Horicon City (part 1 of 4)

Horicon City

election whether or not the county seat should be removed to Beaver Dam ; with the further proviso that, in case the proposition for removal should be rejected, the question be again submitted at the gubernatorial election in the coming fall, whether or not the county seat should be removed to Horicon. The Beaver Dam project was defeated by 1,300 majority, while at the fall election, but 500 votes were cast in favor of Horicon.

Owing to the accumulation of county records and a large increase in the business pertaining to the county offices, three or four years after the completion and occupation of the old Court House, it was discovered that the building was inadequate for the accommodation of all the officers, and it became necessary to provide new quarters for them. With this end in view, a small one-story brick building was erected two or three rods north of the Court House, wherein were located the offices of all the county's servants, save that of the Sheriff and the chambers of tlie Judge of the Court. For several years, the county building, as it was called, sheltered the County Treasurer, the County Clerk, the Register of Deeds and the Clerk of the Court ; but as the business and documents of these officers increased, more room being needed than the place afforded, the Clerk of the Court went b.ack to his original quarters in the Court House, leaving the Treasurer, Register and County Clerk in the little brick, where they remained until the 5th day of September, 1877. About half-past 2 o'clock, on the morning of the 6th, the building was totally destroyed by fire, together with most of the records of the county. The flames were first discovered issuing from the roof of the building by a lodger in the Juneau House. When the doors were foi'ced open the roof fell in upon the blazing documents, burying them in a smouldering mass of burning debris. From the apartmeni occupied by the County Clerk, the tax-roll records and the two latest order-books were saved. Some tax-sale records and the vouchers of the County Treasurer were rescued from the office of Treasurer Traynor, the vouchers being in the safe. The plat-books, tract index and forty-seven volumes of the oldest mortgages, most of them being satisfied, were saved from the Register's office. Speculation has ever since been rife as to the cause of the fire, but the general impression, backed up by the logic of subsequent events, is that it was an incendiary's work. No reasonable estimate can be placed upon the loss to the county.

The Register of Deeds and Clerk of the Court took up their quarters in the Court House, but, there being no room for the County Treasurer, a small apartment adjoining the saloon of Henry Kellermann, near the residence of Judge Lewis, was rented for the accommodation of Mr. Traynor. But it would seem that the fire fiend was unsatisfied, for, on the night of the 5th of May, 1878, the office of tiie Dodge County Treasurer was again discovered to be in flames. Judge Lewis' residence and Mr. Kellermann's saloon were also destroyed. Most of the Treasurer's records that had passed through the first fire were saved from the ravages of the second.

County Seat Redivivus

The citizens of Beaver Dam and Fox Lake, disgusted (and yet encouraged), with the situation of affairs at Juneau, determined to make another effort to secure the removal of the county seat. The Legislature of 1876-77 had passed a general act, providing that no question concerning any county seat within the State should receive consideration, unless a petition, signed by one-third of the qualified electors (ascertained from the poll lists of the last preceding election), within the county contemplating removal, or other change, shall be presented to the Board of Supervisors of such county, the Board to liave power simply to submit the question at the first general election thereafter. After the destruction of the records, on September 6, 1877, the Board of Supervisors convened in special session, for the purpose of making an investigation. Representatives of Beaver Dam were promptly on hnnd, with a request that the Board adjourn, in order tiiat time might be had for the circulation of a petition in the interest of removal. This was premature, a sine die adjournment was moved and carried. This gave the friends of the removal scheme fresh hope ; the Board might be called together at any time the consent of a majority of its members could be obtained. Petitions were at once circulated throughout the county for signers in favor of removal ; copies of the poll-lists in all the precincts visited were also made, to accompany the petitions on presentation to the Board. At the same time, the consent of a majority of the Supervisors for convening a special session was obtained, and the 28th of September, 1877, found the " Removalists" in full force at Juneau, happy as clams at the approach of high tide. Their only trouble was in finding the end of their petition ; it was a long one, and the '' Anti-removalists " looked upon every yard of it as a mile in length. It had the names, though, and, when Supervisor Sherman presented it "for the consideration of your honorable body," a special committee of three was immediately appointed to compare the names it contained with those appearing on the accompanying copies of the poll-lists. Still the " Removalists " were happy. But, during the evening, there came unto them a revelation ; an over-elated " Anti-removalist " was the revelator. The copies of the poll-lists showed that the clerks of election had carried their familiarity with their neighbors just a little bit too far. For instance, John Henry Augustus Smith, in exercising the rights of a citizen and freeman, had been written down - not an ass - but plain John Smith. When Mr. Smith Avas asked to sign his name to the petition praying for the' removal of the county seat of Dodge County to the beautiful city of Beaver Dam, he, of course, desired to add the entire weight of his influence to the project, and tlierefore subscribed his name in full, "John Henry Augustus Smith," concluding with a flourish calculated to emphasize the last five letters. Just how to make John Henry Augustus Smith tally with plain John Smith was beyond the ken of the special committee of three. John Henry Augustus' name was therefore scratched froii: the petition. The familiarity of the election clerks, in this regard, was found to have penetrated almost every household The scratching went on through the night of September 28, 1877, and, when morning came and the Board convened, there was an awful silence. Finally, Supervisor Sherman arose in his seat and moved that the committee be discharged, and that a committee, comprising the entire Board, divided into subcommittees of two, who should act jointly in comparing the names in their respective towns, be appointed. Spalding, of Oak Grove, moved to amend, so as to leave the matter in the hands of the committee until the regular meeting of the Board in November. The amendment was adopted by a vote of twenty-one to thirteen. This virtually killed the removal movement, as it carried consideration of the question beyond the fall election. A subsequent motion, made by Mr. Sherman, to indefinitely postpone, was adopted. And thus ended the last attempt to remove the county seat of Dodge County.

The New Court House

At the November (1877) meeting of the Board of Supervisors, it was resolved to accept the specifications prepared and presented by T. F. Dornfeldt for new county offices, to be built upon the site formerly occupied by those destroyed by fire ; that proposals be advertised for the building of such offices, at a cost not to exceed $14,000, which sum was appropriated from a fund to be raised by an extraordinary levy upon the taxable property of the county. The vote by which the resolution was adopted was subsequently reconsidered, and, on motion, laid upon the table. At a later sitting of the Board, during the same session, a contract for building county offices was awarded to A. Mauk, for the sum of $13,185, Mr. Mauk agreeing to build a Court House, instead, for $10,000 additional, pi-ovided the Board, which was then considering the matter, should so determine. Such was the wisdom of the Boai'd, and Mr. Mauk became the contractor to build the Court House upon the plans of H. C. Koch, of Milwaukee. Eight per cent interest bonds, to the extent of $20,000, were issued, and in January, 1879, the building was completed and turned over to the county, at a total cost of about $27,000. It is the general belief that the county seat question has been forever set at rest.

The Abstract Office

" It's an ill wind that blows good to no one," says an old proverb ; and it is a very sorry fire, indeed, that would burn private as well as public records. When the books of the Register's Office were all, or nearly all, destroyed by fire on that fatal night of September 6, 1877, a little brick building, standing " within a stone's throw" of the county offices, and containing a complete abstract of all records pertaining to all real estate and tax sales in Dodge County, was spared from the flames. These abstracts are the property of W. T. Rambusch and Ricliard Mertz - and a very valuable property it is, too Soon after the fire, tiie Board of Supervisors appointed a committee to wait upon Messrs. Rambusch & Mertz and ascertain the value those gentlemen set upon their treasure, with a view of purchasing it for the use of the county. The committee reported that $50,000 was the lowest Jigure for which it could be obtained. No action was taken in the matter by the Board. As will appear from the following figures, it is very clear that the owners of the abstract office are not over-an.xious to sell. Prior to the burning of the records, the county charged 50 cents for the first and 25 cents for each subsequent conveyance. After the fire, Rambusch. & Mertz very naturally raised the price, placing their figures at $1 for the first and 50 cents for each subse(iuent. In August, 1879, they adopted the following permanent scale of prices : " From and after September, 1879, we shall adopt the Milwaukee County fee-bill for abstracts, to wit : Full abstracts of title, showing ten instruments or less, $10 ; for each additional instrument over ten, 50 cents ; partial abstracts and continuations of abstracts originally made by us, showing no change in title or instruments, $3 ; same, showing one or two instruments, §4 ; for each additional instrument, 50 cents. In all the above cases, an extra charge of $1 will be made for search for judgments, tax sales, mechanics' liens or attachments. No ab.stract will be continued unless originally made by us. An additional charge of from $2 to §10 will also be made for judicial proceedings, probate examinations, etc. Partial abstracts or continuations, subsequent to September 1, 1877, 25 cents for each instrument." No one will question the right of the owners of these abstracts to regulate their prices by the scale adopted in other counties suffering the loss of their records. Indeed, it would be very unnatural to expect anything else.

A Case Of Embezzlement

No more appropriate place could be selected within this work for a brief recital of an ugly transaction, still fresh in the minds of every one in Dodge County. At a special meetmg of the Board of Supervisors held May, 8, 1878 - eight months after the destructioji of the County Building by fire, and three days after the burning of the Treasurer's temporary office, south of the old Court House - called "for the transaction of business of a pressing nature," the following resolution was submitted by the Hon. Sat. Clark, of Horicon, and adopted :

Whkkkas, Rumors having been imlustriously circulated throughout the county, charging the County Treasurer with defalcation, and insinuatino; other offenses amounting to crime; and

Whf.hkas, Said rumors having gained much credence in some localities, thereby greatly injuring the credit of the county and the repuialion of the said Treasurer ; therefore

Resolved. That a committee of five be appointed by the Chairman (a majority of whom shall be Republicans), whose duty it shall be to thoroughly investigate all transactions of the said Treasurer with the county, examine all the books, accounts, vouchers and other papers, and tlje general condition of the said Treasurer's otfice, together with the amount of money on hand in e.ach fund available for the purpose for which it was designed, and report to this Board with all convenient dispatch.

The Chair appointed Messrs. George F. Wheeler, of Waupun ; A. J. Smith, of Beaver Dam ; Charles Merwin, of Fox Lake ; George Schott, of Herman, and John Bird, of Watertown, as such committee. The investigation was commenced at once, and in the Committee's report the following essential facts appear: That Ody W. Traynor, County Treasurer, came before the Committee and made a statement of the available funds in his hands, which showed a deficiency of $4,360.70; that, in answer to an inquiry, Mr. Traynor stated that this amount was in claims he had agaipst the county, which were not then in shape to be presented ; that he

The Committee, in pursuing the matter further, found many of the county funds overdrawn, and upon reporting the result of their investigation to the full Board, a demand was made upon the delinquent Treasurer for a surrender of his office. Traynor, by advice of counsel, refused to comply with this demand, and, on June 6, 1878, a warrant of arrest was issued, charging him with the embezzlement of $7,000. The final report of the committee claimed the amount of moneys embezzled to be $27,397.30, but owing to a State law, exculpating all officers guilty of irregularities prior to January 1, 1878, Mr. Traynor could only be held in this amount (7,000).

Traynor was taken into custody and held in $35,000 bail, which, at the request of counsel, was reduced to $15,000, and afterward to $7,000. The prisoner was then released. The State having withdrawn the original complaint and filed a new one, an investigation followed, resulting in a postponement of the case to the October term, 1878. An information was then filed in the Circuit Court, charging Traynor with the embezzlement of $7,000. The case going over till the March term, 1879, a nolle prosequi was entered and a new information filed, charging him with the embezzlement in one count of $5,000, and in a second count of $1,000. This case was also adjourned to the October terra, 1879, and at that term, upon the application of counsel, it was further adjourned to February, 1880.

On the 28th of August, 1878, a civil suit was commenced on the bond of the Treasurer and his bail, claiming a deficiency of $27,756.02. To that complaint the defendant demurred, the demurrer not being argued, and, on September G. 1879, the District Attorney dismissed the action.

Three days later, another action was commenced, on behalf of the county, against Traynor and his bail, claiming a deficiency of $21,645.89. To this the defendant also demurred, the demurrer being sustained, with leave to the county to amend within twenty days. The amendment was duly made, the defendant again demurred, and thus the case stands at the present writing.

The chief ambition of the enterprising farmer who has the good fortune to be the possessor of a big pumpkin or a " likely shoat," is to see his peculiar productions exhibited at the county fair, where all his neighbors are sure to be present with similar samples, for which they confidently expect first premiums. These annual gatherings are the source of much good. Besides affording the tillers of the soil an opportunity for displaying their blood stock and superior specimens of beets and " sich," it is also a holiday for the children, and a splendid chance for the boys and girls to get acquainted is presented. Then, there's the balloon ascension ; a great many people never went up in a balloon - at one time. This is the leading sensation of the first day. Another feature of the county fair is the "wheel of fortune." No one should fail to see one of these institutions. It is a gem ; a miniature race track, with all the celebrated " flyers " entered for the purse. The race can't be " thrown," and the judge is always honest, pays four for one, only comes once a year, "and no humbug." Everybody wins, and the man who sells the blue cards has to telegraph to his wife's father for money to get home with. There are a thousand and one other features about the county fair, but they will recommend themselves. Every county in the Union has a wheel of fortune, and every wheel has a county fair.

But to return to the Dodge County Agricultural Society. It was organized at a public meeting, held in the Court House at Juneau January 22, 1853, by the election of the following officers : G. W. Green, of Beaver Dam, President ; Martin Webster, of Fox Lake, Vice President ; Ephraim Perkins, of Juneau, Secretary ; Joel Rich, of Juneau, Treasurer. Executive Committee - Benj. Ferguson, of Fox Lake; H. H. Hendrix, Williamstown ; Gardner Bacon, Theresa; Lorenzo Merrill, Burnett; Dudley Little, Elba; J. S. Van Orden, Rubicon; C'. S. Birge, Carlton Cleveland and David Barber, Juneau. -

A Constitution was adopted, and over 100 citizens of the county were enrolled as members of the Society, upon the payment of the annual fee of $1. Of the original members, only about twenty-five still remain as residents of the county ; many have gone to their " long home," and others have moved away. Hiram Barber, S. L. Rose, Allen H. Atwater, Benj. Ferguson, Eli C. Lewis, Joel Rich, David Barber, G. C. Gunn, J. C. Brown, 0. F. Jones, William M. Dennis, Charles Weston, G. A. Birge and S. V. R. Haughton are among those still remaining, while among those who have departed are found the names of Charles Billinghurst, Martin Rich, J. M. Sherman, Reuben Farnsworth, Paul Juneau, Isaac Chandlei', A. P. Wyman, James Traverse and others.

The first fair of the Society was held at Juneau, probably the same year of its organization, although the record left shows that it was " on Thursday of last year." Among those receiving premiums were G. C. Gunn, Dr. Atwood, Joel Rich, David Barber, S. H. Coleman, George R. Clapp, F. H. Roper and S. J. Glover, for different kinds of stock ; J. C. Brown for poultry and boots ; A. Olson, for buggy ; S. Sti'eeter, for best thrashing machine ; Paul Juneau, C. Billinghurst, G. C. Gunn, N. E. Allen, Herman Grube and S. W. Lyman, for vegetables ; and in the ladies' department, Mrs. George R. Clapp, Mrs. Atwater, Mrs. W. H. Lander, Mrs. S. H. Allen, Mrs. J. C. Brown, and others, received premiums for specimens of their handiwork. On miscellaneous articles, a premium of $1 was awarded to " Rich & Grout, Horicon, for one bar of wrought iron, manufactured this forenoon from the Iron Ridge ore in this county, which is the first of the kind ever made in the county, and the Committee consider it equal to the best Swedes."

The second annual fair was also held at Juneau September 27 and 28, 1851, that place having raised $112.-50 for the purpose, while Beaver Dam bid only $100 and Horicon $75 ; but in the following year Beaver Dam carried off the prize, having paid $177 for the privilege, and the third annual fair was held at "Bicknell's Grove, directly north of the village," on Septem- 20 and 21, 1855. Notwithstanding the fact that it appears extraordinary efforts were put forth to make this fair "far excel all previous exhibitions of the kind in the county," it does seem that the fair was not a success, owing mainly to stormy weather. The display of cattle was " quite limited ; " "in the sheep line, there was no great effort;" "but one pig was entered under the class for swine - but he was a fine one; " "the fancy department abounded with samples of needlework, etc., which is sufficient to convince any one that the ladies of Dodge County are not too proud to work." J. W. Gibson, A. Farlow and Charles Weston carried off a number of premiums for stock.

The fourth annual fair was held at Horicon on October 1 and 2, 1856, that place having, previous to July 1 that year, bought and paid for the greatest number of certificates of membership. Of the doings at this fair there is no record ; but, at a meeting held at Horicon, December 31, 1856, the Society was re-organized under an act of the Legislature, and the following constitution, which is still in operation, was adopted:

The style of this Society shall be the Dodge County Agricultural Society. Its object shall be to improve th(? condition of agriculture, horticulture, and the mechanical .and household arts.

Section 1. The Society shall consist of such citizens of the county as shall signify by writing, their wishes to become members, ami shall pay on subscribing not less than one dollar annually thereafter; also on honorary and corresponding members. The payment of ten dollars or more shall constitute a member for life, and shall exempt the donor from annual contributions.

Skc. 2. The otiicers of the Society shall consist of a President, three Vice Presidents, to be located at various parts of the county, a Recording Secretary, a Corresponding Secretary, a Treasurer, and Executive Committee consisting of the officers above named and the ex-Presidents of the Society, and a General Committee, one of the members of which shall be located in each of the towns or precincts in the county. Three shall constitute a quorum of the Executive Committee.

Seo. S. The Recording Secretary shall keep the minutes of the Society. The Corresponding Secretary shall carry on the correspondence with other societies, with individuals, and with the general committees, in the furtherance of the objects of the .Society.

Sec. 4. The Treasurer shall keep the funJs of the Society, anJ disburse them on the order of the President -or the Executive Committee, countersigned by the Recording Secretary, and shall make their reports of receipts and expenditures at the annual meeting.

Sec. 5. The Executive Committee shall take charge of .and distribute and preserve all seeds, plants, books, models, etc., which may be transmitted to the Society, and shall have charge, also, of all communications designed or calculated for publication ; and so far as may be deemed expedient, shall collect, arrange and publish the same in such manner and form as they shall deem best calculated to promote the objects of the Society.

Sec. 0. The Gener.al Committee are charged with the interest of the Society in towns or precincts in which they shall respectively reside, and will constitute a medium of communication between the Executive Committee and remote members of the Society.

Sec. 7. There shall be an annual meeting of the Society on the first Wednesday in December, at the village of Juneau, at which time all the officers shall be elected by a majority and by b.allot, with the exception of the General Committee for the precincts, which may be appointed by the Executive Committee, who shall have power to fill any vacancies which may occur in the offices of the Society during the interval. Extra meetings may be convened by the Executive (Jommittee by notice published in all the papers of the county which will insert the same gratuitously. Nine members shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business.

Sec. 8. The Society shall hold an annual cattle show and fair at such time and place as shall be designated by the Executive Committee, and also a meeting at the village of Juneau, the first Tuesday of each month during the months of June, .July and August, for the purpose of examining, comparing and naming such specimens of fruits, flowers, etc., as may be offered for such purpose.

Sec. 9. No person shall be an officer of the Society, other than Treasurer, unless he shall be at the time of his election, or for a period not less than three years, at some time previously, actively engaged in some of the pursuits whose interest it is the object of the Society to foster ; and as far as practicable in the opinion of the Executive Committee, the same restriction shall apply to the election of the orator to deliver the annu.al address.

Seo. 10. Immediately upon the adjournment of the annual meeting, it shall be the duty of the Corresponding Secretary to transmit to the Corresponding Secretary of tlie State .\giicultural Society, .an offici.al report of the doings of this .Society, properly attested by the signatures of the President, Secretary and Treasurer, each to his own department.

Officers were then elected as follows : Thomas Marshall, President ; Charles Weston, George Birge and John N. Clark, Vice Presidents ; Allen H. Atwater, Secretary ; F. H. Roper, Treasurer. A General Committee, consisting of one from each town, was organized, and some 500 annual and 40 life-members paid their fees.

At a meeting held September 5, 1857, the fair was permanently located at Juneau, and the fifth annual fair held there October 14, 15 and 16, 1857.

For several years, there are no records of the transactions of the Society, or any account of fairs, although such were held every year, possibly with one or two exceptions. The fair of 1874 was held at Beaver Dam, but with tiiat exception Juneau has annually been selected as the place of holding the same.

The annual meeting of the Society is held on the first Monday of each year, at the village of Juneau, at which time and place the officers are elected. The following rules govern the Society and its members :

All entries must be made on or before 10 o'clock Wednesday, September 17. On Tuesday, the fair grounds will be open for the reception of articles for exhibition and making entries. All entries must be made in the name of the producer, maker, inventor or agent, and until entered on tlie books and properly labeled will not be entitled to a place within the inclosure. Exhibitors cannot have access to the books during the fair, but may, on application to the Secretary, have such necessary explanations as may be deemed necessary. No person can act as judge in a class in which he may be an exhibitor. The decision of the judges is final, except upon the positive proof of fraud, collusion or gross mistake. They will report only the articles entitled to premiums. Articles for which no premiums are offered will be entered in the class to which they naturally belong and p.assed upon by the committee, with such recommendations as may be deemed proper. No article or animal deemed unworthy shall be awarded a premium ; but no premium shall be withheld merely because there is no cempetition. Proper care will be taken of all .articles or animals ; but the Society will not be liable for any loss or damage. Bedding and hay for stock will be ample and free. No orders for premiums will be issued by the Secretary until after the expenses are paid. Due notice will be given by the Secretary of the time when the premiums will be paid, and all orders for premiums not called for within sixty clays after such notice will be considered donated to the Society. No article or animal shall compete for more than one premium ; but horses entered for premiums in the general exhibition may also compete in all the trials of speed. No article or animal entered for exhibition must be removed from the grounds before 4 o'clock P. VI. of Thursday. The General Superintendent will have charge of the grounds under the officers of the Society.

He will be assisted by the Superintendenis in the several classes. The Marshal will maintain order on the fair grounds, and is empowered to make arrests if necessary. The General .Superintendent and Marshal may appoint such assistants as may be deemed necessary, subject to the approval of the President and Secretary. The regular entry fee is $1.00, the payment of which entitles the person paying it to exhibit as many articles or animals as he may desire, and to a ticket, which will admit him to the grounds during the fair. No entry fee, however, will be charged for articles entered under Division G.

Life Membership Tickets, admitting the lawful holder, his wife and minor children, to all the fairs of the Society, and a ballot in the election of officers, ?10.00 Annual Membership Tickets, admitting the lawful holder, his wife, and chiMren under ten years old, to the annual fair, and to a ballot in the election of officers, $1.00 Single Admission Tickets, 2-"> cents. Season Tickets for one person, good during the fair, .50 cents. Carriage Tickets, admitting single or double carriage once, the occupants being supplied with tickets, 2.5 cents. Season Carriage Tickets, admitting single or double carriage during the fair, the occupants being supplied with tickets, 50 cents. No admission fee will be charged on tlie first day of the fair.

The present officers of the Society are: President, J. H. Dunham, Juneau. Vice Presidents - James Goodwin, Rubicon ; S. R. Jones, Hustisford ; Henry Phillips, Oak Grrove; James Webster, Elba, and Peter Davy, Ashippun. Secretary, W. T. Rambusch, Juneau ; Treasurer, Barber Randall, Hustisford ; General Superintendent, W. D. Warner ; Marshal, George W Hargraves.

In 1875, there was forined, at Juneau, a society having for its object the special maintenance of an agricultural society. The grounds on which were held the annual exhibition of the Dodge County Agricultural Society were about to be lost, and it became necessary that steps should be at once taken to obtain control of and hold them for that purpose. A company was formed, composed of some of the best citizens of the county, the grounds purchased, and, by them, held for the purposes named. No fair has ever been held by the Association as yet, the grounds being leased to the old society each year.

Upon the ijuestion of health in Dodge County, we have yet to find the " doctors who disagree ; " they all say that business is dull. Thirty years ago, the ague was the prevailing disease, and the ''shakes" was a frequent visitor in almost every household, especially in the marshy regions. It is the belief of not a few scientific gentlemen that the main cause of so much sickness of this character was the great amount of decaying vegetation consequent upon the numberless acres of new land then being plowed. The dire effects of the malaria thus created were intensified by the susceptibility of the fatigued and exposed settlers. The most economic home comforts were then regarded as luxuries. The main object was to have enough to eat, and that with regard to quality. The attention of the pioneer was so thoroughly absorbed in this direction that he was liable to pass his first winter here in a roofless shanty, and, when he lay down at night, the eyes of a thousand worlds winked at him through the cracks and openings in his log house.

The prevailing diseases in Dodge County, at the present time, are typhoid fever, pneumonia, consumption and scarlatina. Of the two former diseases, the percentage is about twenty-five of typhoid fever, and fifty of pneumonia. There are but few cases of consumption originating in the county. Scarlatina is the most dangerous ; but the visitations of this disease are rare, and of mild type.

Ancient Relics

Dodge County affords a rich field for the arch;rologist. Hidden within the numerous earthmounds and Indian graves to be found throughout the county, are very many curious articles, some the design of Indians, and others, scientists tell us, the workmanship of members of a prehistoric race. Arrow-heads, spears, axes and "fleshers," all made of stone, are common objects to be seen in the houses of almost every one with taste for preserving such things. Michael Shafer. of Beaver Dam, has, perhaps, the largest collection of curiosities to be found in the county. His specimens include a large number of interesting native articles and several wonderful relics, whose age, history and the circumstances of their discovery make them as rare as they are remarkable. Among other things he exhumed from the musty recesses of his curiosity shop and exhibited to the writer, was a signet or seal ring, weighing, perhaps, one-third of an ounce, and made of a composition not unlike that used in the manufacture of bells at the present day. The face of the seal is about the size of a twenty-cent piece, and bears the inscription, " G. B. 1575." An impression from it in wax reveals a corn-knife, an arrow-head and a wreath representation of Indian corn leaves. The ring was found by Mr. Shafer twenty years ago, eight inches below the sod, between the soil and clay, near the dam that confines Beaver Lake. Near it was also found an Indian tomahawk, of the same metal, artistically carved and finished, the bowl of a pipe taking the place of the poll of the utensil, the designer - who must have been a Yankee - evidently desiring to make it convenient for Mr. Indian to scalp his man and then smoke the pipe of peace over the quivering remains. The able county official who, when informed recently that "Old Dodge" was soon to be spread upon the pages of history, replied that he failed to see the necessity for anything of the kind, will certainly admit the great value of history when he is told that, though the wonderful articles just described are over three hundred years old, and were found where they had probably »lain one or two hundred years before the advent of a people with hands deft enough to manufacture them, there exists - thanks to the historian - an insignificant-looking book called "Smith's History of North America," written in the last century, that explains the whole thing. We reproduce our friend Smith's version of the strange affair for the benefit of our learned friend, the aforesaid county official. Our authority states that, as early as 1575, there existed in London a firm whose business was the manufacture of trinkets of this character ; that they owned two sailing vessels, which plied back and forth between the Gulf of Mexico and the river Thames, engaged in carrying these articles to America, where they were disposed of to the natives (Indians) for their weight in gold or silver. Mr. Smith, by virtue of his profession, having consigned to us the history of that ring until it reached the soil of free and glorious America, we have now but to record the very natural hypothesis that the " noble red man " into whose hands the ring first fell, was robbed by an Indian agent, who fled to Wisconsin and was drowned in the Beaver Dam pond while trying to escape from Mr. Shafer, who suspected the fugitive had upon his person " a valuable specimen."

Of coins, Mr. Shafer has a Prussian piece made in 1690, and one of French mintage, bearing date of 1392. Mr. S. is also the possessor of a book printed in London some time between 1666 and 1670, containing the court records of the trial and execution of twelve men who were concerned in the beheading of Charles I., of England.

There is, in possession of the family of Mrs. Shaw, of Beaver Dam, a relic of the Revolution, in the form of a powder-horn marked " Hiram Cutting, 1776 - Give me Liberty or Give me Death." It was carried by Mr. Cutting at the battles of Bunker Hill, Ticonderoga and several other historical encounters between our patriot forefathers and the British.

Dodge In The War

The year 1861 will be an ever-memorable one in the history of Dodge County. On the 4th day of March, Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated as President of the United States. For months previous, a portion of the Southern States had been threatening to destroy the Union in the event of the election of Mr. Lincoln. Their threats were thought to be but idle boasts, to which the loyal men of the country gave but little heed. Even after resolutions of secession had been passed by some of the States, the citizens of the North could not believe the evidence shown, but insisted that all that was wanted by the South was additional guarantees that their "peculiar institution" should not be disturbed. Soon there came a time when the "scales should be removed from their eyes," and they should see plainly the objects of the ultra men of the South. On the 12th day of April, after demanding its surrender, the rebels opened fire upon Fort Sumter. For hours, an incessant cannonading was continued ; the fort was being injured severely; provisions almost gone, and Maj. Anderson was compelled to lower the stars and stripes, that beautiful emblem of the brave and the free ; that flag which has so seldom been lowered to a foreign foe was now given into the hands of brothers who had become traitors to their country, and by them trailed in the dust ! 0 how the patriotic blood of the loyal men of the North was stirred within them when they learned of the outrage ! Meetings were held in every city, village and hamlet throughout the length and breadth of the land, and resolutions were passed in which the patriotic feeling of the country was expressed, and offers of men and money made to the General and State Govei'nments.

The citizens of Dodge County were in no wise behind their brethren in any part of the North. On Thursday evening, April 18, a large and enthusiastic meeting was held at Beaver Dam, an account of which we extract from the Argus, of that city, under date of the I9th :

A tremendous meeting convened last night in Concert Hall, in accordance with a call previously made by many of our citizens, both Democrats and Republicans, for the purpose of taking into consideration the present state of the Union and the emergency which is now before the people. The meeting was organized as follows : H. D. Patch, Chairman ; E. Botsford, W. ISarnes, .J. F. McClure, A. Haight, A. .Toy, G. H. Stewart, C. Burchard, Vice Presidents ; H. G. Bicknell, G. H. Wells, Secretaries; D. S. Ordway, B. Phelps, E. C. McFetridge, Committee on Resolutions. The " Star Spangled Banner" was sung by H. G. Bicknell and Thomas Bull. The Chairman read the following letter from our fellow-townsman, Hon. A. Scott Sloan :

" Sir : I am unexpected called away, and cannot be with you. I hope our citizens will give a decided expression to their sentiments in this crisis. It is no longer a question of politics or of party. It is an issue between loyalty and rebellion, between patriotism and treason. He that is not for us is against us.

" Resolved, That we, the citizens of Beaver Dam, ignoring party distinctions, pledge ourselves, unquiilifiedly, to support the Federal Government in the present crisis."

"Whereas, on the first Wednesday in March, in the year of our Lord, \~,x'^, our forefathers organized and commenced proceedings under a Constitution which, from that time, has been a bulwark and safeguard to our liber, ties, anil under which we, as a nation, liave attained to the most perfect prosperity, to the highest civilization, and the greatest perfection in the arts and agriculture, to the highest religious enjoyment, privileges and freedom ever reached by any nation of wliich history has a record ; and whereas, all enlightened nations have long turned their eyes toward, and rested their hopes and expectations up' n this Government and Constitution, as the guarantee of universal freedom, civilization, enlightenment and religious liberty, and have long since come to entertain the sentiment 'that if the .imericin Government becomes a failure, crumbles, and has not strength sufficient for the sustaining of itself, then that no Democratic (ioverument can stand, that no people ca^i ever expect to retain sufficient integrity, sufficient patriotism and sufficient religious sentiment to maintain a perpetual and successful government over themselves;' and whereas, we are now, and have been since the year I'S'J, endeavoring to solve this great problem of popular government and to vindicate the integrity, the goodness, the patriotism and the relig. ious sentiment of the masses who form this and must form every popular government ; and whereas, we believe that the true interests of all the world are involved in and hang contingent upon the final success of our Democracy ; and whereas, we are now in the midst of revolution which threatens the perm.anency of that Government which our fathers left as their best legacy to us and this humanity ; therefore,

" Resolved, That the contest now going on is a contest which involves not only the existence of this nation, but also the existence of constitutional freedom and religious liberty, and that every patriot will support the present Administration in its endeavors to defend the nation's integrity and the perpetuity of the Union with his whole influ. ence, his purse and his sword.

" Rfsohed. Tliat it is the sense of this meeting that an immediate organization of an independent military company in this place be had, and that able, patriotic citizens at once enroll themselves therein, and hold themselves in readiness to respond to the call of the Governor of this State whenever made.

" Resolved, That we have heard with feelings of deep sorrow and burning indignation of the atrocious attack made upon the flag of our country by traitors, who have avowed their determination to overthrow and destroy this Government, and in this transcendent contest we will ignore all party distinction and join our fellow-countrymen everywhere to suppress and put down, at all hazards, this most unlawful ami wicked conspiracy against our liberties and our Government : and that henceforth we will recognize no distinction among us save that of patriot and traitor.

" Resolved, That we applaud our patriotic Government for so promptly taking the initiatory steps for putting the State and Legislature on a war-fjoting; and that, in response to his and the nation's call, in the name of human liberty everywhere, in the name of constituted authority, by the glorious memories of our fathers, and in a firm reliance upon the God of battles, we pledge to them our lives, our fortunes and our sacred honor.

-' Resolved, That we will support the present policy of the Government of the United States with men and money, and that the glorious old b.anner of our nation shall wave again on the walls of , Fort Sumter, and every other fort, arsenal, dock-yard and navy-yard which belongs to this nation.

The '- Marseillaise Hymn" was sung by .VIessrs. Bicknell and Bull. E. E. Holt was appointed Treasurer. The books were opened, and in a short time more than one hundred and fifty names were enrolled. The meeting adjourned.

We have given the report of the meeting in fall, in order to show the temper of the people at the time. This meeting was but a reflex of those held in all parts of the county. Steps were at once taken to raise mean.s to provide for the families of those who should enlist and march to the front. In less than a week, the following subscriptions were obtained in Beaver Dam for that purpose :

While the foregoing subscriptions were being raised, enlistments were being made all over the county. Among the first companies to report was that of the Beaver Dam Rifles, Capt. T. B. Catlin. The following is the original roster of the company, as published in the county papers at the time :

Robert Pringle, F. Williams, G. D. Brown, L. C. Sperry, C. Foote, Alexander Samuels, Samuel Hampton, A. Nelson, G. F. Foote, J. Watson, F. Kesimbeler, A. P. Warren, James Powers, E. J. Hatch, E. Wicks, E. Kaler, C. A. Drown, J. J. Thompson, E. Gordon, John Cole, A. 0. Butler, F. Hubbard, J. H. Douglas. Musicians, W. Graham and L. Delent.

This company was assigned to the Fifth Wisconsin Infantry, and was given the letter "D." During its four years, the company saw much active service, and the history of the gallant Fifth Wisconsin will not suffer by comparison. On mustering into service, the regiment was assigned to the Army of the Potomac, its first active duty in the field commencing in the spring of 18(32, when they were placed in the front and took part in the battle of Williamsburg. Arriving on the field about 10 o'clock, skirmishers were thrown out to the the front and left, the regiment crossing Queen's Creek and taking possession of the enemy's earth-works on the right. Here they again formed in line. Companies A, E and G deployed as skirmishers, facing the second work, of which the regiment also took possession, suffering severely from a galling fire which the enemy opened from three larger works on the front and left. The regiment again advanced about four hundred yards, Companies D and K being sent forward to support the line of skirmishers, the remaining five companies supporting a battery which had taken position near some low farmhouses, and were engaged in shelling the enemy's works. This ])osition was maintained until n-early ij in the afternoon, when a sharp fire of musketry on the line of skirmishers announced the approach of the enemy in force. After maintaining this posi^tion some time, against vastly superior numbers, they were ordered to retire. Says Col. Cobb in his official report :

"In falling back to the point indicated, the regiment was immediately unmasked by the buildings, and found themselves in front of the enemy's center ; a heavy regiment, afterward ascertained to be the Fifth North Carolina, which was supported on either flank by other troops, all of whom advanced rapidly, concentrating upon them a rapid and heavy fire. They fell back in good order, every man loading as he retreated, wheeling and returning the fire of the enemy with rapidity and coolness worthy of veterans. In this manner, they fell back slowly to the line of battle of the brigade, which had already formed, taking position in the center - a space having been left for that purpose. A charge being then ordered, the whole line moved forward with a shout and a well-directed fire, driving the enemy before them like chaft', they fleeing in wild confusion, leaving the field, over which they had just pursued the retiring line of the Fifth, literally strewn with their dead and wounded, and leaving their battle-flag behind them, which was captured by a member of the regiment."

Two days afterward, when on dress-parade, the regiment was highly complimented by Gen. McClellan, who addressed them as follows : " My lads, I have come to thank you for your gallant conduct the other day. You have gained honor for your country, your State and the army to which you belong. Through you, we won the day, and Williamsburg shall be inscribed on your banner. I cannot thank you enough for what you have done. I trust in you for the future, and know that you will sustain the reputation you have won for yourselves. By your actions and superior discipline, you have gained a reputation which shall be known through the Army of the Potomac. Your country owes you its grateful thanks."

Gladly would we follow the history of this gallant' regiment, of which Dodge County soldiers formed a part, until its final discharge at Madison, Wis., on the 20th day of July, 186-'). But time would fail us to tell of their achievements in the seven days' conflict before Richmond, at Fredericksburg, at Spottsylvania, Rappahannock, Sailors' Creek, Winchester, Petersburg, Mary"s Heights and other famous engagements. Of Company D, there were killed in engagements eight, viz.: S. H. Hovy, Lewis Coly, William Foster, at Spottsylvania : John Purdy, John Galligher, Edward Martin, L. M. Muzzy, at Sailors' Creek; Paul Purnvelle, at the Wilderness. Died of wounds, seven, viz.: Samuel White, Hartwell C. Horn, George W. Bufluin, William D. Lyon, William T. Moffitt, Henry Thielke, Harry White. Die<l of disease, ten, viz.: Henry A. Douglas, Minal J. Farrar, Zeno Gibbs, William M. Hutchins, Charles Kinnesly, Aaron Lawley, George W. Page, S. C. Parker, Newel Reed, John L. Riley.

The first company formed in this county was that of the Horicon Guards, which entered the three-months service under the first call. It was assigned to the First Regiment as Company C. At the expiration of their term of service, they were mustered out. The following is the original roster as copied from the Beaver Dam Argus of May 3, 1861 :

Dodge County was represented in almost every regiment that went from the State - some more and some less. In the Tenth there were a large number of men from this county. This regiment was mustered into service in October, 1861, and was sent to the front in November of that year, crossing the Ohio River at Jeffersonville, Ind., and becoming a part of the Union forces in Kentucky. In a congratulatory adilress to the regiment on the 26th day jf April, 1862. Gen. 0. M. Mitchell says : " Your march upon Bowling Green won the thanks and confidence of your commanding General. * * * With a supply train only sufficient to feed you a two-days march from your depot, you undertook the herculean task of rebuilding twelve hundred feet of heavy bridging, which, by your untiring energy, was accomplished in two days. Thus, by a railway of your own construction, your depot of supplies was removed from Nashville to Shelby ville, sixty-three miles, and in the direction of the object of your attack. The blow now became practicable. Marching with a celerity such as to outstrip any messenger who might have attempted to announce your coming, you fell upon Huntsville, taking your enemy completely by surprise, and capturing not only his great military road, but all his machine-shops, engines and rolling stock. * * * ^ communication of

The first battle of special importance in which the Tenth was engaged was that of Champlin Hills, near Perryville, Ky. Stationed in the left wing, under command of Gen. Rousseau, they were under fire from 11 in the morning until night. At one time, having exhausted all their ammunition, the regiment held its position with empty pieces for twenty minutes, until the battery in front, which they had been ordered to support, was withdrawn to a safe position, which they retained until night put an end to the conflict. Says Gen. Rousseau in his report : " Col. Harris' whole brigade was repeatedly assailed by overwhelming numbers, and, after exhausting their ammunition and that taken from the dead and wounded on the field, still held their position. * * * Yqt this gallant conduct, these brave men are entitled to the gratitude of their country, and I thank them here as I did on the field of battle."

On the 18th of September, 1863, they marched to within a short distance of Chickamauga. At 10 on the following morning, they were ordered to advance in the second line of battle of their brigade. Advancing a short distance through the woods they received the fire of the enemy, who was driven back with considerable loss, when the regiment was ordered to the front line on the right of the brigade, where skirmishers were thrown out and the enemy again engaged. After holding this position some time against a well-sustained attack in front, the enemy, in greatly superior force, succeeded in turning the right flank of the brigade, forcing them to fall back. In the afternoon they again occupied a position in front, again retiring in the evening. At daylight, on the 20th, the Tenth, forming the line of support to the brigade, was assigned position in the front, which they held until 10 o'clock, when the enemy made a fierce charge upon tho'brigade, and the regiment was at once ordered up. Repulsing the attack, they retained this position but a very sliort time, before the enemy turned the left of the division and was discovered advancing through the woods on their left flank. The Tenth was now ordered to the left, where, with other troops, they engaged the enemy, driving him back. Heavy firing was kept up nearly all the afternoon, the regiment holding its position until nearly dark, when the line on the right and rear gave way, leaving them exposed to a terrible fire from three directions, and they were forced to retire. The Tenth, being on the left, and not being aware of the enemy's position on that flank, retired to the left and rear, and ran directly into the lines of the enemy, wlio captured a large number of officers and men. The few remaining were brought off with the balance of the brigade. During this terrible two days' conflict, when the heroism of Gen. Thomas' troops saved our army, the Tenth lost eighteen men killed, fifty-six wounded, and one hundred and thirty-two missing, of whom the greater number were prisoners.* The regiment served their full time, arriving at Milwaukee October 25, 1864, where they were subsequently mustered out of service. The Sixteenth Regiment was also well represented by Dodge County men, and did excellent service. Their muster into the United States Service was completed on the 31st of January, 1862, leaving the State on the 13th of March following, for the front, and were disembarked on the 20th, at Pittsburg Landing. Here, a few days after, they experienced some of tile realities of war. During the night of the 5th of April, four companies of the regiment were stationed in the performance of picket duty about a half a mile from the main body of the regiment, which then occupied position in the advance of our forces. At daybreak, on the morning of the 6th, they were fired upon by the enemy, and the battle of Shiloh commenced. On the report of the first attack upon our pickets, the regiment was formed and advanced to their position in the front line of battle, which they held, until having been outflanked by the vastly superior force of the enemy, and exposed to a concentric fire, they were compelled to fall back half a mile, where they again took position in the first line of battle. During the remainder of tliat and the following day, they were constantly exposed to the enemy's fire, changing positions in accordance with the varying fortunes of the conflict, and sustained a loss of two hundred and forty-five men killed and wounded.

A number of other engagements of less importance the regiment participated in, marching thousands of miles. They were in the grand review at Washington at the close of the war, and were mustered out at the expiration of their term of service at Louisville, Ky. They arrived at Madison, Wis., on the 16th day of July, 1865, where they were paid and formally disbanded on the 1st of August. 1865.

The "sober second thought " frequently causes men to turn about, and we therefore see men who, under the excitement of the moment, enroll their names among their country's defenders, hasten to undo their acts. On another page we have given the names of those who enlisted on the formation of Capt. Catlin's Company. We here append the list of those who actually entered the service :

Dodge County lost many brave men during the four years' struggle, but none whose loss was more deeply felt than that of Capt. Horace D. Patch, Company C, Tenth Regiment, W. V. I., who died June 22, 1862, from the effects of exposure and a wound received at Pittsburg Landing. Says the Argus, under date of July 4, 1(S(32 :

" Capt. Patch had, for many years, been a resident of this State. He was cut off in tlie prime of his life and the vigor of his manhood, being, at the time of his death, in his forty-ninth year. He was repeatedly honored by his fellow-citizens with imjiortant trusts and positions, having be.en a member of the first Constitutional Convention, twice a member of the Assembly, twice elected Treasurer of the city of Beaver Dam, and was two years Clerk of the Circuit Court for the county of Dodge. He was a genial, kind, good-hearted and companionable man. Such a man always has friends, and Capt. Patch had a host of them. When the rebellion broke out, his only son enlisted and became a member of the Second Regiment. Sooii after, the father commenced recruiting, having obtained a Captain's commission, and soon had a company of brave and noble fellows, such as wonld be likely to enlist under such a Captain. His was Company C, of the Sixteenth Regiment. This regiment suffered severely in the b:ittle of Pittsburg Landing. Capt. Patch mingled freely in the fight, giving his onlers with clearness, and displaying true courage and bravery upon the battle-field. He was wounded slightly in the shoulder. Camp life and the climate soon accomplished what the bullets of the rebels failed to do. In his death, his Company lost a brave Captain, to whom they were much attached : his wife a kind and true-hearted companion ; his son an affectionate father, and society a noble, generous, honest and social member. His friends will not soon forget him."

The attorneys of Dodge County met in the Circuit Court Room at Juneau, and passed resolutions of respect for the deceased and sympathy for the family.

Another well-known citizen who lost his life in his country's service was J. A. Douglas, of Beaver Dam, Quartermaster of the Twentieth Wisconsin. Mr. Douglas was the first in his city to enlist. He was for a long time Post Quartermaster for regiments quartered in the State. He was appointed (Quartermaster of the Twentieth, and left with his regiment for Missouri. He died at Lebanon, Mo., on the 14th day of October, 1862.

While war is waged that enemies might be destroyed, and it is thought a soldier is justifiaable in slaying an enemy on sight, yet we are ploiised to record the following instance of true bravery of one of Dodge County's bi-ave men. Said Capt. A. B. Hudson, in a letter to his wife, written some time in 1862 :

Tell my little boy the pistol I send him was aimed at his pa's head, when he was not more than ten feet from the man, and that the ball went whizzing by my ear. The reason why I did not shoot hira was, I thouglit perhaps he had a wife ami babes somewhere at home. We took him prisoner, and I rode beside him three days, and tlien we came to his house. He got leave of the Major to stop a little while, and the Major told me to stop with him. I found that he had a wife and three little ones, the largest but little larger than Ned - two little girls and a boy ; and as the little girl came to me, and I held her on my knee, and thought of my own babes at home, I thanked God that my hands were free from his blood, and that I had presence of mind enough, when my pistol was leveled on him, and he had just that moment fired at me, to spare his life and take him prisoner. He bade his family good-bye, amid many tears, and we hurried on to join the regiment.

In the summer of 1862, the necessity foi- more men became apparent, and the President issued his prochimation for 600,000 more men, and instructed tlie various State officers, if the men were not forthcoming, to proceed with the draft. The quota of Dodge County not being made up, in November of that year 264 men were drafted, of which tiie following is a complete list. We give the list by towns :

Other drafts were held under the various calls ; many others drew lucky prizes, some of whom responded, while others furnished substitutes, and Dodge County was well represented in the great army of the rebellion, and many of her best citizens laid down their lives in sacrifice, that their country might be saved. During this time, enlistments were still going on, the various towns throughout the county offering, from time to time, additional bounty to procure the required number.

By reference to the report of the Adjutant General of the State, we learn the entire quota of Dodge County, under the various calls, was 2,606, with a total credit of 2,497 in the service.

May, 1861 - It appears that many who, under excitement, enlisted in their country's service, when the hour of departure arrived, like the L-ishman's flea, were not there. The Beaver Dam Argus, of May 24, says : " We notice a considerable number of deserters from the various camps, and even from the private companies not yet called into service. Wo can account for it in no other way than that some expected to go to the war for three months, do no fighting and return ; but when called for three years, backed out. It is a poor way for a man to show his patriotism and love of country, to go to war for fun. The Northern army will soon be rid of these cowardly fellows ; they can get along better without them."

June - A beautiful silk flag, procured at a cost of $40, was presented to the Beaver Dam Rifles. The presentation was made by Miss Thompson, in a neat and appropriate speech, and responded to by Capt. Catlin, who received the flag in the name of the company. Maj. Charles H. Larrabee, of Horicon, was presented with a fine horse by his friends and neighbors. Flagraisings at South Beaver and McCollum's Corners, amid the ringing of bells, music and speechmaking. The Beaver Dam Rifles left the city amid the tears and hearty " God bless you's" of the assembled multitude.

August - A large mass-meeting was held at Beaver Dam to take action with respect to the visit of one Beriah Brown, in the neighborhood, and who was charged with being a secessionist. Resolutions of devotion to their country were passed by the patriots assembled.

October - Dodge County Volunteers, Capt. Ely. and a Hartford company, Capt. Kohlsdorf, united under the name of the " Sturdy Oaks," John H. Ely, Captain ; Robert Kohlsdorf, First Lieutenant ; George M. West, Second Lieutenant.

May, 1S6'J^ - A large box of articles for the soldiers was sent to the Wisconsin soldiers in the Army of the Potomac, by the citizens of Beaver Dam, represented by Mrs. T. B. Catlin, Mrs. J. A. Bogert, Mrs. A. P. Lawrence and Mrs. Moses Stevens. Henry Douglas, of Beaver Dam, a lad fifteen years of age, a member of Catlin's Company, Fifth Regiment, was in the battle of William.sburg, and got his gun wet so it would not fire. During the hottest of the fight and whilst the regiment was falling back, he deliberately sat down, took out his screw-driver, unscrewed the tube from his gun, dried it out, put it back, capped it, got up and put into the field as if nothing unusual was going on.

August - Under the President's call for 600,000 more, orders were issued for a draft in case the required number of men were not raised in ten days. Says the Beaver Dam Argus, August 8 : " It is a certainty, then, that conscription is to be resorted to, and before two weeks shall have passed many a cheek will blanch and crimson at a sight of the much-dreaded drafting-box, and the thought of being compelled to march to the field of death. All able-bodied men may as well prepare themselves for the emergency ; all will not have to go, but it is impossible to tell who the lucky ones will be ; consequently it behooves every man who has a family, to provide for their support in case he should be taken. The modus operandi of drafting men we are totally ignorant of, but we shall probably all learn as soon as we wish to." A Soldier's Aid Society was formed in Beaver Dam, by the ladies, for the purpose of extending relief to any soldiers of Wisconsin who may be sick or wounded. At a special election in Beaver Dam, it was decided to pay a bounty of $125 for each volunteer - only one vote cast against the project.

September - Gen. Pope passed through Beaver Dam en route for Minnesota, to take command of the forces operating against the Indians. Capt. Hunt's cavalry recruits left Beaver Dam amidst a drenching rain, but in high spirits.

October - Jeremiah H. Douglas was promoted Second Lieutenant, Company D, Fifth Wisconsin Volunteers. The Adjutant General reports the whole number to be drafted from the county at 264, of which five were to be from the first ward in Beaver Dam. There was great indignation among the citizens of the place, as the city had an excess of forty-seven over all calls. They were afterward made happy by the correction being made by the Adjutant General. The city of Beaver Dam, by contributions of her citizens, raised $5,960 for the the Volunteer's Fund.

November - The Soldiers' Aid Society of Fox Lake shipped 2,580 pounds of hospital stores to the boys in front. The young men of Theresa volunteered, in place of those men drafted who had families depending on them - a noble and generous act.

December - Charles A. Pettibone promoted to a lieutenancy in the First Wisconsin Cavalry. Robert Baily, of the First Cavalry, died at St. Louis, Mo., his body being brought to Beaver Dam and interred in the city cemetery. Capt. A. J. Hunt, of Calamus, resigned his position in the First Cavalry. Dr. Theodore Kopf, of Beaver Dam, appointed Assistant Surgeon of the Thirty-fourth Regiment. Samuel Barrett, late of Fox Lake, a member of the Twenty-ninth Regiment, died on the 14th.

January, 1S6S - Capt. Catlin, of Beaver Dam, promoted Lieutenant Colonel of the Fifth Regiment. Jerry Douglas, son of the late Quartermaster Douglas, was commissioned Lieutenant that he might resign and return home, which he did.

February - The Dodge County Citizen, in a vigorous article, "goes for " those who profess to be in favor of the war, yet keep up a "fire in the rear '" of the brave men in the field. Considerable excitement over a supposed disloyal secret society known as the Knights of the Golden Circle.

3Iarch - Lieutenant R. C. Scovill, late of Company D, Fifth Regiment, died at Beaver Dam. He was greatly respected and esteemed by all. Union Clubs being organized over the county. Considerable excitement in the neighborhood of the village of Neosho, with respect to threats of violence said to be made against unconditional Union men. A military company organized and the State applied to for arms. Ladies' Soldiers' Aid Society sent a large quantity of hospital supplies to the soldiers.

May - Great excitement in Beaver Dam over the reported capture of Jefi" Davis. A man named McHugh boldy cheered for Davis, which brought about a free fight, resulting in a number of black eyes, bruised shins, pummeled faces and bloody noses.

June - A Ladies' Union League organized at Beaver Dam. While Mr. S. F. Smith, of Beaver Dam, was engaged in his duties as enrolling oSicer, some half a dozen women in the Second Ward got together in a house that he must needs visit, having first sent their children away to a place of safety, and arming themselves with rolling-pins, brooms, mop-sticks, churndashers, etc., they awaited his appearance. When he came to the house, they made a charge, which convinced him that discretion was the better part of valor, and he made a hasty retreat, falling through a treacherous cellar-way and losing his hat in the flight ; the hat was, however, subsequently recovered, though with sundry holes punched through it. The next morning, Mr. Smith returned and completed the enrollment without further molestation. Henry Linnell, who enlisted as a private in Company D, Fifth Regiment, promoted Quartermaster of his regiment.

August - A monument was erected over the grave of young Henry Douglas (an account of whose heroic conduct at the battle of Williamsburg is given on another page and who died shortly after), in the cemetery of Beaver Dam. It bears the inscription, " The Young Hero of Williamsburg, May 5, 1862. Henry A., son of John A. Douglas, died in the service of his country, September 28, 1862, aged sixteen years. Erected by his comrades in arms of Company D, Fifth Regiment Wisconsin Volunteers."

" The patriot boy from his soldier grave Speaks proud, great thoughts to the true and brave, And waves a light from tlie spirit shore Of glad, pure joy forevermore."

SejJtember - Lieut. Charles A. Searles, of Beaver Dam, was killed in battle near Chattanooga. Capt. A. C. Burchard killed in Leavenworth, Kan. An attempt was made to indict, by the grand jury, members of the Union League, on the ground that the society was a treasonable one and inimical to the public peace and safety. The attempt foiled.

November - Draft Associations being organized, in which a bounty of $300 is paid to every member drafted. On election day, on account of the challenging and threatening of some Union soldiers, the citizens got into a regular fight, and some thirty or forty were wounded. All this took place in the town of Lowell. Capt. James Ordway, Company D, Fifth Wisconsin, killed in action at Fredericksburg.

January^ ISGJf. - The town of Lowell voted $200 in addition to the Government bounty. A donation and festival in aid of soldiers' families at Beaver Dam realized $217.85. Call was made for volunteers to saw the wood donated, after which drafting was resorted to by the young ladies and a number of young gentlemen got caught.

February - The town of Rubicon voted $200 in addition to the Government bounty for volunteers. The town of Calamus did likewise. Ditto Trenton.

March - The Ninth School District of the town of Beaver Dam, claims to be the banner town district in this county, having furnished twenty-two men for Uncle Sam's army. The veterans of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Wisconsin Regiments home on a furlough.

Ap7-il - Joint School District No. 3, of Hartford and Rubicon, beats No. 9, Beaver Dam, sending thirty men to the front. Lieut. Edwin Marsh promoted Captain Company K, Twentyninth Regiment.

August - Beaver Dam voted $4,000 bounty to secure volunteers for its quota of the 500,000 call. The term of enlistment having expired, the Fifth Regiment was mustered out of service, many of the boys returning home. The Citizen says that the trade in marriage certificates was getting brisk. An enterprising recruiting officer at Mayville, heads his poster, "Flee from the draft to come." The town of Trenton pays $200 and those liable to draft have added $50 more, in addition to Government bounty. The town of Calamus also votes $200. At a townmeeting in the town of Chester, the following resolution was passed unanimously : That we, as citizens of the town of Chester, pledge ourselves without reserve that we will cheerfully comply with this necessary sacrifice (the test of the draft) to uphold the Constitution and laws of the land, and sustain the blessings of free government."

February, 1865 - Stanley Brown, of Juneau, received a Commission as First Lieutenant in Gen. Hancock's veteran corps. He served three years as a private in the Fifth Wisconsin. Great rejoicing over the recapture of Fort Sumter. The Citizen fires off its big cannon.

March - Beaver Dam rejoices that it is out of the draft ! A couple of boys who had just enlisted in this county and got their bounty money, hired a livery team at Waupun to take their girls a-sleighriding ; were gone three days and returned home a pair of brides and bridegrooms, apparently as much to their own surprise as that of their friends. John Hardy, of Burnett, a private in Capt. Catlin's company, and who was below the regulation size, and who was received on the suggestion of Maj. Larrabee that he would make a good teamster, commissioned a Captain in one of the Michijran reffiments.

April - Great rejoicing over the fall of Richmond. Public meetings held in every town, village and city in the county, and the people wild with excitement. By the fall of Richmond it is thought that the rebellion would collapse, the "brave boys in blue" be allowed soon to return to their homes, and peace, joj' and happiness be as of old. But too soon was the joy of the people turned into mourning. Abraham Lincoln, the brave, noble and generous man, the savior of his country, by the cowardly hands of an assassin, was struck down, and the whole nation bowed its head in grief.

May - The last public act performed by the citizens of Dodge County in the great drama of the rebellion, was an entertainment given by the Good Templars of Beaver Dam, in aid of the Sanitary Commission. We have said this was the last act, but must correct ourselves in that another soon followed bettor than all - the welcome home of the men who, with their lives in their hand, went forth to battle for their country, and now at the end of four years' struggle, return and again take their places in civil life and receive the welcome plaudit, " Well done, good and faithful servants."

Chapter The Press

Journalism had its inception in antiquity. The institution now known as a newspaper was preceded nearly a thousand years by official manuscript publications (the Acta Biurnn), giving accounts of public occurrences in Rome. If the occasion required, these quaint journals made their appearance daily ; but, in case of a scarcity of news, the different issues were indefinitely suspended, and the editors, if possessing sportive dispositions and desiring to pass the time pleasantly, either entered the lists of a tourney or went fishing.

There was but little progress made in this direction until 1622, the date of the first publication deserving the name of newspaper. Prior to that time, the mental appetite of modern Europe had subsisted upon periodical manuscript literature. In England, the written newsletter (furnished to the aristocracy only, at a fabulous price) was, for a long time, in vogue. Then came the -' Ballad of News,'' sung or recited in the streets or other public places. The " News Pamphlet " was the nearest approach to a newspaper that had obtained up to 1622. It was a prose publication, replete with court gossip and jests, so coarse as to be decidedly vulgar. But a very few copies of these pamphlets are now in existence. Antiquarians find them unprofitable, and their transportation through the mails dangerous on account of the postal laws in relation to obscene literature.

As before stated, the first quarter of the seventeenth century saw the first regular series of newspapers. It was about that time that the Weekly Newes from Italie and Crermanie made its appearance in London. The Newes impressions were taken upon a mechanical contrivance invented by Nathaniel Butler, who is regarded as the father of the newspaper press. The first attempt at the publication of parliamentary reports was made in 1641, and it was about this time, after the abolition of the star-chamber system, that politics began to receive the attention of journalists. Then it was that the press censorship was successfully established, many previous attempts having been made to " hobble " the editorial pen. The caustic writings of Needham. Birkenhead, Digby and Heylin made the rest of crowned heads quite uneasy. The proverb that a king could do no wrong became "a saying without substance," and the thunders of the press were followed by persecutions and, fre(iuent]y, assassinations. The first advertisement was inserted by a London firm about 16-18. It was in verse form, and extolled the advantages of its author's goods with such effect that it became necessary to. replenish the stock long before the usual time.

The first daily morning newspaper was the London Courant, published in 17 09, and consisted of one page of two columns, containing five paragraphs, translated from foreign journals. Fifty years later, there were 7,000,000 copies of newspapers sold in England annually. Then came, in 1788, John Walter's Daily Universal Register, now the London Times, which had a circulation in 1800 of 1,000 copies.

The present century has witnessed revolutions in journalism so very wonderful as to be almost beyond comprehension, were we not brought face to face with the facts every day. In enterprise, the American publisher has outstripped his European cotemporary. The invention of the electric telegraph opened a new field in journalism, the resources of which are yet unascertained. One first-class American newspaper expends as much in one year for " special telegrams " as would have been required to carry on every journal in existence for a similar period a century ago. The New York Herald and London Telegraph alone own over twelve thousand miles of special cable wire, over which are sent, every day in the year, minute details of all important occurrences in any and every continent.

Nor has the press failed to increase in power and usefulness. It is the instrument calculated to elevate and enlighten the people, as well as to aid in the enforcement of the laws and the perpetuation of good government. It is not every one, however, who regards the newspaper with that singular respect it deserves ; the more popular the journal, the greater the number of its enemies. It has achieved popularity and success by fulfilling its duty ; somebody's corns have been crushed, and an enemy, from the ranks of the unrighteous, is the result. It is the mission of the editor to make wrong-doing odious, by airing the misdeeds of those guilty of crimes against law and society. In this regard, the newspaper is far more efficacious than prisonbars. One is the mirror in which the evil deeds of the wicked are reflected to the gaze of society ; the other, a screen, behind which the criminal is too often thrust for concealment of his shame.

As an illustration of the growth of journalism, we will state that in 1874 there were 678 daily and 5,554 weekly newspapers in the United States. Doubtless, in the past six years, these figures have been increased about one-eighth. The phenomenal development of the great Northwest could never have been accomplished without the aid of the local newspaper. It is as necessary to the " eternal fitness of things " as is the railroad, the school, the church, or the factory.

The first newspaper established in Wisconsin was the Green Bay Intelligencer. The initial number was issued on the 11th of December, 1833, when the white papulation of the Territoi-y was less than 3,500. Journalism found an abiding-place in Dodge County in 1848. On the 14th of September of that year, the Weekly Badger, published by A. G. Hoag, made its appearance in Beaver Dam. The Badger was issued from a small wooden building standing near the Beaver street bridge. The presswork was done in Watertown on an old Ramage press and a portion of the type-setting was performed in the office of the Chronicle, of that city. Mr. Hoag may be appropriately styled the Nestor of the press in Dodge Gounty, and a perusal of the first number of his paper, a copy of which is now in possession of Judge Hosmer, of Beavci; Dam, proves him to have been a man of marked ability. We quote from Mr. Hoag's salutatory, for the double purpose of showing the political creed of the Badger, and enlightening politicians of the present day upon the subject of Democracy thirty-two years ago, and the principles upon which it was then claimed " the people's party " was founded :

* * * It [The Ila<lf)er'\ is designed to be a representdlive of Dodge, Miu-quette and Columbia Counties, so far as lic§ within the province of a publifc journal to advance the interests of those with whom it may be associated by locality, and to furnish the same with such general information as may be important and instructive. The political complexion of Thr Badger will be invariably Democratic, of the .Jelfersonian school, aho'ir/s regarding the inlere.-to/ the I'nioii as paramount to that of a State; the interest of a .State to that of a community, and the interest of a community paramount, in the ratio of its numbers, to that of a single individual. " Liberty, equal rights lb all men, and the fraternity of the whole human family," are the fundamental articles of the Democr.-itic creed ; and so long as the Democratic party continue to recognize these principles as the basis of their organization, we shall be found in their ranks a fearless advocate of their measures and a zealous supporter of their candidates to offices of honor and responsibility. * * * The distinctions which have marked for the last fifty ye.ars, the two great political parties of our Union, no longer exist. The placing in nomination for the I'residency, by the Whig party, of a man [Zachary Taylor] who avows no political sentiments, and who lias repeatedly refused to be the candidate of a party, paves the way to a union of the whole North upon such principles as gave birth to and constitute the soul and center of our llepublic. This union, rapidly forming, will be a Democratic union. United thus upon great and general principles - principles that hear upon tliem legible traces of a Divine hand - and waging one common war against governmental corruption and iron oppression, who can, for one moment, doubt the final unity of the whole North in the defense of human rights ? [Prophetic words !]

The Badger was a six-column quarto, issued on Thursdays, at the rate of §1.50 per year. Under the motto of " Free soil - free speech - free labor - free men," and circumstances over wliich the eilitor had no control, it survived three issues and then died. At the head of the first editorial column, on the second page of the first number of the Badger, we find the following :

Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams

Free-Soil County Convention. - The Free-Soil Electors of the county of Dottge, who are iu favor of the principles as laid Jown in the resolutions adopted at the late FreeSi>il Buffalo Convention, are requested to meet en masse at Oak Grove, in said county, on the 20ih day of September next, at 2 o'clock P. M , for the purpose of choosing eight Delegates to represent said county in the Free-Soil .State Convention, to beheld at Madison on the 27th of September next, for the purpose of nominating an Electoral ticket in favor of Van Blke.v and Adams, the nominees of s.aid Buffalo Convention for President and Vice President.

Then follow editorial articles on " Presidential Candidates " and " Political Reform," and a " Democratic Address," signed by the " Democratic members of the first Legislature of the State of Wisconsin " (among whom we find the names of William M. Dennis and Charles Billinghurst), indorsing " Lewis Cass, of Micliigan, for President, and William 0. Butler, of Kentucky, for A'^ice Pi'esident, as the standard-bearers of our political creed."

The first column of the Badger's third- page is devoted to a report of the proceedings of the Dodge County Irish Relief Society, a meeting of which was held at Oak Grove August 31, 1848, William M. Dennis presiding, and George W. Green acting as Secretary. Resolutions were passed by the Society teeming with words of sympatli^' for tlie people of Ireland in their struggle for liberty, and, "as Americans and freemen, e.xtending to them all the assistance we possibly can, consistent with our means and the institutions under which we live." [The glowing words of similar resolutions, adopted at similar Democratic meetings throughout the country, were the cause of the future endearment of the Hibernian heart to the Democratic party.] Before the meeting adjourned, the following contributions were made for the relief of the victims of British rule :

So much for oppressed Ireland thirty years ago. But, as we write, a wail of agony comes across the sea from the same people. In a measure, they have turned upon their persecutors ; the anti-renters' war is being relentlessly waged; an occasional murder of some lordly landowner is announced ; the poor are starving ; the distress is terrible. America has heard the moans of the dying and the pleading* of the hungered ; meetings are being held from Maine to California, and aid is again lavishly extended to unfortunate Ireland.

On the same page of this first copy of the Badger, we find a brief report of the proceedings of a Free-Soil meeting held at Clason Prairie August 28, 1848, at which over forty voters were present. The meeting was organized by calling David Moulton to the Chair and appointing D. M. AVoolley Secretary. After the reading of the proceedings of the Buffalo Convention, the assemblage was addressed by A. G. Hoag. of Beaver Dam, and Messrs. Bingham and Giddings, of Oak Grove. Great enthusiasm prevailed in regard to the Free-Soil cause, and, after the

We are constrained to depart still farther from the subject of " The Press " in order that we may give an outline of other matters contained in the first issue of the first newspaper published in Dodge County. For instance, we are informed that "Mr. Stimpson, of this village, is running for Sheritt'; see his card." "Senator Dodge spent the Sabbath in this village, on his way home from Washington," and " Alcan Walker, whose arrest for horse-stealing we mentioned some weeks ago, escaped from the jail in this county on the 4th instant, and has not yet, as we hear, been retaken. The Sherifi" ofters a reward of $25 for his apprehension." Now these items, while they are not very fresh, are exceedingly interesting, but a little investigation discloses the fact that they do not pertain to Beaver Dam or any other part of Dodge County. Fortunately for us. Brother Hoag has left an explanation of their appearance in the Badger, as follows :

Our press has not yet come (o himd, and we have, through the politeness of Watertown publishers, been enabled to issue this number of our paper. Its appearance is not what we could desire it to be, nor what we intend making it in the future. This will account for the appearance of much matter in the Badger that is to be found in the Watertown Chronicle and Pilot of yesterday.

So we are enabled to establish the locality to which belong the items relative to the aspiring Mr. Stimpson, the Hon. Senator Dodge, and Mr. Alcan Walker, the Richer of equine property and subsequent jail-breaker.

" The Death of a Pioneer " is the sad caption of an item in the sixth column of the Badger s second page, conveying the intelligence that " Mr. James Clason, the pioneer settler on Clason's Prairie, Dodge County, has been 'gathered to his fathers.' He died on the 29th ult. [August, 18-18], at the advanced age of seventy-three years. Mr. C. settled on the prairie to which his name has been given early in the spring of 1841. At that time, his nearest neighbors were Amasa Hyland and William Stanton, on Hyland Prairie, four miles distant, and his next nearest at Beaver Dam, then a hamlet of two or three shanties, five miles distant. Between Watertown (at that time rejoicing in some, half-a-dozen buildings) and the spot which Mr. Clason had selected for his future home, there were but two buildings - J. G. De Koy's-, in Emmet, and Maj. Pratt's at Oak Grove. The first Presbyterian meeting ever held in Dodge County was at the house of Mr. Clason, and he was mainly instrumental in organizing the first society of the same order in the county. He had been an active and consistent member of that Church for the last fifty years of his life."

We find upon the third page of the Badger, besides other reading matter, about one and a half columns of advertisements, mostly of Watertown and Milwaukee firms and individuals. Heading the list is the card of C. B. Tripp, who informs the public that he has opened a shop in Beaver Dam, and is " prepared to make and repair GUNS upon short notice, reasonable terms and on the most approved style." Then comes " George W. Green, Attorney and Counselor at Law and Solicitor in Chancery." Mr. Green made a specialty of the cases of claimants of estates in Europe, having made arrangements with an American agency established in the city of London, " a leading object of which is to attend to business of this kind." And here is where the stranger was " taken in : "

THE Proprietor of this House would respectfully inform his old Patrons, and the Traveling community at large, that he has taken a new House, (which has lately been rebuilt, and furnished throughout,) a few rods Enst of his Old Stand, whose [where] he will be in readiness al all limes to attend to the wants of (hose who may favor him with their patronage. No effort will be spared to rcmler the '-Cottage" a desirable stopping-place. The TABLE will be supplieil with the best the market affords. Tlie B.VRN well slocked, and the Servants attentive and obliging. He would return his thanks to those who patronize[d] him while occupying his old stand, and would solicit a continuance of their patronage. .ST.^GES leave this House for all Pans of the Slate. The Stage office is located at this House.

C. S. Bristol, Attorney-at-Law - General Land Agent and Commissioner to take Acknowledgments of Deeds for the State of New York. Beaver Dam.

JuDSON Prentice, Trenton, Deputy District Surveyor for Dodge County. All business entrusted to his care promptly and correctly attended to. Address, Fox Lake P. O.

Sterling M. Cone, Justice of the Peace, Portland, Dodge County. The acknowledgment of Deeds and Mortgages taken. Chattel Mortgages and Bills of Sale executed, Marriage Licenses granted, &c.

The terms of our paper are one dollar and fifty cents - invariably in advance. No paper that de| ends almost wholly upon its weekly issue for a support can depart far from these terms and avoid pecuniary embarrassment. Were we to admit twelve or fifteen columns of advertisements into our paper, each paying from forty to sixty dollars [beautiful dream !], circumstances would be widely different ; it might then be an object to circulate them upon almost any terms.

We feel proud of Brother Hoag. He resolutely maintained his determination not to print " twelve or fifteen columns of advertisements at $50 or $60 each," when he could fill his paper with interesting reading matter and furnish it to subscribers at " $1.50 per annum, invariably in advance."

After the suspension of the Badger, nearly five year^ elapsed before another attempt was made to publish a newspaper in Beaver Dam. On the 18th of March, 1853, Edgar C. Hull issued the first number of the Beaver Dam Republican, a seven-column weekly, wedded to the Democratic cause. In October, 1854, an organ of the then new (Republican) party was established in Beaver Dam, by N. V. Chandler, called the Sentinel. It is fair to presume that the Sentinel grew out of a political exigency, as we find that a public meeting was held by the friends of the enterprise to give pecuniary aid and encouragement. Mr. Chandler published it till the 7th of December, when he relinquished his interest to George C. Haddock, after meeting with many vexatious disappointments and embarrassments. Mr. Haddock continued the publication of the Sentinel under the direction of a joint-stock company. J. R. Swallow, afterward editor of the Fox Lake Journal, also took some part in the management, while A. Scott Sloan contributed to its editorial columns. In February, 1855, owing to some misunderstanding between Mr. Haddock and the Sentinel's immediate supporters in regard to policy, the enterprise was abandoned and the materials sold to Mr. Hull, of the Bepubliean, who immediately enlarged his paper to an eight-column quarto, and changed its name to the Republican and Sentinel. During the next two years after the consoliilation, changes in the management became frequent, Mr. Hull, however, remaining and exerting a controlling influence. At one time, it was Hull & Swallow, and afterward E. C. Hull alone ; then Hull & Co. (E. C. Hull, Thomas Merfield and Robert Farbon composing the firm), with Mr. Hull and S. C. Chandler as editors. Finally, E. C. Hull again, with J. R. Swallow as associate editor.

On the 17th of March, 1856, the Daily Republican and Sentinel was issued, a six-column sheet, which continued about a year. Also July 1, 1856, a tri-weekly of the same name. The career of the latter closed in about six months. Mr. Hull finally disposed of the property to Charles S. Phelps, who changed the name of the paper to the Democratic Post, under the editorial control of H. B. Phelps, his brother. May 26, 1857, witnessed the obsequies of The Post, the mechanical eff"ects being purchased by M. Cullaton. Mr. Hull went to Staten Island, N. Y., where he engaged in the practice of law, and afterward became the publisher of the Staten Islander. Mr. Swallow turned clergyman, and also removed to the Empire State, where he died. Mr. Merfield established a paper in Ogle County, 111. C. S. Phelps purchased a farm, and is now living in Aurelia, Iowa ; his brother, H. B., was appointed Assistant United States Assessor, in 18(36. Mr. Chandler went to Reedsburg and started a paper, while Mr. Haddock, after assisting at the birth of the first newspaper in Sparta, Wis., became a clergyman, and located at Oshkosh.

While Messrs. Hull & Swallow were in partnership they published, for about one year, the Western World, a monthly literary sheet. The first number was issued in July, 1855. It was a four column folio, mainly a reprint of the Repuhlican and Sentinel.