Madison Township (part 6 of 30)

^ DWARD ULM, a farmer and stock-raiser, residing in Range T()wnshi[), IMadison County, was born in Piekawa}' County, Ohio, June 8, 1823, and is a son of Samuel and Hannah (Funk) Ulm. His father was I torn in Virginia, of German parentage, and his mother was a native of the Keystone State. When hewasal)out six years old, they emigrated to Ross County, ( )hio, where our subject made his home until 1881. Mr. Ulm was married December 7, 1848, to Miss Julia A. Counts, daughter of Peter and Mary Counts. He engaged in operating his father's land in Ross County, and after three years purchased ninety-six acres of the homestead. Subsequently, he sold that, in 1861, and bought another seventy-five acres of his father.

On the 4th of May, 1864, Mr. Ulm enlisted in Company E, One Hnndredand Ninetieth Ohio Infantiy, and was in the second battle of Manassas Jnnetion, where he had a ball shot through his hat and came near being taken prisoner. After his one hundred days of service liad expired, he was discharged, August 28, 1864. Returning to Ross Count}', he there continued farming until 1881, when he came to Madison County, and has since resided upon the farm which is now his home. He had married Mrs. Martha Ann Rector, and as his wife had an interest in this farm, he purchased the interest of the other heirs, and now has one hundred and fifty-seven and one-half acres.

Mrs. Ulm was born in Deer Creek Township, Pickaway County. Her father, John Wiggins, was born in Ross County, December 24, 1810, and married Amy Toweleger, who was born in Ulster Count}", N. Y., March 3, 1813, and came to Ohio with her parents when five years old. Mr. and Mrs. Wiggins wei-e married March 31, 1831, and resided upon a farm in Pickaway County. Their daughter Martha was the fourth in a family of eight children, all of whom are now married and doing well. Her father died in Pickaway County, April 28, 1889, at the age of seventy-nine years, and her mother is still living at the age of seventynine.

Mrs. Ulm was born July 24, 1840, and when sixteen years of age, on the 9th of November, 1856, became the wife of Amos D, Rector, a widower with four children. He was born in Pickaway County, May 5, 1820, and was a farmer in good circumstances. He died at his home in his native county, September 1, 1880, and was buried in Pleasant Cemetery. Six children were born unto Mr. and Mrs. Rector: Florence P., wife of Edwin Blacker, a harness maker of Range Township, by whom she has two children; Ora I. married Reason Phebus, and, with then' two children, they reside in Pickaway County; Joseph S. makes his home in Pickaway County; Amy Etta is the wife of William Eckert, of Kosciusko, Ind., and has two children; Matilda H. is the wife of Thomas Hancock, of Polk County, Mo., by whom she has two children; and Vista S. is at home.

and the remainder of his property he has acquired through his own efforts. His life has been characterized by industiy and enterprise, and he is now a well-to-do farmer. He voted for Henry Clay in 1844, for J. C. Fremont in 1856, and is now a Prohibitionist. He has never been an office-seeker, preferring to devote his time and attention to his business interests.

By his first marriage, Mr. Ulm had one son and two daughters: Margaret E., wife of Andrew Wilkins, of Ross County, b}' whom she has seven children; Clarinda, wife of Robert Eggleston, a machinist, of Peoria, 111., by whom she has one child; and Edward J., at home. Mr. Ulm and his twc> daughters are members of the Methodist Church, with which he united when fourteen 3'ears of age. Social!}', he is a member of the Grand Army Post.

NDREW J. CLING AN, who won a good record while fighting for his adopted li\ country in the late war, and has since acquired a high reputation as a useful citizen of Madison Count}', is a prominent member of his community, being at the present time Justice of the Peace of Summerford. He is an adopted son of William Clingan, who died in Maryland at an early day. Andrew J. was born in Washington County, that State, August 21, 1820, and, when reaching mature years, learned the trade of a tailor. He resided in his native place until 1839, when he came to Springfield, Ohio, and there carried on his trade until 1842, at which time he came to West Jefiferson, this county, and was similarly employed for the following seven years.

In the spring of 1850, he of whom we write made his home in Summerford, where he was established as a merchant tailor until 1865, and for the three succeeding years was engaged in the grocery business. Mr. Clingan then became the proprietor of a clothing store, which he carried on successfully for two years, his ability in business affairs enabling him to accumulate a handsome compe- tence. He has served his fellow-townsmen in different capacities, and is the incumbent at the present time of the office of Justice of the Peace. During the administration of President Hayes, he was Postmaster at vSummerford, when, by his genial and cordial manners, he prepossessed people in his favor. He has also been Township Clerk for five years, and Constable for a number of terms, in which positions he discharged his obligations in a most creditable and satisfactory manner.

The lady to whom Mr. Clingan was married, February 17, 1842, was Miss P^lizabeth Ann Clark, who was born in Maryland, January 24, 1824. To them have been granted a family of seven children: Alonzo, Laura V., Mary, William, Ida F., James and Frances. During the late war, Alonzo served in the Union army as a member of Company K, Twenty-sixth Ohio Regiment. He was taken prisoner at the battle of Chickamauga and confined in Andersonville, where he died October 30, 1864. Laura Y., the second child of our subject, is the wife of J. T. Arnold, of Troy, this State; Mary married Frank Weller, and William married Emma Eckls; Ida is the wife of T. C. Foster; James married Addie Cartzdafner, and Frances Itecame Mrs. Thomas Welch. Mrs, Clingan is a devoted member of the Christian Church, with which denomination she has worshipped for a quarter of a century.

Mr. Clingan enlisted in July, 1861, joining Company K, Twenty-sixth Ohio Infantry, and did brave and efficient service for twenty-nine months. He participated in many of the important battles of the war, and received his discharge from Gen. Rosecrans on account of physical disability. His long residence in this county has made iiim well known throughout its borders and an upright life has won him universal esteem.

OHARLES F. ALKIRE. The family of which , this gentleman is an honored representative , is one of the most favorably known in Madison County, its members having contributed their efforts to the development of the resources of the community, and having ever been distinguished for manliness and nobility of character. It is therefore with pleasure that we invite the attention of the reader to the following brief outline of the life of one of its most widely known representatives.

Charles F. Alkire was born in Pleasant Township, Madison County, Ohio, March 4, 1860, and is a son of Abraham R. and Mary J. (Tanner) Alkire. The father, who for many years was a farmer, is now living retired in Mt, Sterling, but the mother has passed from the scenes of eartli. Upon the farm which his father owned and operated, our subject passed his childhood and youth in a comparatively imeventful manner, his time being occupied with his studies at school and in aiding in the farm work.

When about twent^'-two years of age, Mr. Alkire was married, December 7, 1882, to Flora E. Heath, who was born in the township where she now lives, October 23, 1861. After their marriage, the young couple located where they still reside, and they are now the parents of two children: William, born January 29, 1885, and Clyde, September 23, 1886. The home of this happy family is an attractive and commodious residence, built in 1890, and containing all the comforts of a model home.

Upon locating upon his present farm, whicli was purchased by his father and father-in-law, Mr. Alkire found the place in poor condition, but he at once commenced its improvement, putting up good fences, introducing an effective system of drainage, and otherwise adding to the value of the land. He now engages in raising, buying and selling stock, in which more than ordinary success has met his efforts. In addition to his homestead of eighty acres, he owns four hundred and fift}- acres of land, received from his father's estate.

In their religious connections, Mr. and Mrs. Alkire are faithful and active members of the Christian Church of Mt. Sterling, and the destitute always find in them helpful and generous friends, while public measures for the benefit of the community receive their active co-operation. The principles of the Republican party are those which Mr. Alkire believes best adapted to the advancement of the Government, and he uses his influence for its candidates. Although he has scarcely readied the prime of life, he has gained the full confidence of his fellow-cilizens and in future years will undoubtedly be called ui)on to perform many responsible and honorable duties in the public interest.

riNN BRADLF.Y. Among those who have ^^ ' been so successful financially that they are enabled to lay aside the cares of life and spend their declining years in the enjoyment of suitable comforts, is Mr. Bradley, a retired merchant of ^V"est Jefferson. He is the owner of the old homestead located in Monroe Township which was the scene of his labors for many 3'ears. He is residing in a ver3' comfortable home surrounded by his famil}' and enjo}ing tlie esteem of numerous friends and acquaintances.

The parents of our subject were David and Nancy (Morrow) liradley, the former of whom was born in Monroe Township, Madison County, and the latter in Tioga County, N. Y. The father passed away in his native place, July 6, 1850, while the mother, who survived him a great many years, died in Jefferson Township, the same county, January 26, 1892. The}^ were the parents of three sons and two daughters, of whom our subject was the youngest, he being born March 10, 1844, in Monroe Township, where he grew to manhood. The education which he received was of a practical kind, as his advantages in the educational line wei'e ver}^ limited. He aided his mother in carrying on the farm until the outbreak of the Civil War, when, in Ma}', 1862, he enlisted in Compan}^ D, Eighty-fourth Ohio Infantry, and served with his regiment until the following September. Early in the winter of 1864, however, he re-enlisted, this time becoming a member of Compan}' C, Second Ohio Cavalry, and remained in the array until the close of the war. Returning home to Madison County, jNIr. Bradle}^ again resumed farming.

October 28, 1869, the original of this sketch was married to Miss Kate, daughter of Adam Zinn, one of the old settlers of Franklin County. The lady was l>orn in Columbus, in October, 1843. and continued to reside with her husband on the old homestead in Monroe Township, which he had purchased, until 1875, at which time they came to West Jefferson. Here Mr. Bradley- engaged in the grocer^'^ business for eighteen months, when he sold out, and in 1878 established a drugstore, carrjing on a very paying business until August 1, 1890, when he disposed of his stock and has since lived retired from active work of an}^ kind.

Mr. Bradley has taken an active part in local affairs and has been chosen by the citizens of the township to hold many offices of trust, among which was Township Clerk and School Director. Being a Grand Army man, Mr. Bradle}^ is a member of Wilson Burrows Post No. 389, and as an Odd Fellow is connected with West Jefferson Tvodge No. 412. He is always interested in measures which tend toward the upbuilding of his community, and during electicns invariablj- casts a Republican vote. Mr. and Mrs. Bradley have one daughter, Elta, who with her parents is a member of the Baptist Church.

^Vr RBAN G. CREAMER. A conspicuous po- ((( I sition among the attornej's of Fa3'ette ^^t\ County is held by this gentleman, who is actively engaged in professional duties, and who, through well-directed efforts, has gained success in his calling. Although he has resided in Washington C. H. for a brief period only, having located here m 1889, he has already secured a permanent place in the regard of the people, and his wide knowledge of the law renders his opinion valuable and often sought.

The early j^ears of the life of our subject were passed amid rural scenes on his father's farm near Jeffersonville, Ohio, where he was born July 25, 1851. For further facts in his paternal history, the reader is referred to the sketch of A. R. Creamer, presented elsewhere in this volume. He passed the summer seasons in farm work, and in the winter diligentl}' applied himself to his studies in the district school. At the age of eighteen, he commenced to teach and was thus engaged during winters for five 3^ears, his summers being devoted to agricultural labors. For a few years he worked exclusively on a farm, having charge of the old homestead where he was born.

At the age of twenty-eight, Mr. Creamer was elected .Justice of the Peace and served with efliciency in that capacity for six years. Meanwhile he read law whenever opportunity offered, and at the expiration of his term of service as Justice, he left Jefferson ville and ^iroceeded to Williamsburgh, Clermont County, where he studied law for one year entirel}^ under liis own direction. March 1, 1888, he was admitted to practice at the Bar of the State of Ohio, and located for the practice of his profession at Williamsburgh, where he remained until he came to Washington C. H., in February, 1889. Since that time, he has gained a good practice and devotes his attention closely to the demands of his professional duties. In the spring of 1892, he was elected Justice of the Peace at Washington C. H.

The marriage of Mr. Creamer to Miss Laura McLean, of Williamsburgh, was celebrated January 21, 1889, and their pleasant home in Washington C. H. is brightened b}' the presence of one child, a son, J. Byron. Religiously, Mr. Creamer is identified with the Methodist Episcopal Church, and socially, is a member of the Cerneau Scottish Rite, F. c\i A. M., which includes the Blue Lodge.

\f| AMES B. SPRAGUE, M. D., of London, who first won distinction as assistant surgeon in the army during the war, is a man of rare / personal worth, of wide experience as a physician, and stands high in professional and social circles in Madison County, where he is well known and honored.

Dr. Sprague was born in Clarke County, June 15, 1821, and his parents were James and Polly (Bailey) Sprague, who were natives respectively' of Massachusetts and New Hampshire, and were fine representatives of the old New England stock that has borne such an important part in the upbuilding of the great Commonwealth of Ohio. Hither the father came in 1812, and resumed his occupation as a farmer on the rich virgin soil of Clarke Count}', where he purchased three hundred and twenty acres of land. His first work was to build a log house for the shelter of his family, which he replaced later in life b}' a handsome l)iick residence. He was a man of fine physique, standing six feet and two inches in his stockings, and he was gifted with great strength. He possessed good mental ability, was a clear-headed business man, and was one of the wealth>' citizens of liis count3^ He was a Democrat, with an intelligent comprehension of the political situation in his day. He lived to dance with his grandchildren, and was of a ripe old age when he died. His cliildren were eight in number, and six of them are yet living: Leonard B., Mrs. Orisa Rice, James B., Mrs. Percy Wallingsford, Mrs. Maria McMahon, and Mrs. Mary E. Cameron.

The subject of this life record spent the first twenty years of his life on his father's farm. His early education was obtained in the district school.s of his native county, and he subsefpiently became a student at the Springfield High School, attending there three years in all, teaching at intervals to get money to pay his expenses. His father dying, he was appointed one of the administrators of the estate, and left school to attend to his duties, living on the farm until the estate was settled. He sold his share of the property to his brother Leonard, as he had determined to prepare himself for the medical profession, toward which his tastes inclined liim. He entered upon his studies with Dr. Robert Rodgers, of Springfield, and was with him three years. By that time he was so well up in bis studies that he at once took high rank in his classes when he entered the Ohio Medical College at Cincinnati, from which he was graduated in March, 1851. He established himself at Vienna Cross Roads in his native county, and remained tliere until June, 18G2. He was then offered tlie position of assistant surgeon of the Twenty-seventh Ohio Infantry, and for thi'ee j-ears he labored incessantly among the sick and dying soldiers on Southern battle-fields, doing all in his power to allay suffering and to stay the hand of death, and many a poor boy bad cause to Ihank bim for a life saved or a deatb-bed robbed of its pain. But sucb devotion to his duties told severely on bis own health, and be utterlj'^ broke down, so that he was discharged and sent home on a bed. He subsequently returned to the South in the same capacity, under a contract with Col. Lathrop, of Cincinnati, and was absent two months.

Although olitained at such a terril)le cost, our subject's experience as an army surgeon has been invalua))le to him in his subsequent practice, and he has risen to greater prominence in liis profession by reason of it. He continued his practice in his native county until 1871, when he sold out there and came to London to make his future home. His residence is on South Oak Street, and he has his office in the same lot. He is the oldest practitioner in the village, whither his fame had preceded him, and he has all the patients that he can attend to, botii in the village and in the country. He is as devoted to his profession as when he first entered it with all the vigor, high hopes and ambitions of early manhood, and has kept pace with the times in regard to the progress made in the medical world by means of new discoveries and inventions. He has been singularly successful in dealing with diliicult and dangerous cases. It is said of him that in forty years' practice he has had more cases of obstetrics, in all probal)ilit3% than any other ph3'sician in the county, and yet he has never lost but one patient, whom the Doctor thinks was poisoned b}^ an attendant.

Dr. vSprague was married, in 1843, to Miss Sarah Chamberlain, of Clarke County, and a daughter of Isaac and Polly (Ilarriman) Cliamlierlain. They were natives of New Hampsiiire, and came to Ohio in the early years of its settlement. They kept a hotel for some years, and later lived on a farm until death, always making their home in Clarke County after coming to this State. Thej^ had six children, two of whom are living: Mattic and Mrs Si)rague. The marriage of our subject and his wife, which has been a union of true felicit}', has been hallowed to them by the birth of two children : Mrs. C. F. Wragg, of Clarke County, wlio is the niotlier of four children: Frank, Palmer, Leona and Charles; and Milton C, a physician

Our subject and his wife are regarded as valuable acquisitions to tlie community, and in them the Universalist Church has two devoted members. The Doctor is prominent in medical circles as one of the Examining Board of Physicians for Pensions, appointed tliereto by President Harrison, and as a leading nieml)er of the State Medical Society, in which he has held all the oflices. He belongs to Lyon Post No. 121, G. A. R., of which he is surgeon; and iie is also an Odd Fellow and a Mason, being the oldest Mason in London, a Scottish Rite niember, having taken tlie thirty-second degree in Masonry. Politically, he is a Democrat.

ellANNING VLEREBOME is one of the most successful and most extensive grain- ^ dealers in Perry Township, Pickawaj'^ County. He was born on the 9th of August, 1865, in New Holland, this township, and is a son of George and Marinda (Challhi) A'lerebome. The father was a native of New York, and came to Cincinnati, Ohio, when fourteen years of age, where he remained and worked four or five years as a clerk in a clothing store. He then went on the road as a traveling salesman for a firm, which position he held a number of 3'ears, and was one of the most successful, receiving a salary of $2,500 l)er 3'ear, which was at that time the highest paid. The father of our subject was married at New Holland, in 1859, and engaged in the grocery business at New Holland until the spring of 1886, when, his health failing somewhat, he retired from business. In 1876, he started in the elevator business, and in the year 1883 his elevator and grocery store were entirely destroyed b}^ fire, which resulted in a net loss of over 't2(),000. He was a stanch member of the Republican party, and belonged to the Masonic order.

his early education in the common schools, which was supplemented by a course in the business college at Delaware, Ohio. In July, 1888, Mr. Vlerehojne engaged in the elevator business at New Holland, and soon afterward associated with him Mr. George McCrea, the firm now being known as McCrea & Ylerebome. They handle annually over two hundred thousand bushels of wheat, and about the same amount of corn, and receive most all the custom of the township. Our subject is a member of the Knights of Pythias Lodge, and is one of the most highly respected young men in the community, admired by all for his sagacious judgment and square dealings.

,^^ AMUEL M. OWENS. Amid the numerous ^^^ changes which fall to the lot of mankind, |l\/Jl) it is the happy fortune of but few to pass nearly three-quarters of a century upon the same homestead, endeared to them through its associations Mith the events of their youth, manhood and old age. Such, however, is the history of Mr. Owens, who resided upon his farm in Wayne Township, Pickaway County, for a period of almost seventy years. As may be imagined, he was known alike to old and young for miles around his home, and wherever known was highly esteemed. He died at his home. May 13, 1892.

At one time the owner of about one thousand acres, Mr. Owens was still a large land-owner at the time of his demise, having in his possession between eight hundred and nine hundred acres, all of which are located in Wayne Township, with the exception of a farm in Jackson Township, this county. In connection with general farming, he was always greatly interested in stock-raising and had a large number of cattle, hogs and horses on his place. He was always a great lover of fine horses and for nearly twenty years engaged as a breeder of draft horses, making a specialty of Normans. He also raised cattle for thirt}^ years, and was a successful and judicious stock-raiser.

the journcj' being made in an old-fashioned twowheel cart drawn by two horses. Ix)cating in Jackson Townshi[), he rented a tract of land and built a log cabin which remained his home for some time. Subsequently, he removed to Wayne Township, where he purchased land when the surrounding country w^as new and wild game was plentiful, especially deer and turkeys. His family consisted, of his wife and two children: Samuel M., who was born in Montgomery Count}^ Md., August 21, 1808, and Mary, widow of Samuel Campbell, who died about 1884 in Circleville, this State.

The removal from Maryland to Ohio was made when our subject was a lad of seven 3^ears, and his education was gained in the schools of Jackson Township, which were of a primitive character, both as to mode of instruction and furnishings. When about twenty-two years old, he was united in marriage with Miss Eliza, daughter of Aaron Sullivan, who settled in Ross County, Ohio, at an early day. The worthy couple lived together in happiness, sharing the trials and hardships of pioneer life and industriously working their way to independence and prosperity, until April 6, 1875, when Mrs. Owens was called from time to eternity'. She was a faithful Christian, and for many years identified with the Methodist Episcopal Church.

Eleven children were born of the union of our subject and his wife: Massie Ann is the wife of Erank Brown, a farmer of Jackson Township; William (deceased) married Martha Rector, and they became the parents of seven children; Sallie became the wife of Henry Caldwell and died at Ashville some years ago; Ellen married Daniel R. Knowles, a fanner of Wayne Township; Mary was united wiLh Samuel Reigle and is now deceased; Ann M. is the wife of Daniel L. Knowles, a resident of Washington; Nancy is single and lives at home; Samuel married Mary Stevens and makes his home in Wayne Township; Marcus B. married Nina Jones and resides in Burlington Junction, Mo. Two died in infancy.

Reared an old-line AVliig, Mr. Owens cast his first Presidential ballot for Henry Clay in 1832, and was a firm Republican after the organization of that partj'^, although he did not take an active part in political affairs. As the years passed by, he placed additional improvements on his place and in 1852 replaced the old log cabin which had been his home with an attractive and commodious residence in which his closing years were passed. Hardworking and persevering, he gained success and was numbered among the most prominent citizens of the county. His friends will therefore be pleased to read this sketch of his life, and will also notice with interest the accompanying portrait.

dLLIAM BAUDEK,who died in Circleville, May 10, 1892, was one of the early set- // tiers of Pickawaj' County, and was born three miles east of Schenectady, N. Y., in the year 1813. His grandfather was a farmer, descended from a high German family. His father, Peter Bander, was a native of Herkimer County, and was a self-made man. He served as a teamster in the War of 1812. He engaged in farming until 1818, and then removed to Albany, where he remained until 1826, when he removed to West Troy. He afterward kept hotel in Albany and died in Jefferson County, N. Y., at about the age of seventy-four. For some time he was a member of the Methodist Church but afterward joined the Evangelical Association. He married Eliza Grace, who was born on the Isle of Man, and was a daughter of AVilliam Grace, a native of Ireland. On coming to America, he located in Albany, N. Y., where he spent the remainder of his life. After her husband's death, Mrs. Bander went to Illinois and made her home with some of her children. She died in Naperville, that State, but was buried in Montgomery.

In the parental family were fourteen children, twelve of whom grew to mature years. Those still living are Peter, a retired merchant of Clinton, Iowa; Hon. Cyrenus, who served his district in the State Legislature and resides in Lee County, Iowa, near Ft. IMadison; James, a farmer of INIaxlison Count3% N. Y.; Gerald of Nashua, Iowa; and Jane and Allen, both of whom also reside in Nashua.

The subject of this sketch began his education in Albanv, where the Lancasterian system of education was taught, there being four hundred scholars in one room. He there remained until thirteen years of age. He then began earning his own livelihood. When seventeen years of age, he was apprenticed to a carriage manufacturer under Amos Kendall, serving a term of three years. His employer was a skilled mechanic, and, under his instruction, Mr. Bander advanced rapidly in the line of his work. He afterward bought out his employer and carried on a successful business for some time. In connection with his brother, he afterward engaged in the manufacture of wheelbarrows and again prospered in this line of work. In 1838, he came to Ohio, and built a shop in Dresden, but business did not pay in that place, and he removed to Circleville. He afterward engaged in Iiusiness as a manufacturer of carriages and wagons and built up an excellent trade. The first buggy he made was for ex-Sheriff Wolfley. He had many hardships and difficulties to overcome, but by his enterprise and skill worked liis way upward, acquiring, an excellent patronage.

In 1839, in Zanesville, Ohio, Mr. Bander was united in marriage with Miss Ann Fleming, who was born in New Jersey, and is a daughter of Abner Fleming, a farmer of Zanesville. Nine children were born of their union: Alex died at the age of seventeen years; the four next younger died in early life; Edson B. graduated from the High School and from Ann Arbor University' of Michigan, has received the degrees of A. B., A. M. and LL. D., and is now a practicing attorney of Cleveland; George W. is engaged in business in Circleville; Mary is the wife of Dr. C. A. Foster, a prominent ph3'sician of Washington Court House; and William II. is Superintendent of the Edison Electric business in the Rockj- Mountain district, and makes his home in Denver, Col.

Mr. Bander returned to the East in 1843 and, with a capital of $3,000, embarked in the hotel business in Pine Wood, Madison County, N. Y. A year later, he estalilished a carriage factory, which he carried on until 1846, when he returned to Circleville with only $2,000. He again worked at his trade in Circleville, and afterward bought a lot and built a carriage factoiy at the corner of Watt and Court Streets. For a number of years he engaged in the manufacture of fine carriages and other vehicles and built up a most excellent trade, meeting with signal success. He invented two patents. In 1874, he toolf his son, George W., into partnership and ten years later sold out to him, since which time he has lived a retired life, devoting his attention to the care of his property. His carriages were sent all over the country. He employed from ten to twenty hands and did an extensive business. He built a great many I'esidences, a number of which he still owns, including two dwellings on Pinkney Street. He also was interested in real estate in Iowa. He started out in life empty-handed, but by his own industrious efforts and perseverance he had acquired a handsome competence.

In politics, Mr. Bauder was a Democrat until tlie election of Lincoln, after which time he was a stanch Republican. He served as Township Treasurer, School Director and School Treasurer. Socially, he was an Odd Fellow and for years had been Treasurer of his lodge. He belonged to the Methodist Church, of which he was Trustee. Mr. Bauder was one of the oldest settlers in the city, and was a genial, jovial man and one who was held in high regard hy his many friends throughout the community.

^SR^ICHARD M. JOHNSON. Among the varied [k^^ and numerous occupations by means of Isk % which men seek fame and fortune, there is certainly none more free from worry and vexation of spirit than agriculture. In the country, suri'ounded on every side by waving fields of grain and all the beauties of nature, man's soul is possessed in calmness and he does not wear himself out as do the busy people who reside in the cit3\ The subject of this sketch is numbered among those who enjoy the freedom and peace of farm life and makes his home in Fairfield Township, Madison County, where he is ranked among the wealthy farmers.

The parents of our subject, Thomas B. and Aletha (Reed) Johnson, were natives of INIontgomery County, Md. In 1835, they emigrated to Ohio and located in what is now Oak Run Township, this county, soon after which they removed to Range Township. After a residence tiiere of a short time, Mr. and Mrs. .lohnson returned to Oak Run Township, where the former died in 1842; the mother departed this life September 9, 18G3, in Fairfield Township.

The parental famil}- included nine children, of whom our subject was the fifth child and fourth son. He was also born in Montgomery Count}', Md., his natal day being July 4, 1824. He was a lad of eleven 3'ears at the time of his parents' removal to this county and here »rew to man's estate, remaining under the parental roof in Oak Run Township until 1857, when he took up his abode on the place where he is at present residing.

Mr. Johnson of this sketch was married in Summerford Township, this county, November 1, 1860, the lady of his choice being Miss Sarah Jane, daughter of Nathaniel and Mary (Patrick) Gritfin, natives respectively of Ohio and Virginia. The parents of Mrs. Jolinson were married in tiiis State, after which they located on the line between Champaign and Madison Counties, where the mother died, August 31, 1864. The father, who survived her many years, departed this life in Macon County, III., August 10, 1880. Mrs. Johnson, who was born in Van AVert County, this State, January 12, 1834, was the fifth in order of birtli of the parental famil}' of nine children.

Of the two children born to our subject and liis wife, one died in infancy and Imo passed away when two years old. Farming has been the life work of our subject and he is tiioroughly informed regarding the peculiar qualities of soils, the l)est methods of fertilizing, and the rotation of crops which will produce the most desirable results. Having prospered, he is surrounded with all the comforts of life, and upon his estate will be found a complete line of buildings and the various improvements which might be expected of a man of progressive ideas. He is the proprietor of about twelve hundred acres of land and is one of the most prominent farmers and stock-raisers in Madison County.

affairs and belongs to the Republican party, taking sufficient part in politics to keep well informed regarding the issues of the day. lie has been Township Trustee, in which position he gave entire salisfaction to his fellow-citizens. AVith his wife, he is a member in good standing of the Methodist Episcopal Church, giving liberally and cheerfully of his means for its support.

A. CLARK, a druggist of Mt. Sterling, has been engaged in this business for several years. He is considered one of the enterprising and progressive business men of the place and a valued citizen. He was born in Mt. Sterling, .lauuary 6, 1858, and is a son of Alex and Lydia (Adkins) Clark, both of whom were natives of A'irginia. Their marriage, however, was celebrated in this State. The father is a blacksmith and resides in Madison Mills, Faj'ette County. The fam ily numliered thirteen children, eleven of whom grew to mature years, but Mrs. J. S. Smith died at the age of thirty-seven years, leaving four children. AVilliam is an attorney of Mr. Sterling; J. M. is engaged in the grocery trade in Mt. Sterling; J. N. is a physician of Madison Mills; J. S. is a blacksmith of Buena Vista, Fayette County; Mrs. Emma Crawford makes her home in Columbus, Ohio; Mrs. John Adams is living in Orcenfield, Ohio, where her husband is engaged as a grain dealer; Mrs. W. M. Fulton is living on a farm in Range Township, Madison Count}'; Mrs. Charles Sn3'der makes her home on a farm in Highland County, and Mildred is still with her parents.

AVhen our subject was about two 3'ears old, his ))arents removed to Madison Mills, where he grew to manhood. In his boyhood, he aided his father in the blacksmith shop and attended school. Between the ages of thirteen and twenty years, he worked i\y the month upon a farm, and on attaining his majority found himself with a couple of horses, which he sold. He then began the study of medicine with his brother, in whose office he remained for two years, when he came to Mt. Sterling and was employed as a salesman for Dr. Mc- Clintock, with whom he remained for five years.

On the 1st of June, 1887, Mr. Clark was united in marriage with Miss AVillie E. Larey, of Mt, Sterling, daughter of John and Julia Larey, and a native of Pickaway County, Ohio. Their union has been blessed with one child, a daughter, Cleo Belle, born May 18, 1888.

Having passed the examination for a pharmacist's certificate about a year after his marriage, Mr. Clark bought a half interest in the drug store of Di-. McClintock. Two years later, he bought out the drug store of P. H. Mandabach, and still continued to hold the half interest in the other store. A year later, he bought out Dr. McClintock and combined the two stocks in 1890. Mr. Clark has a full and c<,)mplete stock of drugs and has a well-appointed store. He is doing a good business and well deserves his liberal patronage. In politics, he is a Democrat and cast his first Presidential vote for W. S. Hancock. Socially, he is a member of the Knights of Pythias, the Masonic fraternity and the Odd Fellows' society. Himself and wife hold membership with the Methodist Church and are prominent people of Mt. Sterling.

AVID C. THROCKMORTON, proprietor of the American Furniture Store, and one of the leading citizens of Circleville, was born in Pickaway Township, Pickawa}^ County, on the 18th of October, 1846, and is of AVelsh descent. His grandfather, Ezekiel Throckmorton was a native of AVales. After his marriage, he emigrated to America and made a location in Ross County, Ohio, where he was engaged in broom making. He afterward removed to Missouri, settling near St. Louis, where he followed the occupation of farming until his death. The father of our subject, Thomas Throckmorton, was born in Ross County, Ohio, and learned the trade of broom making with his father. He afterward carried on that business at Jefferson vi lie, and established the first broom factory at that place. While on his wa}' West in 1847, his death occuried in Waterloo, Fayette County, Ohio. Ilis wife bore the maiden name of Jale Jones, and is a daughter of John D. Jones, a native of Scotland. Her father was a school teacher, and followed that profession first in Virginia, and afterward at Pickawa}^, Ohio. In 1837, he became a teacher in Jefferson, after which he became a stock dealer, buying and shipping stock. Ilis last days were spent in AVashington C. H. where he died in 1860, at the age of sixty-eight years. He was a soldier in the Mexican War and served as a Sergeant under Gen. Taylor. The mother of our subject has, since her husband's death, become Mrs. Hickman, and resides in Circleville.

D. C. was the only child born unto Thomas Throckmorton and his wife. He was reared in his native count}' until ten years of age, when he removed with his mother to Lexington, Ky., and in 1859, went to Richmond, Ky., where he attended school. The year 1862 witnessed his return to Ohio. He was apprenticed to the shoemaker's trade under John Lisinger, and worked in that line until Februarj', 1864, when he responded to the country's call for troops. He was then only seventeen years of age, but he became one of the boys in blue of Company K, Ninetieth Ohio Infantry. He was mustered in at Camp Douglas, became a musician and was sent South, joining Sherman's Army. He participated in the battles of Resaca, Dallas, Buzzard's Roost, Snake Gap, Dalton, Kenesaw Mountain, and all the engagements in which his regiment bore a part in the Atlanta campaign. He also fought in the battles of Spring Hill, Franklin, Columbia and Nashville. His regiment tiien returned home, but Mr. Throckmorton and a few recruits were sent to Texas with Gen. 1). Stanley. Our subject served as his Orderly until discliarged at Victoria on the 3d of October, 1865, being mustered out at Columbus in November following. He was one of the youngest soldiers in the service, but was none the less true and loyal, and may well be proud of his arm}^ record.

On his return to Circleville, Mr. Throckmorton was apprenticed to J. M. Duffy, a carriage maker, with whom he remained nine years. He became foreman of the factory, and during the last three

3^ears had almost control of the entire business. In 1883, began his connection with the furniture l)usiness. He worked with B. Kath for three years, during which time he did some line cabinet-work, and for eighteen months was with Mr. Kath's successors, Maddy & Probst. In May, 1887, he be gan business for himself, establishing the American Furniture Store in the American House Block. His sale-room is 22x78 feet, and is well lilled with a good stock of furniture of excellent designs. In connection with this he also does an extensive business in the manufacture of picture frames.

In Circleville, in 1877, Mr. Throckmorton married Miss Martha Forcpier, a native of Perry County, Ohio, and a daughter of John Forquer of this place. Six children have been born of their union, five of whom are 3'et living: John, Martha, James, Thomas and Florence. Arthur, the first child, died at the age of two and a half years.

In April, 1891, Mr. Throckmorton was elected a member of the City Council on the Democratic ticket, and is still filling that ottice. He has proved himself a capable ofHcer and well merits the honor conferred ui)on him. Socially, he is a member of the Ancient Order of ITnited Workmen, and is the youngest member of Groce Post, G. A. R. He also belongs to St. Joseph's Catholic Church, and is a member of the Knights of St. John, and a stanch advocate of Democracy. He is recognized as one of the leading business men of Circleville and is now enjoying a liberal patronage, of which he is well deserving, and his courteous treatment and upright dealings have won the high regard of all with whom he has come in contact.

COTT CHENOWETH. Among the prominent and leading agriculturists of Madison Count}' who are selected for representation in this biographical work, we take pleasure in presenting the worthy subject of this sketch. Mr. Chenoweth, who is a resident of Range Township, is a native of this place, having been born here December 11, 1855. He is a son of Jeremiah

He of whom we write was given a fair education in the common schools and began to do for himself after attaining his eighteenth year. He remained under the parental roof until his marriage, December 28, 1876, to Miss Anna Rowlen,of Range Township, Madison Count}'. She was born in Monroe Township, Pickaway County, August 10, 1855, and is the daughter of Josiah and Harriet Hill Rowlen, who are residing at the present time in London, this State. Mrs. Chenoweth received an excellent education, and by her union with our subject became the mother of four children, viz: Edgar, who was born December 4, 1878; Ersel and Mabel (twins), born March 21, 1884, and Homer R., August 19, 1888.

Mrs. Chenoweth was accidentally killed by being struck by the morning train from Cincinnati, on April 1, 1890. She had just left her home and was driving along in a buggy, «hen the 9:15 train rushed along much faster than usual, sounding neither whistle nor bell. Mrs. Chenoweth was thirty-four years of age at the time of her death, and was the daughter of Josiah Rowlen, of London, to whose home her remains wei'e removed. She was a woman of remarkable character, and was dearly beloved by all with whom she came in contact, her friends being as numerous as her acquaintances. Her pleasant home, which was located six miles from Mt. Sterling, was characterized by all the comforts of rural life, and was one of the most hospitable in this localit}-. Mr. Chenoweth was tendered the sympathy of the entire community in this most sad bereavement, and the immense concourse of people which was present at the funeral testified to the high esteem in which the deceased was held.

In his political relations, our subject is a trueblue Republican, and was a candidate before the convention for the nomination of Sheriff, but was defeated b}' a small majority'. He has served his party as a delegate to various conventions and is active in all measures wdiich tend to the development and upbuilding of this community-. In the division of his father's property, lie fell heir to two hundred and fifty acres of the estate, which he has placed inider excellent cultivation, and erected thereon two substantial dwellings and a barn. He has laid five thousand rods of tile on the place, and by his industr}' and good judgment, has caused it to be ranked among the very best in the township.

DWIN N. GUNSAULUS, editor and pro- \^ prietor of the London Times, a Republican I - ^ organ, and the oldest pajier' published in Madison Count}", is a young man whose strong individuality, cultured mind and executive ability of a high order, place him among the leaders of his profession in this part of the State. He is a native of Mt. Liberty, Knox County, Ohio, his birthplace, and December 13, 1859, the date of his advent into the family of Dr. C. and Eliza Gunsauhis, who are now residents of Centrebui-gh, that count}', he being the second of their three children.

During his boyhood, his parents removed to Mt. Vernon, whence, a short time after, they went, in 1875, to Mt. Gilead, Morrow County, where his education was continued, and in 1878 he was graduated from school with the highest honors. Soon after, he began his journalistic career by entering the office of the Morroiv County Sentinel the Republican organ of that county, and besides mastering all the details of the printer's art, he did local and editorial work on the paper, thereby acquiring invaluable experience.

Thus well equipped for the profession, he purchased the Centreburgh Gazette, in 1882, and became a full-fledged editor, with promises of a successful career that have been amply fulfilled. He conducted that paper until December, 1887, when he disposed of his interests in it to become half owner of the London Times, and at the same time he resigned the office of Mayor of Centreburgh, to which he had been elected in the spring of that year as a Republican. In September, 1890, Mr. Gunsaulus purchased his partner's interest in the

Times, and is at present sole editor and proprietor of the same. Tins paper, as before mentioned, is the oldest published in Madison County, and is recognized as the mouthpiece of the local Republican part3', whose every utterance anent politics carries with it weight and influence. Before the paper came into the hands of Mr. Gunsaulus, it had passed through many vicissitudes, and had suffered of late years by reason of frequent changes of proprietors and loose management. When our subject gained control of it, with characteristic energy and resolution, he set about bringing it back to its old-time vigor, and in this he has been more than successful.

In Jul}', 1891, a complete new outfit of type was purchased as well as a gas engine and all the accessories necessary to the equipment of a firstclass, modern paper and job office. The Times was enlarged from a nine-column folio to an eight-page, seven-column paper, and now ranks as one of the leading newspapers of the State, with an appearance second to none, and with a large and constantly increasing circulation.

Our subject is very happily situated in regard to his domestic relations. He was married INIarch 28, 1889, to Miss Harriet N. Mitchell, who is also a native of Knox County, and is a daughter of Spencer and Harriet Mitchell. To Mr. and Mrs. Gunsaulus a son was born I^ebruary 28, 1890, whom they have named Paul Mitchell.

\OTH BROS., the individual members of the firm being George E. and AVilliam Roth, are live, energetic business men, and have been engaged in the tannery business since September, 1872. The}' are wealthy citizens of Circleville and are truly self-made men, for they had ver}' little to start with. They have all the thrift and energy of their German ancestors and are possessed of all those qualities that make useful and influential citizens.

The father, George Roth, was born in Prussia, Germany, near Mecklenburg, and, like the majority of his native countrymen, learned a trade. He became a tanner and operated a tannery at Wismar, that country, for many years. He was in the Home Guards while in his native country. In 185.5, he took passage for America with his son and after residing at Harmony, Ohio, for a short time, in 18.56 removed to .Jeffersonville, Fayette Count}^ and there remained for a number of years. In 1872, he came to Circleville, Ohio, and bought a tannery owned by a Mr. Jackson. This he remodeled and improved in every way, and carried on until his death, in 1876. Afterward, the two sons, George E. and William, took charge of the business. Aside from the tannery, the father owned four hundred acres of improved land near Jeffersonville, and was a wide-awake, industrious citizen. He was a Republican in politics, and in religion was of the Baptist persuasion. To his marriage were born seven children, as follovvs: George E.; Fredrick, who resides in New Mexico, and is a big ranchman; Albert, is a farmer of Madison County, Ohio; .Joannah, is Mrs. Ilenr}' Clausing, and resides in Fayette County, Ohio; William; Adolph died at the age of nineteen; and Lewis who died when fifteen years of age.

George E. Roth, the eldest of this famil}', was born in Wismar, Germany, on the 15th of September, 1839, and remained there until fourteen years of age. His greatest desire at that time was to become a sailor, and he became a cabin-boy on a merchantman, with which he remained three jears. He was on the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea during this time, and weathered many severe storms and gales. AVhen he returned home, he was a bo_y of seventeen, and he came with his parents and brothers and sister to America. The}' were twenty -six days on the ocean, and after reaching American soil they came immediately to Jeffersonville, Fayette County, Ohio, where the father followed his trade as mentioned before. After the death of the father, George E. and AVilliam bought the tanner}' in Circleville fi'om the other heirs and immediately commenced making improvements. This is the largest enterprise of the kind in the county and reflects much credit upon its owners. They built a brick addition, and the building is now one hundred and twenty feet square and is two stories in height. It is on one and three- quarter acres, situated at the foot of Main Street, on the canal, and they work one hundred and fifty liides per week. This enterprise is operated with steam power, there are one hundred vats, and one thousand cords of oak bark are used yearl3\ Eighteen hands are eniplo3ed and every thina; is superintended by these thorough-going business men themselves. George K. Kotli owns live hundred and two acres in Fayette County, Ohio, near Holland, and is engaged quite extensively in stockraising.

These brothers own two stores in the old Welding Block on Main Street, and George E. owns a fine residence on the corner of Sciota and Watt Streets. This was built b}' himself and is two stories in height, made of the finest pressed brick, and is valued at $10,000. He and his brother built another house in 1882, but he sold his interest to his brother in 1891. Mr. Roth is a stockholder in the First National Bank, and is one of the substantial men of the county. He was married in Jefferson ville, Fayette County, to Miss Lizzie Millenpaulen, a native of Prussia, who came to this country with an uncle when sixteen years of age. Two children have been born to this union: Adolphus F., now book-keeper at the Straw Board Works, which position he has held for the past seven years, since the age of sixteen years, and George E., who is attending the Iligii School of Circleville. IMr. Roth is a member of the Baptist Church, and was Trustee of the same for some time. In politics, he is an advocate of Republican principles.

William Roth was born in Wismar, German}^ on the 18th of July, 1849, and was but six years of age when he came to America with his parents. He was early trained to the tanner's trade, but in connection is also engaged in farming, and has been very successful in both occupations. He received a very limited education, and was hired out when but a lad for the modest sum of $5 per month. Later, lie received $10 per month, and subsequently assisted his father in the tanneiy and on the farm, being on the farm principality. In 1872, he came to Circleville, where he worked in the tannery, and in 1876 he and his brother George K. purchased it. In 1882, he and his brother built the American House, one of the po})- ular hotels in the city. William Roth subsequently bought his brother's interest and is sole proi)rietor of the building and grounds, and is also the owner of two hundred and two acres in Fayette County, Ohio. He also owns two business buildings, with his brother, in the cit^^ three stories and basement in height, and he also owns one-half interest in a large three-story building on Main Street, and has a fine residence on Sciota Street, which cost -16,000. He selected his wife in the person of Miss Carrie Mills, a native of Muskingum Count}^, Ohio, who was educated in Zanesville, Ohio. The}' have two daughters, Anna and Lulu, both taking music lessons, the former on the piano and the latter on the violin, and both showing considerable talent. Like his brother, our subject is a stanch Republican in his political views.

TERLING W. PRICE. This well-known ^^£^ merchant of Range Township, Madison ^ County, is ever^'where respected for his sterling worth and excellent business qualifications. His store is well stocked with a full line of general merchandise and attracts attention because of the nicety in which it is kept. Our subject was born in K\ Paso, 111., June 14, 1862, and is a son of William and Hannah (Duff) Price.

The parents of our subject came to Range Township, Madison County, when Sterling AV. was three years of age. The father, Avho is still living, is a retired farmer, and our subject was also reared to agricultural pursuits and received a good education in the common schools. He was an apt pupil, made the best of his c>pportunities, and when nineteen years of age was enabled to teach school, which occupation he followed for four years. During vacations he clerked for Hewitt Bros., at Sedalia, and March 1, 1887, opened up his present business, being enabled to put in only a small stock of goods. He is a man with a clear, sound judgment, and as the years passed by enlarged his store, until now he does a thriving and prosperous business.

Mr. Price has never married and is the fifth in a family of seven children born to his parents, all of whom are living. Politically, he is a Democrat, casting his first Presidential vote in 1884 for Cleveland. He joined the ranks of the Masons in 1891, and is classed among the public-spirited, progressive and enterprising citizens of Range Townsliip, and enjoys to the fullest tlie confidence of the best in the community.

\f7 EMUEL B0GC4S. No name is more worthy I (^ of honor and distinction in the annals of il' - ^v> Pickaway County than that of Boggs, which is inseparably linked with its rise and growth from the very first days of its settlement to the present time. It is one of the members of this family whose portrait and life sketch are here presented, Lemuel Boggs being one of the fourth generation of its representatives that have had their homes in this beautiful and highly favored region. He is a native of the county, born in Pickaway Township January 16, 1845; is a leader in its business and financial circles, is one of its most successful farmers, and is a conspicuous figure in its public and political life.

Our subject is descended from an old Virginia family. His grandfather, Maj. John Boggs, was a son of John and Jane (Irwin) Boggs, who lived on a small stream in Virginia that empties into the Ohio, and is called Boggs' Run. During the time of the Indian troubles, the family took refuge in the fort at Wheeling. Prior to that, the Indians had surprised and captured the eldest son, William, within sight of the other members of the terrorstricken family, whom the red-skins intended to capture too, or to massacre; but upon questioning the boy, whom they had conveyed to a place of security, he told them that there were seven or eight men at the house, and so saved his friends, as the Indians considered that too great a number for them to attack. They believed the lad 's story, as they had seen several men about the farm engaged in harvesting, and supposed that they slept at the

The capture of the Major's brother occurred in 1781 or 1782, when the Major was but six years old. The brave boy was taken to West Liberty, near the present site of Urbana, Ohio, where he was detained about nineteen months, and then exchanged and sent home. His father did not recognize him in his Indian habiliments, even after an extended conversation with him. Another son of John and Jane Boggs was killed on Ohio soil, opposite Wheeling, by the Indians. He was returning from a hunting expedition, with half a dozen comrades, and they were encamped for the night, when the savages stole upon them and fired into their midst as they slept. Young Boggs was wounded, but, sitting crippled on the ground, made a desperate fight before he was finally disi)atciied with a tomahawk, his companions escaping in the meantime.

Maj. John Boggs was born May 10, 1775, and came to Pickaway County in 17"J8. His party floated down the Ohio River on a keel-boat to the mouth of the Scioto, and from there went by barge up the latter stream to the station below Cliillicothe. At that place, they left their boat, and proceeded towards the source of the stream on foot, to a point within the present limits of Greene Township, Ross Count}^, from which they could look far up the valley upon a scene of the richest and most peaceful loveliness. Little did they dream of the teeming life that that lovely and fertile valley would one day hold, or of the signs of industry, wealth, culture and happiness it was destined to display.

The Boggs family found that some pioneer hud been before them in selecting land in that region, and as in the ethics of the early settlers it was considered highly dishonorable to locate where another had made a beginning, however small, they continued their course up the stream to the Pickaway Plains, where John Boggs, 8r., selected a site, and subsequently entered six hundred and fortv acres of land. His son, the Major, went up the Congo to the place where stands the Logan Elm, beneath whose boughs Logan, Chief of the Mingos, made his famous speech, when Lord Dun more.

Royal Governor of Virginia, in 1774, concluded the treaty of peace with the Indians, whereby the Northwest Territory was thrown open for settlement.

After selecting a suitable location for his future home, and preparing a rude dwelling, Maj. Boggs returned to Boggs' Run, Ohio County, Va., and was there married in the year 1800 to Sarah Mc- Meckeu. He brought her back with him to the spot he had chosen for their habitation, and here they dwelt in peace and plenty for many years, and reared a large family of children, nine in number, namely: William, Jane, Lemuel, John. Nancy, L^'dia, Moses, James, and Sydney, all of whom are deceased. The Major was a man of very industrious habits, who did with a will whatever he undertook, and toiled early and late in the work of clearing a farm, working patiently against many disadvantages to make improvements, but with ultimate success. In time, he became one of the wealthiest men of the county, accumulating a valuable property, including eighteen hundred acres of land in Pickaway Township, and two thousand acres in Indiana, beside his personal effects. The humble log cabin in which he and his wife first began their wedded life he replaced by a more commodious residence, built probably in 1816, and still standing in a good state of preservation. Soon after settling here, he erected a flouring-mill near the mouth of Scipio Creek, which was the first gristmill in the Scioto Valley north of Chillicothe, and was known for many years as Boggs' Mill.

In 1810, Maj. Boggs commenced boating, and took the first load of flour to New Orleans that was ever sent out of the Scioto Valley. lie made three trips to the Crescent City, and returned on foot or on horseback, having to pass through the country of the Indians, and to keep a sharp lookout for robbers in all parts of the journe3^ He met with no mishap or bodily harm, and with but one loss of money. That was when a tavernkeeper, with whom he and his friend, Daniel Crouse, stopped, picked the lock of his saddlebags and took from them $300 in silver, with which he paid a debt to Crouse. The Major did not discover his loss until he arrived at home; but, though the tavern-keeper, to whom he applied for

Maj. Boggs received his title for active service in the War of 1812. He was a man who was universally respected, and, though not a member of any church, was a warm friend to religion, and contributed liberally to aid its progress. He was a Democrat, and a great admirer of "Old Hickory." He died February 6, 1862, at the home of his son Moses, that date being the anniversary of his father's death, Februaiy 6, 1827, and it is a curious fact that they had attained nearly the same age at the time of death, for had they lived until their next birthday they would have been eightyseven years old. Maj. Boggs had been twice married. His first wife died December 31, 1851, and he subsequently married her sister, Mrs. Jane Taylor, in Zanesville. He had been living in that place a number of years, when he was taken sick, and he then returned to Pickaway County "'to die," as he said.

Moses Boggs, the father of our subject, was the third son, and seventh child, of Maj. John Boggs, and was the last of the family born in the old log cabin which his father built on Congo Creek, near the Logan Elm, the date of his birth being August 27, 1814. He became a farmer and large landholder, having about twelve hundred acres, and he also dealt in stock to a considerable extent. August 3, 1841, he was married to Miss Margaret S., daughter of Judge Cook, of Ross County. His death occurred December 7, 1865, when he was not much past tlie meridian of life. His wife died in 1887, aged seventy years. The following of their seven children are living: John M., a graduate of the Ohio Wesleyan Universit}', a prominent farmer, residing near La Fayette, Ind., and President of the Indiana State Board of Agriculture; Scott, a farmer of Pickawa}^ Townshii), Avho is mentioned elsewhere in this volume; William, a graduate of the Ohio Wesle3^an University, and now a farmer, residing near La Fa^'ette, Ind., and Sarah T.

Sarah T. Boggs is an intelligent and highly cultured lady, who has been libera llj^ educated. She attended a select school at Chillicothe some time during her girlhood. In 1872, she entered Cornell College, at Mt. Vernon, Iowa, where she was closely engaged in scientific studies for two years. After slie left college her mind was further broadened by travel, as she journe3'ed with her mother, who had poor health, for several years. She has resided at Kingston since 1885, where she has a pleasant home. She is wealthy, and an extensive landowner, having one thousand and fortj'-five acres of land in Pickaway Township, of whicli five hundred and eighty are located on the Scioto Bottoms.

The boyhood days of Lemuel Boggs were passed on his father's farm. He was given every advantage to obtain a fine education, laying its foundation in the local district school, afterwards pursuing his studies at Mt. Pleasant Academj-, at Kingston, and finally graduating with honor from the scientific course at the Wesleyan University, in 1866. When his college days were over, he returned home, and immediately took up farming and stock-raising. He has four hundred and fifty acres of very fine land in his home farm in Pickaaway Township, known as Elmwood, which is a beautiful and sightly place. His large brick residence stands on a high elevation in the midst of a fine grove of forest trees, and other commodious buildings adorn the place. He also has three hundred and thirty acres in Perry Township, and handles a good deal of stock, besides dealing extensively in grain. In 1876, he built an elevator at Elmwood, a station on the Norfolk &: Western Railway a few rods from his residence, and has bought and shipped large quantities of grain ever since, as he is surrounded by one of the most productive corn and wheat regions in the vState.

Mr. Boggs has, on several occasions, served as executor of estates some of them very large. He was executor for that of his uncle, the late John Boggs, which was one of the largest ever settled in this county. It comprised large personal interests and about nine thousand acres of land, nearly three thousand of which were located in Pickaway Count3^ Our subject settled up his father's estate, too, and has been actively engaged in business affairs ever since. In 1883, he assisted in organizing the Scioto Valley Bank, at Kingston, and has served as its President ever since 1885, his vigorous and healthy administration of its affairs making it a powerful factor in local financial circles. He is a thorough business man, is possessed of fine social qualities, and stands high in the estimation of all who know him, and his friends and acquaintances are many.

In 1870, Mr, Boggs was married to Miss .Jennie, daughter of the Hon. John Groce, who is mentioned elsewhere in this work, and their domestic relations are of the pleasantest. Three children have been born unto them: Nellie G., Margie C, and John.

Our subject is" a stanch and influential Republican, and his counsels are often sought by his party. In 1877, he was a candidate for State Senator, showing himself a strong man in the race, but his party was too hopelessly in the minority- to elect him. The following year he was honored with the nomination for Representative, and ran ahead of his ticket. His popularity is best shown by the fact that he has held tlio responsible ollice of Treasurer of the Township for the past six years, although the township is overwhelmingly Democratic. He is well known in social circles as a member of tlie Independent Order of Odd Fellows, of the Knights of Pythias, and of other orders of like character.

"jf/ YMAN JONES, who represents one of the I (^ old pioneer families of Ohio, is one of the JLA\,^ practical, well-to-do farmers of Pickaway Township, his farm, the old homestead forujerly belonging to his father, being among the best managed and most productive in this section of the county of Pickaway. Mr. Jones is a native of tliis county, born in Salt Creek Township, near the Ross County line, January 28, 1841. His father, the late Abel Jones,who was widely' known and honored as one of our best citizens during his residence here, was born in Ross County, October 31, 1810, a son of Aaron Jones, a Virginian, who came to Ohio about the beginning of the centur\', and was one of the first settlers of Ross County, where he carried on his occupation as a farmer until his demise. He had three sons, one of whom is living, and six daughters, all of whom are dead.

The father of our subject was reared under pioneer influences to stalwart, sturdy, self-reliant manhood, and in duo time began his independent career as a farmer, in which he met with more than ordinary success, as he was a cool calculator, was shrewd and sagacious in money matters, and was thrifty and energetic in carr3dng on his work. He purchased a farm in Salt Creek Township shortly after his marriage, having earned his first money by teaching school for some terms, he l)eing very well educated. In early life he dealt extensively in stock, feeding a bunch of cattle every winter, for which he always found a good market. In the course of years, he became one of the wealthy men of the county, accumulating a valuable property, including some sixteen hundred acres of land in Salt Creek and Pickawa}^ Townships, and in Ross Count}', six hundred acres lying in that county.

Mr. Jones continued to live on his farm in Salt Creek Township until 1864, when he removed to Pickaway Township, where he had purchased land, and here his long and well-spent life was brought to a close by his death January 5, 1892. He left behind him a golden record of one who had lived iiprightl}^, had been straightforward and conscientious in his dealings, was exemplary in all his acts, and was well worthy of the trust and respect in which he was held by the entire community who knew him so well. He was eminently a self-made man, beginning life with no other capital than a sound,well-trained mind, and good physical powers, and his course might well be followed by the young men to-day, who are just entering upon their careers. INIr. J(mes was much indebted for his success to the faithful and efficient help that he received from his good wife, who was his counselor and companion for many years, until her death in 1887. Her maiden name was Catherine Dresbach and she was a daughter of Martin Di'esbach. Her parents came from Pennsylvania to Ohio in an early day and were among the first settlers of Ross County, where she was born October 3, 1815.

Lyman Jones is the eldest of nine children, of whom eight are living. He was educated in the district school, and he early became familiar with all kinds of farm work. He always remained with his father, affording him valuable assistance in the management of his extensive interests, and at the same time gaining that clear insight into business matters that has been the ke3'note of his own success, lie is the executor of his fathei's estate, a position for which he is well qualified on account of his accurate knowledge of his father's affairs, his excellent administrative ability, and because he will settle everything with perfect fairness and with good judgment.

Our subject has a fine farm of two hundred acres that he inherited from his father, who bequeathed it to him in his will. He and his sister are living together on the old homstead, and have here a very pleasant home, comfortable and cozy in the extreme. INIr. Jones is a sound Republican in politics, and is in every way a good citizen of his native county, with whose interests his own are so closely connected.

AMUEL E. ADAMS. One of the most notable examples of success furnished by the mercantile establishments of Washington C. H. is that of the dry-goods and notion store owned and conducted by Mr. Adams. Although of recent inception, it has enjoyed a steady increase in facilities and trade, until at the present time it is one of the leading establishments of the kind in Fa3'ette Count}'.

The proprietor of the store, to whom is due the large measvu'e of success enjo3'ed, is a native of Fa3'ette County, and was born in Perry Township, August li), 1850. His father, Trustin Adams, removed from Delaware to Ohio in 1832, and began merchandising in Monroe, Highland County, where he remained for some time. The latter part of his active life jvas spent in farming pursuits, in whicli he met with success until the infirmities of age compelled him to cease from his labors. He passed away from this life February 9, 1892.

At the age of fourteen, our subject began clerking for his father and, while quite 3'oung, gained a practical idea of business. His father selling out to his brother and brother-in-law, he remained with them for a time, but being desirous to in- crease bis education, he took a commercial course in the business college at Portsmouth, Ohio. Afterward, he clerked for G. W. Anderson &. Co., of that city, then visited Kansas and spent a short time at Wamego. Returning to the old homestead, he assisted his father in his farming operations until 1871, when he entered the store of his brother, W. B. Adams, at Greenfield, Highland County.

After remaining twenty months with his brother, our subject came to Washington C. II. and in January, 1882, embarked in business as a grocer. His store building was a small building on Court, between Fayette and North Streets, but after geting fairly started, he removed to a larger building in the same block. He continued in the grocerjbusiness, which he constantly enlarged, until September 9, 1887, when he sold out. November 10 following, he embarked in the notion trade, and in the spring of 1888 added a full line of dr}'- goods. In September, 1891, he removed to the block which he at present occupies, on the corner of Court and Fayette Streets. He gives constant employment to thi-ee clerks, and is often compelled to add extra help during the busy seasons.

When freed from business cares, Mr. Adams finds leisure and enjoyment of all the comforts of home at his residence on the corner of Washington Avenue and Hopkins Street. The other members of his family are his wife, formerly Miss Alice Gustin, of Wilmington, Ohio, to whom he was married July 5, 1883, and their three sons: Lee Offa, Gilbert Gustin and William Eben. Mr. Adams is Steward in tiie ]\IetIiodist Episcopal Church, of which his wife is also a devoted member.

<| ^ILLIAM H. JONES, M. I). This highly \/iJ/l ^-'^t^^^^icd gentleman, who is making his V^/\^ home in Jefferson ville, Fayette County, was born in North Wales on the 12th of February, 1816. His parents were William and Jane Jones, both natives of Wales. The father was by trade a miller and carried on that business in his native countrj' until his death, which occurred in 1815.

He ran a watermill,and when a farmer sent his grain to his mill he would weigh it and put the amount down in a book, and when ground and bolted he would again weigh it and then make out a ticket stating the weight of the grain and its products, thus showing whether or not the customer received his own product or not. At his death, he left a wife and six children: Thomas, William H.; Davis, who is a resident of Cincinnati and has a very prominent family of sons engaged in the electric business; and Abel. The rest of the number arc; deceased.

The subject of this life history was educated in his native country until fourteen years of age, having studied Latin and the histories of all foreign countries. He was taken from school and bound out in a [)rinting office for a period of seven years, but after a siiort time his eyesight liecame very poor, and he was released from his apprenticeship. Mr. Jones then went to work at the trade of a cabinet-maker and carpenter, and followed this for some years. When al)out twentythree 3'ears of age, he went to Manchester, England, and in 1842 set sail for America, taking passage at Liverpool on a sailing-vessel and landing at New York City after an uneventful voyage of seven or eight weeks. He remained a short time in this great city, when he went to Washington, I). C, and there met a Senator from Ohio, of whom he asked something in regard to Ohio. He was only answered in a short and rude manner, which he did not at all like. Not believing all the people of the Buckeye State to be like this one whom he had met, he went to Cincinnati and began working at stair-building. Subsequently', he began the study of medicine and was graduated from the Eclectic Medical College in 1849, having built the stairs in the college for part of his tuition.

After his graduation. Dr. Jones began to practice in Oak Hill, Jackson County, Ohio, remaining at that place about two years. At the expiration of this time, he came to Jeffersonville, Fayette County, and has since then been engaged in his practice in this place and is highly honored and esteemed by ever}- one with whom he comes in contact. The Doctor is now in his seventy-sixth year and has a fine experience as a physician, and has performed some very difficult and noted operations in siirger}'. Hy his perseverance and thrift, he has laid up for himself and family a comfortable competency for a rainy daj' and makes his home in a handsome dwelling one mile from town.

Dr. -Jones was married, February 7, 1852, to Olivia Ilidy, by whom he has six children living: Ilumphre}', William, Mary J., Carey, P^mma and Minnie. The two sons are prominent attorney's in Washington C. H. Emma O., the second daughter, is a graduate of the Chicago Medical College and has held some important positions in hospitals, etc. She is now practicing medicine at Jefferson ville with good success. She has had several severe cases of diphtheria, but has never lost a case. Dr. Jones and his estimable wife are members of the Universalist Church.

M. BAER is Chief of the Fire Department at Circleville. There is nothing which adds so much to the safety and security of the people of a town or city as an active, welltrained, vigilant and excellently equipped fire department. The history of the measures for fire prevention in Circleville is an interesting one, for the handy ''blue bucket," and the nimble feet of such as would help, composed the equipments of tlie early residents. Now there is a fire department that is a credit to the city. Mr. Baer, who is Chief of the Fire Department, is a practical and firstclass engineer, and is one who thoroughly understands his business. He was born in Jackson Township, Pickaway County, Ohio, as was also his father, John Baer. The grandfather, John Baer, Sr., was originall}' from the Keystone State, but an early settler of Pickaway County, Ohio, where he purchased a wild piece of land in Jackson Township, on Darby Creek. On this he erected a rude log hut, and there passed the remainder of his days. He was of German descent.

amid pioneer scenes, and received his scholastic training in the log schoolhouse of early days. At an early age he commenced farming and stockraising for himself, purchased a farm, and on this died, September 20, 1852, when about thirty-five years of age. He was married in Pickaway County to Miss Catherine Starritt, a native of Pennsj'lvauia, who came with her father, Solomon, to Ohio, when but a child. Here she grew to womanhood, and married Mr. Baer. After the death of her husband, she kept the family on the farm until 1867, when she sold out and moved to Marion, Ohio. There she resides at the present time, and is now Mrs. Wilson, having married again. By her marriage to Mr. Baer she became the mother of six children, as follows: An infant (deceased), J. M. (our subject), Elizabeth (Mrs. Rector), who resides in South Bloom field; John, with our subject in the fire department; Sarah (Mrs. Morn, of Columbus), and Franklin, who died at the age of twelve years.

Our subject's birth occurred on the 6th of Januarj', 1845, and his time was divided in youth between working on the farm and attending school taught in the primitive log schoolhouse of pioneer days. He attended principall}' during the winter months until seventeen 3ears of age, and at the age of twenty he began farming on a part of the old place, the same, consisting of five hundred and six acres, being left by the grandfather. This he continued for two years, and then rented a farm four miles from Circleville, and carried on seven hundred acres, when only twenty-three years of age. In 1879, he located in Circleville, and for two and one-half years was engineer in the Heffner warehouse. Previous to this, when about sixteen 3'^ears of age, he was engaged with a threshing-machine and continued with it all one fall. He had alwa3'S delighted in machinery of all kinds, and when he was seventeen years of age he came to Circleville and began learning the machinist's trade. Plight months after, he returned to the farm, but his love of machinery lingered with him, and when twenty years of age he was the owner of a threshing-machine, used steam, and threshed all over the western part of the county. He became one of the bestknown threshers, and continued in this business for twenty-two years. He then came to Circleville, as above mentioned, and in 1881 became Engineer of tbe Fire Department, holding- that position for two 3'ears. He then resigned, and one 3'ear later was placed on the police force, which position he held for thirteen months, and again resigned. For four years after this he was in the employ of what was then the Portage Straw Board Company, but what is now the American Straw Board Company; and after this, in May, 1889, he was appointed Chief of the Fire Department, by Mayor Bolin (now deceased), and re-appointed b}^ Maj^or Lowe. Mr, Baer was married in Jackson Township, Pickaway County, to Miss Virginia Buckles, a native of Darby Township, the same county. The fruits of this union have been three children : Cynthia, a graduate of the High School of Circleville; Franklin, at home; and Cora. Mr. Baer's second marriage was to a sister of his first wife. Miss Rosaltha Buckles, who was also a native of Darby Township, Pickaway County, Ohio. Her father, Rev. Abraham Buckles, was a minister in the Methodist Cluneh. Mr. Baer had the misfortune to lose his second wife. She left two children, Walter and Henry. Mr. Baer is a Democrat in his political views, and is a member of the Democratic Club. He has been a delegate to count}^ and State conventions, and is at present Chairman of the Democratic County Central Committee. In 1891, he was Chairman of the Executive Committee of the count}^ Socially, he is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows.

LBERT IIANER, M. D. This esteemed resident of Plain City is a New Yorker l\y birth, having been born in Chautauqua ^ County, N. Y., October 16, 1832. His father, Henry H. Haner, was also a native of the Empire State, and was born in Rensselaer County, seven miles from Albany. He was a farmer by occupation and as early as 1838 removed to what is now Wyandot, Ohio, where he continued his work as a farmer. Later, he made his home in Franklin Count}', Kan., seven miles from Ottawa, where, in

1863, he bought a farm and there resided until his death, which took place when he was eighty-seven 3-ears old. His father, Pliilip Haner, a native of Germany, lived to attain the very venerable age of one hundred and ten years.

The mother of oiu- suljject was known in maidenhood as Sarali Strope, daughter of John Strope, a German by birth. She was born in the State of New York, and lived to be sixty-nine years old. There were nine children in the family into which our subject was born, seven being daughters and two sons. All grew to years of maturity and five are now living. Dr. Haner, who was the sixth cliild in order of age, was only six years old when he came to this State with his parents. His first school advantages were given him at W3'andot, and he began his medical studies at the Eclectic College of Cincinnati, where he attended lectures during the years 1856, 1857 and 1858. Having taken his diploma in that institution, he located in Cincinnati, and for seven years carried on an active practice in that city. It must have been rather startling to a young practitioner to be called, as he was, in the very first case that was put into his hands, to a small-pox patient.

It was in 1861 that the young Doctor removed to Urbana, where he remained for two 3'ears, and in 1863 came to Plain City, which has since been his home. His marriage took place in Wyandot, Ohio, in 1852, his bride being Elizabeth, daughter of Jacob Leonard, a native of Ohio. Dr. and l\Irs. Haner are the parents of two sons. Their eldest, Jacob Leonard, is a graduate of the law department of the Michigan University at Ann Arbor, taking his degree there in 1891. He is married to Lydia, the daughter of Harrison Miller, of Union County, Ohio, and makes his home in Columbus. The second son, William Henry, is in the grain business at Plain Cit}-, and is carrying on an extensive trade in buying, selling and shipping. He is united in marriage with Rosa, the daughter of Jeremiah Douglas, of Putnam County, Ohio.

Dr. Haner has an extensive practice and at one time carried on a drug trade of a considerable extent but closed out this line of business on account of his large practice. He is a Mason, and a mem- ber of the Urania Lodge of Plain City, besides being a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and is a member of the Improved Order of Red Men, of Plain Cit3^ Mrs. Haner is in business and carries on one of the best dry-goods houses in the city, and the family, one and all, have the esteem and respect of those with whom the}' are brought into business and social relations.

^1r^, OBERT MILLIKIN, residing on liis well- Ib^ijr' developed farm, which is very pleasantly Iks \\\ situated on the East Turnpike, six miles \:^ south of Plain City, on the fertile lands of Canaan Township, is one of Madison Count^^'s sturdy, thrifty, forehanded farmers, who understands well how to conduct agriculture witli good profit.

Mr. Millikin was born in Washington County, Pa., April 15, 1832, and is a son of John Millikin, who was also a native of that county, born on the banks of Ten Mile Creek, August 15, 1807. He was reared on a farm, and became a stock-dealer and a drover of hogs, cattle, and sheep, which he often shipped to Baltimore and other cities. His family history is given in the sketch of his brother James. The mother of our subject bore the maiden name of Rachel Bane, and she was born in the same Pennsylvania count}^ as himself, her biith occurring December 25, 1811. Her father, James Bane, was likewise a native of the Keystone State, and was of German descent. The parents of our subject were married in their native county in 1828, and located on a farm in that part of Pennsylvania. The mother died in July, 1854, and the father was afterward married to Cornelia Dodd, widow of Lemuel Lewallen. In 1856, he came to Ohio with his second wife, and settled in Canaan Township, where he was actively engaged in farming until within five years of his death, when he retired from business, and spent his remaining days in Plain City, dying Februar}^ 23, 1881. While a resident of his native county, he had been prominent as a local Democrat, and as an incumbent of various township offices, and he was an able man.

He was closeh^ identified with the interests of the Presbyterian Church as one of its most useful members. This is the record of his children, three sons and one daughter, wiio were all born of his first marriage: James B., born October 3, 1830, died in Union County, Ohio, March 28, 1886; Robert is our subject, and is the second child and second son in order of birth; Annie E. was born October 9, 1835, married S. D. Andrew, and died in Franklin County, February 9, 1889; John L.,born August 18, 1842, resides in Canaan Township.

Our subject was reared in his native place, and obtained his education in the common schools. He remained with his father as long as he lived in Pennsylvania, and accompanied him to liis new home in this State, driving the team for him on the wa}^ He still continued with him until his marriage, affording him valuable assistance in the care of his farm. After his marriage, he located on a rented farm in Canaan Township, which he gave u}) two 3^ears later, and bought one of his own two and one-half miles south of Plain City. That farm was his dwelling place until he sold it, in 1882, and bought his father's old homestead, which he still occupies. It comprises one hundred and fifty acres, and is in a fine condition, his father having placed upon it many valuable improvements, including the present commodious residence inhabited by our subject, who is doing general farming. For some nine years, he dealt extensively in stock, buying and shipping cattle to various points during and after the war. He has driven cattle from Madison County to Baltimore for another man, and also to York and Lancaster Counties, Pa.

Mr. Millikin was married December 10, 1867, to Miss Rosa M. Vanschoyck, a native of Franklin County. She was born April 30, 1836, and was a daughter of David and Esther (Bailey) Vanschoyck. Her father was also a native of Franklin County, and was a son of one of its earliest pioneer families, while her mother was a Pennsj'lvanian liy birth. Mrs. Millikin died January 28, 1884, and was laid to rest in the cemetery at Plain City. She was a woman of rare merit, whose man}' pleasant attributes won her high regard, and her memoiy is tenderl_y cherislied by man}^ besides those of her own household. Mr. Millikin has two daughters as his stay and comfort, Cora A., Ijorn December 17, 1868, and Delia .1., Sei)teniber 17, 1870.

Our subject is well known as a Democrat, tried and true. A man of high reputation and excellent business qualifications, important local otlices have been entrusted to his care, and he has discharged their duties with exactitude and fidelity. He was Assessor three years, Trustee one 3'ear, and has been School Director,

^f 8AAC MOORE. On the opposite page is shown the portrait of a former well-known and prominent citizen of Mt. Sterling, now deceased. He was born near Williamsport, Pickaway County, February 11, 1806. His parents, Ephraim and Priscilla (Riggin) Moore, were born, reared and married in Delaware, and, with the exception of our subject, their children were all natives of that State. The father followed the profession of teaching in his earlier yeai's but also woi"ked at the wheelwright's trade, and was one of the honored heroes of the Revolutionary War. He was born August 22, 1743, and died March 12, 1815, at the age of one hundred and two years. His wife, Priscilla Moore, died December 18, 1848, at the age of ninety-three 3'ears and eight months.

The boyhood days of our subject were spent on a farm near Williamsport. In April, 1830, he was united in marriage M'itli Mrs. Sarah McCafferty, nee Nutt, who was born in Virginia, but was residing in Fayette County, Ohio, at the time of her marriage. Mr. Moore continued to engage in farming for a number of years, but at length abandoned that occupation and removed to jMt. Sterling, where he engaged in merchandising for eighteen years. He was a self-made man, who began life emptj'-handed, but by his own efforts worked his way upward and amassed quite a fortune. He looked after his own landed interests up to the time of his death, collecting his own rents, etc.

afterward became a Republican. He was always a strong advocate of temperance principles and later in life joined the ranks of the Prohibition part}'. He was always a great reader and especially fond of studying the Bible, from which he could quote freely. In 1832, he and his wife united with tiie Methodist Church of Mt. Sterling, and were ever afterwards faithful members. He served as Steward for almost half a century, was Class-leader for about the same length of time and was an earnest Sunday-school worker. At the time of his death he had a class of young men, who acted as his pall bearers. He passed away December 25, 1891. His estimable wife was called to her final rest February 13, 1879.