Perry Township (part 2 of 2)

March 13, 1841. - It was resolved to form a Sundayschool. William Stone was appointed superintendent ; Daniel McCurdy, assistant ; Enos Eldredge, librarian ; James Eggman, treasurer; James Hutchinson, Sarah Wilson, Ann Kirtland, and Mary Gouldbourn, teachers.

The following preamble and resolution, adopted April 8, 1843, are interesting as showing the embodied sentiment of this church concerning the slavery issue :

" Whereas, Sisters AVade and Judson, Baptist missionaries to Burin ah, have refused to receive support from donations made by slaveholders ; therefore,

" Resolved, That the demonstrations of Christian purity and uncompromising opposition to sin, as exhibited in the position assumed by those self-sacrificing, devoted sisters, ought to be hailed with joy by every true Christian, and ought to put to the blush all Christian advocates of slavery.

" Resolved, That the funds raised by this church for foreign missions bo forwarded to the support of the station occupied by Sisters Wade and Judson." measures to prevent the slave-trade ; also, to petition the State Legislature to instruct Congress accordingly, and to petition the Legislature to repeal all laws making distinctions on account of color.

Rev. A. G. Kirk was ordained in the church, Jan. 31, 1846, - Elders Bard, of Brimfield, Johnson, of Ravenna, Elliot, of Richfield, and Willard, of Aurora, having been invited to attend on that occasion, - and was subsequently called to the pastorate to " preach half the time."

In January and February, 1849, efforts were made, which proved futile, to unite with the First Baptist church. The society fell into decline from want of organized vitality, and rented their new church-edifice - the debts for which were nearly paid - to the board of education. No regular pastor was afterwards settled.

Aug. 20, 1859, a meeting of the church was called to make some disposition of the house and lot, either by sale or by a resumption of the regular duties of a church society, but no final action was taken. Efforts were made to keep the church in active condition, but with little success, and on Feb. 8, 1867, in accordance with a published notice, the society met and unanimously adopted the following preamble and resolutions, there being present of the members, Joseph Straughn, Daniel Walton, George Atkinson, P. H. Garrigues, Elizabeth Heaton, Jane Dobbins, Mary Sheets, Mary Webb, Sarah Umstead, Mary Eggman, Jane Beans, Esther Silver, Harriet Whinnery, Hannah Kennett, Sarah Galbraith, Jane Sheets, and Rebecca Eggman.

" Whereas, in the Providence of God it does appear that the time has fully come when there will be harmony amongst the Baptists of Salem and vicinity, and we most heartily concur in the effort now being made to organize one good church, and inasmuch as the First Church has, with great unanimity, voted to disband and turn over all their interest into a new organization ; Therefore,

" Resolved, 2d, That we instruct our board of Trustees, in case a new church is constituted, to turn over our Books of Record, and all our interest in money and real estate into the hands of the Trustees of said new organization after they shall have been appointed.

The General Assembly, at its fifty-eighth session, passed " A Bill To authorize the 2d Baptist Church, in the Incorporated Village of Salem, in the County of Columbiana, and in the State of Ohio, to sell their church property, and dispose of the proceeds of such sale."

Baptist Church of Salem. - The First and Second Baptist churches having, by unanimous consent, disbanded, and agreed to turn over the real estate, personal property, and records of their respective organizations, a new organization, called the " Baptist Church of Salem," was constituted, Feb. 12, 1867, under the advice and co-operation of the two societies, for purposes of harmony. Forty-two members from the First church and seventeen from the Second church were regularly constituted as the Baptist church, under the pastoral charge of the Rev. T. P. Childs, who had been instrumental in bringing about the union. The pastors who succeeded him were Benjamin F. Bowen, T. G. Lamb, John Hawker, and P. J. Ward. A. S. Moore is the present pastor. A lot was purchased at the corner of Lisbon and Main Streets, and a building erected in 1869, at a cost of $10,000. The church has a membership of 125 and a Sunday-school of 100 pupils, of which J. B. Strawn is superintendent.

Christian Church of the Disciples - This church was an indirect result of the conversion of Robert P. Phillips, under the preaching of Walter Scott, a graduate of the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, who was sent out by the Baptist Association of New Lisbon as an evangelist. In 1828, in the month of April, Mr. Scott came to the village of Salem and began preaching to crowded audiences in the old Baptist church, still standing on Range Street.

There were among the many converts a few who could not conscientiously agree with their Baptist brethren. A number of these, headed by Robert P. Phillips, organized, in 1828, a church of the Disciples, known as the " Phillips' church in the township of Salem." Others in Salem and its vicinity who were, in sympathy with the movement, became members of that church. Many of the early preachers discoursed in this village, sometimes in the old Baptist church on Range Street, but subsequently in " Liberty Hall," which once stood nearly where the Christian chapel now stands.

Among those who preached at various times were Joseph Gaston, William Schooly, Amos Allerton, Ephraim Hubbard, Fink, John Henry, John Flick, John Applegate, Brockett, Benjamin Pirky, J. J. Moss, Alexander Hall, T. J. Newcomb, and George Pow. On the 15th day of March, 1859, the Disciples living in Salem and vicinity were organized as a " Church of Christ," with Theobald Miller as their first pastor, and Samuel Hardman elder; L. B. Webb, Edwin Smith, Joseph Pyle, and Simeon Stratton, deacons; Dr. B. W. Spear, Samuel Hardman, Edwin Smith, Lovem B. Webb, and William Pidgeon, trustees.

The church consisted of 80 or 90 members. The society bought in the same year the chapel of the Methodist Episcopal church, which occupied the ground where now stands the Christian chapel. The latter was erected in 1870 and 1871 at a cost of $13,000. The church was prosperous for a year or two after its organization, when dissensions arose between pastor and people, which divided the church for several years. Under the preaching of Rev. William Baxter, in 1866, the church renewed its strength, and has prospered greatly since that time.

Since its organized existence over 600 persons have been enrolled on the church books. The present number of members is 232. A Sunday-school is connected with the church, of which T. J. Lytle is Superintendent ; O. C. Sturgeon, Assistant Superintendent ; Clark Webb, Secretary ; James Steen, Treasurer ; and E. J. Marple and Mary McCartney, Librarians. The school has a corps of 15 teachers and about 210 scholars.

Methodist Episcopal Church. - The pioneer preachers through this section of country, before the organization of any class or church, were Charles Trescott, Henry Knapp, William Tipton, Alfred Bronson, Dennis Goddard, and Billings 0. Plympton, who were under the Washington mission and Beaver circuit.

In 1821 a class of nine persons was formed in the village of Salem, consisting of Thomas Kelly and wife, John Flickcroft, Edward Rynear and wife, Thomas Webb and wife, David Hum, and James W. Leach, Thomas Kelly being leader. The services were held mostly at Thomas Kelly's house, across the street from Pow's building.

In 1821, Samuel Brockermer was appointed on the Beaver circuit, and during that year preached at Salem, in a small building near where the Republican office stands. He was succeeded by William Swayze, Ira Eddy, W. C. Henderson, and Isaac Wians, all on the Beaver circuit. The circuit was afterwards changed to New Lisbon, and to Hanover, Lima, and Salem circuits, respectively. Among those who preached during this time were John P. Kent, James H. White, Thomas McGrath, Hiram Miller, J. M. Bray, Hosea McCall, Henry Ambler, and James Montgomery.

In 1852, petition being made to Conference, Salem was made a separate station, with the Rev. J. W. Nessley as first pastor. He has been succeeded by Samuel Crouse, Aaron Thomas, William Lynch, C. H. Jackson, W. D. Stevens, J. A. Swaney, Dr. J. N. Beard, J. J. Moffatt, Dr. William Cox, William Lynch, Thomas M. Boyle, John Grant, and W. A. Davidson, who is the present pastor.

In 1837 the society built a frame church, about 36 by 40 feet in size, on the lot now owned by the church of the Disciples, to whom they sold the property in 1859, and built the present brick edifice on Broadway, at a cost of $10,000. The old church was sold to the Second Baptist church in January, 1841. The society has at present 400 members. A Sunday-school of 250 pupils is connected with the church, of which Charles C. Snyder is superintendent.

Zion Methodist Church. - This church was organized in 1859 by the Rev. Thomas James. He was succeeded in the ministry by the Revs. Joseph Armstrong, D. B. Matthews, Nelson Williams, John Holliday, John Cox, had occasionally sent out "supplies" to Salem prior to the organization of a society at the latter place, and in 1832 a petition was sent to the Presbytery by the Rev. Clement Vallandigham, praying for a church organization. After considerable opposition on the part of the pastors of the churches of Canfield and New Lisbon, authority was given by that body for the organization of a Presbyterian church in Salem. In accordance with that authority, there convened on the 3d day of November, 1832, twenty persons, who professed a desire to be organized as a Presbytei'ian church.

The Rev. Clement Vallandigham, who had been assigned to take charge of the meeting, received certificates of regular dismission, chiefly from the churches of Canfield and New Lisbon. After a sermon and other devotional exercises, the church was constituted by the admission of the following persons: Hugh Stewart, Ruel Wright, George Ehrich, Nathaniel McCracken, John Martin, James Wilson, Terah Jones, John Wilson, William Martin, Hugh Martin, Agnes Stewart, Agnes Wilson, Mary Ehrich, Elizabeth McCracken, Martha T. Martin, Mrs. Rebecca P. Campbell, Mrs. Martha Wilson, Ann Jane Martin, Elizabeth Wright, Wm. Martin.

James Wilson, Nathaniel McCracken, and Hugh Stewart were chosen elders. Since that time Hugh Martin, Terah Jones, Christian Bowman, Robert Woods, William Wilson, James Wilson, Richard Gardner, Sr., Dr. John M. Kuhn, Reuben McMillen, Israel Travis, Henry M. Osborne, Asa W. Allen, Jr., and William C. Hutchinson have officiated as elders.

The society first worshiped in a wagon-shop, which stood on what is known as the Trescott property, on Main Street. The first church was built in 1842, which, after serving as a house of worship for eighteen years, was sold and removed to Race Street, where it is now used as a dwelling-house. It was occupied a year unplastered. Plank and slab seats were at first used. During the third year of the administration of the Rev. Mr. Maxwell, 1860, the society began the work of building the present house of worship. The plans were drawn by Mr. Blackburn, an architect of Cleveland, after the plans of the Church of St. James, Cleveland. After severe trials on the part of the church, the building was completed, at a cost of $10,000.

The Rev. Clement Vallandigham labored with this church and at New Lisbon until his death, in 1839. He was succeeded by Rev. William McCombs, who gave part of his time to the Canfield church, and resided in Salem the last three years of his ministry. In the spring of 1852, on account of ill-health, he gave up the charge, having ministered to the congregation eleven years. He was succeeded in the autumn of 1852 by the Rev. Dr. G. S. Grimes, who remained five years, and was succeeded in the autumn of 1857 by the Rev. A. B. Maxwell, who remained as pastor thirteen years. In November, 1S70, the Rev. II. B. Fry came to the village as a supply, and in May, 1871, was installed pastor. He still has charge of the society. The church has a present membership of 200 members.

Campbell's shop. Dr. J. M. Kuhn, C. Brainard, R. A. Kirk, and Rush Taggart have been superintendents of the school, which position is now filled by R. S. Layng. The school has a membership of 250 pupils.

The Broad-Gauge Church. - Of the Quaker element which founded the town of Salem, a very large portion followed Elias Hicks at the time of his progressive departure from the dogmas of the old Church. They organized under this reform movement, and were, and are still, known as Hicksites. This protest against the tyrannies and superstitions of the old Church did not, however, find its culmination or resting-place in the Hicksite church or society, for many of its members receded from it, and severed their connection entirely from all church organizations.

During the anti-slavery movement they were all found on the side of the oppressed, and through their efforts and influence Salem became a central point, or headquarters, for the abolitionists of Ohio and the adjoining States. In 1863 these free-thinkers (or infidels, as they were called by the Church), organized an independent society at Salem, which for a time held its meetings over Dr. J. C. Whinnery's dental rooms. They afterwards secured the townhall, where they held regular Sunday meetings for about two years, when they purchased the old Baptist church on Depot Street.

The first preacher or speaker 'employed was Charles H. Ellis, a young man of considerable ability, who had studied for the Unitarian ministry, and who perhaps was one of the causes of the disruption of the society. Parker Pillsbury was employed to lecture during two or three winters after the discharge of Mr. Ellis, and Charles C. Burleigh for one or two winters. The discourses were very radical and very able.

An idea of the breadth of the society's declared platform of faith may be drawn from the second and third articles of their constitution, which embrace all their creed, and which read as follows : " Art. 2d. Our object is the cultivation of personal goodness, and the promotion of practical righteousness among men. Art. 3d. No test of opinion, belief, or creed shall ever be made the condition of membership ; but all persons who will attach their names to its constitution, or cause the same to be done, shall be members of the society."

The constitution is signed by Thomas Sharp, J. S. Clemmer, Joel Sharp, M. L. Edwards, Angeline S. Sharp, Sallie C. Price, James W. Thompson, J. R. Hall, Isaac Trescott, Joel McMillan, Laura Barnaby, Ella Deming, and one hundred others.

During the winter of 1873-74, Parker Pillsbury, acting upon the grand principle of free speech and independent thought laid down in the platform of the society, expressed his honest and earnest convictions upon the woman question, especially upon the true relations of the sexes, the present marriage system, etc. They proved to be so radical, and the demands for woman's absolute freedom from the lust and bondage of man were so strong and emphatic, that many of the members claimed to feel greatly offended, and at once changed from warm friends to the most bitter and intolerant foes of Mr. Pillsbury. From that time the society began to crumble, and was soon practically dead as an organization. The church-building is now (1879) occupied as the printing-office of the National Greenhacher.

Church of our Saviour (Episcopal). - In 1857, Miss Anna M. Reed, of Huntington, Pa., while visiting her brother at Salem (after deliberating and consulting friends respecting the establishment of an Episcopal society in that place), assisted by Mrs. Mary B. Reed, canvassed the town, and found a number of persons who were willing to join them. Lay services were held at the house of Capt. Stephen Whitney for several Sundays. Afterwards a room was rented in the south end of Broadway Block, where the first regular service in Salem was held, Rev. A. T. McMurphy officiating.

The Right Rev. C. P. Mcllvaine, bishop of the diocese, preached at the town-ball, April 3, 1858, when the rite of confirmation was administered to seven persons. The first vestry was elected March 3, 1859. A call was extended to the Rev. Hollis, who accepted, and after his retirement the Rev. Mr. Morrell, of Massillon, preached occasionally. A call was extended, Dec. 2, 1862, to the Rev. A. T. McMurphy, who accepted, and served until Dec. 1, 1868, since which time the parish has remained vacant and the services have been intermittent.

Evangelical Lutheran Church. - A number of people in the village of Salem and vicinity who were interested in the doctrines of the Lutheran Church met in September, 1877, under the preaching of the Rev. Wm. B. Roller, from Greene, Mahoning County. Services were regularly held on the Sabbath until Jan. 6, 1878, when a church was organized, consisting of twenty persons, and the Rev. Wm. B. Roller called to be their pastor. Services are held in the Episcopal church-edifice. The society has 40 members.

African Methodist Episcopal Church. - This church was organized in 1867 by Father Gross, who was its first pastor. He was succeeded by Revs. William Pettigrew, Joseph Bell, B. F. Zee, Cornelius Asbury, George Sampson, T. A. Thompson, and John E. Russell, who is the present pastor. The church at present has about 30 members. A Sunday-school is connected with the society, Mrs. Hannah Fogg, one of the Society of Friends, officiating as superintendent. The school has 40 pupils. The society purchased, about the year 1867, the church-edifice of the Second Baptist church, located on Green Street.

Burying-Grounds

The first burying-ground of the Friends was located south of the old brick church, and was abandoned in 1817 or '18. Upon the sale of the property to J. ,T. Brooks, many of the remains were removed to the cemetery on Depot Street. A lot of two acres was afterwards - about 1818 - -purchased of John Strawn, and is situated on Depot Street, below the Baptist burying-ground. This lot is still used.

Methodist Burying -ground. - A plat of ground, containing about an acre and a half, was purchased about 1830, and was used for burial-purposes from that time until about 1860. Many of the remains have been removed to Hope Cemetery. This burying-ground is situated on what is now H oward Street, at the foot of Fourth.

Presbyterian, Salem, and Hope Cemeteries. - About 1833 the Presbyterian society purchased a triangular piece of land on the west side of Canfield road, containing about one acre.

The Salem Cemetery was laid out Dec. 6, 1853, and contains about two and a half acres. Aug. 3, 1864, five acres were purchased, at a cost of $275 per acre, and were also laid out into lots. With the exception of the Presbyterian cemetery, the grounds were owned by Jacob Heaton, by whom they have been divided into lots. The last purchase was on the north side of the Salem and Presbyterian grounds, and is called the " Hope Cemetery."

First Hotels

Price Blake, in his log cabin, built upon the rear part of the Wilson lot in 1805 or 1806, entertained strangers upon occasion, but the first regular hotel was built of logs by William Heacock in 1809, on the corner of Main and Howard Streets, in which situation a house of entertainment has been continued to the present time. This hotel was of logs, and was subsequently purchased by Henry Mall, who kept it many years, and a portion is included in what is now known as the Tolerton House.

John Webb built a brick dwelling and hotel, about 1814 or 1815, on the corner of Howard and Main Streets, opposite Heacock's, which was kept many years, and was subsequently occupied by Simeon Jennings as a residence and office.

Isaac Wilson built a hotel of brick on the vacant lot opposite Jacob Heaton's residence (date unknown), which was kept by Henry Mall and others, and subsequently was torn down. Temperance hotels were kept by Lyman Knapp and Aaron Hise, and others have kept hotels at different times.

Town-House

On the 11th of April, 1836, a resolution was offered in the town-council, " That a committee of three be appointed to ascertain whether a suitable lot can be procured fur the purpose of erectiug a town-house ; and if practicable, upon what terms such lot can be procured. Whereupon, Samuel Reynolds, Samuel C. Trescott, and Joseph Gouldbourn were appointed a committee, and directed to report as soon as practicable."

April 6, 1847, a committee of the town-council was appointed " to procure a deed from the Friends for the town-lot, known as the ' Market Lot,' if no obstacle appeared to the article which was given to the town-council of Salem." May 5th of the same year a committee was appointed to ascertain the probable cost of a market-house and council-room. A committee was instructed, Jan. 3, 1849, to advertise for sealed proposals for the erection of a town-house, and February 20th the contract was let to

Liberty Hall

A carpenter shop about 18 by 48 feet in size was built by Samuel Reynolds about the year 1840, the upper room of which was the general meeting-place of the people of the town for discussion of all subjects. When the agitation of the slavery question became so warmly discussed in the churches that difficulties arose, and the churches and school-houses were closed to the defenders of universal brotherhood, they went to the room over the carpenter's shop. This building was christened " Liberty Hall," and was the cradle of the society which was evolved from that whirlpool of opinion caused by the counter-currents of thought respecting the slavery question. For many years it was kept as a place for discussions and caucus meetings, and within it a course of lectures was planned in which the best talent of the country was engaged. This course of lectures was delivered in the town-hall, and Wendell Phillips, Abby Kelly, John Pierpont, and William Lloyd Garrison were among the many speakers.

Perry Lodge, F. and A. M., No. 185. - This lodge was chartered at Cincinnati, Oct. 15, 1850. The chartermembers were Emor T. Weaver, John Morrison, Daniel K. Bertloett, Ephraim Greiner, J. S. Thornan, Allen Coulson, William Sinick, and Philip Fetzer.

The present room of the society in West Block was fitted up in 1869. Prior to that time meetings had been held in what is now the Republican block.

Stated communications are held Wednesday evenings about once a month. The officers for 1879 are as follows : Thomas J. Walton, W. M. ; James Boyle, S. W. ; S. D. Wilson, J. W. ; Allan Boyle, Treas. ; Eli Sturgeon, Sec.; Lewis H. Kirkbride, S. D. ; N. B. Garrigues, J. D. ; John H. Gibbs, Tyler ; Nathan Hunt and Robert Hole, Stewards. The Lodge numbers at present 110 members.

Salem Chapter , Royal Arch Masons, No. 94. - This chapter was chartered at Toledo, Oct. 13, 1866, with the following members : Charles H. Garrigues, Shubad Avery, Thomas E. Vickers, J. A. Boone, Lewis P. Brown, Emor H. Price, George W. Gibbs, Miller Smith, James Davis, and John C. Harwood.

Independent Order of Odd-Fellows. - The Grand Lodge of the State of Ohio, hy authority of a charter granted by the Grand Lodge of the United States, granted a warrant, or dispensation, to Zachariah Bartlett, Cyrus W. Greiner, Amos II. Levan, Henry Rankins, and S. J. Webb to constitute a lodge to be hailed by the title of Amity Lodge,

No. 124, in the town of Salem, Columbiana Co., Ohio. This dispensation bears date July 22, 1848. The Lodge was instituted Dec. 28, 1848. The charter was signed by Edson B. Olds, M. W. G. M., and Isaac Hefley, R. W. G. Rec. Sec.

This Lodge has flourished under adverse circumstances, and has long been one of the best Lodges in the State. Good- Will Encampment of Patriarchs , No. Ill, /. 0.

Boyd Lodge , F. and A. M. {colored). - This Lodge was organized in 1862 with the following charter-members : George Wiley, Frank Johnson, George Arnold, Frederick Thompson, Richard Brightwell, Robert L. Hazel, George W. S. Lucas, Addison White, Charles Hill. The society continued till 1876, and then adjourned without date. There were about 30 members.

Home Lodge , Daughters of Rebecca, 1. 0. 0. F., No. 108. - This Lodge was instituted, May 16, 1878, by authority of the Grand Lodge of Ohio, of which W. C. Cappeller was M. W. G. Master, and W. C. Earl, M. W. G. Secretary. The following persons were charter-members : Rose Heycock, E. M. Wallace, Sarah C. Edwards, R. T. Bayard, E.

The present officers of the society (1879) are Sarah C. Edwards, N. G. ; Maria Clemmer, V. G. ; M. A. Folk, Rec. Sec. ; Annie B. Woods, Financial Sec. ; S. B. Leave, Treasurer.

Pare Fountain Division, S. of T. - This society was organized as No. 274 of the State of Ohio, April 28, 1853. While most temperance societies have experienced the changes of growth, progress, and decline of organization and reorganization, this society has held an active existence continuously since its formation, and has been the means of accomplishing much good. It numbers about 75 members. The officers of the present year (1879) are M. L. Edwards,

R. S. ; Florence Eastman, A. R. S. ; James Leach, Conductor; Anna Garwood, A. C. ; Joshua Leaf, I. S; William Wright, 0. S. ; George E. Ash, Chorister.

Knights of Pythias - Social Friends' , No. 30. - This Lodge was instituted Feb. 3, 1871. The present officers are as follows : J. B. Beard, P. C. ; Robert McCammon, C. C. ; John Viegle, V. C. ; J. H. Cowan, P. ; J. H. Kaiser,

Grand Army of the Republic - Prescott Post, No. 10. - This Post was instituted May 11, 1868, with chartermembers as follows: Thomas C. Bouvell, J. L. Snider, John

Salem Band

A band was organized in this place, called the " Salem Whig Band," in 1840, and continued in existence until 1846. A free concert was given in the district schoolhouse, June 11, 1842, in which twenty-two pieces were rendered. The members of the band now living in the town are John Hinshelwood, Thomas Sharpnack, Philip Matthews, Jesse Hise, and Lewis Keene.

About the year 1854 or 1855 a band was organized for the Presidential campaign of 1856, and continued in existence for a year or two, the members furnishing their own instruments and instructor.

In the spring of 1859 a new organization was perfected, and new instruments purchased, the citizens contributing about $30 for that purpose. This band played through the Presidential campaign of 1860, and in the fall of 1861 three or four of their number enlisted in the band of the 19th Ohio Volunteer Infantry. After their return from the army the band practiced but little, and only for occasions of public interest, until 1865, when the present band was organized, under the name of the " Salem Cornet Band."

In 1866, with aid received from the citizens and about $200 realized from concerts, the band purchased a set of German-silver instruments. Prof. D. Marble, of Akron, Ohio, was engaged as instructor.

In 1869 the band, upon invitation, accompanied a party of excursionists in a trip to Lake Superior, visiting Thunder Bay, Fort William, Isle Royal, the copper district, Eagle Harbor, the Pictured Rocks, and Marquette. In 1870 uniforms were bought at an expense of $700 or $800, of which about $275 were contributed by citizens. Jan. 3, 1875, a new set of instruments, nine in number, was purchased by the band at a cost of $542.25. A concert was given in Concert Hall by the band, assisted by Miss Abbie Whinnery - who bad just returned from Europe a finished soloist - and Miss Celestia Wattles, of the Conservatory of Music, Oberlin, Ohio. The net profit of the concert was $260. The organization was then in a prosperous condition, and acquired an extended reputation for musical ability. It is still led by N. B. Garrigues.

Agricultural Societies

A meeting of the farmers and others residing in the vicinity of Salem was held Dec. 25, 1841, in the district school-house, for the purpose of considering the propriety of forming an agricultural society.

At this meeting Benjamin Howley presided, and Charles Weaver was secretary. B. B. Davis, Stacy Hunt, John Fawcett, J. D. Cattell, and Daniel Bonsall were appointed a committee to prepare a constitution to be submitted to the next meeting. At an "adjourned meeting, Jan. 8, 1842, a constitution was read and adopted.

At a stated meeting of the society, March 5, 1842, the following officers were elected : President, Joseph Wright ; Vice-President, Daniel Andrews; Treasurer, Benjamin Hawley ; Recording Secretary, Jonas D. Cattell ; Corresponding Secretary, Joseph Straughn ; Executive Committee, John Fawcett, Samuel Mathers, Stacy Hunt.*

From an old " poster" is obtained the following : " Cattle-show for 1842. The Salem Agricultural Society will hold their first annual exhibition and cattle-show in Salem on Seventh Day, the 8th of 10th month."

In 1852 or 1853 a horse-fair association was formed in Salem, and about 30 acres of land leased of the waterworks, in the northeast portion of the village, for exhibition purposes. It was designed for the exhibition of all classes of horses, and especially for trials of speed, and a half-mile track was constructed for that purpose. There were about three annual exhibitions held, and considerable interest was manifested. Chas. H. Conwell was the prime mover of and president of the association, with Geo. B. Weaver, Secretary; T. C. Boone, Treasurer; and Edwin Phillips, Chief Marshal.

In 1855 or 1856 a new organization was formed, styled the " Salem Agricultural, Horticultural, and Mechanical Association," by whom the same grounds were leased. The objects of this association were more varied and embraced a wider field of enterprise, claiming the attention and patronage of all classes of people. Much interest was manifested therein, and the annual exhibitions were successful. These called together large companies of people to witness very fine displays of all kinds of stock, as well as agricultural, horticultural, and mechanical exhibits.

Besides the annual meetings during the summer seasons, there were monthly exhibitions held in the " town-hall," mostly devoted to horticulture. These were seasons of great interest in this branch of the enterprise, and some of the

* Compiled from notes in tlio first number of the first volume of the Village Jlegiuter, dated April 12, 1842. f Contributed by Joseph Fawcett.

finest floral exhibitions ever witnessed in this part of the State were had on these occasions. The organization was in existence five or six years, or until the inauguration of the Rebellion, when more absorbing matters claimed the attention of the people, and the enterprise was abandoned.

Benjamin Bowen, C. C. Brainard, and Sami. Chessman served the association at different times as president thereof ; T. C. Boone and Allan Boyle, as Treasurer ; and Joseph Fawcett and Byron Stanton, as Secretaries. Conspicuous as friends of the enterprise were John Gordon, Edward Bonsall, Jacob Heaton, Dr. I. Harris, Maggie Boyle, Edith Weaver, Caroline Stanton, Julia and Susan Myers, Mrs. Rolinson, Mrs. Bowen, Mrs. Jones, and many others.

Early Manufactures

In 1814 a cotton-factory was built of brick, about 100 feet back from Main Street, on what was afterwards known as the Wilson property. John Strawn, John Antrim, Zadock Street, Nathan Hunt, and others were interested in it, and Stacy Hunt was foreman. As horse-power only was used, they could not compete with Eastern companies. Cotton was high and its transportation to Salem difficult, therefore the works were discontinued after a year or two, the building torn down, and the bricks used in the construction of the Wilson tavern.

About 1825, John Stanley built a frame woolen-factory for custom-work where the " Pickett House" now stands. The first engine used in Salem was in this factory, and was brought from Pittsburgh. The factory was destroyed by fire, and the citizens assisted Mr. Stanley to rebuild, which he did on the corner of Lisbon and Main Streets, where the Baptist church now stands. A few years later he sold to Robert Campbell, who, in 1834, sold to Zadock Street. Mr. Street continued until 1845, when he sold the property, including machinery. A woolen-factory had been started about 1830 by a Mr. Allison. In 1840 it was sold to James Brown, by whom it was used for custom-work. The factory was situated in the west end of the town. The business was continued by Mr. Brown until 1850, James Brown, his son, now a merchant on Main Street, doing the last carding.

In 1812, Thomas Hughes had a log cabin and pottery opposite the present residence of James W. Leach. The pottery was sold to Christian Harmon, who continued the business until 1840. Thomas Cohn had a tannery on the northeast corner of the square upon which the " West Block" is situated. In 1834 or '35, Zadock Street built a foundry on what is called Foundry Hill, which derived its name from the enterprise. The works developed into the J. Woodruff & Co. Stove- Works.

Thomas Sharp commenced in 1842 the manufacture of steam-engines. This business afterwards developed into the large establishments which are an honor to the town, and are more fully noted in the pages which follow.

Other Manufactures

ness in the works occupied previously by Thomas Sharp & Brother. In this place they remained one year, when they erected brick buildings on the grounds they now occupy, which were destroyed by fire in April, 1865. The company - known then as the Buckeye Engine-Works - rebuilt during the same season, and the business increased rapidly. In December, 1870, a company, with a paid-up capital of $251,000, was incorporated under the name " Buckeye Engine Company," with the following officers : Joel Sharp, President ; Milton Davis, Vice-President ; T. C. Boone, Secretary and Treasurer ; Joel S. Bonsall, Superintendent ; Simeon Sharp, Assistant Superintendent.

The company have in their employ an average of one hundred and forty-five men constantly, and manufacture saw-mills, planing-mill engines, self-acting shingle-machines, lath-machines, and various other machines and engines. They make a specialty of the automatic cut-off engine, which has gained a reputation far and near. Orders are received from every State and Territory in the Union, and foreign shipments have been made.

Silver & Deming Manufacturing Company. - In 1854, S. A. Dole invented a hub-boxing machine. A. R. Silver, who was then foreman in the Woodruff Carriage-Shop, became interested in the patent.

In the fall of 1854-55 a small room was rented on High Street, in which one lathe and a blacksmith's forge were placed and manufacture begun. Business increased, and other lathes were added. Mr. Dole invented other machines, and in 1855 the firm rented the south wing of the Buckeye shop, and employed six or eight men. They remained in this shop about two years, and then purchased the Heaton and Fawcett warehouse, where Mr. Clark's Novelty Works are situated. The demand for their goods increased and compelled them, after the lapse of sixteen years, to seek larger quarters. They then purchased and still occupy the buildings of the Etna Works.

In 1865 the firm became Silver & Deming, who were succeeded in 1874 by a company incorporated with a capital of $156,000. The officers of the company are A. R. Silver, President and Superintendent; J. Deming, Vice- President and Treasurer ; E. M. Silver, Assistant Superintendent ; W. F. Deming, Secretary. The company gives employment to about seventy-five hands, and makes a specialty of wind-mills. Many different machines are manufactured, prominent among which are horse-powers, saw-gummers, and spoke-tenoning machines. Their reputation is national.

Thomas Sharp & Co. Engine- Works. - Thomas Sharp, a son of Joel Sharp, one of the early settlers in Salem, learned the trade of a carpenter and millwright, worked at his trade at Salem and Cleveland, and in 1842 returned to Salem, his native place, and established the business he still continues.

The first engine constructed in the town for sale was made by M r. Sharp in 1842. The castings for this engine were brought to Salem in wagons from a Cleveland foundry, and were deposited in an old foundry situated on what is yet known as Foundry Hill.

From this establishment have gone out, as experienced workmen, men who now stand at the head of some of the largest manufacturing establishments in the country.

A few years after he had commenced business, his brothers, Simeon, Joel, and Clayton, and Nathan Hunt, became associated with him. Thomas after a time retired. Later, the works were carried on successively by Sharp, Davis & Bonsall, Sharp & Davis, Sharp & King, Sharp & Son (Alonzo), and, finally, Thomas Sharp & Co. The lastnamed firm is composed of Thomas Sharp, his son Alonzo, and his sons-in-law, Andrew Potter and Edward Manly.

J. Woodruff & Sons' Stove- Works. - In 1834 or 1835, Zadock Street commenced manufacturing in a small way on Dry Street, or Foundry Hill, and the business passed through several changes, until in 1847 it was purchased by Snider & Woodruff, by whom it was continued for twentyfive years. They removed to the present location in 1851, and built of brick part of the present buildings, to which additions have since been made from time to time. May 5, 1871, the business passed under the title of J. Woodruff & Sons, with a capital of $75,000.

The company employs about 30 men, of whom 17 are moulders, and manufacture about 5000 stoves, and melt from 600 to 700 tons of iron annually. The products are sold principally in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Pennsylvania.

The officers of the company at present are Joseph Woodruff, President; James M. Woodruff, Secretary and Treasurer; John S. Woodruff, Superintendent.

Perry Stove Company. - This company was established in 1867, under the firm-name of Baxter, Boyle & Co., and incorporated, with a capital of $60,000, in 1870, under the present name. Brick buildings were erected immediately, which, on Aug. 12, 1872, were destroyed by fire. New and large buildings were erected the same year, to which additions have been made from time to time, until now, 1879, they cover an acre of ground. The company's trade extends over the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and part of Pennsylvania, and requires the manufacture of about 6000 stoves, and the consumption of about 8000 tons of iron, annually. The company employs about 35 men. The works are situated near the depot of the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad.

Victor Stove Company. - This company was established in 1868 by Henry King, Furman Gee, and Henry Schoffer, under the firm-name of King, Gee & Co., and was incorporated April 3, 1869, under the name of "Victor Stove Company," with nine members. The charter took effect May 22, 1869. After about six months Daniel Koll purchased the interests of several of the members, and, with Furman Gee, continued the business until May 1, 1879, when the property passed into possession of Daniel Koll & Son.

Brick buildings were erected in 1868, and cover about one acre of ground. The company employs about 40 men, 23 of whom are moulders, manufacture about 6000 stoves annually, and use therefor about 650 tons of iron. Their trade extends over the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, and part of Pennsylvania. The works arc situated near the depot of the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad. The officers are Daniel Koll, President and Treasurer; Wm. Koll, Secretary.

Kittredge Cornice and Ornament Company. - This company was established in 1872 by Kittredge, Clark & Co. In the building previously used by the Salem Manufacturing Company they began the manufacture of galvanized iron cornices. Later, they effected a consolidation with the National Ornament Company of Toledo, and extended the manufacture to include all kinds of architectural ornaments. Among the articles manufactured are cornices, capitals, crestings, finials, mouldings, window-caps and bases, medallions, busts, vases, and an infinite variety of designs, varied and beautiful. These are modeled first in clay, then cast in plaster, then finished by the iron stamp.

The work on the Exposition Building, at Philadelphia, was executed by this firm. Much credit is due them for the introduction of pure architectural forms in this day of mongrel architectural follies. In February, 1879, the business passed to the firm of Thomson & Bakewell.

The company possesses a well-filled library, composed of native and foreign works on architecture, which furnish the designers rare facilities in their department.

Three buildings are occupied, all of brick, one 48 by 135 feet with a wing 20 by 35 feet, another, the foundry, 40 by 170 feet, and a third, for the stamping department, 30 by 200 feet. The machinery is operated by two engines of 40 horse-power each. From 75 to 80 hands are constantly employed. Shipments of products are made chiefly to the West and Canada.

Drain- Tile and Sewer-Pipe Works. - These works were established in 1862 by R. S. Beard & Bro. In 1864 they were purchased by Clemmer & Deming, and in 1871, by Purdy & Beard, by whom they are continued. Sales are made in Ohio, Pennsylvania, Indiana, and Illinois. The works are situated near those of the Buckeye Engine Company.

W. J. Clark & Co. - Novelty Works. - This business was established in April, 1876, and consists of the wholesale manufacture of the Novelty oil-tank, shipping-cans, measuring-pumps, elevator-buckets, and patented novelties in sheet, wrought, and cast metals, automatic fountains, and metal spinning of all kinds. Trade in these articles extends to all parts of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. The works are in the building formerly occupied by the Silver & Deming Manufacturing Company.

Excelsior Fertilizer- Works. - This enterprise was established in a small way in 1869 by Lewis Schilling. As the fame of pure bone as a fertilizer began to spread, the reputation of these works increased, until the " Premium Bone" attained a national reputation. The works are situated near the Buckeye Engine- Works.

Industrial Works. - These works were established in 1872 by Edwards & Morlan, and in 1875 passed into the sole proprietorship of M. F. Edwards. Mr. Edwards was for nine years foreman of the Silver & Deming Manufacturing Company, and in their employ about eighteen years. He commenced some years ago the manufacture of a blacksmith's drill, which he had patented, and now manufactures fifteen machines of his own invention.

Thomas J. Walton , Steam Job and Label Printer. - In 1862 the manufacture of cut and gummed labels was commenced in Salem by Alfred Wright and Josiah Mitchell. In the spring of 1865, Thomas J. Walton and James Seaton purchased the business, which continued under their management until 1873, since which time it has been conducted by Mr. Walton alone.

Harris & Co. - This firm manufactures cut and gummed labels, and was established in 1869 by Augustus and Dr. J. W. Harris. In 1878, Augustus retired from the firm, W. L. Deming succeeding. The original firm-name is continued.

Manufacture of Canned Goods. - In 1875, J. B. Mc- Nabb commenced, on a limited scale, the preparation of canned fruits and vegetables, and in June, 1875, moved into the building formerly occupied by the Kittredge Cornice and Ornament Company. His goods are sold entirely to jobbers.

Eagle Foundry . - This establishment was begun by H. Kidd and G. Allison as a foundry. It passed through several changes prior to 1864, when it passed into the possession of R. H. Garrigues. From a mere foundry it became a machine-shop where horse-powers and threshingmachines were manufactured in considerable quantities. The business, in the hands of N. B. Garrigues, its present proprietor, is confined chiefly to machine-work and jobbing.

Etna Manufacturing Company. - This company was oi'- ganized in 1864 and incorporated in 1866, J. T. Brooks being president. They had a large capital, and carried on extensively the manufacture of mowers and reapers, the annual product being 1500 machines. They erected and occupied the building now used by the Silver & Deming Manufacturing Company. The company closed business in 1872.

Novelty Works. - In 1854, Charles R. and J. Oscar Taber began the manufacture of stationary engines. Afterwards, in 1856, the Quaker Manufacturing Company was established under the firm-name of Taber, Pope & Street. The company erected a large brick building near the railroad, fronting Depot Street. Several changes occurred in the organization during the next ten years. Taber Brothers eventually became sole proprietors, and continued the business until the death of Chas. R. Taber. A stock company, with a capital of $80,000, was organized in 1869, of which Leonard Schilling was President ; Alex. Pow, Treasurer ; Nelson Steele, Actuary; and Oscar Taber, Superintendent. The manufacture of the Quaker Mower and Reaper" was made a special business, which grew to large proportions. The company continued for a few years, with varied success, and finally dissolved.

Salem Coal and Iron Company. - A number of persons, attracted by the report of the State surveyor, and knowing that coal and iron existed in this region, formed a company, which was incorporated, with a capital of $100,000, Dec. 17, 1869. The corporators were Joel Sharp, Leonard Schilling, Amos Raik, James Woodruff, and John Baker. Samuel Chessman was elected President; Leonard Schilling, Secretary ; John Baker, Superintendent ; and T. C. Boone, Treasurer. Leases were obtained for land situated about half a mile south of Salem village, and a shaft sunk thereon one hundred and seventy feet in depth, reaching a vein of coal 39 inches in thickness after passing a thinner vein of 30 inches. From 12 to 18 men were employed for about one year and a half, who mined an average of 40 tons of coal per day. Beds of iron-ore lie within a mile of the coal-shaft southward. These beds are situated in one of the best sections of the country for converting their products by manufacture, save only that the adverse local rates for freight have, for the time being, prevented their development.

Water-Cure. - The first water-cure establishment in the State of Ohio was organized at Salem in 1845 by Dr. John D. Cope, at the corner of Canfield and Main Streets. The water used was from the Hawley Springs.

The next year Dr. J. M. Hall became associated with Dr. Cope, and the capacity of the institution was greatly increased. The " Cure" became popular and a Water- Cure Journal was published in connection with it. The new treatment brought about the displeasure of the regular medical men, but a moderate success attended the proprietors until about 1850, when, Dr. Cope becoming discouraged, the Cure was sold to other parties, and soon afterwards discontinued.

The Press

In March, 1825, Robert G. Lee published the first number of the first newspaper in the town of Salem, called the Salem Gazette and Public Advertiser * It was printed in a log building which stood where the carriage-shop of H. Judd & Co. now stands. John Hise, well known in Salem, was a printer, and worked in this office. Isaac Wilson and Gen. William Blackburn assisted in keeping it up. It was Democratic in politics, and was of fair respectability and reasonable enterprise.

Amos Gilbert had printed a paper in Lancaster, Pa., called The Inciter. In 1834 he came to Salem with his son and brought a printing-press, upon which he published a few numbers of the paper.

In 1835, Wilson F. Stewart, of Pittsburgh (afterwards editor of the Pittsburgh Gazette ), started a paper called the Salem Visitor , which, after nine months, passed to the management of Patrick F. Boylan, by whom the name was changed to Ohio Mercury. The paper was continued until the day of the Presidential election in 1836, when Boylan, after casting his vote for Martin Van Buren, at once left town, abandoning office, presses, type, debts , and other items. Mr. Stuart came on from Pittsburgh, closed the office, and discontinued the paper. The office of the Visitor and the Mercury was where C. H. Hays' store now stands.

The Village Register was published in 1842, the first number being issued April 12th of that year. A notice in its columns, dated May 3, 1842, reads : " The office of the Register has been removed to the brick building one door west of the post-office." The post-office was then kept by Joseph Gouldbourne where the Pickett House now stands.

* One account, which does not appear to be well authenticated, claims that the first newspaper in Salem was the Gun-Boat, published in Joseph Saxton's tan-house, by Robert Pee, from Pennsylvania.

The Register was published by Benjamin B. Davis and Joshua Hart, and very ably edited by a committee consisting of Benjamin Hawley, James Eggman, John Harris, and John Campbell. Of these, Mr. Harris still lives, and resides in Salem. In 1844, Joseph H. Painter became editor and proprietor of the Register. He continued its publication for about three years, when it again fell into the hands of Mr. Davis.

In 1847, Aaron Hinchman became proprietor of the paper, and changed its name to Homestead Journal. He associated with himself Mr. George W. Keen, and as editors and publishers they controlled it for seven years. It especially advocated the abolition of slavery and the conferring of homesteads by the government upon actual settlers.

In 1854, April 5th, Mr. Hinchman being compelled to retire on account of failing health (Mr. Keen having gone out before), the Homestead journal was leased by J. K. Rukenbrod and J. M. Hutton, who continued its publication. At the expiration of a year Mr. Rukenbrod purchased the entire interest. In 1857 he changed its name to Salem Republican , which it yet bears. The paper, under its present management, .has been very decided in its political convictions and utterances, adhering without wavering or compromise to the principles of the party whose name it bears. In the issue of the 10th of April, 1879, Mr. Rukenbrod reviewed the past twenty-five years of his connection with the Republican , and expressed the hope that he might give to it yet many more years of his time and life. It is in a very prosperous condition, and exerts a telling influence in the community.

Anti-Slavery Bugle. - Chiefly through the exertions of Mrs. Abby Kelly Foster, the Anti-Slavery Society commenced the publication of the Anti-Slavery Bugle , issuing the first number June 20, 1845, in the town of New Lisbon.

The leading article was " The Superiority of Moral over Physical Power," by Adin Ballou. Whittier's " The Christian Slave" was also in this number.

It was published by a committee, Milo Townsend being editor. The sixth number, dated July 25, 1845, gives notice of change of type and of removal to Salem, from which place " No. 7" was issued, James Barnaby, Jr., appearing as general agent. The publishing committee consisted of Samuel Brook, George Garrettson, J. Barnaby, Jr., David L. Galbraith, and Lot Holmes. Benj. S. Jones and J. Elizabeth Hitchcock, afterwards Mrs. Benj. S. Jones, became editors, and continued four years, when they were succeeded by Oliver Johnson, who conducted the paper two years. It then passed to the control of Marius R. Robinson, who managed it for eight years. By order of a committee from the society, publication ceased May 4, 1864, the paper having been in the charge of Benjamin Jones during the last year of its existence.

Salem Journal. - This paper was organized by John Hudson & Son, and the first number published Feb. 17, 1865. It passed through many changes of proprietorship, the owners being, at successive periods, Vernon & Hudson, J. R. Vernon, Vernon & Baird, J. R. Vernon, and Vernon & Baker. By the last firm it was sold, Aug. 24, 1872, to Maj. W. R. Snider, changing then not only proprietors, but

Salem Era. - This paper was started and the first number issued March 1, 1873, by Dr. J. M. Hole and J. B. Park. E. T. Rukenbrod pui'chased the interest of Dr. Hole, Dec. 1, 1873, and on July 6, 1875, Homer H. Wilson succeeded to J. B. Park. In November, 1878, J. D. Fountain purchased the interest of Mr. Wilson, which he retains.

National Greenback. - This newspaper is a radical weekly, devoted to monetary and labor reforms. It was established by a company in 1878, and the first number issued July 23d of that year, G. W. Cowgill, publisher and proprietor. The office of publication was first in Gurney Block, but near the last of February was changed to what is known as the Broad-Gauge church-building. Thomas Sharp, an earnest and devoted advocate of the principles of the Greenback movement, purchased for the office a large cylinder power-press.

The Ohio Educational Monthly and National Teacher. - This publication began its existence in Columbus, Ohio, in January, 1852, under the auspices of the Ohio State Teachers' Association, with the following-named editors : A. D. Lord, Columbus; M. F. Cowdery, Sandusky; H. PI. Barney, Cincinnati ; I. W. Andrews, Marietta ; J. C. Zachos, Dayton ; Andrew P'reese, Cleveland. Dr. Lord acted as the chief editor. In 1853, C. Knowlton, of Cincinnati,.and S. N. Sanford, of Granville, succeeded II. IP. Barney. In 1854-55, Joseph Ray, of Cincinnati, and A. Holbrook, of Marlboro', appear in the list of editors, in place of Messrs. Zachos and Moulton.

By a vote of the executive committee of the State Teachers' Association, the Rev. Anson Smyth, superintendent of the Toledo public schools, assumed the charge in February, 1856. In February, 1857, Mr. Smyth, who had been elected State commissioner of common schools, was succeeded by John D Caldwell, of Cincinnati.

In January, 1858, William Turner Coggeshall, State librarian, became by appointment editor of the journal, and continued two years. It then became the property of F. W. Hurtt & Co., of Columbus, and the name was changed to The Ohio Educational Monthly. In May, 1861, E. E. White & Co. (E. E. White and Hon. Anson Smyth) succeeded F. W. Hurtt & Co. In 1875 the journal passed into the hands of W. D. Henklc as editor and proprietor, who changed the place of publication to Salem. Under Mr. White's management the monthly acquired a national reputation, and in October, 1870, he began the National Teacher , which was an edition of the Ohio Educational Monthly , for circulation outside of Ohio. In January, 1876, the two were united under the present name.

Mr. W. D. IPenkle, in 1875, started the publication of Educational Notes and Queries , and before the close of the year it had subscribers in thirty-five States and Territories.

Yaugn carried the mail on foot from New Lisbon through Salem to Deerfield and Palmyra, making connection with the stage-line running from Big Beaver Point to Cleveland. Afterwards mails were carried on horseback, and when, by the increase of newspapers, greater quantities of mail were forwarded, a pack-horse was loaded, and traveled with the mail-carrier.

Under the administration of Gen. Jackson, in 1828, Isaac Wilson was appointed postmaster, and kept the office in his store. He was succeeded by Rodney Scott, and later by Joseph Gouldbourn, who continued through the administrations of Harrison, Tyler, and Polk, and kept the office in what is now the Pickett House. He was succeeded by James Brown, G. W. Wilson, Peter Boswell, Jesse Webb, Daniel Lupton. Comley Townsend, Maj. John Clemmer, Comley Townsend, and Allen Boyle, who is the present postmaster.

The first stage-route was established in 1833 by Zadock Street, of Salem, George Wells, of Wellsville, Orion Brossom, of Painesville, and others, - from Wellsville, on the Ohio River, to Fairport, on Lake Erie, passing through New Lisbon, Salem, Newton Falls, Chardon, and Painesville. About 1835 another stage-route was established by persons from Pittsburgh, and ran from Wellsville to Cleveland, intersecting New Lisbon, Salem, Ravenna, and Hudson.

Ohio Mutual Fire Insurance Company

This company was incorporated with a capital of $20,000, Oct. 26, 1876, and commenced business April 2, 1871. Its incorporators were J. T. Brooks, J. W. Fawcett, W. D. Henkle, Thomas C. Boone. M. R. Robinson, John Pow, J. M. Woodruff, Allan Boyle, J. K. Rukenbrod, Furman Gee, Charles Townsend, Nicholas Way, J. G. Lacock, and J. W. Reilly.

The company's office is in the Pow Block. They are doing a successful business (but only in Ohio) ; have established thirty agencies, and have written to date - June 7, 1879 - 2923 policies. Their present capital is $340,000.

The officers for 1879 are as follows: Furman Gee, President; T. C. Boone, Vice-Yresident ; J. R. Vernon, Secretary ; Dr. Eli Sturgeon, Treasurer.

Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne And Chicago Railroad

In the fourth annual report of the president and directors to the stockholders of the Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad Company, bearing date, Jan. 8, 1852, the following paragraph is found : " On the 27th day of November, thirteen miles of the road between Salem and Alliance were opened for use, and on the 3d of the present month cars ran to Columbiana from Pittsburgh."

Salem Gaslight Company. - This company was chartered Nov. 30, 1858, with t ho following members: John Fawcett, Holloway, Thomas C. Boone, Joel Sharp,

The first election for directors was held Dec. 5, 1858, when Joel Sharp, Allan Boyle, Thomas Sharp, William Stephenson, and T. C. Boone were elected. First officers : Thomas Sharp, President; William Stephenson, Secretary; T. C. Boone, Treasurer.

Farmers Bank of Salem. - A branch of the State Bank of Ohio, under the name of the " Farmers' Bank of Salem," was chartered Feb. 16, 1846, with a capital of $100,000, in conformity to the laws of the State. One hundred and three persons constituted the corporation, and took from one share to one hundred and seventy-nine shares of stock, of $100 each, Zadock Street taking the highest number, and Simeon Jennings the next.

Simeon Jennings, John Dellenbaugh, Zadock Street, Samuel Chessman, Allen Farquar, John J. Brooks, and Lemuel Bingham were chosen directors. Simon Jennings was elected president, and James J. Brooks member of the board of control.

Business was first commenced in the west end of the old store of Zadock Street, - a long low brick building, - then situated in the middle of the present street of " Broadway," about fifty feet back from Main Street.

In 1857 the corporation erected and occupied the building now owned and used by the Farmers' National Bank of Salem, and closed business in 1865.

Farmers National Bank of Salem. - On the 25th day of March, 1865, a certificate of incorporation was issued by the Bank Department of the State of Ohio to twelve corporators, as follows : J. Twing Brooks, L. W. Potter, Geo. England, Joel Sharp, Allan Boyle, Robert Tolerton, James Binford, Alfred Wright, Lewis Schilling, R. Y. Hampson, James Fawcett, J. A. Kerr. The charter of this bank is dated April 1, 1865 ; capital, $200,000. The present officers are J. Twing Brooks, President; R. Y. Hampson, Cashier.

The following directors were chosen : Alexander Pow, Henry J. Stouffer, Wm. Phillips, Richard Pow, Benjamin Antrim. Alexander Pow was elected president and Henry J. Stouffer cashier. Upon the death of Mr. Stouffer, in 1868, Joseph H. Hollis was chosen to the position of cashier, upon whose retirement, Nov. 1, 1870, Richard

City Bank Op Salem

This bank is a private institution, and was organized in April, 1872, by Boone & Campbell, by whom it is still continued. Business was commenced on the corner of Depot and Main Streets, and in April, 1878, was removed to Pow's Building, corner of Main Street and Broadway.

This institution was organized as a private bank, Jan. 1, 1853, by Thomas & Greiner. Upon the death of Mr. Thomas, in 1864, it was continued by Mr. Greiner for about a year and a half, when, in 1866, Mr. Boone became associated with Mr. Greiner. Jan. 1, 1871, the business passed into the hands of the present firm, by whom it is continued. They occupy a building erected for their banking business in 1858.

Tiie Crowbar Law

Salem became the scene of a short war, begun and carried on about 1853 or 1854 to test the constitutionality of a law. The Democratic party had come into power, and the Legislature of Ohio had passed a law authorizing the county treasurer to levy and collect taxes additional to those called for by the charter.

The State Bank of Salem being the only bank in the county, it was determined to test against it the validity of the law. J. H. Quinn, county treasurer, came up from New Lisbon with a posse of ten men and demanded the taxes, which were refused. After a second attempt he obtained possession of the bank, and, not having the keys to the vault, finally forced an entrance with crowbars, but found no money. Thorough search being made, there were found in the chimney-flue a number of bags of coin, with which the sheriff retired ; but the end was not yet. Suit was afterwards brought by the bank, the action of its officers sustained, and the law eventually repealed. The odious enactment became known as the " Crowbar Law."

During the Rebellion the township of Perry, including subscriptions made by citizens, paid in bounties the sum of $11,895 under the calls of 1863 and 1864. Thirty men being the quota for the last call, the township paid for each recruit $100, which amount the subscription increased to about $170.

St. Clair, range No. 1, township No. 6, occupies an elevated but fertile region, and wellnigh describes a square in shape, being five miles wide by five miles and threequarters in length, and covers an area of about twenty-nine square miles. Its boundaries are Middleton township on the north, Liverpool township on the south, the Pennsylvania line on the east, and Madison township on the west. The township is rich in natural beauty, and contains a vast scope of wildly rugged and romantic scenery. The expansive views obtained from some of its high elevations are charming, while here and there thickly-wooded dells, which shelter mountain brooks, and are in turn guarded by towering hills, present to the eye pictures that engage and impress the attention of the lover of nature. Beaver Creek flows through the township in an exceedingly sinuous course along the eastern border, and, emerging at the southeast corner, passes across the northeast corner of Liverpool, and so into Pennsylvania.

The middle fork of Beaver flows in a zigzag and eccentric manner across the northern portion, and, being joined at Fredericktown by the north fork, the two form thence to the Ohio what is called Beaver Creek.

The Sandy and Beaver Canal passed through St. Clair, along the course of the Beaver. The old canal-locks still mark the path of the enterprise, which was a profitless and short-lived one.

Early Settlement

John Quinn, familiarly known as Hunter John Quinn, settled in St. Clair in 1792 or 1793, and is believed to have been the first white man to locate in the township. He built a log cabin upon a spot about a mile and a half east of where Thomas Huston now lives. In 1794, John Hoy settled in that part of St. Clair afterwards set off to Liverpool, and in 1796, Seth Thomas located upon the northeast quarter of section 26, now owned and occupied by John Montgomery. Enos Thomas, his son, was commissioned a justice of the peace in 1798, and in 1803 was a member of the board of commissioners who organized Columbiana County. After that he served for twenty-three years as a justice of the peace in St. Clair for the county, was a member of the first grand jury organized in the county, was a member of the first board of county commissioners, and was a widely-known and popular citizen.

James and John McLaughlin, two brothers, and John Coburn crossed the Alleghenies in wagons to Fort Pitt on the Ohio, where they transferred their families and household possessions to a flat-boat and floated down to Georgetown, Pa., James McLaughlin and Coburn passing without much delay into Ohio, and settling in what is now St. Clair, the former on the northeast quarter of section 21, where B. D. Fisher uow lives, and the latter on section 22, where

Seth Bauch's farm now is. It is said that the McLaughlins and Coburn, being in search of a new settlement, intended to locate farther down the river, but, their flatboat becoming wrecked at Georgetown, they determined to end their journey there and seek a place in the vicinity. In 1797, John Totten settled in what is now Liverpool, where also in the same year Isaac Matson located, upon section 32.

George, with his two sons, - William and Thomas, - upon the " Buck Flats." Here they cleared and improved a considerable tract of land, but failed to enter it at the land-office at once, thinking there would be ample time to do that after they had got matters into good shape. Their delay proved fatal to their interests, however, since a' designing person, noting their failure and thinking to profit by the neglect, entered the land and dispossessed the Georges of the fruits of their arduous toil.

It was a bitter pill, and they protested vehemently against the outrage, but there was no redress. 1 're tty well discouraged, but resolved to push ahead once more, they took up the northwest quarter of section 29, now occupied by L. Boss, and, having learned wisdom, duly entered it.

In 1797, John Gaddis settled in that part, afterwards Liverpool township, and in the same year Thomas Moore located upon section 23, Robert Davis (known as Honey Davis) upon section 22, and, in 1798, Samuel Huston upon section 21.

William White upon section 12 in 1800, Moses Baird upon section 11, - Bryerly upon section 3, Cornelius Sheehan upon section 9, - where one Carmody located at the same time, - Lewis Cammon upon section 8, William Sheehan upon Pie Ridge, in section 9, and Perry Burke upon section 12.

Many of the early settlers, like the Georges, failed to atfend promptly to the necessary feature of enteriug their lands, and the consequence was to more than one an unfortunate omisssiou. There were sharp-eyed speculators in those days, and they busied themselves in keeping a watch for the careless settlers who improved their lands before entering them. While the toiling pioneers, therefore, were creating farms, and while they looked with satisfaction upon the fruits of their industry and began to think of visiting the Steubenville land-office, lo ! some sharper stepped in before them, and, under cover of the law, appropriated the unhappy pioneer's farm and enjoyed the profit of the other's exhaustive labor.

Fortunately, the game played by the ruthless speculators put new comers on their guard after a while, and, after the first few lessons, the business of entering lands before improving them was not neglected.

Much ill-feeling was naturally engendered on the part of the bona fide settlers towards the vandals who sought to rob them of their well-deserved and well-earned rights, but no serious trouble arose therefrom, since the law protected the invaders.

Some of the early settlements in St. Clair township were made in that portion afterwards apportioned to Liverpool, and, although vaguely alluded to in the foregoing, are more properly treated of at length in the history of Liverpool.

The trials of the pioneers of St. Clair were such as the pioneers of the West everywhere were called upon to endure, and were such as only heroic determination and undaunted energy could overcome.

Many of the facts above related touching the early settlers in St. Clair were gleaned from notes gathered by Mr. Uriah Thomas. Other sources of information upon the same subject-matter furnish information which is herewith given in continuation of the same theme.

Mr. James Huston, now living near Calcutta, aged ninety-one, and still in the possession of a vivid memory which enables him to recall events of eighty years ago, says that in the year 1800 he moved with his father, Samuel, from Virginia to St. Clair township, where they settled upon the place now occupied by Thomas Huston. The settlers in that neighborhood at that time were Samuel and John Coburn on the Georgetown road, near where Calcutta now is; John Quinn, a mile and a half east of Huston ; James and John McLaughlin; Samuel Hull, who lived upon the place now occupied by Thomas Mackall ; and James Caruthers, who adjoined Hull ; the majority of those named being from Pennsylvania.

Shortly after 1800, James Montgomery, from Pennsylvania, located south of the present Calcutta school-house, and near there Charles Hay, from Pennsylvania, took up a farm, but removed after a brief period to Stark County. John Kelly, James Gonzales, and Thomas George settled near Montgomery, on the State road. There was also close at hand Burke, whose son James bore the reputation of being the strongest man in the county, as well as the champion wrestler, and who was, moreover, noted as a fighter. Henry Fisher settled where B. D. Fisher now lives, and, near there, Hugh McGinnis. John Pierce located cast of James Montgomery, William White north of Montgomery, and John Jackman near what is now Fredericktown. William Foulkcs came over from Pennsylvania and purchased 200 acres on the site of Calcutta. He built the first brick house seen in that vicinity, aud upon the location there of several settlers the place was called Foulkestown. Foulkes' brick house was the first of its kind erected in the township, and stood upon the site of Mr. Ludden's present residence.

Aaron Brooks erected a grist-mill on the Little Beaver not long after the year 1800, and that, it is probable, was the first grist-mill in the township.

Indians were numerous in St. Clair in those days, but they were peaceable and occasioned the settlers at no time any very serious troubles, or even annoyances. As a rule, they were lazy and harmless when sober, aud moved about among the settlers freely and familiarly, begging subsistence, however, with a pertinacity and perseverance quite in keeping with their aversion to labor. In the trapping season they usually gathered furs enough to keep them in whisky, which they obtained at Georgetown - their general tradingpoint - in exchange for furs. When drunk they were sometimes insolent and quarrelsome, but never dangerous.

Janies Huston relates that one day a party of Indians were sunning themselves on the banks of the Little Beaver, in Madison township, near the house of Wm. Carpenter, when Carpenter's son, in a spirit of mischief, turned a bucket of water over one of the Indians, White Eyes by name. White Eyes became thereupon violently enraged, and in attempting to slay the offending youth was himself slain.*

Mr. Huston says of himself that when a boy, returning one morning from a neighbor's, he was met by two mounted Indians, who stopped him and insisted upon his accompanying them, saying that they would take him far away and " make a man of him," to which proposal he firmly objected, and with difficulty prevailed upon the savages to forego their intention. John Smith kept a tavern - aud doubtless the first one in the township - on the State road, west of where Calcutta stands, near where B. D. Fisher now lives. Paul Fisher kept there after Smith's time, and William Thompson was likewise an early landlord, his tavern being in Calcutta.

Among the early millers, mention may be made of one Dillon, who had a saw- and grist-mill on the north fork of the Little Beaver, and William Crawford, who had a similar mill on the west fork of that stream.

The first house-carpenter was Andy McKee, who lived east of Calcutta, and the first " Squire," Enos Thomas, who was a man of much fame, both far and near.

Miss Rebecca Quigley, aged eighty, and living in Calcutta, settled there, with her father, in 1813, when, she says, the village contained but six log cabins. Her father, Samuel Quigley, opened the first store in Calcutta, and kept his goods in a log cabin. After that, one James Hambel, a carpenter, put up a one-story frame shop in the village.

Miss Quigley's brother Samuel came over from St. Clairsville, Ohio, in 1822, and settled in Calcutta as a practicing physician. Moses Curry and Gustavus Allen practiced there some time before Dr. Quigley, but neither remained long. Before the time of the last two named, Thomas George and John Quinn used to pull teeth and prescribe simple medical remedies, but they were not physicians ; they were humble farmers, willing to lend a helping hand when suffering humanity called for it.

Dr. Quigley continued in the uninterrupted practice of medicine in St. Clair township for a space of fifty years, or from 1822 to 1872, in which latter year he died.

Among those who went from St. Clair into the war of 1812 were Capt. William Foulks, James Gaddis, William Green (who died in the service), Joseph Green, Samuel Coburn, John Huston, and Samuel Huston. Of these the only one living is Joseph Green, who keeps a tavern in Calcutta.

Enos Thomas, justice of the peace of St. Clair, performed, May 17, 1803, the first marriage service in the county, the parties thereto being Jesse Smith and Susanna Shaw. lie married also Samuel Dougherty to Isabella Sheehan, Aug. 18, 1803 ; Andrew Poe to Ann Hoy, Sept. 8, 1803 ; and Adam Hays to Sisson Stevens, Oct. 6, 1803.

St. Clair is one of the original townships of Columbiana County, was organized in 1803, and had its boundaries fixed by the county commissioners March 5, 1805. From the territory thus set apart St. Clair was deprived in 1834 of sections 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, and 36, which, with fractional township 5, were in that year apportioned to the new township of Liverpool.

Unfortunately for the purposes of history, the early township records are lost, and from the date of organization, in 1803, to 1855, there is not a recorded line of township transactions touching the election of officers or other matters connected with local government.

Were they extant, they would at least serve to tell us who were the persons called to places of public trust in the pioneer days, and to know that would be a matter of interest. The best that can be done in the premises is to give a list of those who have acted as trustees, clerk, and treasurer since 1845, as follows :

St. Clair township contains no incorporated village. There are four so-called villages or hamlets, knoYvn as Calcutta, Cannon's Mills, Sprucevale, and Frederiektown, of which Calcutta, the place of earliest settlement, is the seat of township government, and contains a town-hall, two stores, hotel, and school. At Cannon's Mills are C. Metsch's steam grist-mill and a store; at Frederiektown, laid out by

George Frederick, December, 1833, there are a store, gristmill, tannery, saw-mill, cooper-shops, and other minor industries. Sprucevale is an agricultural settlement.

In the early days Calcutta was known as Nineveh, - a name said to have been applied to it John McLaughlin because of its supposed wickedness, - but the name it now bears was subsequently given to it as less suggestive, and in remembrance of Calcutta in India, but why the latter appellation was given is not precisely clear. Calcutta was also known at one time as Foulkstown, in honor of William Foulks, an early settler, who built the first brick house there, and who was a prominent citizen. The place was originally laid out as West Union, in November, 1810, by Michael Shirtz and William Foulks.

Religious worship was made a public observance in St. Clair very soon after the earliest settlements in the township. and the fact that a church was organized as early as lSuO implies that when the settlers began to come in, in 1794, they multiplied apace. True, the privileges enjoyed by the inhabitants in respect to public preaching were not frequent, nor were they very regular, but an early organization of a religious body increased their advantages, and, as will be seen by the church history which follows, four church organizations at least had been effected previous to 1828. There are at present, May 1, 1879, four churches in the township, to wit : Presbyterian, United Presbyterian, Disciples, and Methodist.

was organized about 1800, - the loss of the early records leaving the matter of fixing the date to oral evidence, - when Revs. Scott, Hughes, McCurdy, McMillan, Marquis, and others who were instrumental in forwarding the great religious revival in Western Pennsylvania visited St. Clair, and, where Calcutta now stands, held open-air meetings under trees or in tents and houses. The first sermon is supposed to have been delivered in 1800 by Rev. Mr. Hughes, of Pennsylvania, under a tree which stood in the centre of where the two main streets in Calcutta now cross.

The next sermon was preached on William Tucker's farm, where B. D. Fisher now lives. Thence the place of worship was changed to Long's Run, near Cannon's Mills, and here it is likely the church was organized, since it has always been known as the Long's Run church.

The first elders were Samuel Marquis and Eben Miller. After retaining Long's Run as the place of worship for a brief period, the church moved to Tucker's farm, the old preaching-ground, then owned by Paul Fisher. Before this time services had been held in the open air in the summer and in the log cabins of settlers in the winter, but upon the return to Tucker's place a round-log church was erected there, and served as a place for winter worship, while tents and groves served a similar purpose in the summer, as before.

The first settled pastor was the Rev. Clement L. Vallandigham (father of the Ohio statesman of that name), who was installed in the log church on Mr. Fisher's farm in

1806 or 1807, and settled, about the same time, over a church in New Lisbon. Mr. Vallandigham labored in both churches until 1817, when he devoted himself exclusively to the New Lisbon church. He was noted for his methodical promptness in fulfilling all his appointments, and it is said that when the streams were high he swam them with his horse many a time to keep his Sabbath engagements at Calcutta, his home being at New Lisbon. In 1808 the united membership of the churches at Calcutta and New Lisbon was but 45, but in 1817, when Mr. Vallandigham closed his labors at Calcutta, the rolls of the two churches showed an aggregate membership of 261. Of Mr. Vallandigham it used to be remarked that he was the preacher for Christians, while Mr. Hughes was the preacher for sinners.

During the former's ministry the place of worship was changed from Fisher's farm to a place very near the site occupied by the present church-building, and there a log church was built. About then, too, the eldership was increased by the election of Messrs. James Montgomery, Perry Creighton, and Thomas Creighton.

The next settled pastor after Mr. Vallandigham was Rev. Wm. Reid, who, from 1821, preached alternately at Calcutta and New Salem, and remained in charge for a period of twenty-eight years, or until 1849. Mr. Reid was a tireless, energetic worker, and at one time the membership of his church in Calcutta outnumbered that of any church in the Presbytery. Later it was shorn of much of its strength in the erection, by its members, of churches in Madison, East Liverpool, Clarkson, and Glasgow.

During Mr. Reid's time the log church was replaced by a small brick edifice, and this latter, in 1830, enlarged by the addition of forty feet.

While Mr. Reid was in the pastorate dissensions arose in the church in consequence of conflicting sentiments over the display of sacred pictures at a church exhibition, and, as a result, a number of members seceded and organized an Associate Reformed cburch, of which more anon.

The membership of the church was therefore seriously lesseued, and when, in 1850, Rev. Robert Hays, the next settled pastor, took charge, there were but 30 members, and fears were expressed lest the church would be forced to dissolve. Mr. Hays took hold with a will, however, and to such good purpose that at the close of his ministry of three and a half years the members numbered 90.

Following Mr. Hays, the pastors were Revs. David Robinson, Wm. Dickson, and Robert T. McMahon; the latter, who is the pastor at present, May 1, 1879, preaching two-thirds of the time at Calcutta and one-third at Smith's Ferry. The present membership is 128.

The brick church-edifice now used was built in 1868, and cost about $6000. The society also owns a parsonage, towards the erection of which the late George Thompson bequeathed $400.

The Associate Reformed Church

THE ASSOCIATE REFORMED CHURCH was, as has been noticed, the outgrowth of dissension in the Long's Run church, and the seceders, about 1818, built a small brick church just above where Dr. Calvin now lives. Previous to that, and directly after the secession, Dr. Presley of the theological seminary at Alleghany came down to Calcutta and organized the church in the barn of John Rauch, on the farm now owned by Adam Hickman. The first and only pastor the church had was Rev. Samuel W. Clark, who preached until the church united with the United Presbyterian church of Calcutta in 1858, and the Associate Reformed church ceased then, of course, to exist.

The United Presbyterian Congregation Of Calcutta

was organized about 1815, and included at that time about 20 members. The destruction by fire of the church records removed the positive evidence of data, but the date and number above noted are doubtless correct.

Public services were held in a grove near the site of the present United Presbyterian church -building as early as 1812, but by what minister or ministers cannot now be stated. These services continued with more or less frequency until 1815, when, upon the organization of a church, Rev. Elijah Newton Scroggs was installed as the first pastor.

Mr. Scroggs was in charge also of congregations at West Beaver and "Four-Mile," Pa., for a number of years after his installation at Calcutta, but eventually devoted his entire attention to the latter two, and remained in charge thereof uninterruptedly until his death, Dec. 20, 1851, - a period of thirty-six years. His ashes repose in the cemetery near the church, where a monument marks his last resting-place.

Mr. Scroggs, like Mr. Vallandigham, was remarkable for his faithfulness in keeping his pulpit appointments in spite of discouraging obstacles, and in his journeys between the stations in his charge had often to swim rapid streams and contend with such difficulties as would have given many a man a plea for a non-fulfillment of his engagements. He was a successful pioneer preacher, and organized a number of congregations in Columbiana and adjoining counties. A man greatly beloved by all out of the pulpit, he was a most uncompromising advocate of the truth, as he had professed it, in the pulpit. His life as well as his preaching was a constant reproof to all immorality, and his death, which was sudden and unexpected, was a public calamity.

Mr. Scroggs' successor was Rev. Joseph Barkley, whose pastorate continued four years, during which time he preached also at Glade Run. The next pastor, Rev. Thos. Andrews, died after a service of but a year, and in 1834 Rev. John W. Martin was called to the charge of the united congregations of Calcutta and East Liverpool. In 18G7 he relinquished the charge of the Calcutta congregation, and in May, 18G8, Rev. J. H. Lciper, then a theological student in the seminary at Xenia, Ohio, took the charge of the congregations of Calcutta and West Beaver, the date of his installation being June 30, 18G8. He served both congregations until Jan. 1, 187G, after which his entire time was devoted to his Calcutta charge, in which he still remains. The congregation numbers now 120 members, the additions during the present pastorate having been 120, and the retirement, by deaths and change of residence, 90. For many years it has been a sort of " recruiting-office" for other congregations, notably those in Western States. The present congregation is the result of the union of the Associate congregations of West Union and St. Clair in 1858.

The bench of ruling elders was originally composed of John Stewart. John Ansley, and John Smith, - all of whom are dead. Following them, the elders - twelve of whom have passed away - were John Mayes, James Boyd, Andrew Stevenson, James Stewart, Alexander Young, Alexander Connell, Archibald Shaffer, David Asdell, John Eakin, Robert B. Stewart, James W. Martin, Samuel Roseburg, Thomas Laughlin, John W. Moore, Dr. Samuel Quigley, George Hettenbaugh, William Glenn, II. M. Rose, II. J. Abrams, David Simpson, S. G. Connell, Mathew Andrews. The board of deacons is composed of W. D. Rayl, J. D. West, J. L. Ansley, J. T. Abrams, and A. E. Sinclair.

The Disciple Church At Fredericktown

was organized, in 1827, by Elder Walter Scott. Previous to that date desultory preaching had been enjoyed for some time by the people of that faith in St. Clair. The residences of a few inhabitants were utilized as houses of worship until the year above named, when the organization took place in the school-house located in district No. 1, of St. Clair township, and there worship was held until 1829.

The first church-building was erected in Fredericktown in 1829, and in 1853 a new edifice was built upon a site about one and a half miles south of Fredericktown.

The last-named structure occupied that spot until 1877, when it was removed bodily to the village of Fredericktown, where it now serves the purposes of the society. It is a plain frame building, surmounted by a modest spire, but substantial in appearance, and conveniently adapted to the use for which it is intended.

Among the pastors of the church since the organization have been Elder John Jackman, Israel Belton, John Applegate, George M. Lucy, J. M. Davis, and many others, whose names are not at hand. Mr. Davis is the present pastor, and the present membership about 40.

Elder Jackman, who was the first pastor, continued as such many years, and did heroic service in prospering the church's interests, which are to-day in a fairly flourishing condition.

The Methodist Society Of Calcutta

was organized in 18G9, and for the support of preaching Mr. George Thompson agreed to provide 650 yearly for the space of five years. Rev. Alexander Scott was the first minister, and continued to preach at Calcutta during his pastorate at East Liverpool. Upon his death, in 1SG9,

Mr. George Thompson bequeathed $400 to the town towards the erection of a public hall, conditioned that it should be devoted, free of charge, to the use of any religious denomination, of whatsoever sect, desiring to worship therein.

Previous to the erection of the town-hall, in 1872, the Methodists worshiped in the Calcutta school-house, but upon the completion of the hall began to hold services there, and have continued siuce then to occupy it. Rev. W. B. Watkins, presiding elder, preached the first sermon in the hall during the ministry of Rev. William P. Turner, who was stationed at East Liverpool, and preached at Calcutta twice a month. The succeeding pastors were Revs. Ezra Ilingely, William White, Cyrus Brough, Alonzo Shaw, and Sylvester Burt, the latter of whom, now serving the church, preaches also at East Liverpool. After Rev. Mr. Hingely's term, the church was made a mission point. The average attendance at the services is now about 150.

One of the earliest sehool-teachers, if not the earliest, was old Joseph McKinnon, who taught about the year 1800 or shortly thereafter, in a log school-house on the Liverpool road, upon a place now owned by James McCoy. McKinnon's successor was Samuel Polk, noted for his convivial habits, and for being also an exceedingly able teacher.

About 1810, John Quinn, who settled in St. Clair, upon section 16, in 1808, taught in a log school-house above where Dr. Calvin lives, and William H. MeGuffey taught in a frame building in Calcutta, now occupied as a residence by Robert Bradley. Mr. MeGuffey was well known at a later period as the author of a " school-reader."

Still later, Joseph Hoy taught in a log school-house near the site of the present Calcutta school. There are now seven schools in the township, to wit : at Calcutta, Beaver Creek, Frederick town, the Bell school-house, Mount Pleasant, near Cannon's Mills, and on the Wellsville road. For their support in 1879 the sum of $700 was appropriated.

The first burying ground in St. Clair township was doubtless a spot on John McLaughlin's farm, now owned by A. B. Hickman, about a mile north of Calcutta. Graves were dug under a little clump of trees, but no headstones marked the resting-places of those who slept there, although marks of the graves are said to be seen there yet. Who were buried there cannot now be told, but it is certain that Samuel Huston, one of St. Clair's pioneers, and father of James Huston, now living in St. Clair, was one of the number.

The next burying-ground laid out was the one now adjoining the Long's Run Presbyterian church of Calcutta. The first persons buried there were three boys, named John Coburn, Wm. Coburn, and Perry Burke, in the year 1812, or before, - perhaps 1810.

The cemeteries in the township are now three in number, - one at the United Presbyterian church, one at the Long's Run church, and one where the Disciples church used to be.

staple productions of the soil, but sheep-raising is the most important feature in promoting the prosperity of the husbandman, and to this business his energies are largely and profitably directed. Oil is found in the southeast, where a number of wells have been sunk, while an excellent quality of bituminous coal abounds in various parts of the township ; but lack of favorable transportation facilities prevents the production of either oil or coal to more than a limited extent, although coal is mined to an extent amply sufficient for local consumption.

Mr. C. Metsch has a fine steam grist-mill at Cannon's Mills, and at Fredericktown E. Seldener has a saw-mill and one of the largest grist-mills in the county. It is located on the north fork of the Little Beaver, is five stories in height, and has four run of buhrs. At Fredericktown also John Baxter has a tannery, and considerable business is done at this point in the manufacture of casks for East Liverpool potteries. On the middle fork of the Little Beaver, Thomas Laughlin runs a steam stave-mill, and employs quite a number of people.

Hamilton & Davidson set up a carding-machine at Sprucevale about 1840, and about that time Joseph Heep had a fulling-mill on the Little Beaver above Sprucevale; but these enterprises passed out of existence many years ago, as did a shingle-mill established in the neighborhood by a Mr. Ranney.

William Christy is recalled as the first postmaster known in what is now St. Clair township, and he had an office at Calcutta as early perhaps as 1820. It may be conceived that the duties of his office were not very onerous, for mails were few and light, but the few who did receive letters found it a great convenience to have them brought near home, instead of being compelled to go to distant points or to depend upon irregular and infrequent delivery at the hands of friendly messengers, as had been the case.

Oil-Wells

In May, 1865, the first attempt to find oil in St. Clair township was made by Geo. Hamilton, who sunk a well on his farm, at Dine Run, near Fredericktown, but the yield was at no time greater than a half-barrel per day, and, the oil being heavy in quality, the well was soon abandoned.

Early in 1866, a well - the second one in the township - was sunk on Bealer's Run, by J. M. Hart, but it failed to produce profitable results. Shortly after that, several wells were sunk on Island Run, and, the yield proving fruitful, there arose a great and enthusiastic furore over the matter, and general expectation pointed to rich developments which would widen and promote the township's prosperity to a remarkable degree.

Laghlin Ross

operators. For a brief period, as high as one hundred barrels of oil per day were obtained, and it looked as if the bonanza would last, but the yield soon began to decline rapidly, and in a short space the golden visions were dissipated and but little oil flowed from the bowels of the earth.

work only a small number, and their yield, taken with that of a few wells operated by individuals, will not aggregate more than five barrels of oil daily.

Besides at the localities named, efforts have been made in other parts of the township to obtain oil, but with poor success. There is a considerable flow of natural gas from the wells on Island Run, but it is not utilized.