Horicon City (part 2 of 4)

Upon the ruins of the Republican, Sentinel, the Western World, etc., was founded, by M. Cullaton, April 18, 1856, the Dodge Qounty Citizen, in the interest of the Republican party. It was the intention of the proprietor to run a job office only, but the persuasion of friends turned him from his original course, and he issued a seven-column paper, meeting with immediate success. In the fall of 1856, the Daily Citizen, a five-column quarto, made its appearance as a campaign sheet, and, after lending its little mite toward the futile attempt to defeat James Buchanan for the Presidency, turned up its little toes and died. In May, 1857, Mr. Cullaton added to his stock of material that formerly used in the publication of the Democratic Post, and then enlarged the Citizen to an eight-column paper. By this consolidation, a large surplus of material was on the hands of the proprietor, and a portion of it was disposed of to J. H. Brinkenhorff, who started the Waupun Times, and still another portion to John A. Farrell, who removed it to Waupaca. About a year after the Citizen was enlarged, it was reduced to seven columns again, and, in the fall and winter of 1857-58, a morning daily was issued. In November, 1858, the Citizen office was purchased by G. H. Wells, who conducted the paper till the spring of 1861. Its publication then ceased till October 8, 1862, when it was revived by Shaw & Hughes, who issued three numbers. It then went into the hands of Reid & Hughes, who published it together until October 22, 1868, Mr. Reid retiring. A year later (October 14, 1869), S. B. Allen purchased a half-interest. In 1872, the Citizen again became an eight-column paper, its present size. Mr. Hughes purchased Mr. Allen's interest October 5, 1876, and to the present time has remained the sole proprietor and editor. The Citizen is an excellent local paper; uncompromisingly Republican; the earnest champion of all the righteous measures of its party. Mr. Cullaton, its founder, is one of the publishers of the Richmond (Ind.) Palladium. Hiram A. Reid, who was for si.x years the senior editor of the Citizen, has taken the lecture field. His home is Des Moines, Iowa.

The Beaver Dam Democrat was the next journalistic venture following the establishment of the Citizen. The first number was issued in November, 1858, by Carr Huntington. Its politics were Democratic, of the Breckenridge stamp, but when, in 1860, its candidate received but forty votes in Dodge County, the editor concluded that Douglas Democracy was good enough for him. In June, 1861, the Democrat office was destroyed by fire, but the publication of the jiaper was not interrupted. Soon afterward, the name was changed to the Whig of Seventy-Six, and, January 17, 1863, another visitation of the fire-fiend caused the suspension of the ill-starred journal in Beaver Dam. In March of the same year, Mr. Huntington, having obtained new material, located the Whig of Seventy-Six at Juneau.

September 5, 1860, a Democratic paper, called the Dodge County JE.veelsior, made its appearance, with John A. Farrell as editor and proprietor. It was a six-column quarto, and was published about six months.

In the Beaver Dam Argus, the Democratic party of Dodge County have an able representative, and the people generally a good newspaper. The Argus was first published in Beaver D^m by B. W. Curtis, December 7, 1860. The material from which it was printed was formerly used in the publication of the Horicon Argus and the Dodge County Excelsior. J. C. Bruner was its first editor. In February, 1863, Mr. Curtis disposed of the property to B. F. Sherman and D. C. Gowdey, who, for the past seventeen years, have guided its course and shaped its policy. The Argus occupies the very important position of official organ of both its party and the county. Its editors have been frequently called to fill offices of responsibility, Mr. Gowdey has represented his district in the State Legislature, and, at the date of the publication of this work, his partner, Mr. Sherman, is at Madison in the capacity of an Assemblyman, having been elected to that office at the last State election by a majority of about 500. The Argus was originall}' a seven-column paper, but has been enlarged to an eight-column.

The Dodge County Gazette was the first paper published in Juneau. The initial number bears date of June 16, 1852, Robert B. Wentworth, editor and proprietor. In politics, the G-azette was decidedly Whiggish. The last number was issued September 23, 1853, the material being purchased by Charles Billinghurst, who, within the ne.xt fortnight, ushered into the journalistic world the first number of a new paper called the Burr Oak, with Democratic proclivities. In May, 185-1, when the Missouri compromise Bill was repealed, Mr. Billinghurst left the Democratic party and espoused the Republican cause. The defeat of Gen. Scott in the Presidential race, and the subsequent birth at Ripon, Wis., of the now powerful Republican party, made the Burr Oak, while edited by Mr. Billinghurst, a popular journal. But on account of the absence of its editor (who was elected to Congress in November, 1854), the paper suspended publication, and the material was purchased by Edwin 0. Wentworth, who removed it to West Bend, and started the Washington Oounty Organ. R. B. Wentworth went to Portage City, where he established the Wisconsin State Register.

In March, 1863, Carr Huntington came from Beaver Dam to Juneau with the remains of the Whig of Seventy-Six, and continued its publication until September 15 of the same year, when he removed to Blue Earth City, Minn., taking with him his unappreciated or, at least, unprofitable journalistic enterprise.

The Dodge County Democrat was the next newspaper venture at the county seat. It was established in 1869, by E. B. Bolens, its name indicating its politics, and published by him until September, 1874, when Frank Lowth purchased the property and occupied the editorial tripod until February, 1879. About this time, C. A. Pettibone, editor and proprietor of the Mayville Telephone, purchased the Democrat office and good will, and, removing the Telephone to Juneau, consolidated the two papers, and continues the issue of the latter with commendable regularity. " The amalgam works to a charm, and to-day the quandam proprietor issues his weekly dictum to twelve hundred anxious and expectant patrons." The Telephone is a fivecolumn folio. Democratic in politics, and is surrounded by everything, including a good head of brains, to nurture its youth and make it one of the best newspaper properties in the county of Dodge.

There is a conflict of opinion in regard to the newspaper history of Fox Lake. Mr. Hotchkiss, editor of the Representative, in his centennial sketch of that village, says : " The first paper was the Journal, published by Norton & George, in 1855 ; the next was the Times, by Corbett & Golliday ; the Gazette, by Swallow & Fitch ; the Record, by George & Stevens ; then the Representative. So far as we can learn, none of these gentlemen retired from their labors to ease and affluence, and the indications are that the present proprietors are not likely to prove an exception. Nevertheless, they have faith in Fox Lake, and came here designing to stay."

Mr. Thomas Hughes, to whom we are indebted for most of the facts contained in this article, in his " History of the Newspaper Enterprises of Dodge County," asserts that the Fox Lake Times was started in December, 1854, by H. C. George & Co., a Mr. Norton being associated with Mr. George. The Times, he says, was a seven-column quarto, neutral in politics. Messrs. George & Norton published it till the spring of 1855, when J. R. Swallow became their successor, chano;in£r its name to the Fox Lake Journal. Either Charles Corbett or Mr. Galloway took it off his hands, and published it till the fall of 1857, when J. V. Fitch secured an interest in it, and changed its name to the Fox Lake Gazette, Republican in politics. Mr. Fitch presided over the destinies of the Gazette until its suspension in 18C5. Stevens & George then purchased the effects, and on the 14th of May, 1865, issued the Fox Lake Record, a seven-column paper, with party shackles. Mr. Stevens retired in March, 1866, and in August of the same year, the Record "climbed the golden stair." A few weeks before it suspended publication, it was reduced in size, and, at the same time, espoused the cause of the Democratic party.

The absence of files, and the inability of old residents to remember dates, names and other circumstances connected with the early history of the Fox Lake press, makes pardonable the lack of accurate knowledge in this regard. The Representative, still in existence, may be said to have been founded upon the ruins of the Record. It was established in September, 1866, by John Hotchkiss, and was enlarged from a six to a seven column quarto the first year of its existence. In 1875, II. L. Stafford purchased an interest, and retained it until April, 1879, when the management became and has remained to the present time Ilotchkiss & Son. The RejJresentative is a stanch Republican paper, and is in every way deserving of the patronage and respect due the local newspaper from an intelligent community.

Fn August, 1854, William E. Croft purchased and took to Horicon the material formerly used in the publication of the Ozaukee Oounfi/ Times, and in September following issued the first number of the Horicon Arqus, with W. II. Butterfield as editor. It was a seven-column weekly. Democratic in politics. Mr. Croft conducted the Argus until April 3, 1857, when M. M. Pomeroy purchased it, and for the next year and a half attempted to make his strange Democracy understood, failing in which, he turned his attention to the work of belittling the prospective advantages of neighboring villages and cities. Following is a specimen : Concerning Beaver Dam, he said, " Three beavers built a dam there ; a horse came along and drank all the water, since which time the inhabitants have been running the mills with a syringe." The Beaver Dam journals naturally resented this vile imputation, and, in doing so, twitted "Brick" of the small population of Hoi-icon ; whereupon the Greenback Achilles replied in his next number, "We have 3,000 inhabitants and 12,000 rakes." The rake-factory being destroyed by fire soon afterward, Pomeroy 's population was sadly diminished. The Argus was purchased by B. W. (Jurtis December 17, 1858, and removed to Beaver Dam. "Brick" Pomeroy is established at La Crosse, and so are his Democrat and Greenback party.

The Horicon Gazette, a Republican paper, was established in Horicon in 1861, by Henry W. and Alta C. Phelps. It continued, however, only about three months, when the office was removed to Berlin, Green Lake County, and merged with the Grreen Lake iSpectator.

The Dodge County Pioneer was established at Mayville in March, 1876, by Heni-y Spiering, who, for two and a half years, continued its publication, retiring in favor of B. R. Bogisch, the present editor and proprietor. The Pioneer is printed in the German language, and is uncompromisingly L^emocratic. It is an eight-column folio, subscription price $2 per annum, with a circulation of 1,300 copies, among an intelligent and appreciative class of citizens.

The Mayville Telephone was started by Capt. Charles A. Pettibone and John A.Barney, in July, 1877. It was a six-column quarto, " Democratic in politics, lightning in locals, and as good as an old maid for gossip." The Teleplwne was designed to fill a long-felt want, and answered the purpose so well that within the first year the names of 1,000 subscribers graced the subscription-book. The management remained in the same hands until February, 187!:', when Capt. Pettibone purchased Mr. Barney's interest in the paper, and also the interest of Frank Lowth in the Dodge Countij Democrat, and consolidated the two at Juneau. The name Telephone is suggestive of the little electric instrument over which there was such a furor about the time of Messrs. Pettibone & Barney's newspaper venture.

The first printing material ever brought to Waupun was that on which the Whig had been printed in the village of Fond du Lac, and was oought by Eli Hooker in die winter of 1847-48. Immediately afterward, George Howe came from Angelica, N. Y., with the old Ramage press, on which the first edition of Morgan's ''E.xposition of Masonry" was printed, and Mr. Hooker entered into partnership with him in the job-printing business. This old press, made of wood, and on which two impressions with a screw were required to print one side of a sheet, was soon after sold to a man in Calumet County, and Mr. Hooker (Mr. Howe having returned to New York) purchased material for another job office, with which he continued in business for several years, with Edward Beeson, of Fond du Lac. Eli Hooker, who still resides in Waupun, is the oldest editor in Fond du Lac County.

The Waupun Timen, the oldest paper in Waupun, now in its twenty-third year, is an eightcolumn folio. The first number was issued September 14, 1857, by J. H. Brinkerhoff (the present Postmaster of the city), editor and proprietor. It was a seven-column folio, and a neatlooking, spicy sheet. The merchants of the place gave him a liberal advertising patronage, and the Times started with a good list of subscribers, many of whom have stuck by it during the nearly twenty-three years it has been published. In his first editorial, Mr. Brinkerhoff

We have been induced to commence the publication of the Times, not because we thought it would pay - make us " rich" - but from the conviction that the interests of Waupun demand a paper ; that there is sufficient enterprise among the inhabitants to sustain one, and that we might be our own master; only hoping that such encouragement, in the way of patronage, might be extended us as shall enable the Times and us to live. Coming among you as we do - relying solely upon our own efforts, and under obligations to no party or man - we shall follow our own inclination in all matters, claim the right to do pretty much as we please and that which we consider most beneficial to the community at large, and shall be independent in everything and of everybody.

We do not claim neutrality in politics or anything else, but we do not intend to enter the political arena further than to acquaint our readers with the prospects and doings of the respective parties. We here assert, however, that, with the exception of an absolute hostility to those principles which would deprive the foreign-born of the right of suffrage, we are unbiased in our political views - havQ a greater regard for principle and right than for party. The interests of Waupun and " circumjacent vicinage" shall receive our especial attention, and it shall be our endeavor to foster and build up every interest Identified with its growth and prosperity. Particular regard wi'l be paid home matters, and, after we get the "hang of the barn," we intend that in local news the Times shall excel.

The promises of its founders the Titnes has fulfilled and is fulfilling. It is no longer independent in politics. When the flag of our country was threatened by traitors in 1861, the independent flag was pulled down, and the star-spangled banner placed in its stead at the top of the columns ; and, ever since, the Times has been firm in its allegiance to the principles of the Republican party.

In the first number of the Times appear the business cards of many who are still in Waupun. E. Hooker advertises that he will attend to all kinds of legal business; D. W. Moore prescribed medicines then as now ; H. L. Butterfield not only administered physics, but sold drugs ; R. W. Wells dealt in drugs, books, paints, oils, etc.; Thomas Stoddart was in the same line of business, and was Postmaster as well ; Rank & Manz and John Howard were merchant tailors ; John Taylor and S. Rebbles were among those who kept groceries and dry goods ; B. B. Baldwin had a sash, door, blind and turning establishment ; M. J. Althouse made pumps and drilled wells: John McFarland shod the horses; the Exchange was the hotel of the village ; William Morgan did all the barbering; E. Hillyer was Secretary of the Dodge County Mutual Insurance Company ; L. B. Balcoin was in the forwarding and commission business : T. Carpenter made and sold harness ; Phelps Moore kept the Empire Livery Stable ; there were advertised two banks, the Waupun Bank and the Corn Exchange Bank.

Among the contributors to the first number of the Times was George E. Jennings, who still occasionally furnishes articles that are as graceful in thought and diction as then ; W. H. T aylor indulged then as he now sometimes does in a paper on " Waupun, its past, present and future;'' for nearly eight years, Mr. Brinkerhoff furnished mental pabulum for the readers of the Times, when he sold the office and business to Rev. D. A. Wagner. He became involved in a bitter church quarrel, and made the Times his personal organ. In 1866, a year after he bought the office, he sold it again to Messrs. Eli & Jesse Hooker ; in about three months, Eli Hooker bought out his partner, and for a year conducted the Times very successfully ; he made it pay, but having an extensive law business requiring his attention, he sold out in about a year, Mr. J. R. Decker, his foreman, being the purchaser. He took possession October 1, 1867, and did not allow the business to suffer under his labors.

On October 1, 1868, the present editor and proprietor, Philip M. Pryor, then a young man not out of his teens, took possession, Mr. Decker going to Columbus, Wis. With no capital but energy and a determination to succeed, Mr. Pryor has, for more than ele\'en years, been continually making improvements in the office, and doing all in his power to increase the influence and standing of his paper. He makes it a rule never, under any circumstances, to allow his paper to become the medium for any one to vent personal spite, believing it to be unjournalistic ; never to permit any ungentlemanly language or personal attacks to appear in its columns, or to allow anything of a local interest to pass unnoticed. The present flourishing condition of the Times is the result.

Sometime in 1859, William Euen began the publication of a paper called the Item. His office was in the South Ward, or Dodge County side of the village, and the paper, which was a five-column folio, appeared monthly. Mr. Euen was a polit'cian, a manufacturer of Euen's Strengthening Plasters, and a humorous fellow, and his paper was given somewhat to fun. He continued it about one year as a monthly, and then turned it into a weekly, which was continued with varying fortunes, until the beginning of 1861, when it was suspended and never revived.

In 1859, Dr. A. C. Van Altena brought De Ware Burger from Sheboygan County to Waupun, when it was published in the Holland language until the latter part of 1860, by S. H. Salverda, Dr. Van Altena's son-in-law. It was discontinued for want of patronage, there being but few Hollanders in the county to subscribe for it, and only one or two merchants or business men in the vicinity to furnish advertising patronage.

During the latter part of 1860, a small newspaper called the Little Badger was started in Waupun by S. II. Salverda, which was printed in both the English and Holland languages. It lived a precarious life of a few months and died for the want of patronage, its editor and proprietor afterward moving to Milwaukee.

On Tuesday, August 28, 1866, Joseph W. Oliver and Martin C. Short, under the firm name of Oliver & Short, began the publication of the Prison City Leader, an eight-column folio. Republican in politics. The material on which the paper was printed was moved from Dartford, Green Lake County, where the same firm published the Green Lake Spectator. The first few issues of the Leader were with "patent inside," after which the entire paper was printed at home. The first number contained nearly eleven columns of home advertisements and about three columns of "foreign ads." The paper started out with a good list of subscribers, and grew at once into popular favor on account of its devotion to local matters and decent tone in treating of all matters. An old " Washington " hand press and a very limited amount of other material constituted the Leader office at the beginning. In 1868, the paper was changed to a five-column quarto, but the experiment proving unsatisfactory, the folio form was again resumed, and the name changed from the Prison City Leader to the Waupun Leader, which title it has since borne. On the 6th of October, 1871, Martin C. Short, who is now editor and publisher of the Brandon Times, sold his half-interest to R. H. Oliver, and the paper has since been edited and published by Oliver Brothers. J. W. Oliver learned his trade in the old Markesan Journal office before the rebellion, in which he took an active part as a member of the Thirtysecond Wisconsin Volunteers, and R. H. Oliver passed his apprenticeship in the Leader office with Oliver & Short. The Leader proprietors were the second in bringing steam presses into Fond du Lac County, and they now have one of the neatest and best-equipped country offices to be found anywhere, with a large amount of material and three large presses of the best makes.

In February, 1879, the paper was changed to a six-column quarto, and is a handsome, thrifty sheet in make-up and general appearance, and of the utmost cleanliness and respectability in matter. It was begun on the Dodge County side of Waupun, in Amadon's (now Seely's) Block, and was moved to the Fond du Lac County side, into Rank's Block, in 1869, and in August, 1877, to its present quarters in the old female prison building on Prison street near Main. Connected with the ofiice is a lathe for repairing, iron turning and general work, the first successfully used in Wisconsin, and made entirely by J. W. Oliver; a stereotyping machine for jobs, advertisements and other work; a force-pump with 100 feet of hose for fire purposes, and a telephone, made by J. W. Oliver, extends from the oflBce to his house, several blocks away. There is no other printing office in the vicinity, if, indeed, in the State, with all these appliances, and all in such perfect and effective working order. It is a model country printing and publishing office.

The history of the two great railway lines that pass through Dodge County, will be found on pages 178 to 178, inclusive, of this work. Portions of three divisions of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad traverse the territory of the county to the extent of about seventy miles, touching the principal points. An unimportant branch of the Chicago & North- Western Railway passes through the county, on an almost direct north and south line, and that portion lying in the county is therefore something like thirty-one miles in length.

The Fond du Lac, Amboy & Peoria Railroad, however, the southern terminus of which is in Dodge County, is of special local interest. Scarcely a railway in Wisconsin has so much history as this, a narrow-gauge railway, extending from Fond du Lac. through the towns of Fond du Lac and Byron, in Fond du Lac County, to Iron Ridge, in Dodge County, a distance of 28 miles, but only a portion of it can properly be written. Alonzo Kinyon, a prominent citizen of Lee County, 111., who originated the Chicago & Rock River Railroad, and was its President, conceived the plan of connecting the iron, copper, lumber and manufacturing regions of Wisconsin with the corn and coal regions of Illinois, by a more direct route than any then in existence. He was one of the earliest advocates of the convenience and economy of the narrow-gauge system of railways, and decided to connect, if possible, the two sections of country mentioned by a narrow-gauge railway. Accordingly, on the 30th of May, 1874, at Amboy, 111., the Articles of Association of the Fond du Lac, Amboy & Peoria Railway Company were signed by Alonzo Kinyon, of Amboy, and Egbert Shaw, of Lee Center, 111., and W. P. Wolf, of Tipton, Iowa, T. H. Mink and B. A. Mink, of Clarence, Iowa. Soon after, these Articles of Association were recorded in the office of the Secretary of State of Illinois, and in Lee, Bureau, Peoria, Marshal and Ogle Counties of that State.

In December of the same year, the same parties organized under the laws of Wisconsin, for the purpose of building and operating a narrow-gauge railway from Fond du Lac to the line between Illinois and Wisconsin, and connecting with the line projected in the former State. The Wisconsin Division was to extend through the counties of Fond du Lac, Dodge, Jefferson, Waukesha, Milwaukee and Walworth or Rock Counties ; and on December 26, 1874, Gov. William R. Taylor issued the necessary patent. Alonzo Kinyon was chosen President of the Illinois, and W. P. Wolf, President of the Wisconsin Division.

The consti'uction of the road was to begin at Fond du Lac, but at the same time, right of way and the lease of several thousand acres of coal-fields were obtained in Marshall, Bureau, and Peoria Counties, 111. After the preliminary survey had been made, it was found the laws of Wisconsin did not provide for the consolidation of corporations or associations existing in different States. Mr. Kinyon thereupon proceeded to Madison, with a bill obviating this, which the Legislature promptly passed. The towns along the proposed line took active steps to give aid, but the city of Fond du Lac was unable to furnish further railway aid on account of the law limiting municipal indebtedness. The Legislature, therefore, passed a bill allowing municipalities to extend aid to railroads by guaranteeing the interest on the bonds of the roiiil to be aided. The passage of the necessary bills to aid in the construction of this road was secured by Senators W. H. Hiner, of Fond du Lac, and J. A. Barney, of Dodge County.

Tiie consolidation of the two companies was effected March 22, 1875, by the choice of . Alonzo Kinyon, President ; the Board of Directors being W. P. Wolf, Egbert Shaw, T. H. Mink, B. A. Mink, Joseph T. Kinyon and Clark Sprague. The various towns in Dodge County voted aid in town bonds, and gave, also, the grade of the old May ville & Iron Ridge Railroad, while the city of Fond du Lac guaranteed the payment of interest for ten years on $2UU,(H)0 of the first-mortgage bonds of the Company, $.30,000 of which were to be appropriated for the erection of railroad-shops in that city. In June, 1875, Mr. Kinyon was authori.zed to locate the line of the road, and John S. McDonald, of Fond du Lac ; I. M. Bean, of Milwaukee, and Samuel A. White, of Whitewater, were chosen trustees of the mortgage, the amount of bonds being limited to $10,000 per mile. Soon after, the Company contracted with D. E. Davenport & Co. for the construction of the road from Fond du Lac to Milwaukee, by way of Iron Ridge. Through the failure of the contractors to pay their laborers, it was discovered they were not responsible, and could not enlist capital to help them fulfill the contract. They had incurred a large amount of indebtedness, but had liquidated only $365 of it. The Company, therefore, canceled their contract and paid the laborers. W. P. Wolf and Alonzo Kinyon, to save what they had already advanced, raised the balance of the money needed, as suits had been commenced and a Receiver applied for. Mr. Kinyon then resigned the Presidency to take the contract of finishing the road, thinking this would best protect the interests of the Company It wa-j understood, however, that, when finished, he should be re-eiected President of the road. The contract provided that the Company should pay, for the construction and equipment of the road, $10,000 per mile, in bonds ; $3,000 per mile in stock and whatever aid could be secured. At this time, S. W. Lamoreux, of Dodge County, and George P. Knowles, of Fond du Lac, were added to the Board of Directors. W. P. Wolf was elected President, and George P. Knowles Assistant Secretary, with the custody of the books and records at the city of Fond du Lac.

II. W. Boardman and A. W. Sherman, of Massachusetts, appeared and offered to enter upon the work of constructing the road under Mr.- Kinyon's contract, which provided that the road must be finished and paid for by January 1, 1878. The disaffected stockholders transferred their stock to Messrs. Boardman & Sherman, who had already secured portions of stock from other stockholders to secure themselves for money advanced, or to be advanced in constructing the road. They, by this means, had a majority of the stock, and demanded Mr, Wolf's resignation of the Presidency. They also began to take and hold right of way and other real estate already paid for by the Company, in the name of George H. Wellman, although the contract said all real property should be taken in the name of the Company. Mr. Wellman, Messrs. Boardman & Sherman having no capital, had received the stock secured by them, and was advancing money to them to construct the road under the contract made by Mr. Kin von. Messrs. Wellman, Boardman, Sherman and the disaffected Directors being the holders of a majority of the stock, elected Mr. Boardman President. They obtained control of the books, papers and accounts of the original Company, and sued in the United States Court for what Mr. Wellman had invested, although the contract was only partially fulfilled, the road being only graded to Iron Ridge. This proceeding so far re-united the old Board of Directors that Mr. Boardman was removed as President, and Directors Boardman, Sherman and Watson displaced by E. N. Foster, M. D. Moore and Ale.xander McDonald, of Fond du Lac. S. W. Lamoreu.x, being elected Judge of Dodge County, resigned as a Director of the road, and J. A. Barney, of the same county, was chosen to fill his place, after which W, P. Wolf was again elected President of the Company.

The suit of Mr. Wellman against the Company was defended by Messrs. Wolf and Kinyon, the latter claiming $50,000 damages for the nonfulfillment of the contract to build the road to Milwaukee. In the latter part of December, 1877, Mr. Kinyon was given power by the original Board of Directors to take, hold possession of, and, as their Superintendent, operate the road from and after the date named in the contract for its completion. All the employes willingly signed contracts to work under Mr. Kinyon, and, therefore, on the 2d of January, 1878, Messrs. Wellman, Boardman and Sherman found the road had quietly but completely slipped from their grasp into the hands of the original Company. To regain possession of the road, they caused to be issued from the United States Court a writ of attachment, based on the claim of A. AV. Sherman against George H. Wellman. Under this writ the Deputy United States Marshal proceeded to levy on the road as though it were the exclusive property of Mr. Wellman. With the Deputy, there were about fifty men who had been procured in Milwaukee and elsewhere to help take forcible possession of the road and its appurtenances. On the arrival of the narrow-gauge train at the junction of tlie C, M. & St. P. Railway, the Deputy and his posse put in an appearance. The crowd was stationed between Mr. Kinyon and his train, who, however, signaled the train out of reach. Conductor French, thinking Mr. Kinyon in danger, hastened to Mayville, where his train was quickly loaded with citizens armed with rifles and other firearms. When the train backed down to the junction again, bristling with arms, the Deputy Marshal showed his authority, and was allowed by Mr. Kinyon to take peaceable possession. The original Company, claiming they had been wrongfully dispossessed of the road, commenced suit for ^50,000 against the United States Marshal and his Deputy, and also against Messrs. Boardman, Sherman, Watson and Stewart as the responsible parties. The latter were held in $25,000 bail. The Company also filed a cross-bill asking for a receiver, which was granted in the appointment of J. R. Brigham, of Milwaukee. While this suit was pending, in the spring of 1878, Harvey Durand, as Deputy United States Marshal, had the road and its rolling-stock in custody, and ran its trains. The road was in Mr. Brigham's possession several months before it was returned to the original Com])any.

The Company settled with Mr. Wellman for the money he had advanced to Messrs. Sherman and Boardman in the construction of the road, which he could not recover from them by law. This settlement resulted in the road passing into the possession of the Company on the 1st day of May, 1878, and cost $200,000. The terms were, that, for |110,000 of first-mortgage bonds, Mr. Wellman was to discharge the Company ef all liability to him, and agreed to pay all the indebtedness incurred while the road was in his possession. Ephraim Mariner, of Milwaukee, was Trustee of the bonds until this indebtedness was paid. The balance of $90,000 was paid in stock of the road to Alonzo Kinyon, for his interest in the contract, which was thereupon canceled.

As soon as this settlement was agreed upon, the Company, thinking the contract under which aid had been secured from the city of Fond du Lac had not been completely fulfilled, proposed to the City Council to cancel it and destroy the $200,000 of guaranteed bonds. This proposition was promptly accepted, as these bonds had been made an issue in the municipal election of 1878, resulting in the election of Orrin Hatch - who favored " burning the narrowgauge bonds " - as Mayor. The bonds were therefore burned in the furnace of Robert A. Baker's bank early in 1879, with much ado, in presence of the city officers, and quantities of the ashes were preserved in glass vessels.

Thus the road was secured to the city without the expenditure of a dollar of aid or the burden of a single bond. The Company also relinquished $-30,000 in subscriptions for bonds made by citizens of Fond du Lac, which, with the surrender of all claim to the city bonds, gained the confidence and good-will of the community.

At the annual meeting of the stockholders, m May, 1879, Alonzo Kinyon, of Fond du Lac, and W. P. Wolf, of Tipton, Iowa, who had devoted their time, energy and means to the construction of the road, were made, respectively, President and Vice President of the Company. Mr. Kinyon was also elected Superintendent, and Mr. Wolf, Secretary. George P. Knowles, of Fond du Lac, was chosen Solicitor, the balance of the Board of Directors consisting of E.

The Fond du Lac, Amboy k Peoria Railway, notwithstanding its trials and tribulations, is on a paying basis, paying its interest in advance. It is the only competing line running into the city of Fond du Lac, and affords a valuable outlet, by the way of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, for the many manufactories of the city. It will be extended north, on the east side of Lake Winnebago, and south, as originally planned, if no further complications arise and pending negotiations result favorably.

The originator of the road was Alonzo Kinyon, and, during its entire troublous existence, he has devoted an amount of physical and mental energy to secure its successful completion, that would prostrate almost any ordinary man. He is now reaping a small portion of the fruits of his labors.

Organized in 1848, as an auxiliary of the American Bible Society, by early settlers whose names, owing to the absence of records, cannot be obtained. Branches were formed and agencies established at Fox Lake, Horicon, Oak Grove, Randolph, etc., but these have long since ceased to exist. The headquarters of the Society are located in Beaver Dam. The present officers of the Society are : President, A. P. Lawrence ; Vice President, G. B. Chatfield ; Treasurer and Depositary, N. W. Goodman ; Secretary, E. C. Pratt. Executive Committee - Rev. E. S. Grumley (Chairman), S. P. K. Lewis, S. Carroll and G. B. Beebe. The sales of Bibles and Testaments amounted to $51.27 in 1879.

Educational

The establishment of free schools witnessed the dawn of an era whose records it was predestined should reveal the inception and perfection of the greatest inventions ever before known to mankind. True, many of these scientific phenomena have originated in countries whose authorities have, as yet, failed to provide facilities for the education of the masses ; but the spirit of advancement is there, nevertheless. It was decreed that the free-school age should also be the age of the steamboat, of the railroad, the telegraph and the perfect electric light ; that humanity should be elevated and man lifted by his own exertions from "the slough of despond ; " that more liberal views and broader ideas should prevail over tyranny and superstition, and that intelligence and equality should supersede ignorance and the iron rule of kings. These are but a few of the developments of the free-school age.

The United States, the youngest of nations, may be said to be the parent of the public school. The first approach to the system was the old-fashioned district school (still in existence), originating in New England over two hundred years ago. Like the " Star of Empire " and all other brilliant things invented by our Puritan forefathers, westward it wended its way, and it is not strange that we find in Wisconsin, to-day, a school system " unexcelled, if not unequaled." In point of school population, i. e., the number of children between the ages of four and twenty years. Dodge is the third county in the State.

According to the report of State Superintendent Whitford, there were, in 1877, 19,031 children of school age in Dodge County. But two other counties in the State - Milwaukee and Dane - exceeded this number. The apportionment of money for the school year ending August 31, 1878, made upon the basis of these figures, was $7,422.09, or 39 cents per pupil.

The county is divided into two districts, each of which elects a Superintendent, whose term of office extends over a period of two years. The folio .ving individuals have filled the office of Superintendent since the division of the county : First District - N. E. Goldthwaite, H. B. Phelps (by decree of Court), H. M. Parmalee, Lorenzo Merrill, L. M. Benson and John T. Flavin. Second District - Charles Allen (for several successive terms), John A. Barney and Arthur K. Delaney. Within these districts are the School Districts proper. The State

Miscellaneous Financial

Superintendent Whitford's report for 1879 not having been received, it is impossible to obtain more recent data than that contained in his report for 1878 ; but it is believed that more recent statistics will not materially change these figures. The entire absence of earlier records concerning the public schools of the county prevents us giving tabulated comparisons with the above.

Early in the fifties, a few of the citizens of Dodge County found themselves face to face with the necessity for a school affording facilities that would enable their children to obtain a higher degree of instruction than could be had under the district system. The establishment of a university was certainly the wisest course to be pursued, and, accordingly, on the 31st of January, 1855, Wayland University, to be located in the city of Beaver Dam, was incorporated by the following named individuals : Absalom Miner, H. J. Parker, R. A. Fyfe, Charles Gifford, F. Westover, J. R. Doolittle, 0. 0. Stearns, William Otis, J. H. Budd, M. D. Miller, John Childs, A. E. Green, D. D. Reed, Peter Conrad, S. Cornelius, Jr., A. Lull, P. Work, James Crawther, A. Case, S. L. Rose, W. Farrington, J. W. Robinson, N. E. Chapin, J. W. Fish, E. L. Harris, J. H. Dudley, M. B. Williams, E. D. Underwood, James Delaney, Norman Clinton and J. I. Waterbury.

Early in the spring of 1855, ground was broken for the erection of a suitable building, the corner-stone of which was laid July 4 of the same year. In the mean time, a class, consisting of four young men, was organized and instructed in the old Baptist Church by Prof. Benjamin Newell, who was the first Principal of Wayland University, and who held that position until the fall of 1857, when Profs. Haskell and A. S. Hutchins took charge and located the school in the south end of the University Building, the only part then completed. In February, 1858, Prof. C. A. Hutchins was added to the corps of instructors as Principal of the Preparatory Department.

In September, 1861, at which time the names of about eighty students were upon the roll. Prof. H. K. Trask was installed as Principal of the University. Prof. Trask is the present Principal of the South Jersey Institute, at Bridgeton, N. J. He remained in charge nearly seven years, and during his administration the by-laws of the University were amended so as to admit young ladies to the curriculum.

In 1865, Prof F. B. Palmer, now at the head of the State Normal School at Fredonia, N. Y., became associated with Prof. Trask, and, a year later, they were joined by Prof. Allen S. Hutchins.

In the fall of 1868, the institution was temporarily absorbed as an au.xiliary of the 'Chicago University, Prof. Ambrose Miner being sent by the officers of the latter as Principal, with Miss Mary E. Wadsworh as Principal of the Female Department. Tiiis regime continued until 1875, during a portion of which time Prof. E. S. Stearns, assisted by Prof. Frank Jones, was in charge. Prof. A. S. Hutchins was then called upon by the Trustees of Wayland University proper to conduct its destinies. He was assisted by Miss Delia Gilman, as Lady Principal : F.

The present staff of instructors is as follows : Principal, Prof. N. E. Wood, who took charge three years ago ; Assistant Principal, Rev. R. E. Manning ; Lady Principal, Miss S.

C. btowe ; Greek and German, Mrs. A. B. Wood ; Teacher of English Branches, Miss Emma Miller ; Music Teacher, Mrs. J. J. Coblentz. There are at present about sixty students under instruction. The roll shows the aggregate number of pupils who have attended the institution to be about fifteen hundred.

Wayland University was founded and is supported principally by members of the Baptist Church. The small tuition of $26 a year is charge<l those who avail themselves of the advantages claimed for it. The student may acquire therein a general education, fitting him for admission to any of the leading colleges in the United States. The University is delightfully situated near the center of a twenty-acre tract of ground, almost in the heart of the beautiful city of Beaver Dam. The building cost something like $30,000 nearly a quarter of a century ago, and is insured for $8,000, about one-half its present estimated value. It is within four or five minutes' walk of the famous Vita Spring - a rare combination, by the way, whose advantages will readily suggest themselves. The present officers of Wayland University are : President, C. B. Beebe ; Vice President, S. P. K. Lewis ; Secretary, Rev. J. M. Coon ; Treasurer, Rev. R. E. Manning.

This institution was chartered under the name of the Wisconsin Female College in 1855, and was opened for students in the fall of 1856. The Principal the first year was Miss H. S. Skinner. At the expiration of that time, it was decided to admit young men to the Normal department, and Mr. N. E. Goldthwaite was appointed to the Principalship, and held it for three years. The war then drew off the young men so that it seemed best to return to the original plan of a school for young ladies alone. Miss Caroline Bodge, with a corps of teachers from Rockford Seminary, was in charge of the institution until her death in 1867, when Miss Mary S. Crowell, Miss Bodge's associate, became Principal, and remained in charge until 1871. Rev. J. P. Haire and Mrs. Haire were then called to the management of the school, and remained two years. After Mr. Haire accepted a Professorship in Ripon College, Miss Marv

Henry, who had been one of the teachers, became Principal. At the end of two years, her failing health compelled her to give up all work and seek needed rest. The Trustees then decided to open the institution to both sexes, and the results have fully justified the wisdom of their course.

The buildings are solidly constructed of limestone, and are each three stories and a basement high. The main building is 100x40 feet, and Downer Hall, the gift of Hon. Jason Downer, of Milwaukee, is 65x45. The grounds occupy five acres in the center of the village of Fox Lake, and are adorned with many fine trees. There is a small endowment on the chair of Lady Principal. The interest of the Dodge fund of $5,000 is given in scholarships to young ladies who need assistance.

The present staif of teachers, etc., employed in the Seminary consists of the Rev. A. 0. Wright, Principal : Miss S. 0. Sheppard, Acting Lady Principal; Miss Martha W. Dean, Miss Lizzie S. Spencer, Miss Mary Richards, Mrs. G. J. Davis (music), Mrs. L. Newman, Matron ; Jarvis Willett, Janitor.

Founded in Beaver Dam in October, 1863, by three Sisters of Notre Dame, from Milwaukee. A good common-school education, both in English and German, can be obtained at this institution. The average attendance in winter is 200 pupils ; in summer, 150.

The number of unincorporated private schools in Dodge County, August 31, 1879, was 36 (5 in the First and 31 in the Second District); of these, 30 were denominational or parochial; teachers engaged in such schools, 37 ; average number of days such schools were taught. First District, 200 ; Second, 223 ; number of pupils registered, who had not attended district schools, First District, 75 ; Second, 1,143; average number in daily attendance. First, 35; Second, 79.

Portland is located in the extreme southwest part of the county, Town 9 north. Range 13 east, and its first settlement dates back to the fall of 1843, Alex. Campbell at that time locating his home on Section 32. He was soon afterward followed by George Powers, Cyrus Perry, D.V. Knowlton, K. P. Clark, D. Clark and others, who comprise the pioneers of the town. They experienced the same trials, endured the same hardships and suifered the same as others who came in at an eai'ly date, and who, with strong right arms and energy worthy of example, felled the forest, cultivated the soil and " made the wilderness to blossom as the rose."

The town was originally all timber land, and, when opened for settlement, the title of every acre was held by the Government; therefore, the early settlers secured their claims under the homestead act. Crawfish River traverses the town from north to south, with a branch running through Sections 27, 26 and 24. Waterloo Creek washes a portion of its southern boundary, and supplies the water-power for the mills in the village of Portland. The town has an area of 23,040 acres, the greater part of which is at present under cultivation.

In Town 10, Range 13 east, lies the town of Elba, the first settlement of which was made in 1843. Of the pioneers who, in that year or soon after, made this their home, we recall the names of Lawson Trowbridge, Miles Burnham, Morris Burnham, George Adams, Mr. Jarvis and James Webster. There is one small village in the town, that of Danville, the settlement ot which is cotemporaneous with that of the town.

The first election was held at the cabin of a Mr. Robinson, called the Ox-Bow, on account of the river presenting that appearance near his house. There were two tickets in the field for town officers, one representing the land-owners and the other the squatters, and the result of the ballot was a tie. In consequence of there being no election, the town business for that year

In naming the town, there was great diversity of opinion, and, every citizen desiring it should be called some name with which he was familiar, a town meeting was held at the farm of Mr. Thompson, to fi.K upon a name, but no agreement could be reached. Robinson was then delegated to go to Madison to consult with the Secretary of State, and the two together fi.xed upon the name of " Elba.' '

The first schoolhouse was built in the south part of the town, citizens volunteering to put up the building, which was to be of logs. It is probable that in this house the first school was held.

Rev. Miriam, a Wesleyan Methodist minister, preached the first sermon, but the first church was built by Catholics. Their building was a smaU one, moved from Lowell in 1847, and located on Section'26. A larger and better building has since been erected, and they now have a large and flourishing congregation, one of the largest in the county ; Rev. Thomas Dempsy, Pastor.

Originally, the town was all openings, with small ridges, running northeast and .southsouthwest. The first settlers were, generally, from the East. At present, the Irish predominate, though in the north part there is a large settlement of Welsh. Farmers are mostly wellto-do and own their land, there being but few renters. In 1874, they organized an insurance company, upon the mutual plan, composed of farmers of the town, with a capital stock of $500,- 000. They insure farm property only. James Webster was President for four years. The company now embraces the towns of Elba, Portland and Lowell.

The C, M. & St. P. R. R. passes through the town, and directly through the farm of Mr. Webster, one of the whole-souled and substantial men of that region.

Town 11 north, Range 3 west, is the town of Calamus. The soil is good and produces fine crops. The Welsh predominate in this town, though other nationalities are well represented. The Welsh are a quiet, hard-working and thrifty class, and have two churches - Bethel and Salem - in which the Gospel is preached in their native tongue.

The Catholics have, also, a substantial church edifice, on Section 6, built in 1866, at a cost of $700, and rebuilt in 1878, at a cost of $1,500. It is known as St. Mary's Catholic Church of Mount Pleasant. Fathers Dougherty, McGurke. Gray and Roach have, from time to time, ministered to the spiritual welfare of the members, of which there are some sixty families.

THe town has an area of 22,800 acres of land fit for cultivation, and, in 1879, it had in wheat, 4,319 acres; corn, 813; oats, 865; barley, 191; rye, 17; potatoes, 87; grasses, 828. The usual number of schoolhouses are scattered over the town, at convenient distances from the homes of the pupils.

Though, probably, not so thickly settled as some other towns, we find here a thrifty class of people, the Germans predominating, many of whom, through their own industry, have become independently rich. It lies in the western tier of Towns 12 north, Range 13 east. Its first settlers were principally from the East, the greater part from the State of New York.

Wilmert and A'incent Goldsmith, brothei's, settled here in 1842, and John Cruden, Tyler Thompson, Ralph Davis, Tiiomas Ransom, Daniel D. Ashley and others came in shortly after. At a later day, they were followed by Charles Nutting, Abiel Stark, John Converse and others.

who might also be termed pioneers, for, even at the time in which they came, the great body of bind was yet in a state of nature. Evidences yet exist of its once having been the home of the " noble red man," in the number of mounds to be seen.

As illustrating the fact that occasionally something transpired to enliven the people, we give the following account of what is generally known as the " Cruden War : " In July, 1844, a number of Winnebago Indians returned from their reservation and camped upon Beaver Lake, in the town of Westford. On the 10th day of the same month, several of them paid a visit to the cabin of John Cruden. who. without thought of the consequence, sold them a lot of whisky. The taste of the "fire-water" felt good to the Indian palate, and, after the first drink, they demanded more, which, being refused, aroused their passions and they became somewhat boisterous in their conduct.

About sunset, Mr. C. grew alarmed and began to look about for help. His first call was upon Daniel Ashley, asking him, with his hired man, to come over and protect his family from being massacred. They went, and found two Indians and one squaw at the cabin, the latter having a gallon keg, which she desired filled. Wibmert and Vincent Goldsmith were also present, witli their dogs. The Indians being ordered away, and refusing to go, the Goldsmiths, in order to frighten them, set the dogs upon them, and, before they could be called off, one of the Indians suffered considerably, his clothes being torn from his back and his flesh terribly mangled. This excited the indignation of about twenty of the Indians, who determined upon revenge. Their intentions becoming; known to Mr. Cruden. he went a second time for Mr. Ashley, and dispatched a messenger to Fox Lake for further assistance. During the intervening time, the barrel of whisky had been removed to the loft of the cabin. Ashley and his hired man returned with Mr. Cruden, and, on arriving at the cabin, instead of attempting an entrance at the front door, they crawled through a cellar-way and knocked on the floor for admittance above. Their surprise was unbounded when, instead of Mrs. Cruden, two Indian squaws peered down upon tliern. Without stopping to ask questions, the men retreated out of the cellar and hastened to join the squad of men who were just coming up from Fox Lake. Uniting their forces and choosing one of their number for a leader, they charged upon the cabin, with yells that would have been sufficient to arouse the " seven sleepers," and the Indians fled precipitately to their camp on the marsh below.

After holding a council of war, it was decided to surround the Indian camp and take them prisoners, but, on arriving there, no Indians could be seen, but they could plainly hear them making a retreat to their boats on the lake, a few rods distant. Some of the men desired to fire upon them, but their leader thought it best that it should not be done, lest the Indians should return some night and burn the house of Mr. Cruden for the purpose of revenge. But the Indians had not gone far before they opened fire upon the whites, which was returned. As no one was hurt, the Indians then began to tantalize their pursuers, when the Captain raffeed his rifle and fired upon the one that seemed to be a leader, and with effect, for he immediately fell forward into the water, but was caught by his companions and dragged back into the boat, and the redskins fled in dismay.

This is the oldest settled town in the county, and issituated in the extreme northwest part, Town 13 north. Range 13 east. Its history is probably better known to the citizens than any other. The first permanent settlement dates back to 1838 ; but it was not until 1842 that a permanent growth was perceptible, as in the spring of that year only some four or five families were then living there. Beaver Lake washes the town on the south, and Fox Lake comprises the greater part of Sections 12, 14, 15, 21, 22, 23, 24,26 and 27, the two lakes being connected by a river. Lake Emily, a small body of water, lies in the northern part of the county, on Sections 4 and .5. A hotel was once built upon its bank for the comfort of those who might visit this delightful place. The lake has no apparent outlet. The town was originally all timber-land, and the many beautiful farms which dot the country here and there had first to be cleared by the woodman's ax. We find on record, in 1879, as comprised within the limits of Fox Lake, 20,300 acres of land, valued at .?531 ,453, with the following number of acres of the various products mentioned: Wheat, 3,839; corn, 1,317; oats, 938 ; barley, 344; rye, 14 ; potatoes, 55 ; grasses, 1,497. Population, 1,800.

This town is located in the southern part of the county. Town 9 north. Range 14 east, and contains a less area of land than any in it, comprising only 13,954 acres. It was originally all timberland, and is settled almost exclusively by foreigners, the Germans and L-ish comprising ninetenths of the population. It was named in honor of Gen. Shields, the Irish statesman, who repi'esented three different States in the United States Senate, viz., Illinois, Minnesota and Missouri. Judge Mertz was among the first settlers, locating here in 1848. The village of Richwood, a small station, on the La Crosse Division of the C, M. & St. P. Railroad, is located on parts of Sections 13 and 24, and is the only post office in the town. The city of Watertown is the general trading-point for its inhabitants. The Catholic religion predominates, a church of that denomination being located at Richwood, Rev. D. Tierney, Pastor, who also has charge of the Hubbleton Church, which is attended by several families of Shields. In 1870, it had a population of 1,119. In 1879, there were grown of wheat 3,235 acres ; corn, 539 ; oats, 638; bar.ey, 456 ; rye, 33 ; potatoes, 140 ; grasses, 446. The land is assessed at good figures, showing good farms, as we find the 13,954 acres valued at $439,307, an average of $33 per acre.

As Indian stories are always appreciated, we give the following as narrated to us by one who knows : In 1850, quite a number of Indians lived in the town of Shields. They were not disposed to be particularly mischievous, except when their rights were infringed, and a friendly feelino; existed between them and the whites. The nominal chief of this tribe was the husband of a lovely squaw. The town of Shields also boasted a militia company, which had on various occasions made itself efficient in preventing outbreaks on the part of the Imlians, and that militia company had a captain, John D. Griffin, who was on the best of terms with his dusky neighbors. The chief of the tribe, in course of time, became unduly jealous of Capt. Griffin, and demonstrated his feelings, one day, by setting upon him and giving him an unmerciful beating. This was too much for the gallant Captain ; his pride, his honor (and his body) had been wounded, and, "in the name of the State of Wisconsin," he called out his company of militia to di'ive the Indians away. The jealous chief, realizing what he had done, and not knowing the extent of Capt. Griffin's injuries, but fearing that they might be such as to bring the vengeance of the whites upon his head, called his followers about him and fled. In the mean time, Capt. Griffin got his men together, bade good-bye to his family, and set out for the scene of the anticipated conflict; but when he and his company arrived near the spot, it was discovered that no Indians were there. But one solitary tepe remained to mark the spot where the gallant Griffin had been so severely and unwarrantably punished. "Let me reconnoiter," said the gallant Captain, calling a halt. Leaving the company under the command of Lieut. Richard Mertz, Capt. Griffin cautiously approached the tepe, and finally ventured to peer within. Returning to his command, he said, "Boys, please stay behind; I'll charge the enemy myself." The chief in his flight had forgotten to take his squaw with him.

This is one of the largest towns in the county, and contains fifty-four sections of land. It lies in Town 10 north. Range 14 east, and was settled at a very early day. It has within its borders two villages - Lowell and Reeseville - of which mention is made under the head of "Villages." Lowell is situated near the center of the town, and is the place where all the town business is transacted. The town is mostly woodland, and is reckoned as one of the best in the county. It has an area of 32,432 acres of land subject to cultivation, assessed, in 1879, at $960,775, an average of about $30 per acre. There were grown in 1879, of wheat, 7,165 acres ; corn, 1,816 ; oats, 1,248 ; barley, 693 ; rye, 5 ; potatoes, 132 ; grasses, 804. The town is well supplied with churches and schoolhouses, showing that the moral and intellectual welfare of the rising generation is looked after.

The history of Beaver Dam is closely allied to that of the city, and a history of the latter is a history of the former. It covers a territory embraced in three-fourths of Town 11 north, Range 14 east, and one-half of Town 12 north. Range 14 east, or a total of a town and a quarter, with a total of 22,344 acres of land, not including the city, returned to the Assessor.

Beaver Lake, in the northwest part of the town, covers some five or six sections. The northern division of the C, M. & St. P. R. R. traverses it from east to northwest, entering on Section 36 and passing out on Section 20.

The first settlement was made in 1841, Thomas Mackie being the harbinger to prepare the way for the coming of the mighty throng that should follow. All reports being true, we can truly believe the early pioneers have done their work well, making the rough places smooth ; for as we write, in the year of our Lord 1880, we find beautiful farms, costly dwellings and barns, fine orchards and every evidence of civilization, all having been done within a period of less than forty years. Aside from the city of Beaver Dam, there is no other city or village in the town. In the southern portion of the town there is a settlement known as South Beaver Dam. There are four grist-mills located in the town, outside of the city.

This town comprises one-half of Town 12 north. Range 14 east, and all of Town 13 north. Range 14 east, with a total of 34,501 acres of available land returned for assessment. There is not a village or post oifice in it, and yet it is regarded as one of the best in the county, its farmers being in good circumstances, with well-improved farms, and surrounded with every convenience at command. None of the small streams that traverse its borders are sufiiciently large to aiford water-power ; therefore all milling by the people is done elsewhere. Its small streams take but little from the amount of land fit for cultivation.

Sandy Cameron and Mr. McMillan were among the first settlers, the latter for some years being the proprietor of the "Buck Horn Tavern," a well-known public house in the day when villages were few and far between, and when the sight of a creaking sign, announcing a public house, was a welcome one to the weary traveler.

The first town election was held at the residence of Judson Prentice, a gentleman who had the honor to be the first Chairman of the Board of Supervisors in the town. Mr. Prentice, at that time, lived on the road leading to Fox Lake, about one mile from the present town house. He is now a resident of Watertown.

This town is the middle one of the southern tier, a small portion of the city of Watertown being within its boundary, and is settled in greater part by Irish, many of whom have lived here for a great number of years. Among the number who came here when few white men had yet made this beautiful county their home was Patrick Mahoney, a great admirer of the eloquent Irish patriot, Robert Emmet, and through whose influence the town took its present name.

Mr. Mahoney has passed " over the river," but has children yet living in the town, who honor his name and revere his memory. Although the Irish predominate, the Germans are not far behind, the two nationalities comprising almost the entire population. They are, for the most part, an enterprising and thrifty class, and are adding to their possessions year by year. The population of the town in 1870 was 1,375. As returned for assessment, there are 20,7.50 acres of available land, valued at $727,864, or an average of §36 per acre. The personal property of the inhabitants is assessed at $80,712. In 1879, there were of wheat. 5.190 acres; corn, 1,208; oats, 1,406; barley, 1,127; rye, 98; potatoes, 127; apple orchards, 127; grasses, 964.

Situated in Town 10 north. Range 15 east, is the town of Clyman, named in honor of Col. Clyman, a man who in personal appearance was said to have greatly resembled George Washington, the fiither of his country. Being on the old Territorial road running north from Watertown, its settlement necessarily dates back to an early day. It is exclusively a farming town, there being no villages or cities within its borders, though there is a small station, also named Clyman, on the C. & N-W. Railway, which will, in all probability, be the beginning of one. There are quite a number of fine farms here, and farmers are generally well to do. The Catholics have a fine church near the station, and a large congregation attends it ; Rev. Father Ward, Pastor. The C. & N-W. Railway passes through the town from north to south, affording the citizens a good market for their grain and otlier products. In 1870, there were 1,426 inhabitants. In 1879, we take from the Assessor's books the following returns : Wheat, 7,540 acres ; corn, 1,330 ; oats, 1,450 ; barley, 885 ; i-ye, 65 ; potatoes, 142 ; grasses, 345. Of available land, there were 22,436 acres, valued at $577,250. The personal property was listed at $101,875 - a very creditable showing.

This is one of the oldest and most important towns in the county, and is exactly in its geographical center, being Town 11 north. Range 15 east. Within its boundaries are the villages of Oak Grove, Juneau, Rolling Prairie, Minnesota Junction and a portion of Horicon, sketches of which are given elsewhere in this work. In 1840. A. H. Atwater came to the county, looking for a homestead, and located a claim, but returned home and came back in 1842. In the mean time (in the spring of 1841), Maj. Pratt located in the town and built a small log house, which was dignified with the name of tavern, and which still stands in the rear of the present hotel kept by H. C. Griffin - the only hotel now in the village of Oak Grove. For one year, Maj, Pratt was not bothered with neighbors, and was " all alone in his glory ; " but in the spring of 1842, Ethan Owen settled near by and erected his family mansion of hewn logs, which was afterward converted by him into a tavern and known as Owen's Hotel. A. H. Atwater. aa previously stated, returned in this year and built his cabin upon the quarter he yet owns. Mr. Atwater, without doubt, is now the oldest resident settler in the town. A year or two later, other parts of the town began to be settled, especially in the northeast corner, near the present village of Horicon. Among the number was John Chandler, who located, in the fall of 1844, on what is now the Birgo farm, including the site of the brick residence recently purchased by C. W. Farniiam. Chandler's nearest neighbor was James English, who lived at Burnett, and at whose place he and his son, Isaac H. Chandler (tlie latter now a resident of Horicon), boarded while cutting the logs for their house. The few settlers in Rolling Prairie were invited to attend the "raising" of the Chandler mansion, and, in going thither, got lost, and found themselves on the banks of Rock River, five miles below. Had this occurred after the " raising," it would have been a matter of less surprise ; for there is good authority for stating that Mr. Chandler was not at all niggardly, and that this especial "raising" was attended by the customary social demonstrations of such occasions. At that time, Horicon was known as Hubbard's Rapids. William Sutton also located a quarter-section, adjoining John Chandler's claim, in the same fall. Going to Canada for his family, he returned in the spring, and built thereon a rude frame house, purchasing his lumber in Beaver Dam. The first public road surveyed through the town was on the line of the old Indian trail from Watertown to Fox Lake, and is yet a great thoroughfare. The first marriage of which we have record as taking place in the town was that of Samuel P. Vinton and Caroline Owen, and the first death was that of Joseph Payne. Mr. Payne, a short time previous to his death, deeded a lot for burial purposes, and was the first to be buried therein.' His demise was followed by the death of three of the children of Morris Grout, who died of small-pox, brought into the neighborhood through the ignorance of a doctor who took from the arm of a patient suffering from that disease a quantity of virus, with which he vaccinated a number of persons, thus introducing it into their systems.

As illustrating one phase of the trials and tribulations encountered in those early days by the intrepid frontiersman. Judge Hiram Barber, one of the old pioneers of Dodge County (his residence dates back to 1844), relates an incident' in his early experience which is worth a place in these pages. The Judge was "haying" on the east side of Rock River. He had left a couple of men at work and crossed to the west side of the stream, and was seated in front of his log cabin (which stood about two miles east of the present site of Juneau), repairing a rake, when four Indians came up and offered, in exchange for whisky, a bundle of buckskins. The Judge refused to favor them, and they took their departure south, going to Watertown. On the followir|g day, they again made their appearance, being very noticeably under the influence of liquor. The largest, and, perhaps, the drunkest, of the four essayed the uninvited act of entering the cabin, but Judge Barber reached the door first and slammed it in the Indian's face, remaining on the outside to await further developments. The Indian attempted to push the Judge aside, but was himself pushed. He then tried to grapple with his pale-faced adversary, but, in so doing, received a blow upon the head from an oaken club, which felled him to the ground. Being a man of good physique, and "as tough as a pine knot," he was soon upon his feet, and, grasping a pitchfork, which lay near the spot whereon he had measured his length, he advanced upon the -Judge, wlio, being unarmed and a man of good sense, retreated backward to the rear of the cabin, the savage following him closely. The first favorable opportunity, the Judge darted beneath the upraised tines of the fork, seized and wrenched it from the hands of his pursuer, and, with a powerful blow, felled the red rascal to the earth, breaking the handle of the instrument in twain. But even this did not finish the Indian. He recovered immediately, and renewed the attack. The Judge, by this time, became convinced that nothing but powder and lead would silence him. Remembering his loaded rifle within the cabin, he started to get it, but when he reached the door, his assailant, the blood streaming from his long black hair, was close upon him. After another slight struggle with the infuriated fiend, the Judge gained the threshold and closed and bolted the door, but before he could get his gun and examine its "priming," so as to guard against a "flash in the pan," he heard a yell, and looking from a window, saw the drunken Indians, including the one he had twice knocked down, scampering in diflferent directions through the woods.

But those times are now of the past, and the red man no more troubles the people of this section. That country which was once his home is now that of his pale-faced brother, and, instead of the wigwam, we see palatial farmhouses, surrounded by all the evidences of civilization, and, in contrast, we here append statistics of Oak Grove for the year 1879 : There were 22,331 acres of cultivatable land, valued at $864,415; of wheat, were sown .5,649 acres; corn, 1,335; oats, 1,271; barley, ,908; rye, 24; potatoes, 161; apple orchards, 166; grasses, 2,371. Population in 1870, not including Juneau, 2,185.

The first settlement of this town, which is located Town 12 north. Range 15 east, dates back to 1842, a man by the names of Jewett being the pioneer. Soon after or at the same time, came James A. and Timothy Williams, who settled on what is now known as the Spring Grove farm. George Smith and others of that family came in 1843, making their homes near Burnett Corners, while Uncle McConnell built his cabin in the southeast corner of the town, near the present village of Horicon. A mail route was established early in 1846, with a post office at Burnett Corners, and Lyman Smith received the appointment of Postmaster. He has ever since retained the position, and, without doubt, has held his commission for a longer period than any other Postmaster in the State. Tlie town is principally a rich, rolling prairie land, well watered by living streams, and a soil unsurpassed in this section. Here is located the well-known Spring Grove farm, probably the finest in the State, and owned by H. B. Sherman. The farm con- «ists of nearly a section of land, and is supplied with every convenience that money can buy, and supports some of the finest stociv in the State.

At the Corners are two cliurches. Masonic Hall, store, blacksmith-shop and several residences. The town, in 1870, had a population of 981. In 1879, there were assessed 19,662 acres of land, valued at $687,401, an average of about $3.5 an acre. There were in cultivation, of wheat, 4,830 acres ; corn, 1,256 : oats, 1,068 ; barley, 78n ; rye, 27 ; potatoes, 100 ; apple-orchards, 140; grasses, 1,237.

This is the center of the northern tier of towns, being Town 13 north, Range 15 east, and is very thickly settled. Two railroads traverse it from north to south, viz.. the C, M. & St. P. and the C. & N. There is a small station on the latter known as Atwater Station, while on the former is Chester Station, situated near the northern line and about two miles east of the city of Waupun.

A portion of the city of Waupun being situated in Dodge County, therefore its history is given in its proper place in this work The State Penitentiary is here located. There are several cheese-factories in this town, and this branch of 'industry is largely developed. The town business is transacted at Atwater Station. Population in 1870 was 1,876. In 1879, there "were reported to the Assessor, 22,100 acres of land, valued at $377,765. There were in wheat the same year, 3,700 acres; corn. 660; oats, 6Q6; barley, 195; rye, 24; potatoes, 77; appleorchards, 116; grasses, 990.

Situated on the southern line Town 13 north. Range 16 east. There is not a village or post office in the town, it being an exclusively farming community, its almost entire population being Germans, many of whom have been here for upward of a quarter of a century, and who have, by hard labor, felled the forests, cleared away tiie stumps, and made for themselves homes of ease and comfort. Churches and schoolhouses abound. Among the former we note the following :

Evangelical Lutheran Immanuel Society, organized in Prussia during the winter of 1843, and its organization transferred to this country. Rev. Mr. Kinderman came to America and settled among them as their first Pastor, and remained about two years, their meetings being held in the settlers' cabins. Mr. Kinderman was succeeded by the Rev. L. Geyer. A log church was built by the society in 1845. Mr. Geyer was followed by Rev. George Link, and he in turn by the present Pastor, Rev. Henry Allwardt. A new and handsome church edifice was erected in 1861. The congregation now numbers about one hundred and twenty families, and is in a very flourishing condition.

St. Matthias Evangelical Lutheran Society was organized in 1850, the first meetings being held in a schoolhouse. The first Pastor of the society was Rev. John Bading, who was succeeded by Rev. A. Lange. and he in turn by Rev. F. Zeigler, the present Pastor. A new church house was built in 1859. The congregation now numbers twelve families.

St. Paul's Evangelical Lutheran Society was organized in 1848, its first meetings being held in the schoolhouse, by the present Pastor, Rev. Erdman Pinkow. A substantial brick church was erected in 1854. The congregation numbers about sixty families.

The German Baptist Church. - 'fhis society was organized and a small log church built in 1849 The society becoming stronger, and tiie country becoming more tliickly settled, the need of a larger and better edifice was apparent; therefore, in 1868, another building was erected, and is yet occupied as their place of worship. The first Pastor was Rev. Mr. Ouinn.

An Ancient Indian Village - First Settlement by the Whites - Guapiiic Pen Pictures BY A liADY R?:sident - Permanent Growth - Manufactories - The Railroads - The Churches- Secret and other Societies - The Post Office - Hotels - Conflagrations- Disasters ON HoRicoN Laice - Government.

" White Breast (Maunk-shak-kah, the Indians called it)," says the Hon. Satterlee Clark, " was for many, many years - I don't know how long - a noted Winnebago village. On the night of Se|3tember 2, 1830, I slept in an Indian lodge on the east bank of Rock River, where Horicon now stands. There were two rows of lodges extending several rods north from a point near where the Milwaukee & St. Paul bridge spans the river. The population of White Breast, I should judge, was close upon two thousand - bucks, squaws and papooses. I was on my way, in company with White Ox, to an Indian settlement at the head of Lake Koshkonong. I was but fourteen years of age, and lived with my father at Fort Winnebago. The Indians treated me well, and I have no cause to complain of ill usage at their hands at any time during the seventeen years thereafter that I traded with them. They always possessed and exhibited the warmest friendship for me, and now, when the few scattei'ed remnants of the once powerful tribes that inhabited Southeastern Wisconsin come to Horicon, they never go away without paying me a visit. As an illustration of their fidelity toward me, I will relate an incident that occurred a few years since. While going to Milwaukee, half a dozen Indians got on the rear platform of the car in which I was sitting with two or three ladies I met on the train. Just as we were pulling out from the station, I heard an unearthly yell, and, looking up, saw those Indians coming down the aisle on a run, throwing up their hands and uttering all manner of joyous exclamations in their own tongue. In a moment, they were upon me, pulling my clothing, shaking my hands and arms, and jabbering away with all their might. Every one in the car was frightened nearly to death. The ladies with whom I had been conversing almost fainted. It was not until they saw me shaking hands with my old friends that they recovered from their fright. There were some pah faces, sure enough, in that car. In the midst of the excitement, the conductor came along and ordered the Indians to "get out," but I told him it was only a little peace powwow, and that, when they got through talking, I would send them away, which I did after shaking each of them by the hand again and wishing them good luck.

" How did the Wisconsin Indians pass their time ? 0, very easily indeed, and pleasantly withal. Hunting and fishing and trading were the chief pursuits of the males. The squaws devoted their attention, during the spring and summer months, to raising corn, and the autumn and winter to dressing deer hides, makinjc moccasins and building fires in their wigwams. During warm weather, they lived in lodges built of' white cedar bark. Within these lodges were constructed, of poles and grass mats, very comfortable berths, where the wenry huntsman stretched himself in sleep at night. In the winter, wigwams were substituted for these airy lodges. The wigwams were made of heavy mats prepared from the grass which grew upon the marshes and the borders of the lake. A strip of matting, two or three feet wide, would be stretched around the bottom of a series of poles placed in the ground certain distances apart, coming together at the top eight or.ten feet from their base. An embankment of snow, or earth, if the former did not exist in sufficient abundance, was then thrown up about the outside of the matting : another and another strip of the same grass material being placed above the first until the circular wall became of sufficient height to protect the inmates from the chilling blasts of wind wliich howled through the forest, the top of the wigwam being left open to allow the smoke to escape from the fires, around which the Indians gathered at night to relate their deeds of war or tell their tales of love. When the drowsy god of sleep asserted himself, they would wrap themselves in their blankets, turn their feet to the fire and obey his commands. Their bed was the cold, solid earth ; their sheets, simple grass mats. The couch was not downy, but it was comfortable.

" Yes, they buried their dead above ground. Along the banks of the river could be seen the last resting-places of many ' good Indians.' When one of their number died, a rude platform was constructed of poles and brush, six or seven feet from the ground. The corpse, being placed in an old canoe covered with bark and hermetically sealed with tamarack gum, was then deposited upon this platform, and the last sad rites were over."

Isaac H. Chandler, who, with his parents, settled on a portion of what is now the Birge farm, in the fall of 1844, tells of having seen and examined the funeral piles of three Indians - a man and two papooses - which stood on the west bank of Rock River, near the present railroad crossing. The "big Injun's " remains had been deposited in a trough, hollowed out for the purpose, and covered over with a flat piece of timber, fashioned to fit closely over the top. Within this strange tomb, besides the bones of the unhallowed warrior, were a rusty flint-lock rifle and a Spanish dollar. The bleached bones of many an aborigine were strewn about upon the ground, indicating it as a favorite spot with the Indians for the interment of their dead. Ttiere was also to be seen the grave of a French trapper, who, so the Indians said, had "died while trading with them," but they were profoundly ignorant of the nature of his disease. They had, at least, shown enough respect for the customs of his people to place his remains beneath the ground, using his walnut canoe for a cofiin. It is presumed that both the trapper and the canoe came up Rock River from the Mississippi, as the black walnut is not indigenous to Wisconsin.

First Settlement

As already indicated, this place was formerly the site of an extensive Indian, village - tho only one, Mr. Clark says, within what is now Dodge County. The date of its settlement by members of the red race whose scions inhabited it when our pale-faced ancestors came upon the scene is, of course, a matter of conjecture. The evidences of this Indian occupation are still to be seen in the form of numerous earth mounds, of various patterns, and thousands of well-defined corn-hills, whose obliteration time and the energy of man have not yet accomplished. Though Mr. Clark (perhaps from motives of modesty) does not claim to be the discoverer of this portion of Rock River, the circumstances of his voyage down that stream, in 1830, are not unlike those encountered by Father Marquette on the great Mississippi two decades ago ; and he certainly deserves a place in the category of " antediluvians."

The first entry of land now included in the village limits of Horicon was made by Gov. Hubbard, of New Hampshire, after the sale of Government lands in 1838.- His claim included a tract of nearly five hundred acres, embracing all that portion of the present village limits lying south of Main street and east of the river, in Sections 5, 6, 7 and 8, Township 11 north, Range 16 east. Gov. Hubbard afterward sold a part of his claim to John B. Preston and others for " town and water site purposes," and the place became known as Hubbard's Rapids. The first actual and permanent settler at the Rapids was Joel Doolittle, and Mrs. Doolittle, who is still alive, has the honor of having been the first white woman upon the ground. In December, 1845, Mr. Doolittle made a claim and built a log shanty on the west side of the river, just south of the present site of H. B. Marsh's brick mill. He had previously signed a contract to build a dam across Rock River for the proprietors of the water site, Messrs. Larrabee & Preston and Martin Rich ; the latter, who lived near Juneau, also having become interested. The contract price was ^700, but, after spending considerable time and labor upon the project, Mr. Doolittle found that his estimate was too low, and, by general consent, withdrew from the task. The dam was afterward completed by Mr. Rich, in the winter of 1846. The summer and fall of 1846 brought several new faces upon the scene, and the new settlement soon liccanie one of activity and enterprise. George H. Beers, H. B. Marsli and S. N. Rice came in tliis year and located permanently. In October, Mr. Beers and Garry Taylor commenced the erection of a saw-mill, and in June, 1847, the first lumber was manufactured. It was used in building the residence now occupied by Sylvester and William Rice, on Vine street. The iron-work of the saw-mill was furnished by Mr. Marsh, who built and carried on the first blacksmitli-shop and ironed the first wagon built in the place, the wood-work of the vehicle being made by Mr. Rice.

The first store was built and stocked with goods by William Larrabee. The building was made of logs and covered with hand-made shingles. It was 30x40 feet in size, and stood on the corner of Main and Vine streets. Mr. Larrabee purchased his goods in Chicago, shipping them by boat to Milwaukee, and hauling them from that point over bad roads.

In tlie fall of 1848, a grist-mill was erected at the north end of the dam, by William Sullivan and a gentleman living in Milwaukee. It stood on the site now occupied by Van Brunt & Davis Co.'s seeder fictory, and was destroyed by fire in the spring of 18.57. Prior to tlie building of this mill, the citizens living in that vicinity got their breadstufis in Beaver Dam, or Grubville," as Mr. Hamilton Stevens would say, were he alive.

The hardships endured by the early settlers, in many instances, resulted in sickness, and occasionally death became the host of some unfortunate household. Dr. S. P. Thornhill was the pioneer physician. He came in the fall of 1847, and his services were of great value to every one, his very presence seeming to have a wholesome influence.

In the summer of 1848, a hotel (the Horicon House) was built by William Cady and George Gilford. It is still one of the old landmarks, being occupied at the present time as an office by Van Brunt & Barber.

In the mean time, the lake was becoming larger and larger, increasing the strength and value of the water-power day by day. Fully two years elapsed after the building of the dam before the water reached the top of it. The building of mills and factories progressed rapidly, each year seeing the completion of new mechanical enterprises. Among the earlier institutions was a wagon-shop and fanning-mill factory, put up by S. N. Rice ; a blacksmith-shop, by H. B. Marsh ; a turning-lathe and hand-rake factory, also by Mr. Rice ; a sash-factory, by George W. Beers ; a chair-factory, by Jones & Chipman. Most of these concerns were swept away by fire in 1859.

Prior to 1850, several futile attempts were made by the villagers to establish a school for the benefit of their children, but, in the rush of business consequent upon founding and building up a new place, nothing definite was determined upon until June of that year, when an informal meeting of the citizens was held for discussion of the subjec^. A tax of $400 upon the assessable property in the district was voted, and, before the close of the year, the people were enjoying the advantages of a good scliool. The advance of education has since kept pace with all otlicr enter[irises to be found in pros|)erous and happy communities.

Tile Rev. Mr. Peck was the avant courier of Christianity. He preached the Gospel in Horicon as early as 1847. Services were held in Mr. Larrabee's store. Mr. Peck was of the Presbyterian persuasion, but denominational lines had not then been drawn in this section, and he had for his listeners almost the entire population.

At a later period in the history of the village, in addition to those already mentioned, we find the following institutions : II. Winter, foundry ; D. Winter, harness-sliop ; M. Winter, wagon-shop; Mrs. Merrick, milliner store ; J. Wood, tailor establishment ; J. Parker, shoe-shop; W. E. Croft, printing office ; G. S. & R. Barnes, hardware store ; H. B. Marsh, livery stable, and many other enterprises which have either ceased to exist or been forgotten in the whirl of progression.

Horicon (signifying clear or pune water), derives its name from Lake George, in New York, or rather from the name by which that lake was known before it was re-christened by the

English, ovei* one hundred years ago. William Lai-rabee, generally recognized as the founder of Horicon, was one among a number of individuals living in the vicinity of Lake George, who, in 1822, made an unsuccessful effort to have the name changed to Lake Horicon, its original title, so called by a tribe of Indians (the Horicons), living upon its shores. The water of this lake has always been famous for its purity. Many gallons of it have been carried to Rome to be consecrated by the Pope, for use in Catholic churches of parts of the United States and throughout the Canadas. When Mr. Larrabee came to Dodge County and cast his fortunes in a dam at the foot of a beautiful lake, whose banks were fringed with stately oaks and basswoods, through whose branches curled the smoke from the wigwam fires of a peaceful tribe of Indians, he was reminded of the familiar scenes on Lake George, among the Horicon Indians as he saw them when a boy. Being the proprietor of the dam, no one had a better right to name the place than he, and, at his solicitation, Horicon was substituted for Hubbard's Rapids.

Pen Pictures

Mrs. George H. Beers, a resident of Horicon, has drawn some graphic sketches of the place as she saw it in its infancy. The lady possesses a rare and peculiar talent, and has drawn what seem to be very accurate pictures of the scenes of thirty-five years ago. In permitting us to quote from these sketches for the purposes of this history, the authoress has consented that eliminations of such matter as belonged particularly to the occasion for which she wrote may be made at our discretion. In her initial paper written, perhaps, about 1865, Mrs. Beers says :