y. Literary society, and its motto is, " Step by step we go along the way."

All the teachers, including the principal, are regular members and perform whatever duties are assigned. The society meets regularly, every Wednesday evening, in the Normal chapel.

A good library is owned by the society, to which the members have access free of charge. Those students who do not join the society are required to have rhetorical exercises before the school.

Government. - Self-government, honest, voluntary, and prompt, founded in truth and right, is expected from every student. All are treated as ladies and gentlemen so long as such treatment is merited, and the teachers seek to gain the personal friendship of each student in order to encourage and direct in all right ways. Any student willfully neglecting to govern himself in conformity with the published rules of the school will be summarily dealt with. Idleness, lawlessness, or insubordination will not he tolerated on the part of any student.

General rules. - First. Every student is expected to attend chapel exercises, to be prompt and cheerful in the performance of any duty assigned, to be courteous and respectful to teachers and fellow-students.

Second. To refrain entirely from all communication during the progress of auy recitation or other exercise. Students may communicate, with the consent of the teacher, while the classes are changing or between the times of recitation.

Fifth. Absence from school, or from recitation, and tardiness are strictly forhidden. except in cases of absolute necessity, concerning which the principal is the only judge.

Studeuts living at home are required to bring written excuses from parents or guardians for every case of absence or tardiness. These excuses must state the cause of absence or tardiness, and be properly dated and signed by the parents or guardians.

Any malicious violation of this rule ( Fifth ) is severely punished in some way. Xo school can prosper when tardiness or absence is permitted without proper excuses and restraint ; hence the necessity of this rule.

Sixth. Such other rules and regulations as may be proposed at any time by the principal, for the welfare of the students and the benefit of the school, shall be equally binding with those given above.

Fourth. To be respectful and courteous to teachers and fellow-students in their social relations. Not to visit saloons or lounge about places of common resort. Not to indulge in intoxicating drinks of an}' kind.

Fifth. All lights must be put out at or before 10 P.M. Students are not allowed to leave the building for any purpose whatever, after 7 p.m. or during the study hours of the day, without the permission of the principal.

Sixth. No lady is permitted to receive any gentleman into her room, except in the case of a near relative, and not then without the consent of the principal. Gentlemen in or out of the building are expressly forbidden to visit or enter the ladies' rooms.

Eighth. Any damage done to room or furniture must be repaired by the perpetrator of the same or at his expense. At the close of the term the rooms must be left in a wholesome condition.

Fourteenth. Such other rules and regulations as may be proposed by the principal at any time, for the welfare of the students and proper management of the hall, shall be equally binding with these.

Fifteenth. All are expected and required to be ladies and gentlemen in the truest and best sense of those terms. Any student who willfully or maliciously disregards or violates any of the above will be summarily and severely dealt with. A printed copy of the above rules and regulations is placed in each room, and each student is held to strict account for the observance of the same.

Boarding. - It is only the occasional person who has not desires towards a good education. In our free republic all need it. Its acquisition with the majority turns on the matter of expense. One of the heaviest expenses to be borne by the student is that for board. The principal of the Normal and his associates, fully realizing this, have succeeded in perfecting the boarding-club system, by which board is furnished at the absolute cost of provision and labor. Possessing every facility of doing this, and not wishing any revenue from this source, the cost of board has been reduced to such a low figure that no one hereafter, desirous of getting an education, can be hindered from doing so. This system of boarding, during the past year, has given eminent satisfaction. The average cost, including cook's bill, has not exceeded twenty-five cents per day. Of course, the cost varies with the cost of provisions in the market. Speaking from experience, it is safe to say that the averaged cost per day will never exceed twenty- five cents, or one dollar and seventy-five cents per week. The food is always of suitable quality and quantity, - is plain yet substantial ; and is always properly prepared for the table. Mrs. Bowers, the matron, is a superior cook. She has had considerable experience, having been at the Grand River institute two years, and at Oberlin several years. The principal and wife, with the other teachers, have board at the same tables with the students.

Students boarding in the club are required to advance five dollars each month on their bill for a provision fund. The board bill of each student must be settled at the end of every month. Parties wishing to bring provisions from home will be paid the market price for the same. The dormitories or rooms are furnished with table, stove, two chairs, wash-stand, and bedstead. All other necessary furniture must be furnished by the occupant.

Tuition

For Fall and Spring Term of Twelve Weeks. - Common branches, S6 ; first and second years of English, classical, and teachers' course. 86.50 ; third and fourth years, English and classical, S7.

Winter Term of Fourteen Weeks. - Common branches, S6.50 ; first and second years, English, classical, and teachers' course, 87 ; third and fourth years, English and classical, 87.50.

Extras. - Drawing, twenty lessons, 83; music, per term, twenty lessons, 810; use of instrument, organ or piano, S2 ; painting, twenty lessons, 810.

Students studying the common branches, and at the same time pursuing some of the higher branches, will be charged regular rates for the common branches, and fifty cents extra for each higher branch. The modern languages are counted as higher branches, and cost the student only fifty cents extra. In nearly every other school of any influence or reputation German or French costs the student from two dollars to three dollars extra.

Tuition and room-rent are charged for the half or whole term, and for the whole term unless otherwise arranged at the beginning of the term. All tuition and room-rents must be paid in advance.

Correct Statement of Expenses at the Normal per Term. - Tuition, common branches, 86 ; room-rent, 83 ; light and fuel, 84 ; board, 821 ; total, S34.

When students can be furnished pleasant rooms and good board at so reasonable a figure, there is no excuse for ignorance, or for not attending school.

Students rooming and boarding at the Normal are under the constant care and superintendence of the principal. They receive the same care, and enjoy the same privileges, they do in any Christian home.

Examinations. - Examinations, oral and written, are held at the middle and close of each term, and each student is held to close account for the instruction he has received during the term. The grading is on the basis of one hundred, and any student receiving less than sixty-five per cent, is required to take the same study the following term as a specialty.

To determine the standing of the student for the term, the middle and closing examinations are averaged. A record is made of the examination of each class, from which a term report is made and forwarded to the parent or guardian of the student.

Graduation. - All students who complete any course of study provided in the regular courses, and whose average standing in all the examinations during their connection with the school is not less than sixty-five per cent., will be granted a certificate of graduation ; said certificate to be graded on the average per cent, the student has received during the entire course. The diplomas granted are beautiful in design and quite ornamental.

Number In Attendance, 1876-77

This gentleman is one of the foremost men of the county who are connected with the mechanical industries. The son of a mechanic, his natural bent took this direction, and the employment of his life has been such as to give it ample development. The father, during the boyhood days of the son, owned a farm in Kingsville township (where the subject of our sketch was born on the seventh day of September, 1821), but in the winter time he applied himself to the trade of wagonmaking. Here the son received his first instruction in the line of mechanical labor. He received a commonschool education, such as the limited facilities of those days afforded.

In 1843 he built a saw-mill on the Conneaut creek, and in the following year he erected an oil-mill, - the first mill of the kind in that part of the county. In 1850 we find him in Mantua, Portage county, Ohio, where, in 1854, he built a foundry and machine-shops, and for about six years prosecuted the business of manufacturing plows, threshing, wood-sawing, and mowing-machines.

Ten years later (in 1864) he is at Garrettsville, on Silver creek, Portage county, where he is again engaged in the manufacture of mowing-machines and plows.

At the expiration of four years, in 1868, he formed a partnership with N. S. Caswell, of Geneva, Ohio, and with him began the manufacture of forks and other small farming tools. The business at Garrettsville and that of Geneva were continued in conjunction with each other for two years, the wood work being done at the latter, and the steel work at the former place.

August 1, 1870, these gentlemen, finding that their business had so grown under their care and attention as to demand the investment of more capital than they had at command, and recognizing the importance of concentrating the entire business either at Garrettsville or Geneva, they submitted a proposition to the citizens of both places to sell out to a stock company at either point, the condition being that the stock on hand at both places should be purchased, and the works should be located at that place which would subscribe the larger amount of stock. Geneva's citizens having pledged stock to the amount of eighty-two thousand five hundred dollars, - a larger sum than the citizens of Garrettsville could raise, - the works were located at the former place, and a stock company, with Mr. Tinker as president, organized, Mr. Caswell becoming superintendent To the prudent management and business ability of Mr. Tinker was this successful business strongly due, and he is justly entitled to be called the father of the Geneva Tool Works enterprise. For seven years the general management of the company's affairs was in the hands of Mr. Tinker, who remained president of the company up to August 1, 1877, and will hold the said office to August, 1878, if alive.

Although sustaining a serious loss in the fall of 1870, caused by the burning of the old shops on the South ridge, yet, through the skillful management of Mr. Tinker and his fellow-officers, the company was able to pay a cash dividend of ten per cent, in 1873, and the next year, in addition to a cash dividend of ten percent., a ten per cent, stock dividend was declared, at which time the company sold stock enough to make their capital one hundred thousand dollars. Up to this date, in addition to paying a regular annual dividend of ten per cent., the company have accumulated a surplus of twenty-two thousand dollars.

The people of Geneva should ever hold Mr. Tinker in grateful remembrance as the founder and chief promoter of this important manufacturing industry, which has done so much for the growth and prosperity of their beautiful village.

Mr. Tinker has made several unsuccessful attempts at farming during the course of his life; once in Kingsville, immediately after his marriage; once at Mantua, Portage county, in 1850; once at Geneva, in 1860; and lastly, at Garrettsville, Portage county. The reason why these attempts were failures was because he is naturally an artisan and not a farmer.

In 1849, when the gold excitement was at its height, he went to California by the overland route, with oxteams, requiring four months for the journey.

Charles and Mary Tinker are the parents of five children, viz. : George L., born June 19, 1843, married September, 1874, to Miss Emma Sharp, of New Philadelphia, where he now resides ; Maria A. Tinker, born December 19, 1844, married A. D. Myers, of Geneva, Ohio, November, 1864, and died November 28, 1869; Henrietta L. Tinker, born September 21, 1846, married Frank Gregory, of Geneva, Ohio, November, 1863, and now resides in Ashtabula, Ohio; Emma J. Tinker, born February 9, 1849, and married Otis 15. Clark, of Streetsborough, Ohio, September 24, 1867, and now resides in Ashtabula, Ohio; and Charles Otis Tinker, born May 9, 1852, is unmarried, and resides in Ashtabula, Ohio. Mr. Tinker is deservedly esteemed in a wide circle of friends in Ashtabula County-

Homa1Tzo Sphihg

It is with pleasure that we present the following sketch of the life of the above-named, who is emphatically one of the self-made men of Geneva. He is the sixth of a family of nine. His parents, Squire and Polly Spring, originally of Vermont, emigrated to Painesville,

Lake county, in the year 1814. Mr. Spring, Sr., took an active part in the building up of that now beautiful city. In 1821 removed to Fairport, and engaged in the hotel business; was also owner of the " Columbus," one of the finest vessels built upon this shore at that time.

Romanzo, the subject of this sketch, was born in Saybrook, January 24, 1829, and was, upon the death of his father, thrown entirely upon his own resources, and he has perhaps had one of the most eventful business careers of any man of his age in the county. His education was acquired at the district school, with one year at Kingsville academy. Entered the store of James Mills, at Union ville, as clerk, remained perhaps two years, and then came to Geneva and began business for himself. The building now occupied by the Times office stood where is now the post-office. In this he established the pioneer drug-store in Geneva; continued in this until 1855, when he sold out. Removed to Delaware, Ohio; entered into partnership with Judge Wood and others in the forwarding and commission business ; closed out in 1856. Went to Cleveland, and engaged in packing and shipping beef to Europe for the Crimean soldiers. Went to Warren, Trumbull county, in the spring following, purchased an extensive drug-store, where he carried on a wholesale and retail business until 1859, when he returned to Geneva, and established a hardware-store, on the site now occupied by Charles Talcott & Co.

In 1861, Mr. Spring disposed of this stock, and went to war; was then second lieutenant of Company " F," Light Artillery. On expiration of service, he returned to Geneva, and, in 1865, established a dry-goods store, in company with H. W. Turner. This was eventually merged into the firm of Stephens, Turner, Lamb & Co.

In the fall of 1866 ho made his celebrated "raid" into Tennessee, and many doubtless remember the cavalcade of mules, horses, oxen, army wagons, contrabands, etc., with which he came by special train to Geneva, on his way to the oil regions, where he fondly hoped to strike a " big bonanza" by transporting oil, but the establishment of pipe-lines entirely obviated the need of team transit. A halt was ordered. The contrabands returned to their homes in the sunny south, in part, the balance finding homes in this vicinity. The wagons were donated to the town; and after again returning to the south with the mules, and disposing of the same, he found that the trial balance-sheet showed well in the item of profit and loss, with the latter largely in excess.

In 1872, he purchased the dry-goods establishment of Stephens, Turner, Lamb & Co., which is still in successful operation. In October, 1877, he established a fine furniture-store in Geneva.

He was first married, October 20, 1852, to Miss Mary J., daughter of Aseph Turner, by whom he had three children, viz.: Charley, the eldest, died in infancy; Edwin Wilbur, born March 27, 1856, now at Oberlin college; and Nellie M., born January 26, 1859, who is at Beaver college, Pa.

He married his present wife, Sophia Morse, in Norwich, N. Y., August 9, 1871, by whom he has had two children (twins), Grace and Gertrude, born June 8, 1872. The latter died in infancy.

Spring Term. - Normal school, eighty-two ; preparatory and union school, two hundred and five ; commercial department, seventy-seven ; total per terms, nine hundred and eighty-eight.

Different Students enrolled in Normal School. - Gentlemen, eighty- two ; ladies, sixty -four; total, one hundred and forty-six; average attendance per term, ninety; whole number of foreign (tuition) students by terms, ninety-two.

The Grammar And Preparatory School

under Prof. J. D. McCalmont, is doing a noble work. The school is conducted in accordance with the most approved methods. A comprehensive course of study is pursued, and students are required to pass satisfactory examinations on the branches in this course before they can enter the Normal.

Road Record

The first road established in Geneva was of course that now known as the " South Ridge," and the first record on the commissioner's journal bears date June, 1812, and is as follows: "From the west bank of Indian creek, on the lake-shore, between lots 45 and 46, and to continue in a south course as near as may be, to intersect the Ridge road between lots No. 13 and 14; thence along the Ridge road, west, to the line of lots No. 4 and 9 ; thence south to south line of lot No. 12, in fifth range; and from thence to the road leading from Iiarpersfield through Austinburg, near the house of Samuel Rartholomew." March, 1819: " From Lake Erie to the South ridge, by Lorin Cowles." March, 1820: " From the Ridge road, on the line between Levi Gaylord's and I. Morrison, to the Austinburg road." February, 1820 : "From North ridge, near the middle of section No. 3, to Lake Erie." March, 1821 : " From the lake-shore at east line, thence westerly to the road running north and south." November, 1820 : " From South Ridge road east of Dr. Johnson's southwest corner, and running northwesterly to Lake road."

It is thought the first regular religious services were conducted by the Rev. Jonathan Leslie, who was of the Presbyterian faith, and it is said of him that he was a man of good native talents and respectable acquirements, possessed of a logical mind, and was an instructive speaker. In 1817 (probably) a Methodist class was formed in Geneva of members mainly resident in this township, and about the same time a Baptist church was organized. The first church edifice erected in Geneva was the Presbyterian, in 1820. This building was of wood, and stood on or near the spot now occupied by the building of William E. Proctor, corner of Main street and Broadway.

Of the present churches in Geneva, we find that the two which take first rank, so far as relates to elegance and cost of structure, are the Methodist, on South Broadway, and the Congregational, situated on Eagle street, near Normal school building, both of which were completed in 1866, costing, the former fourteen and the latter thirteen thousand dollars. (See history of these two churches in connection with the views of the same in another portion of this volume.) The Baptist church, also on South Broadway, was erected as early as 1848. The Disciple church, on Park street, is the building formerly occupied by the Methodist, and was purchased of them and removed to its present site in 1866. At the little hamlet known as the "North Centre" there is also a church of the Methodist denomination, the pulpit of which is supplied at present by the Rev. J. D. Vale, who is the resident pastor of that denomination in Geneva. The pastor of the Congregational church is the Rev. G. W. Phinney. Rev. Thomas Powell cares for the flock at the Baptist church, and Rev. James Vernon occupies the pulpit of the Disciple church. Episcopal services are conducted at the town hall by Rev. W. H. Capers, pastor, each alternate Sabbath.

Methodist Episcopal Church

In the year 1817 the Rev. Robert Montgomery, as pastor (grandfather of P. W. Tuttle, Esq.), formed a class, consisting of Thomas Stevens as leader, James Morison, Jr., and wife, Abisia Laughton, Phebe Custin, Anna Morison, and Samuel Quinton. They used as a church the loft of James Morison, Jr.'s, cabin. A few years later a class was formed at North Centre, consisting of R. B. Munger and wife, Jonathan Hammond and wife, Artemicio Snediken, and Betsy Munger. In the year of 1832, the two classes joining, the first church was built. It was dedicated in the year 1833. The pastors were James Gilmore and A. M. Brown. As years passed the membership increased and the building became old, and in the year of 1858 the building was torn down and the second church building was built, at a cost of twenty-two hundred dollars, and dedicated by Elder Hawkins free from debt. In the year 1865 the building was sold to P. W. Tuttle, moved off, and the town hall now stands on the lot. Rev. A. C. Tibbetts was pastor, and under his administration the present building was built at a cost of $16,000. It was dedicated by Bishop Kingsley entirely free from debt. The principal donors were R. B. Munger, $1000; H. S. Munger, $1000; II. P. Stephens, $500; J. L. Morgan, $500; J. O. Swan, $500; J. Worden, $500; the society at this time being in a good condition. In the year of 1877, the trustees thinking the old parsonage not becoming the church, they decided to build a new parsonage. The house was completed in the winter of 1878, at a cost of $2200, the pastor, J. D. Vail, being the first to occupy it, and it is now the largest and wealthiest church in Geneva, Ohio.

The first hotel established in Geneva township was doubtless by Colonel Jacob Bartholomew ; the date of this we have not obtained. This " hostelry" stood on the northwest corner of the crossing of the Centre and North Ridge road. The first house of entertainment in what is now the village of Geneva was in about 1834, by S. S. 'fuller (father of the indefatigable Tom). This building is yet occupied by Mrs. Tuller, and was operated as a hotel some twenty years. The present hotels are the " Fountain House," located on West Main street, owned and conducted by A. Trunkey, and the " Tuller House," which began operations in the fall of 1863, by Tom Tuller, who opened at the same date his " one horse livery," consisting of one horse and an open buggy. From this small beginning the business increased until, in the fall of 1874, it was sold for $5100. At the Fountain House, E. D. Hyde, Jr., conducts a fine livery establishment. In addition to the foregoing hotels there is a commodious restaurant on North Broadway, owned by T. Wickham.

Organization

As before stated, an election was ordered to take place on the first Monday of April, 1816. But from MSS. in the possession of the Historical Association of Ashtabula County we learn that the first election in Geneva did not transpire until October 8 of that year, at which time Noah Cowles, Jacob Bartholomew, and Levi Gaylord were chosen judges, and Daniel T. Bartholomew and Elihu S. Gaylord clerks of said election. There are no records extant from which to obtain the names of officers elected at this time. The officers for 1877 are A. Smith, A. L. Fuller, and W. C. Maltbie, trustees; L. E. Morgan, clerk; W. H. Maltbie, treasurer; G. A. Fuller, assessor; J. H. Hunt and S. T. Battles, constables. There are also nineteen supervisors of roads and highways. The present justices of the peace are Dennis Thorp and B. Brett.

Geneva Village

'Tis said there is nothing more indicative of the prosperity of a place than its manufacturing interests, and basing the present activity and the prospective future development of Geneva, as a manufacturing centre, upon its railway facilities and the enterprise of its citizens, very promising results are manifest. It already takes front rank among the villages of the county. The numerous substantial brick blocks, elegant churches, excellent school advantages, a live newspaper, second to none in the county, fine town hall, an efficient fire department, and the many other evidences of that spirit which is expressed so fully by the word " Excelsior," bespeak more plainly than any written page the brilliant future which awaits it.

The petition for incorporation of the village of Geneva was signed by some one hundred and thirty citizens, and bears date March 5, 1866, and on June 6 following the commissioners of Ashtabula County granted the prayer of the petitioners; and an election transpired on March 2, 1867, at which time Anson Smith, Benoni Webb, and T. D. Leslie were judges, and M. B. Gary and J. Mordoff clerks. The following persons were elected : Dennis Thorp, mayor ; Will. E. Proctor, recorder; Anson Smith, Salmon Seymour, Benoni Webb, Charles Talcott, and Nelson Brigham, councilmen. The succession of mayors to tile present time is as follows: 1869, M. B. Gary succeeded Thorp; served one year, and was succeeded by T. D. Leslie, who was succeeded, in 1874, by R. O. Rote, and he, in 1876, by Hiram W. Turner, who served until the spring of 1878, when he resigned and Dennis Thorp was appointed to fill the vacancy, and is the present incumbent. The balance of the officers for 1877 are L. E. Morgan, clerk; Harvey Gould, treasurer; J. H. Hunt, marshal; council, A. Smith, G. W. Bennett, W. P. Spencer, D. W. Dorman, and R. O. Rote; street commissioner, W. H. Downs ; board of education, Chas. Talcott, E. R. Cowles, J. L. Morgan, G. W. Foster, N. B. Johnson, and P. F. Haskell.

Upon As Favorable Terms As By Any Other Dealer

J^LL KINDS OF MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, SHEET JvfUS/C, I NSTfRUCTION BOOKS, STOOLS & SPREADS. INSTRUMENTS SOLD UPON AS FAVORABLE TERMS AS BY ANY OTHER DEALER.

Woodworth. Their spacious rooms are situated on East Main street, and to a lover of truthful art-work no place in town affords greater attractions. On South Broadway, Mrs. Dikeman's rooms are located, and complete the line in this department. The first photographer who permanently located in Geneva was 11. S. Smith, his rooms being those now occupied by Miss Lottie Hunt.

Physicians. - The first of this profession in Geneva was A. B. Johnson. For a more extended notice, see Harpersfield history. The present members of the medical staff are J. J. Edson, S. S. Burrows (see group of representative physicians for portrait and biographical notice), George G. Biggar, G. W. Foster, J. B. and Fred. W. Fletcher, and B. S. Ensign.

The first dentist who permanently located in Geneva was George W. Hurd, now practicing in Cleveland. J. P. Kelley is the present representative of this branch of the profession. He is spoken of as among the most skillful of the county.

Geneva Lodge , No. 334, F. and A. J/., was organized U. D. December 31, A.L. 5860. Upon the charter, which bears date October 16, A.L. 5860, we find the following names : Henry W. Stone, A. A. Moore, Amos C. Osborn, I. Osborn,

C. C. Gleason, Treas. The officers for 1878 are W. D. Castle, N. G. ; E. Wade, Y. G. ; E. Warden, B. S. ; J. W. Babcock, P. S. ; and J. L. Morgan, Treas. Present membership, one hundred. . Begular meetings, Wednesday of each week. This society has a library of two hundred and sixty volumes, and is financially on a sound basis.

H. B. Stephens, J. H. Mordoff, A. C. Stephens, J. D. Morse, H. W. Turner, J. H. Caller, and P. W. Tuttle as charter members. The first officers were J. B. Stephens, C. P. ; S. H. Mordoff, H. P. ; H. W. Turner, S. W. ; J. D. Morse, J. W. ; J. H Caller, Sec. ; and A. C. Stephens, Treas. The present officers are H. P. Walding, C. P. ; S. W. Peck, H. P. ; L. A. Pratt, S. W. ; S. A. Veits, J. W. ; A. C. Stephens, Sec. ; and Ed. Warden, Treas. Membership about forty. Meetings, Friday night of each week, in Odd-Fellows' Hall, Talcott's block.

Bowers Post, No. 28, Grand Army of the Republic, was organized July 23, 1868, with the following charter members: D. G. Palmer, S. B. Morris, J. E. Ackerman, S. N. Castle, N. L. Condit, J. W. Foster, Geo. L. Mason, Arthur Bartholomew, J. E. Hewitt, E. B. Cowles, J. I. Merriman, H. P. Walcott, J. M. Hackney, Joe Ackerman, N. K. Hubbard, E. D. Turner, Harrison Wood, M. B. Gary, C. A. Vaughn, D. B. Sims, H. W. Turner, and J. B. Stephens. First officers were M. B. Gary, Commander; S. A. Castle, S. V. C. ; N. K. Hubbard, J. V. C. ; C. A. Vaughn, Adjt. ; Chas. Lane, Q. M. ; E. B. Lane, Chap. ; and D. G. Palmer, Surg. Officers for 1878 : E. Gage, Com. ; N. Jones, S. V. C. ; George L. Mason, J. V. C. ; J. B. Powers, Adjt. ; J. P. Woodworth, Q. M. ; Thom. McGovern, 0. D. ; E. L. Calwell, 0. G. ; Dr. S. S. Burrows, Surg. ; and D. W. Dorman, Chap. Meetings, Monday evening of each week. Membership, forty. With this organization originated the noble project of erecting a monument in Geneva to the memory of the brave men who died for the flag.

The Young People's Christian Association was formed in the fall of 1876. The object of which, as stated in the constitution, is the " mental, social, and moral good of the youth of the community." The officers at its inception were Dr. C. T. Torrey, president ; Charles E. Holt, vice-president ; William Montgomery, secretary; and W. II. Cowdery, treasurer. Beginning with a member- ship of less than ten, there has been an interest awakened, and an increase of members resultant, until in 1877 they numbered forty. They have over the post-office a free reading-room, with the latest periodicals and a library of about two hundred volumes. This is open each evening of the week, except Sunday. Sabbath p.m., prayer-meeting, with a goodly attendance. Present officers : C. E. Holt, president ; J. B. Stephens, vice-president ; Charles Brett, secretary ; and W. II. Cowdery, treasurer.

North Star Grange, No. 671, P. of Id, was organized in 1874, with thirtyseven charter members. The officers for 1875 were A. L. Fuller, M. ; D. W. Westcott, O. ; N. Maltby, L. ; H. M. Woodruff, Treas.; and J. Sullivan, Sec. Their night of meeting is Saturday of each week, in their hall, Proctor's building. This society has a membership of seventy-six. The officers for 1878 are N. Maltby, M. ; D. W. Bouse, 0. ; William A. Hewins, L. ; E. A. Park, S. ; Geo. Putnam, Chap. ; Geo. Shepard, Treas. ; and C. II. Castle, Sec.

The following, from the pen of W. P. Spencer, will perhaps cause the memory of the older descendants of the pioneers of Geneva to turn backward to those old days - lang syne: "On the 10th day of September, in the year 1813, John Austin, one of the settlers in the northeast section of Geneva, on the lake, was engaged in sowing wheat. The field, which had been cleared of the forest, was ready for the seed, and it had been scattered. Austin had but fairly started his oxen before the old-style heavy drag when the sound of thunder (as he supposed) came rolling over the lake. The sounds continued, although the day was clear, yet the bursting of the storm was momentarily expected. Austin worked his oxen to their utmost capacity, frequently indulging in the ejaculation, ' By Jocks, if that rain comes before this wheat is covered it will all be washed into the lake !' At length the thunder (?) ceased. The sun set in a clear sky, and the wheat was safe. Four days after a courier came riding through the settlement on the Bidge, heralding Perry's grand victory at the head of Lake Erie, and that thunder all day in a clear sky was accounted for."

Samuel Wobcesteb Peck

The subject of the following sketch was born September 23, 1821, in Monterey, Berkshire county, Massachusetts. He is the second child of Horace and Abigail Peck, originally of that township, but who removed to Chardon, Geauga county, Ohio, September 21, 1834, and from there to Geneva, in October, 1835. (Prior to this, however, he lived in Geneva from 1817 to 1821, retiring upon the latter date to Massachusetts.) Mr. Peck, Sr., is still a resident of Geneva, and although at the advanced age of eighty-four years, he retains his vitality to a wonderful extent. Mrs. Peck died December 25, 1856. The early education of Mr. Peck was received in the district school, there then being no other in Geneva. When he had arrived at the age of fifteen years he began to learn the carpenter's trade, and for perhaps twenty-five years followed that vocation, in connection with firming. On January 16, 1845, Mr. Peck was united in marriage with Louisa, daughter of Norman and Buth Webster, of this township. The flue farm property owned by Mr. Peck, in lots Nos. 16 and 17, was purchased in 1865, and the ample residence, . a view of which, with portraits of Mr. and Mrs. Peck, accompanies this sketch, was erected in the year 1857, at an expense of three thousand dollars. This farm, will average in productiveness with those adjoining it, and is probably worth ten . thousand dollars. The only assistance which Mr. and Mrs. Peck received in the acquirement of this competence was one hundred and seventy-eight dollars, which .

his father advanced to make the first payment ; the remainder has been brought together by industry and frugality, combined with a reasonable degree of business tact. All things considered, the showing of Mr. Peck's comfortable surroundings must be to him highly satisfactory. Upon the formation of the First National bank in Geneva (in 1863) he became a stockholder, and is now one of the directors. Was liberal in his expenditure of money to aid the Union arms during the Rebellion. Politically Mr. Peck has always been a steadfast believer in the sound teachings of the Republican party. On the 22d day of May, 1867, he was initiated in Geneva lodge, No. 294. I. 0. 0. F. Is also a member of Geneva encampment, No. 94, I. 0. O. F. Has filled almost every office in both subordinate and encampment bodies. Was commissioned District Deputy Grand Patriarch May 12, 1873, also as District Deputy Grand Master, May 25, 1876, for District No. 69, Ashtabula County. Has attended lodge-meetings every meeting since he has been a member, and was in attendance at grand lodge and encampments at Cleveland in 1874 aud '76.

Elijah Hart

a fine portrait of whom, with wife and two sons, Erie and William, accompanies the view of their pleasant homestead in another portion of this work, was born at Little Hero, Vermont, on the 17th day of January, 1803, and is the fourth child of Thomas and Mary Hart. His mother died when Elijah was but three Vears of age, in consequence of which the family was broken up, and he went to live with his uncle, Stephen Hart. Remained with him until he had attained his majority. His education was derived from the common schools of the Green Mountain State. In the fall of 1828 Mr. Hart came to Ohio, and with Unionville (Lake county) for a headquarters, pursued the occupation of stage-driving until his marriage, which occurred on the 9th day of June, 1829. The lady who became at this time the partner of his joys and sorrows was Cynthia, daughter of Flavel and Martha Williams, of Geneva. From this marriage have been born ten children, whose names are as follows : Lovisa, who married Edwin Chevalier, deceased in 1876, at Geneva, Ohio; Sidney, the second child, married Caroline Cole, and at present resides at Osage, Iowa ; Delphina married Arthur Mitehelson. and resides at Garfield. Kansas; Diantha married Alvin E. Shepard, resides in Erie, Pennsylvania; Volney married Belle Hendry, killed by the cars in July, l;s74: Edwin married Ann Norton, lives at present in Garfield, Kansas, as does Olivia, who married Nathan Warner, and Elma, who died in Geneva, in 1874; Erie married Dora Squires, resides near the old homestead, and is the proprietor of the fine billiard-hall in Geneva village; and William, who has not yet launched his bark on the sea matrimonial, still lives at home.

Upon the marriage of Mr. Hart. Sr., he began housekeeping in a log house which stood upon the spot now occupied by the residence of Mrs. Upson, on West Main street, Geneva, and remained there until he purchased the farm at present occupied by his widow, which was in 1836, - had resided continuously on this property until his death, which occurred December 16, 1866. Mr. Hart pursued the peaceful occupation of a farmer, and acquired a handsome competence thereby, as shown by the well-kept farm of one hundred and twelve acres, the fine buildings, and orcharding.

Mr. Hart was a life-long member of the Masonic brotherhood, and at his death was a member of Grand River lodge, No. 297. Free and Accepted Masons, of which he was a charter member. Politically he was a Republican, and his sympathies were ever with that party from its formation. He was also a member of the Methodist church.

Charles Talcott

We take pleasure in presenting the following sketch of the life aud successes of one of Geneva's stirring, go-ahead business men. Born September 10, 1841, at Garrettsville, Portage county, Ohio, he was the youngest son of Nelson and Lovisa Talcott, of that point. Was educated in the common school, attending the same until he was thirteen years of age, at which time he began his apprenticeship as tinner, in the shop of his oldest brother, - Henry, - at Jefferson ; remaining there until twenty years of age, when he took a course in the Mercantile college at Cleveland, Ohio. Returned to Jefferson when he had attained his majority, and on January 1, 1S63, associated himself with his brother, before spoken of, in the tin and hardware trade; continued in business at this point until November of that year, when the copartnership was dissolved, and Charley removed to Geneva, making his entree into that village on the 23d da}- of November, perched on top of a load of wooden pumps, and in company with V. J. C. Hodge commenced business under the firm-name of Talcott Hodge. The business was at that time carried on in what was known as the old Mills store, a small one and a half story building, twenty-five by thirty-five feet, one of the first store buildinsrs erected in Geneva, aud at that time occupying the site of the present brick store of C. Talcott k Co. The stock of goods at that time was quite small, amounting with shop, tools, and fixtures to about three thousand five hundred dollars. The building was rented of George Turner. The following year the building was purchased by Talcott A Hodge, and a small addition built to accommodate their business, which increased very rapidly. Business was continued in this store until 1867, at which time Charles Talcott built the main part of their present hardware-store, on the site of the old building (the old store being removed a few rods on East Main street, and occupied by said firm while the new store was being built). The new store was a substantial brick building, with a frontage on Centre street of twenty-five feet, running back to East Main, with a frontage on that street of thirty-five feet, - making a room for hardware twenty -five by seventy, and the balance of the building being used for a tin-shop. During this year the interest of Mr. Hodge was purchased by Charles Talcott, and he continued the business alone until 1875. The business had now increased from an annual sale of about five thousand dollars, the first year, to a sale amounting in 1867 and 1868 to over forty thousand dollars annually, and it soon became necessary to have more room, which was accomplished by purchasing the two lots adjoining the store on East Main street, and extending the building forty feet on that street, - making the store-room twenty-five by one hundred and ten (the largest room in the county), and the tin-shop beyond twentyfive by thirty, with second story same size as the ground-floor, in use for wareroom and storage. About this time also the third story was built, and a room finished expressly for the Independent Order of Odd-Fellows, and leased to them for a period of ten years, and is occupied by them at the present time, under an extension of lease of ten years longer. It is said to be the finest hall in the county. In 1871. Mr. Talcott bought the right for this county of what is known as the "Pope k Tuttle Milk-Rack," for butter-makers, and immediately put men into the field canvassing for it, which resulted in the following years iu completely revolutionizing the business of butter-making in this county. In 1872 the stock of jewelry owned by H. B. Hunt was purchased by Charles Talcott and removed to his store, where, in company with C. M. Wright, the jewelry business was carried on until the spring of 1876, when the firm was dissolved, and the business continued by Charles Talcott (the stock being removed in the summer of 1877 to a new building purchased by him, and adjoining his hardware-store, on the north). In 1875, Philip Doll purchased a half-interest in the hardware and building, and the firm was changed from Charles Talcott to Charles Talcott k Co., with increased capital. The business, already ranking among the first in the county, was pushed forward with renewed energy and success, with constantly-increasing sales.

In the autumu of 1876, Messrs. F. and W. A. Hubbard, under the title of Hubbard Bros., purchased one-third interest in the hardware aud buildiug, and were admitted as partners to the firm of C. Talcott k Co. In 1877 the firm purchased the right for Lake county, and. together with Mr. Chapin, of Lenox, the right for Ashtabula County, for what is known as the " Stickles Milk-Pans," for buttermaking. and later in the season purchased the right for Ashtabula, Lake, and Geauga counties, of the Cooly system of butter-making, - a system far superior to anything heretofore discovered, and which must, when its merits are known, become adopted. They are now pushing sales vigorously, having men employed in all of the above-named counties. The firm have a paid-up capital of twenty-one thousand dollars actually invested in the business, and are considered among the leading hardware dealers in northern Ohio. The business management is under the direction of Charles Talcott, who is also secretary and treasurer of the Enterprise Manufacturing company, of Geneva (a joint stock company for the manufacture of garden and household implements), and proprietor of the Geneva music and jewelry store.

Mr. Talcott has the exclusive sale of the Knabe, Haines Bros.. Hardman, and Decker Bros, pianos. In organs, he is also agent for the Estey, Jewett, Goodman, Burdett, Smith, American, Palace, and Cleveland Organ company. Sales for the year in instruments, twelve thousand dollars ; jewelry, seven thousand dollars.

On the loth of May, 1863, Mr. Talcott was united in marriage to Weltha M., daughter of Gates and Betsy Hyde, of Lenox. Two children were born of this marriage, - Lewis C., the date of whose birth was April 15, 1S66, and Bernice L., born November 10, 1869. Mrs. Talcott died November 13, 1875, and on the same day in November, 1876, Mr. Talcott was again married, to Libbie H. Churchward, of Painesville, Lake county, Ohio.

Mr. Talcott is a member of the Congregational church, with which he united in 1866. Politically he is a Prohibitionist, having always taken a lively interest in temperance matters.

Henry C. Fobes

was born in Wayne township, Ashtabula County, Ohio, on June 14, 1816, and is the third of a family of thirteeu, the children of Levi and Eunice Fobes, originally from Somers, Connecticut, but who removed to the township of Wayne (this county) and located at the centre of said township. When at the age of seven years, the gentleman took up his abode with a grandfather in Kinsman, Trumbull county. Remained in that township until he was twenty-three years of age, at which time he returned to AVayne township, and secured a situation as clerk in the store of C. C. Wick, which occupation he pursued altogether for a period of eight years, during one of which, however, he was a partner.

The education of Mr. Fobes was acquired at common district school, he attending winters only, until he was sixteen years of age. The winter he was of age he was in attendance at the Academy in Hartford, Trumbull county. In the year 1849, Mr. Fobes associated himself with Lyman Bentley, and began the manufacture of cheese, making the English variety ; worked the milk of twelve hundred cows, employing seven teams to transport the curd. In 1851 he rented a dairy-farm of four hundred and seventy acres in Kelloggsville (this county), and removed there to prosecute the business of dairying from fifty cows. For three years he continued the business as lessee, then purchased the farm and stock (this was in 1854), paying therefor eleven thousand seven hundred and fifty dollars. Remained until 1856, when he sold out; removed to Kinsman, Trumbull county; rented another farm and occupied it for six years, then returned to Wayne for one year, and, January, 1864, purchased the farm in Geneva upon which he now resides. This lies on the line of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern railway, consists of one hundred and five acres, and is valued at thirteen thousand dollars. A fine view of his residence and grounds appears in another portion of this volume.

June 16, 1841, Mr. Fobes was married to Electa, daughter of Benjamin and Betsy Ward. From this marriage two children were born to them: these are Sanford L., who married Flora, daughter of Dr. Holbrook, of Kelloggsville, and is now proprietor of the drug-store in Geneva bearing his name ; Fannie C., the second child, married David Fish, Esq., and resides, at present, beneath the paternal roof.

Luther Parker

is the eldest child of Luther and Elenor Parker, originally of Simsbury, Hartford county, Connecticut, at which place the subject of the present sketch was born, on May 21, 1809. Luther Parker, Sr., was a native of Tolland county, Connecticut, and sprung from the Fox family, while Mrs. Parker was a native of Berlin, Hartford county, Connecticut, being a daughter of Seth Gilbert. They were both of Puritan ancestry. Luther Parker, Jr., received his education at the common schools. He had not, however, the customary advantages of that day, even, as his parents removed to Medina county (Bath township, now attached to Summit county). Luther was then twelve years of age, and, locating as they did in the wilderness, he had no opportunity of acquiring further schooling; he has, however, obtained as best he might a fair education for one of his age. Mr. Parker at the age of twenty-one years left the paternal mansion and, without a penny, began the race of life, which has resulted in the handsome competency he now enjoys. On July 30, 1835, he was united in marriage to Huldah, daughter of Nathaniel and Hannah Oviatt, of Richfield, Medina county, Ohio. Purchased eighty acres of wild land in the township of Hinckley, same county, erected a log house on the same, and there began housekeeping with his young bride. Remained on this property eleven years, and, in the mean time, cleared the land and erected fine farm-buildings. Disposed of this property and removed to Jefferson county, Pennsylvania, in about 1846, and was engaged in farming and the lumber trade until 1849, when he returned again to Hinckley, purchased a farm, remained thereon until 1866, when, thinking a change of air might prove beneficial to the health of his invalid wife, closed out and removed to Jackson, Michigan, where he remained five years. During this time he built several business blocks in that thriving city. In December, 1869, occurred the death of Mrs. Parker. The children born of this marriage were Juliet, whose birth occurred on the 3d day of July, 1S36. She married Robert Watts, of Jackson, Michigan, and is now residing at that point. Adelia, the second child, was born November 22, 1838 (died September 29, 1846). Phebe M., the third and last child, was born on the 23d day of February, 1847 (died February 10, 1863). On September 7, 1870, Mr. Parker was again united in marriage, to Sarah, daughter of Robert and Sarah Watts, of Leonia, Jackson county, Michigan. This lady was the widow of Calvin E. Whitmore, who was a member of Company M, Ninth Michigan Cavalry, and was starved to death by the eminent worthies in charge of the "court of death," at Andersonville. In March, 1871, Mr. Parker removed again to Ohio, this time locating on what is known as the Ryder farm, in Austinburg. Remained here until April, 1872, when he disposed of this property, and removing to Geneva, purchased the Seymour place, on the North ridge, west of the village, where he resides, enjoying in peace and quiet the fruits of his life-long industry. A sketch of his tasty residence appears in this volume, in connection with Geneva township. Mr. Parker was on the 12th day of February, 1836, commissioned by Governor Robert Lucas as lieutenant second company First Light Infantry Battalion, Third Brigade, Fourth Division, Ohio State Militia. September 2, same year, was commissioned captain of same company. The fall of 1837 Mr. Parker enlisted a company in Hinckley, Medina county, and being elected captain, was, on the 22d day of January, duly commissioned as such by Governor Joseph Vance. He was afterwards elected major of the battalion, but, as to fill the office satisfactorily at that time required more means than was at his command, declined the acceptance of the commission. Mr. Parker began his political life as a Whig, and from that became a Republican. Is, and has ever been, a warm friend of the colored race. Is a zealous member of the fraternity of Free and Accepted Masons, and affiliates with Geneva lodge. Is also a member of the Independent Order of Odd-Fellows, and formerly a member of Hinckley lodge, No. 304, and was Past Grand of same ; made Master Mason in Meridian lodge, No. 266, in Richland, Summit county, Ohio. Disunited and united with Jackson (Michigan) lodge, No. 17 ; disunited and joined Geneva lodge, of which he is now a member. Was elected assessor of Jinks township, Jefferson county, Pennsylvania, in 1847 ; has served two terms as trustee of Hinckley township, and treasurer of the same township for three years, and has held several minor offices ; was a heavy sufferer from the Chicago fire, being a stockholder in the Great Western insurance company, which failed in consequence of losses sustained in that conflagration ; owns two brick blocks and a pleasant home in Jackson, Michigan.

Henry Bedell

was born in Amsterdam, Montgomery county, New York, September 4, 1818, and is the second of a family of seven, the children of William and Margaret Bedell of that place, but who removed to Ohio in June, 1842. They located in the township of Orwell, this county, on the farm now owned by Henry Sansom. They are yet living in that township, and keeping their own house. Their ages are respectively eighty-three years. It is quite remarkable that there has not been a death among these children in all these years. The subject of the present sketch was educated in the common schools of his native town prior to his removal to Ohio. His occupation has been that of a farmer, and in that capacity has cleared two separate farms. In the year 1864, Mr. Bedell purchased his first laud in Geneva. This was the sixty-two acres now owned by O. F. Barry. Occupied this some eighteen months, then sold it and purchased twenty-two acres of land at the " north centre." Removed his family thither, and made a tour through the States of Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, and Indiana. He returned to Ohio, however, perfectly satisfied that this State was good enough for him. After two or three sales and purchases in 1869, he bought the farm he now occupies, which consists of thirty-five acres, and is situated in lots No. 11 and 12. A view of his residence and pleasant, surroundings appears in another portion of this volume. He has been township trustee several terms, and was efficient and prompt in the discharge of his duties.

Mr. Bedell was united in marriage, February 1, 1853, to Lucy A., daughter of Sidney and W. A. Curtis, of Lenox, Berkshire county, Massachusetts. From this marriage two children have been born to them, viz. : Luzerne II., born in Orwell (this county), January 31, 1855 ; and Mary E., whose birth occurred in Green, Trumbull county, on the 10th day of August, 1861. These children are both residing at home. Politically, Mr. Bedell is ardently Republican. Both he and his wife are members of North Star grange, No. 671, Patrons of Husbandry. Financially, Mr. Bedell is beyond a care for a " rainy day," having an ample competence.

Nelson Maltby

was born on the 13th day of November, in the year 1827. Is the youngest of a family of nine, the children of Jacob and Sally Maltby, who were originally from Norfolk, Connecticut, and settled in Geneva on lot No. 5, subdivision No. 4, being the same now occupied by the subject of the present sketch, in the year 1823. Nelson acquired more than an ordinary education, attending, in addition to his common schooling, some eight terms at the Madison seminary, and finishing with two terms at Painesville academy. His early intention was to become a member of the legal profession. He read law for one year at Painesville, with William Mathews ; but was, upon the earnest solicitation of his parents, induced to abandon his legal studies and return to the farm, and his life has been thus far devoted to the farming interest, in addition to such other pursuits as we shall notice presently. Upon the introduction of sorghum into this section, Mr. Maltby was iuduced to put up a mill for the manufacture of syrup. This was in 1858.

The building was a small affair, and the rollers and machinery were of simple construction, and propelled by horse-power. Made a few gallons of syrup the first year, and gradually increased the product up to 1S62, when the growing of sorghum had arrived at sufficient magnitude to warrant the enlargement of the building and machinery. Accordingly this was done. A ten horse-power engine and improved machinery were procured, and the making of cider commenced. The greatest amount of sorghum syrup made at any time was five thousand five hundred gallons, and the average was about that for perhaps five years. With the increase of custom in the cider department, a still further enlargement becamenecessary, and a fifteen horse-power engine was substituted. This branch of the business has assumed large proportions. In 1876 there were eighteen persons employed in the manufactory ; sixty thousand bushels of apples were converted into cider, jelly, etc., making some eight thousand barrels of juice. The elegant residence of this gentleman, a view of which appears in another part of this volume, was completed in 1874, is finely finished throughout, and cost the snug sum of four thousand dollars.

Mr. Maltby was, on the 21st day of April, 1852, united in marriage with Helen L., daughter of Warner A. and Hannah Munn, of Geneva. The children of this marriage are Edua Genevra, born May 24, 1853, married December 7, 1876, to Charles B. Tyler, of the firm of Tyler Brothers, grocers, Geneva. Ohio; Sarah Almira, born June 13, 1855, married May 27, 1875, to Hubert F. Morris, also of Geneva ; S. Eliza, born July 24. 1S58, died February 19, 1860 ; Adelaide Elvene, born January 5, 1861 ; Nina Irene, born June 18, 1863 ; Stella Gertrude, born March 13, 1866 ; Helen Eliza, born January 6, 1869, and Xelson Hiram Wirt, bom Xovember 27, 1871.

Mr. Maltbv is a member of North Star grange of the Patrons of Husbandry, Xo. 671. of which body he is at present Master. He is also a member of the church of the United Brethren. Politically, he is a Bepublican, though, being of strong temperance proclivities, he favors the Prohibition principles. Was always an uncompromising adherent to the abolition element, and was, we learn, one of the managers of the " underground railway,'' and in that capacity aided many a colored man on his way to Canada. The grandfather of Mr. Maltby was a soldier of the Revolution, was a native of Connecticut, and died in Southington, Trumbull county, Ohio, in about 1835. at the advanced age of ninety-seven years. The race seems to be a long-lived one, Mr. Maltby s father having lived to be eighty-eight years old, and his mother to be seventy-six.

Xormax S. Caswell

Among the prominent and influential business men of this beautiful village is the one whose name appears at the head of this sketch. He was born in Marcellus, Onondaga county, Xew York, April 12, 1819, and is the third son of Joshua and Jane Caswell. In 1S21 removed with his parents to Centreville, Xew York. Remained until 1833, when he came to Ohio, locating in Conneaut for about two years, when he came to Geneva. He had lived with his parents, assisting them on the farm and attending district school (in which he acquired his education), until about 1836. Being then seventeen years of age, he bought his time of his father for fifty dollars, and began work for George Webster, of Saybrook, for nine dollars per month. After two years' hard labor at farming, chopping, etc., he obtained funds sufficient, paid his father for his time, and became his " own man." His first labor now was at Austinburg, in the oil-mill ; here he labored for two years by the month, then went to Indiana and purchased his first real estate, returned to Austinburg, and ran the oil-mill on his own account for two years. Began learning the clothier's trade in 1841. This business he prosecuted for three years, when, his health having become impaired by over-work, he made a six months' trip to Thunder Bay island on a fishing excursion. In Xovember, 1844, he was married to Mafia A., daughter of Philander and Lovisa Knapp, of Geneva. The winter following he purchased a woolen-factory in Girard, Pennsylvania, and removed there with his wife ; had then eight hundred dollars. In 1846 disposed of his factory, returned to Geneva, and assisted his father-in-law in running the "Eagle tavern." In 1847 he entered the agricultural implement trade, beginning by selling hoes from a wagon, adding forks, scythe, snaths, stones, etc., in 1849. In 1854 he commenced the manufacture of agricultural tools, in company with 0. H. Price, in the " Arcade" building, on South ridge. In 1857 put in a trip-hammer, and made forks, garden- and horse-rakes, cultivators, etc. In 1860 the sales were some twenty thousand dollars, and the trade had extended to Pennsylvania, Indiana, and Michigan. This year he became sole owner of the business, and continued as such until 1868, when he formed a copartnership with Charles Tinker, of Garrettsville, Ohio. Their combined capital was thirty thousand dollars, sales about forty thousand dollars per year. At this time the manufacture of steel goods was conducted at Garrettsville, and wood at Geneva. In 1870, Mr. Caswell founded the Geneva Tool company, selling out his works to this institution ; he, however, retained an interest of fifteen thousand dollars, and acted as superintendent for nearly two years. His fine residence was erected in 1872. In 1873 engaged in the produce and commission business, and in 1875 built the Geneva flouring-mill, which he still operates in connection with the commission trade. He retains his interest in the tool company, and has been one of the directors since its organization.

His first child, Frank, was born March, 1S47, and died in infancy. Loren, the next child, was born April, 1848, also died young. Mrs. Caswell died February 10, 1862, and on Xovember 13, 1862, he was again married, to Emma A., daughter of John B. and Aris Gilbert, of Conneaut, Ohio. The children by this marriage are Byrd G., born March 20, 1864 ; Glen G., born June 20, 1867 ; and Don X., born October 8, 1871.

Mr. Caswell is a member of Geneva lodge, Xo. 294, Independent Order of Odd-Fellows, also of Encampment, Xo. 94, Independent Order of Good Templars, Xo. 491, and Xorth Star grange, Xo. 671. He is a strong advocate of temperance, his politics being Prohibition, he having been identified with that party for some years. His religious belief, one God and no hell. Believes the spirits of departed friends communicate with mortals on this earth. Was elected a justice of the peace in 1854, and served three years. He was a director of the First Xational bank of Geneva for a number of years.

This township is composed of No. 12 and fractional No. 13, in the fourth range. The original owners were William Hart and Samuel Mather. The former of these sold his proportion of the lands to Josiah Wright, whose son Samuel and Jessie Blackington succeeded him. Hart it appears took a mortgage prior to the sale, and Wright dying before he had perfected his title, the lands reverted back to Hart, and the unfortunate settlers, many of whom had paid entire for their farms, were either compelled to pay again or lose the fruits of their years of toil. Some did this, but we learn that the majority became discouraged, and removed to other localities.

Messrs. Hart and Mather employed Timothy R. Hawley to survey No. 12 into one hundred and sixty acre lots; subsequently Gideon Leet, Wright's agent, caused a still further survey to be made by Harvey Taggert. Fractional township No. 13, it appears, was divided by the Connecticut land company into equalizing tracts.

Topography Streams, Etc

The southern portion of the township is crossed from northeast to southwest by two ridges or elevations of land. These are known as the north and south ridges, and are situated, the former perhaps three and one-half miles from the lake-shore, and the latter some three-fourths of a mile south of this. The surface in this part of the township is decidedly rolling, with a soil principally sandy loam. The northern portion of the township is of a flat nature, with clay soil. Iron ore existed in considerable quantities near both ridges, and has been mined to some extent. Of the geological formation of these ridges we quote from Professor M. C. Read as follows: "The summit of the ridge at this place (the cut on A., Y. and P. R. R.) is two hundred and two feet above the lake. No. 1 of the section is composed of water-washed sand and loam, from four to six feet thick, the maximum thickness being south of the crest of the ridge, where the sand is stratified in billowy lines, evidently carried by the wind from the old beach on the opposite side. No. 2 is yellow clay, and No. 4 blue clay, the first ranging in thickness from twelve feet to nothing; the latter, twenty feet to the railroad track. Both these deposits of clay are unstratified, filled with fragments of the local rocks, apparently having derived the great mass of their materials from them, but containing many fragments of metamorpliic rocks, marked with striae, without water-worn pebbles or boulders. No. 3 is an old swatnp, containing fragments of coniferous wood, the earth deeply stained with iron, and, in places, with deposits of bog-iron at the bottom ; the whole swamp had its origin in the causes which raised the clay ridge into its position, and was evidently filled with swamp vegetation at the time the waters of the lake were resting upon the northern slope of this ridge, the winds gradually carrying the beach-sands over the crest of the ridge into the swamp basin, and in time bringing it beneath the constantly accumulating sandy deposit."

The principal streams are as follows, viz.: Indian creek, which derived its name from the fact that along its banks was the favorite camping-ground of the Indians during their hunting excursions to this township, rises in the southwestern part of the township, south of and near the south ridge, through which it passes northerly across the north ridge, and is discharged into the lake about three-fourths of a mile east of Geneva township line.

Big brook has its rise also in the southwestern part of the township, and from two small branches from Austinburg, crosses the ridges, flows into Geneva, where it is known as Cowles' creek. The lands along the ridges are well supplied with springs of excellent soft water. There are also numerous mineral springs, and saline springs or deer-licks, as they were formerly termed. These are situated between the two ridges principally.

In February, 1810, George Webster arrived in the township with his widowed mother, and began settlement about sixty rods east of the west line of the township. Their log cabin was situated on the spot now occupied by the residence of Reuben Smith, lot No. 67. This family was originally from Courtright, Delaware county, New York. The next family was Joseph Hotchkiss, formerly from Harpersfield, New York; his settlement was west of Mr. Webster's, and adjoining the west line of the township.

mile east of the west line, in 1811. Stephen Herriman came about this time, as did also Oliver Steward, and, up to the year 1816, there were settlements made by the following persons: Josiah and Samuel Wright, Jesse Blackington, A. Whipple, Thomas Stevens, Theodore Blynn, Jesse M. Wright, Solomon Bates, Jarvis Harris, Charles Pratt, Amasa Tyler, Chandler Williams, etc. The majority of these families were from Pownal, Vermont. They all settled along the south ridge except Charles Pratt, who erected his dwelling on the north ridge, near the centre of the township. Benjamin Sweet, a man who seemed to figure quite conspicuously in the township, came in an early day and located on lot 46. Of these pioneers, J. N. Wright, Solomon Bates, and Amasa Tyler are yet living in the township. Of other early settlers we find the names of Asa Gillett, Levi Beckwith, Captain Savage, Abel Edwards.

Of the first white settler (George Webster) we find the following in the MSS. of Joel Blakeslee, written about 1S55 : " Mr. Webster arrived in the county in the year 1804. He was then but fifteen years of age. The journey was accomplished with two teams, one of horses and another of oxen, attached to a stout wagon. They came by way of Cooperstown, Utica, Cayuga, Batavia, and Buffalo; arriving here, they were told that there was no settlement west until they reached Max, at Cattaraugus. They were to keep the beach some eight miles and a marked road the rest of the way; keeping the beach as directed they turned off into the woods, traveled until night, and, not finding any sign of a habitation, encamped in the dense forest. The next morning they proceeded till about ten o'clock, when they arrived at a log cabin. This proved to be the dwelling of a man named Cummings, who informed them that they had driven in directly an opposite direction from the point intended, and advised them to return direct to the lake-shore. This they accordingly did, hiring Cummings to accompany them as guide. At the end of the third day they reached the shore of the lake, but a few miles in advance of where they left it. On arriving at Ashtabula creek they found the water was high, and, not knowing its depth, of course dared not attempt to ford. There was no house in sight. While considering what course to pursue, they discovered a woman paddling down the creek in a canoe. She proved to be Mrs. Beckwith, widow of George Beckwith, who perished in the snow. She assisted them in crossing the stream, leading the horses by the side of the canoe ; the cattle were obliged to swim. Bed-cords were fastened together and attached to the wagon-tongue, the other end carried across and the team hitched on, and the wagon floated across ; doubling the rope as it struck the sand, they soon drew the wagon ashore. Attaching the teams, as they were about starting the Hon. Matthew Hubbard rode up. The sight of a white person was a glad one to the family. The land upon which they settled in Saybrook was purchased of T. R. Hawley, he having received it of the proprietors in payment for services as surveyor. At the raising of their cabin the settlers were present from Geneva, Harpersfield, Austinburg, and Ashtabula."

First Frame House

This was erected on the south ridge near the centre of the township, in the year 1818. Samuel Wright was the builder, and the materials from which it was constructed were all drawn from the mill of Hall Smith, located at Ashtabula.

The First Saw-Mill

in the township was built at an early day. Its location was on lot 46, and was erected by M essrs. Wright & Blackington. There is now no mill in the township which is propelled by water.

The first steam-mill was located on lot No. 55, and was erected by Asa Gillett, Jr., in the year 1850 ; this was long since destroyed by fire. The present mills are as follows : one on lot No. 5, with a planer and matcher in connection, this is owned by Ulysses Atwater, and another by M. & J. C. Wright, located on lot No. 46.

First School-House

The first school-house (built fall of 1815. Miss Adaline Gates taught the first school; she had twenty scholars) was of logs, and stood on land now owned by Amasa Tyler. Its location was on the south side of the Ridge road ; stood for a few years and was destroyed by fire. The next was a frame structure on lot 56. This was built by Benjamin Sweet, and was occupied for many years for school and church purposes. The present prosperous condition of the schools in the township is shown in the table of statistics at the close of this history.

First Church

The first religious society organized in Saybrook was that of the Methodist Episcopal church, in 1816. As was customary in those early times, they held their meetings in private houses. In about the year 1835 a small church was erected on the north ridge, on lot 43. This we learn was afterwards used for a select school. It is now owned by Omar Gillett, and is occupied for a dwelling. The present substantial church edifice of this society was erected in 1849, is located on lot No. 43. Its cost was some two thousand dollars. The Congregational church, on same lot. was built in about 1850, originally stood on lot 45, and was removed to its present site in 1861. The pastor of this church is the Rev. S. Streeter. Rev. Mr. Wisner occupies the pulpit of the Methodist church. Both societies are in a flourishing condition, with a numerously attended Sabbathschool continuing through the year.

First Store

The first mercantile establishment in the township was opened in the spring of 1828, by Hubbard Tyler. It was located on the south ridge, near the Sweet tavern ; was in operation but about two years. The second store began operations west of the centre, on the north ridge, in 1830 ; Levi Jenks and Henry Harris were its owners. The present stores are one by Bradley Bates, and another by D. R. Garner, both on lot 43 ; at the depot Richard Hutchinson has the third store, and closes the list.

The first house of entertainment in Saybrook of importance stood at the centre, on lot 46. This was erected by Benjamin Sweet, in the year 1813. Wm. Crowell, Jr., was the builder. Another tavern was established soon after, by Nathan Williams ; this stood, perhaps, one mile east of the first one. Both of these hotels did a big business. There is at present but one hotel in the township. This is owned by L. Munson ; was erected in 1872 ; is located on lot No. 72.

A nursery was planted by William Humphrey in 1814, on lot No. 80. Many of the trees planted by the pioneers in different sections of the county were from this establishment.

The First Birth First Death

The first death which occurred in the township was in the year 1816. This was the infant daughter of Jesse Wright, who was burned so severely that death ensued. The funeral sermon was delivered by the Rev. Joseph Badger, and is believed to have been the first religious service in the township.

The first doctor who located in Saybrook is thought to have been Solomon Jinks, who began practice prior to the spring of 1828. The present physician is Allen Fouts, who represents the Homoeopathic school.