George Q. Cannon Association Residence, 4459 North Highway 224, Snyderville

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The George Q. Cannon Association Residence consists of a Victorian pyramid cottage and two wood frame outbuildings. The residence and shed date to ca. The house represents a good example of the vernacular architecture (though in an unusual form) once common in many parts of Utah. It (with its associated outlying shed) also represents the only residence still standing from historic Snyderville. The wooden vernacular former Pace-Archibald Store located near the house was probably built ca. and may have operated up until the Its structural integrity has been greatly compromised by the loss of its front and the addition of swinging garage doors. Historians: A. Dudley Gardner and Michael R. Polk George Q. Cannon Association Residence HABS No. UT-127 (page 2) II. HISTORY A.

Agricultural Development in Utah Agricultural development within the present state of Utah preceded the Home- stead Act of Within the Salt Lake Valley farming began in with the arrival of Mormon emigrants, who came west seeking religious freedom. Tight- ly organized, this religious colony prospered by irrigating the stream valleys that feed the Great Salt Lake. So successful were their farming efforts that by the population of Utah had grown to people. 1 By the population had climbed to individuals. 2 This population growth occurred within an agriculturally centered economy and grew without the benefit of the govern- ment's generous Homestead Act. In Utah, the farm village was utilized to colonize the future state.

From until about the state was settled through the establishment of 450 hamlets or farm villages. Virtually all of these villages were laid out in the four-square pattern following the cardinal directions. They were also often located at canyon openings according to the dictates of water. 3 The towns were estab- lished and promoted as the ideal form of settlement by the Mormon Church. Alternative types of settlement were discouraged and, in general, never worked as well as the farm village. This system encouraged community unity and orderly placement and division of outlying ditches. Peterson describes the value of the farm village pattern in its larger perspective on the Utah landscape: The landscape that emerged from Mormon planning may be viewed in terms of use.

In general the impulse was inward, with functions of greatest intensity focusing on the town lot with its home, garden, and barns. The fort was a place of defense and a preliminary settlement phase from which in time houses were moved and around which memories and traditions functioned. The village itself was a sanctuary, a place of worship and a place of self-policing control. 4 George Q. Cannon Association Residence HABS No. UT-127 (page 3) Aside from the church's efforts, a most important factor contributing to the success of this pattern was that arable land was scarce and "water the price of blood". This deficiency made the small farm village model the most effective means of colonizing the land and expanding the area of the Mormon church's influence.

5 In Utah the Mormon Church, rather than the federal government, took the lead in settling the land. This did not mean, however, that church members did not take advantage of the Homestead Act of What did take place with the passage of the Homestead Act was a change in Utah's land use patterns. The Homestead Act had a pronounced impact on settlement patterns in Utah. While the farm village was definitely a Euro-American land use pattern, it did take into consideration prevailing environmental conditions, such as drainage patterns and the availability of natural resources. The Homestead Act was based on allotting land in 160 acre plots. This system allotted land based on legal definitions and was not based on environmental conditions.

As Peterson notes: The new homestead farms were larger and located on highline canals and along section lines away from the farm villages, reduc- ing the near monopoly the older pattern once held on the land- scape. A typically American system of distribution based on federal land provisions and speculation [was] superimposed upon the pioneer pattern. 6 Most people in Utah began to actively apply the Homestead Laws during 7 While the Homesteading Act in Utah greatly aided in the settlement of the future state, settlement patterns would still reflect Mormon values throughout most of the territory. So successful were these Mormon farmers that politicians throughout the west used them as examples of how the desert could be cultivat- George Q. Cannon Association Residence HABS No.

UT-127 (page 4) ed. Gentiles, or non-Mormons, did homestead in Utah, but the principal benefi- ciaries of the Homestead Act were members of the Mormon farm villages because they could show prior use and they controlled the water. After the focus of the Utah farm and ranching industry changed dramati- cally. The shift was economically motivated and centered around changing from a self-sufficient system of agriculture to commercialism. 8 "Underlying the entire process was the shift from a land business based on Mormon stewardship to one of commercialism and speculation." Due to this change, the amount of acreage cultivated increased sharply from 1.3 acres und~r the old system to 4.1 million acres in the 9 Improved farmlands also almost doubled, and irrigated land increased by 132 percent.

It was also between the years of and that the sheep grazing industry exploded from slightly more than one million animals to almost four million. 10 By 10 percent of the total area of Utah had been claimed for farming. This was a remarkable accomplishment considering that estimates of arable land in Utah rarely exceeded four or five percent of the state's land surface. Thus, the above provides a brief synopsis of the broad statewide setting within which to better understand the significance of the George Q. Cannon Association property. It is the later ranching period, which we leave at this point, of which the property is most representative. George Q. Cannon Association Residence HABS No. UT-127 (page 5) B.

The Homesteads at Snyderville The earliest farm villages established near present Park City and Snyderville had their beginnings in the Both Heber, south of Park City, and Coalville, to the north, were established in These communities were laid out in the typical Mormon farm village pattern. The notable difference was that Coalville also had a mining element. Coal was mined for local use and the Union Pacific Railroad, after looked to the Coalville area as a potential source of fuel. However, it was at Park City that major mining activity would be the cause for the growth and development of a community. Nearby Snyderville would be greatly impacted by this growth and prosperity.

Tu understand the growth which eventually occurred in Snyderville and of homesteading in the area, both the Mormon settlement of the area and the opening of the Park City mines need to be considered. In Samuel Comstock Snyder joined with Parley P. Pratt to open a road from Salt Lake City east across the Wasatch Mountains into an area which had recently been named "Parley's Park". Parley's Park was a large area on the east side of the crest of the Wasatch Mountains which included the present communities of Park City, Snyderville and Kimball. In Samuel Snyder built a home and settled with his family in the area that would eventually be known as Snyderville. By the population of the Parley's Park area had grown to about 150 Mormon settlers.

11 In the late two events, occurring almost simultaneously, forever changed the future of Snyderville. The first of these was in when a federal survey- or general was appointed to Utah. The second event occurred in when George Q. Cannon Association Residence HABS No. UT-127 (page 6) gold and silver ore was discovered in the Park City area. Both of these events had profound effects upon the Snyderville population. The first event, appointment of a surveyor general to the territory in produced a drastic change in Utah's settlement pattern including that of Parley's Park. Obviously settlement had taken place prior to but the federal government did not recognize private land ownership in Utah until after that date.

The delay in appointment of a surveyor was due, in large part, to Con- gressional opposition. This delay also prevented extension of preemption and the homestead laws in Utah. 12 The first cadastral plat maps of the Snyderville area, an essential step towards obtaining land from the federal government, were not approved until Yet, by this time, some areas such as Snyder- ville had been settled for 20 years or more. Snyderville was originally settled in a pattern similar to most early Mormon communities. The Snyderville settlement pattern was described by Carroll: As a settlement type, Snyderville possessed most of the character- istics Peterson ascribed to the "Mormon Village".

By the time of Snyderville's founding, church leadership had fixed upon the village as a way of preserving religious practice; promoting communal development of resources, and insuring a mutual defense. Under the direction of church leadership, isolated farms often became the core of future village settlements. Snyderville's genesis fits this pattern. Snyderville had the Mormon village's basic form; a nucleated settlement with haying, farming and grazing lands beyond. The cadastral map, the first for the area, depicted Snyderville as a cluster of buildings strung mostly along present day Old Ranch Road. To the north was a large fenced enclosure labeled "Field" which shared a common fence line with a second larger enclosure to the east.

13 The sudden shift to the federal system after based upon the Homestead Act began a slow, though orderly dispersal of the population. 14 Changes in the Snyderville townsite occurred similarly to other areas where one individual George Q. Cannon Association Residence HABS No. UT-127 (page 7) often obtained rightful claims of prior long term use. David Carroll provides an example of such a claim: On September 20, Ephraim Snyder received the patent to the north half of the northwest quarter of Section 31. Snyder's subsequent sale to his sister, Betsy Ann Black, in for $1 represented her claim on the prope~ from prior use and the inheritance from her father's estate.

Considering the potential for dissension in cases of land claims 20 years old, the transition from the historic farm village pattern to the homestead system was relatively smooth. In fact, this change was rather unique in the Intermountain Region. With the exception of the Spanish land grant system which preceded the homesteading system in Arizona, New Mexico and southern Colorado, Utah's farm village pattern was the only other displaced settlement system in the Intermountain Region. Of the two supplanted systems, however, the Homestead Act posed the greatest change to Utah's existing population distribution and to economic, political and religious patterns in the territory. Implementation of the Homestead Act permanently changed the land use pat- terns of the territory.

A new pattern of township and section boundaries and homesteads was laid over the original village pattern. As a result, settlement in the territory became more dispersed. 16 After scattered farms and ranches became more common in Utah due to the homestead laws. Settlement in the Snyderville area followed this pattern. Early settlers in Snyderville experimented with both farming and stock raising. Due to the high elevation that prevented cultivation of crops, cattle raising became the dominant agricultural industry. The enlarged homestead acts helped George Q. Cannon Association Residence HABS No. UT-127 (page 8) expand ranching ventures, but it did not serve as an impetus for settlement of the area. In the other event occurred which most profoundly affected the future of Snyderville.

In that year soldiers from Fort Douglas in Salt Lake City, who were prospecting in the Parley's Park area, discovered gold and silver ore in the Park City area. As was common throughout the West during this time, a stampede of gold seekers resulted, and tents and brush shelters were built in the Park City area near the mines. This discovery of gold and silver also had a profound effect upon the nearby Snyderville community. These effects, however, may have helped to balance and even enhance the rearrangements of the cultural landscape which were wrought by implementation of the Homestead Act in The arrival of many miners and others to the area produced an immediate local need for both lumber and agricultural commodities.

Two Snyderville sawmills, one operated by Samuel Snyder and his relatives and the other by William Gibson, provided much of the needed lumber for the mines until By then the local moun- tains had been stripped of timber. 17 Agricultural commodities also provided by the Snyderville settlement included milk, eggs, hay and other farm products. Thus, the economic hardships which might have resulted from the disbursement of the Snyderville community were offset by the opening of a new and demand- ing market for their agricultural commodities. George Q. Cannon Association Residence HABS No. UT-127 (page 9) C. George Q. Cannon Association Residence Ownership of the property upon which the George Q.

Cannon Association residence was eventually built, has its beginnings in when Snyderville was founded. Actual legal ownership, however, did not occur until Ephraim Snyder received the first land patent in Snyderville from the United States Government on September 20, 18 According to the Daughters of Utah Pioneers: ... the United States issued patents for the lands, under the custom that the man owning the largest acreage in any one hundred and sixty acres would apply for and receive the patent for it. He in tum was under legal and moral obligation to issue deeds to any and all who owned smaller acreage within the boundaries of his patent. 19 Ephraim Snyder was apparently the largest land holder.

He was given title to the entire north half of the northwest quarter of Section 31, Township 1 South - Range 4 East. 20 Snyder apparently held onto the Cannon Association parcel until June 23, when he sold/transferred twenty-six and two-thirds acres to his uncle George Gideon Snyder. 21 After several other Snyder family transac- tions the property passed to George Q. Cannon on October 2, 22 Interest- ingly, Cannon transferred the property to the George Q. Cannon Association only six months later on March 4, for the price of 23 It was during the period of Cannon Association ownership that the main residence and associ- ated shed were probably constructed (ca. In the property passed to Angus Cannon, a son of George Q. Cannon and in to Mabel H. Cannon.

It was during this latter transaction that a note was made in the Warranty Deed that the home on the property was fenced and occupied by William Archibald. It is presumed that Archibald may have taken the property from Angus Cannon George Q. Cannon Association Residence HABS No. UT-127 (page 10) in lieu of debts which Cannon apparently owed to him. 24 In the resi- dence property which, by had been reduced to a ten acre parcel, passed out of the Cannon family to William Archibald and onto others in later years. The structures built on the Cannon Association property consist of a one and a half story late Victorian pyramid cottage and two wooden frame outbuildings. 25 The cottage appears to have been built ca. during a time when agricultural commercialism was on the rise.

Whether this particular parcel of land and its associated structures were closely tied into the sheep and cattle ranching indus- try in the area is not known, but it is likely that the property may have served, at least to some extent, as one of several parcels of land where animals were grazed and kept. It is not known if crops were ever raised here. In any case, it is likely that this parcel alone was not depended upon for stock raising since the Snyder, Cannon and Archibald families all owned numerous other nearby par- cels of land which could have been (and likely were) combined for ranching purposes. Who built the house and associated outbuildings on the property is not known.

The house and shed were probably built about during the Cannon As~ia tion ownership, but the particular builder cannot be identified. The house was built in the Victorian style of the era. Wealthy miners and ranchers throughout the West often built Victorian homes to reflect an owner's new found status and wealth. While the Cannon Association residence reflects late Victorian influence it also shows some elements of vernacular form, especially in the window and door sizing. The cottage is well constructed and exhibits a truncat- ed hipped roof with projecting dormers. The original fenestration is intact. 26 George Q. Cannon Association Residence HABS No. UT-127 (page 11) Ranching was a mainstay in the Snyderville area.

As a a result, this industry prospered and so did commercial ventures such as the Pace-Archibald store locat- ed adjacent to the residence near the highway. The history of the Pace- Archibald Store is not well-known. The few sources which note its former presence in Snyderville are quite vague about its origins and even its function. According to Peterson and Pearson: " ... the store... [in Snyderville] was run by Pace and Archibald. "27 Archibald, no doubt, refers to the William Archibald family, a prominent group who were early settlers and farmers in the area. Pace could refer to the George Milton Pace family who homesteaded on Silver Creek (about five miles northeast of the store) in an~ operated a stock ranch.

28 They, along with several other families, apparently established and operated Atkinson Station, a restaurant/freight wagon stop, on the road from Coalville and Echo to Park City. 29 How the Pace-Archibald Store was operat- ed, how ownership was divided, what was sold and when it operated is not clear. It is not shown on the map compiled by the Office of the State Engineer and so it is presumed that it ceased operation at some point prior to that time. 30 In the absence of better information, temporal interpretation of architectural stylistic detail will have to suffice to suggest a possible date of construction.

As discussed in the architectural description of the structure, a date of would be most likely, though it may have been built as long ago as the or Following the initial late nineteenth to early twentieth century construction of the Cannon Association residence, economic conditions in the area deteriorated. The stagnant economic conditions were a direct result of the decline in mining activity at Park City. Possibly as a result of this decline, there were very few George Q. Cannon Association Residence HABS No. UT-127 (page 12) structural alterations made to the building following the initial construction period except, perhaps, the rear addition which may have been added in the first decade of this century.

The residence contains construction elements similar to those of the wealthier or higher economic status households in Park City. 31 This may suggest that the builder, if a rural merchant, sought to emulate his urban counterparts. 32 It may also be that he was an affluent urban dweller who transplanted to this area. It may be assumed that the owners of the Cannon Association property profited from ranching activities in and around the Snyderville area. They continued to purchase and trade other properties and built a residence reflecting considerable affluence for the time period. Of course, it is difficult to say that money made in local ranching was responsible, or even contributed to their ability to build such a structure.

Their money had already been made in other ventures outside of the Snyderville community. Regardless, the building of the residence coin- cided with tum-of-the-century homesteading and , to a lesser degree, the mining activity at Park City. George Q. Cannon Association Residence HABS No. UT-127 (page 13) Chain of title for the George Q. Cannon ~ation Residence and the Pace-Archibald store.33 DATE GRANTOR GRANTEE INSTRUMENT BOOK/PAGE United States Ephraim Snyder Patent Patents Ephraim Snyder George G. Snyder Warr Deed Miscellaneous Records George G. Snyder Caroline K. Snyder Warr Deed Warr Deeds Estate of Rilla Snyder, Decree of Miscellaneous Caroline K. Snyder et al. Distribution Records Rilla Snyder, et al. George Q. Cannon Warr Deed Warr Deeds E-580 George Q. Cannon George Q.

Cannon Warr Deed Warr Deeds E-631 Association George Q. Cannon Angus J. Cannon Warr Deed Warr Deeds Association Angus J. Cannon and Mabel H. Cannon Warr Deed Warr Deeds Miriam L. Preston J. and Mabel H. Cannon William Archibald Warr Deed Warr Deeds William Archibald and Andrew Voigt Warr Deed Warr Deeds Catherine Andrew Voigt Lloyd B. Brown and wife Lloyd B. Brown Clarence W. McCullough and wife and wife George Q. Cannon Association Residence HABS No. UT-127 (page 14) .. I / ~ N N I a: (/j .. - ,/ LEGEND I ~ Survey area /~ 0 lww - 50' --- If Jt ... Historic trash scatter Corrals/fence line George Q. Cannon Association Residence HABS No. UT-127 (page 15) -- o....... llOrlol Dlmeftaioaa All. Car.-C.P. }"Ir. _ _ Walla._ Cl. _ _ - of BuiWins I I JI ~ - "" .,A ' -1 t I.

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J l I j I I_.: GMrai.: -Chu t 2~~ < "' I 1''1oor~~"ll"' -."'$.!.-~--Roof Doon laf. "' {::"..'.;~::C-:za:-teo""A"' ~"' ;.:;;::.:~..;Vc::al::.: ~ A _.,l_o___ Coot 7C 3 ~- ,.,.BAM eo.12. " Total_ AppAiood (i)__;::m:.._.L.-----16..Z. . , ( j 'i,7 JU:, g 7 Appraiood (j) _ _ _ _ 11 _ _ 81 Front and back of Summit County tax appraisal card for George Q. Cannon Association property at North Highway Snyderville, Utah. 35 George Q. Cannon Association Residence HABS No. UT-127 (page 16) ID. ENDNOTFS 1. Superintendent of Documents, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to A Statistical Abstract Supplement, p. 13. 2. Ibid. 3. Charles S. Peterson, Utah, A History, p. 38. 4. Charles S.

Peterson, Imprint of Agricultural Systems of the Utah Landscape, In: The Monnon Role in the Settlement of the p. 95. 5. Charles S. Peterson, Utah, A History, p. 38. 6. Ibid.' pp. 7. Ibid. 8. Charles S. Peterson, Utah A History, p. 9. Ibid. 10. Leonard I. Arrington, The Commercialization of Utah's Economy: Trends and Developments from Statehood to In: A Dependent Commonwealth: Utah's Economy from Statehood to the Great Depression, p. 16. 11. Marie Nelson, Mountain Memories: A Book of Remembrance, p. 12. David M. Carroll, Results of the Historical Research: Documented Cultural Resources, In: Historical Archaeology at Parley's Park, Utah: The Testing Program, p. 28. 13. Ibid., p. 27. 14. Charles S.

Peterson, Imprint of Agricultural Systems on the Utah Landscape, In: The Monnon Role in the Settlement of the pp. 15. David M. Carroll, Results of the Historical Research: Documented Cultural Resources, p. 29. 16. Ibid. 17. Marie Nelson, Mountain Memories: A Book of Remembrance, p. 18. Douglas S. Beckstead, Snyderville Property Acquisitions and Transferences, In: The Snyderville Historic Townsite: Testing and Archival Research, p. 21. 19. Daughters of Utah Pioneers, Tales of a Triumphant People, p. George Q. Cannon Association Residence HABS No. UT-127 (page 17) 20. Douglas S. Beckstead, Snyderville Property Acquisitions and Transferences, p. 21. 21. Ibid., p. 25. 22. George Q. Cannon was a prominent Mormon polygamist and counselor to three successive LDS Church presidents. 23. Douglas S.

Beckstead, Snyderville Prope!!Y Acquisitions and Transferences, p. 61 and David M. Carroll, Results of the Historical Research: Documented Cultural Resources, p. 38. In early Cannon was in poor health, so on March 13 he left Utah to conva- lesce in Monterey, California for a period of time. He died there on April 12, (Andrew Jenson, Latter-Day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia, Vol. I, p. 24. David M. Carroll, Results of the Historical Research: Documented Cultural Resources, p. 39. 25. Ibid., p. 37. 26. J. Stephen Alexandrowicz, Historical Archaeology at l'a.rley's l'a.rk, Utah: The Testing Program, p. 27. Marie Ross Peterson and Mary M. Pearson, Echoes of Yesterday, Summit County Centennial History, p. 28. Marie Nelson, Mountain Memories: A Book of Remembrance, p. 29.

Marie Ross Peterson and Mary M. Pearson, Echoes of Yesterday, Summit County Centennial History, p. 30. Office of the State Engineer, State Engineer's Determination of Water Rights on the Weber River, map on file. 31. J. Stephen Alexandrowicz, Historical Archaeology at l'a.rley's l'a.rk, Utah: The Testing Program, p. 32. Ibid. 33. David M. Carroll, Results of the Historical Research: Documented Cultural Resources, p. 38. 34. Don D. Southworth and Teri Christensen, Additional Historic and Archaeologi- cal Investigations of Snyderville, Summit County, Utah, p. 10. 35. Douglas S. Beckstead, Snyderville Property Acquisitions and Transferences, pp. George Q. Cannon Association Residence HABS No. UT-127 (page 18) IV. BIBLIOGRAPHY A. BOOKS AND PUBLISHED

Sources

Alexandrowicz, J. Stephen. Historical Archaeology at Parley's Park, Utah: The 'Jesting Program. Salt Lake City: P-m Associates, Inc., Arrington, Leonard J. The Commercialization of Utah's Economy: Trends and Developments from Statehood to In: A Dependent Commonwealth: Utah's Economy from Statehood to the Great Depression, edited by Dean May, pp. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, Beckstead, Douglas S. Snyderville Property Acquisitions and Transferences. In: The Snyderville Historic Townsite: 'Jesting and Archival Research, com- piled by Betsy L. Tipps and Douglas S. Beckstead, pp. Salt Lake City: P-m Associates, Inc., Carroll, David M. Results of the Historical Research: Documented Cultural Resources. In: Historical Archaeology at Parley's Park, Utah: The Testing Program, pp.

Salt Lake City: P-Ill Associates, Inc., Daughters of Utah Pioneers. Tales of a Triumphant People, A History of Salt Lake County, Utah, Salt Lake City: Daughters of the Utah Pio- neers, Jenson, Andrew. Latter-Day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia, Vol. I. Salt Lake City: Andrew Jenson History Company, Nelson, Marie. Mountain Memories: A Book of Remembrance, Kamas, Utah: Kamas Utah Stake, Peterson, Charles S. Imprint of Agricultural Systems of the Utah Landscape. In: The Mormon Role in the Settlement of the pp. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, Peterson, Charles S. Utah, A History. New York: North Press, Peterson, Marie Ross and Mary M. Pearson. Echoes of Yesterday, Summit County Centennial History. Summit County, Utah: Daughters of Utah Pio- neers, Southworth, Don and Teri H.

Christensen. Additional Historic and Archaeolog- ical Investigations of Snyderville, Summit County, Utah. Brigham Young University Museum of Peoples and Cultures Technical Series No. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University, George Q. Cannon Association Residence HABS No. UT-127 (page 19) B. DOCUMENTS Summit County Book of Abstracts TlS R4E Section 31. Summit County Clerks Office, Book B, Coalville, Utah. Summit County Book of Abstracts TlS R4E Section 31. Summit County Clerks Office, Miscellaneous Records, Book B, Coalville, Utah. Summit County Book of Abstracts TlS R4E Section 31. Summit County Clerks Office, Warranty Deeds, Book 0, Coalville, Utah. Superintendent of Documents. Historical Statistics of the United States, Coloni- al Times to A Statistical Abstract Supplement. Washington U.S.

Government Printing Office. Office of the State Engineer. State Engineer's Determination of Water Rights on the Weber River. Map on file, Water Rights Division, Department of Natural Resources, Salt Lake City, Utah.