Racine City (part 1 of 2)

Racine City

The Rev. M. P. Kinney, of Rockford, Illinois, then addressed the meeting. He first stated that he was one of the Old Settlers of Wisconsin, and gave a most cordial greeting to the old pioneers who had gathered at this first meeting of those, who, for more than thirty years, had toiled and labored to transform this, then wilderness, into its present fruitful fields. He paid a glowing tribute to the patriotism of those, who, wdien the first gun was fired at Fort Sumter, had rushed to the post of danger to save our common country.

He warned his hearers, by the review of the past thirty years, to be as vigilant in the years to come, that this beautiful land might ever remain the u Land of the Free and Home of the Brave."

A Committee on Resolutions, consisting of J. A. Carswell, S. Raymond and J. 0. Bartlett, having been appointed by the chair, reported the following, which were unanimously adopted :

Resolved , That we, the early settlers of Racine county, extend a cordial greeting to each other on this, our first gathering, to revive the recollections and renew the friendships of the early days ; and we would return devout thanks to Him who has sustained and blessed us hitherto.

Resolved, That we deem it becoming the Association, and not improper in us, that we congratulate ourselves that our early struggles to organize and develope the resources of the country were not a failure, but a success of which we need not feel ashamed.

Resolved , That we greet with hearty welcome, all our fellow citizens, of every nationality, who, though at a later day, have come in to cast their lot with us, and to aid, we trust, in building up a community not unworthy of a position in the u Great Republic;" and hope they may perpetuate the remembrance of the early days in the settlement of this county by annual gatherings like this, after we shall have passed to that land from which there is no return.

Resolved , That for beauty of landscape, fertility of soil, and easy access to market, for agricultural improvement? for improved stock, for general thrift, intelligence and morals, Racine county will, in our judgment, compare favorably with any other in the State.

Resolved , That we feel proud of our county seat, La Belle City of Racine, which, from the first until now has struggled for success, with an energy and self-dependence we admire, and which success we rejoice to see she has so well maintained, in her manufacturing and commercial prosperity of to-day.

Resolved , That we this day recall with sadness, the memory of those who, though they came in to possess the land with us, are no longer with us ; the good and true, the earnest and steadfast men and women who shared with us the toils and burdens of the earlier days ; ever will we bear them in affectionate remembrance.

Resolved , That we honor with our highest regard, those heroic women who shared the hardships and privations of frontier life, to settle and improve, and beautify this goodly county of ours ; and we earnestly hope their examples may not be a lost lesson upon their fair daughters.

Captain Gilbert Kkapp then came forward, and spoke of his first visit to this county, and his selection of this city - till then occupied only by the wandering savage - as his future residence, he making the first claim upon the banks of our beautiful lake.

He paid a feeling tribute of respect to those whose familiar faces he missed in this gathering. Though now absent at the post of duty, he still cherished the liveliest interest in the prosperity of this city and county.

Regular Meeting

The Society met at the court house, in the city of Racine, agreeably to a notice published in the papers of the county, at ten o'clock, the President, L. S. Blake, in the Chair.

On motion, it was voted to amend the second article of the Constitution so that the Executive Committee shall consist of seven, instead of five; and two mor^ were added to the same.

A motion was then made to change the first article of the Constitution so as to require a residence of twenty-five years, instead of thirty ; which motion, after full discussion, was laid on the table.

It was then voted to instruct the Executive Committee to call a meeting of the Society at Burlington, on the 22d of February next, and provide speakers and make all necessary arrangements for the same.

After a full discussion of the best means of keeping up an interest in the Society, and securing the objects sought to be attained, the meeting adjourned.

The Executive Committee then decided to hold their first meeting at the Supervisors' room in the city of Racine, Janu ary 20th, at 10 o'clock A. M.

Reunion

At one o'clock p. m., the meeting was called to order in Yunker Hall, by the President, Nelson R. Norton, who invited the officers of the Society to the platform.

The President then introduced Hon. ChaS. E. Dyer as the orator of the day, who gave a most interesting discourse on the early history of Racine County, beginning with the city of Racine, and then taking the towns in their order. The narrative was one of deep pathos, interspersed with scenes of the udicrous and mirthful, which held the attention of the audience for more than two hours.

Resolved , That a subscription be taken up, and the proceeds placed in the hands of the Executive Committee to procure the publication of the address in pamphlet form ; and further, that every subscriber shall he furnished said pamphlet at cost for the amount of their subscriptions ; and also that the committee are requested to add further items of history, under the supervision of Mr. Dyer.

Address Of Charles E. Dyer

I am commissioned to tell the story of the first settlement of white men in the several towns now comprising the county of Racine. It is a story replete with interest, instruction and romance. It will refresh in your memories, the energy, genius, adventures, achievements and hardships of the Northwestern pioneer.

The character and extent of this task, I must say to you in the outset, I did not sufficiently appreciate, when I accepted the invitation of the Executive Committee of your Society to address you. You would have been more fortunate, had you selected one to relate this history who had shared with you the experiences and fortunes of a frontier life, the memory of which you would now recall. Sketches are more vivid, and narrative is more truthful, when they proceed from the pen and tongue of him who was a witness of the scenes described, and a participant in the events related. To such an one, the past returns again as a reality of life ; the days of thirty years ago come back at his bidding, and the story of the wilderness, of storm and flood, of vicissitude and trial, is clothed with an interest as fresh and inspiring, as the native forest and prairie where western civilization began its work.

I must acknowledge my indebtedness and express my thanks to those, who have so kindly aided me in collecting facts and data connected with the original settlement of the county. I have been supplied with every source of information at the command of the first settlers who yet survive, and, snatching such time as I might, from professional labor, I have, as faithfully as possible, aimed at accuracy and method in obtaining and arranging the materials for this address. Doubtless, inaccuiacies and omissions will be observed, names may be overlooked, and dates may be imperfect. If so, I trust that such errors will be attributed to the difficulties at this late day, of obtaining information which all men who took part in the early settlement of the county, will concur in pronouncing exact. Many of the first settlers have either died, or gone to other regions, and the recollections of such as remain, occasionally differ. It is sufficient to say, that I have consulted the best sources of information .within my knowledge and at my command.

In 1832, there were but four white men in that part of what is now Wisconsin, south of Green Bay and east of Rock River. They were French traders. During that year the Sac war broke out and attracted the attention of the whole country to this region. The title to the land was in the Indians. By the treaty of 1833, between the Pottawatomie and other tribes of Indians, all the tract of country now comprising the southeastern portion of Wisconsin was ceded to the United States - the Indians, however, to remain in possession until 1836, the Government reserving the right, meantime, to survey the tract. In November, 1834, Captain Gilbert Knapp came to the mouth of Root River, and I find it recorded in such form that I deem it worthy of implicit credit, that he was the first permanent American settler upon any portion of that tract of country now included in the counties of Racine, Walworth and Rock.

On the 20th of April, 1836, the act of Congress was passed establishing the Territorial Government of Wisconsin. Severed from Michigan, it embraced all its present territory, with that of Minnesota and Iowa, and a portion of Nebraska and Dakota. There were then six counties in the Territory - Milwaukee, Brown, Dubuque, Iowa, Des Moines and Crawford.

Under proclamation of Henry Dodge, Governor, the first election of members of the house of representatives and council of the Territory, was held on the 2d Monday of October, 1886. Gilbert Knapp and Alanson Sweet were elected from Milwaukee county to this, the first council in the organized Territory. The election of Captain Knapp was, as we shall hereafter see, signalized by demonstrations of satisfaction which must have surpassed all modern political jubilees.

The first session of the Territorial legislature was held at Belmont, in the county of Iowa, on the 25th day of October, 18 '"6. On the 3d of December, 1836, the seat of Territorial government was located at Madison, but it was provided that until the 4th day of March, 1839, the sessions of the legislative assembly should be held at Burlington, in the county of Des Moines.

On the 7th of December, 1836, the county of Racine was created by the passage of an act at the Belmont session, and the seat of justice was located at the town of Racine. The county then included its present territory and that of the present county of Kenosha, with the counties of Walworth and Rock attached for judicial purposes. In January, 1850, the county of Racine was divided, and the county of Kenosha created and organized.

By an act of the Legislature, passed January 2d, 1838, the three original towns in the present territory of Racing county were established, and their limits prescribed, namely : Racine, with the polls of election established at the hotel of John M. Myers, in the village of Racine ; Mount Pleasant, with the polls of election at the house of George F. Robinson ; and Rochester with the polls of election established at the house of Stebbins & Duncan, in the village of Rochester, and also at Moses Smith's in Burlington.

In the imperfect narative I have prepared, I have thought it most methodical and satisfactory to take up the settlements of the different towns of the county, according to their present names and limits, beginning with

As already indicated, Captain Gilbert Knapp was the first white settler at Racine. He came in November, 1834, on horseback from Chicago. At Skunk Grove there was an Indian settlement and trading post, at the head of which was Jambeau, the name of a French trader, with an Indian wife, and well remembered by many of the earliest settlers. The route from Chicago at that time, and for a considerable period thereafter, was upon an Indian trail, via Grose Point, and thence to the trading post at Skunk Grove. Captain Knapp came by that route, accompanied by two men in his employ, one of whom, was William Luce. An Indian piloted him from the Grove to the mouth of Root river. With the assistance of his men, he built a log cabin on the south bank of the river, and at about the spot where the planing mill of Miner & McClurg now stands - the river then flowing in its original channel, at the foot of what may yet, with close observation, be discovered to be its former bank, passed round to the southward at the point where Captain Knapp located his claim, and emptied into the lake between the present east terminus of Second and Third streets, but at rare intervals, on account of new and temporary formations of the beach, discharged its waters into the lake near the grounds of the old light house.

Captain Knapp, by virtue of his location, made claim to all the land comprised in the original plat of Racine, namely : the east fractional half of section nine, subsequently known as lots No.'s 1 and 2, on the north side of the river, comprising 74 acres, and lot No. 6, on the south side, comprising 66 98-100 acres. During the winter of 1834-85, Captain Knapp went away, returning again in March or April, 1835. He immediately interested Gurdon S. Hubbard of Chicago, and Jacob A. Barker, of Buffalo, in his claim at Port Gilbert, on Root river, and I have in my possession the letter written by him on the 30th of March, 1835, to Mr. Barker, setting forth the value of his claim, and soliciting his co-operation in the enterprise of founding and building up a settlement.

On the 2d day of January, 1835, Stephen Campbell, Wm. See, Paul Kingston and Edmund Weed came from Chicago to Racine. When these persons arrived, they found Wm. Luce and another man, in the employ of Captain Knapp, in charge of the Captain's cabin. Mr. Campbell immediately cleared away a spot in the dense forest, at about the place where the homestead of Edwin Colvin is now located, and built a shanty. He soon found that he was within the limits of the claim of Knapp, Hubbard & Barker, and he thereupon removed farther west and built a log house, on what was, in early times, known as the Campbell fraction, and in later years, as th<- harbor addition to the village and city of Racine.

William See, meantime, had located at the Rapids ; Edmund Weed had made a claim where Nicholas D. Fratt nowr lives, and Paul Kingston had built a cabin and located on thn south limits of the lands claimed by Captain Knapp. After some conflict he was obliged to yield his claim, and the prem - ises he occupied, became the homestead of Captain Knapp.

In April, 1835, Norman Clark, with five companions started from Chicago in an open yawl boat, rigged with sail:', belonging to the Government, and which they procured at Fort Dearborn, for a cruise along the west shore of the lake. Upon reaching the mouth of Root river, with their canvass spread before a favoring breeze, they sailed into the river, " wing and wing." Alanson Sweet, now of Milwaukee, was captain of the craft, ' and quite bewildered by the wild and beautiful scenery around them, almost before they were aware of it, they had reached Captain Knapp's cabin on the bank, and '"hove to " with all the skill and pride of able and experienced navigators. Mr. Clark was prospecting: looking for town sites and corner lots, but he found the present site of Racine a dense forest, the banks of the river lined with cedar and most luxuriant foliage ; and though, not quite pleased with the results of his adventure thus far, he and his fellow' voyagers again spread their sails and wTent to Milwaukee, where there were two log houses, and where a white woman had never been. He looked over Solomon Juneau's muskrat skins and returned to Chicago.

name is unknown, had made a claim on the west side of Root river, in what was subsequently, (and is yet) known as Sage Town. Mr. Sage bought the hoosier's claim, and in the summer of 1835, went into occupation of a log house which stood on the top of the bluff, at a point which is now in the center of State street. One day in the fall of 1835, he found his shanty torn down to the bottom log^ With the perseverance and and courage of a pioneer, he immediately rebuilt it, and with renewed determination asserted his claim to the 107 acres of land which he afterward, as we shall see, successfully preempted, and which subsequently comprised that part of Racine known as Sage Town.

At this point in our history, we find Knapp, Hubbard & Barker the claimants of the original plat of Racine; Stephen Campbell in possession of the harbor addition, and Joel Sage settled upon the tract on the west side of the river. The warfare which they were obliged to wage in maintenance of their titles, are not an unimportant or uninteresting feature of those romantic times. Let me, therefore, give you a brief record of the fortunes of these pioneers in acquiring their rights to the lands, upon which to this day, valuable muniments of title are founded.

In 1836, Captain Knapp, not feeling entirely satisfied with his rights as a settler to the lands to which he made claim, procured from Jaques Vaux, a float title to lots one and two, section 9, which was the Receiver's receipt issued June 19th, 1834, under the pre-emption act of 1834, and on the 25th of July, 1836, procured its assignment to Gurdon S. Hubbard. At the same time, he also obtained from Lewis Yaux, a float upon lot 6, section 9, on the south side of the river, and on the 25th of July 1836, procured its assignment to Gurdon S. Hubbard.

terms of which, no right of pre-emption was granted to actual settlers upon lands within the location of any incorporated town, or to any portion of lands which had been actually selected as sites for cities or towns, or specially occupied or reserved for town lots.

The float title to the village was consequently decided to be invalid. But, by an act of Congress, approved May 26th, 1824, the right had been granted to counties, of pre-emption to quarter sections of land for seats of justice within the same. The seat of justice of Racine county had been, in 1836, located at Racine, and so on the 2nd day of January, 1838 an act was passed by the Territorial Legislature authorizing the county commissioners to sell and convey the right and title of the county, under the act of 1824, in and to the east fractional half of section 9 to Gilbert Knapp, his heirs and assigns, upon his paying to the board, within two years from the date of conveyance, at the rate of ten dollars per acre therefor, with ten per cent, interest ; and providing further, that the county commissioners should immediately enter up and secure the pre-emption to which the county wTas entitled ; and the money arising from the sale by the county to Captain Knapp, to be disposed of in the erection of county buildings, for the county of Racine, according to said act of Congress.

The county officers refused to carry this law literally into effect, and the title remained uncertain until the winter of 1838 and 1839 when an arrangement was made between the original proprietors and the county officers, by which the former should erect or procure to be erected, county buildings, consisting of court house and jail, and building for county offices, and the latter should release and convey their interest in the lands to the first claimants.

On the 9th day of February, 1839, Samuel Hale, jr., and John Bullen, as county commissioners, procured a duplicate of lot 6, east fractional half of section 9, under pre-emption act of 1834, which, on the 11th day of February, 1837 was, assigned to Captain Knapp. On the same day, Captain Knapp gave to the commissioners his mortgage on tlm property, conditioned for the performance of the agreement that had been entered into. The county relinquished all of its interest in lots 1, 2, and 6, in section 9, and the contract for the construction of the county buildings was assigned to Roswell Morris and Wm H. Waterman, who, in 1839, built your present court house. The jail was built in 1841, in connection with and as part of the log jail built in 1837, and the brick building now occupied by the Clerk and Register was constructed in 1842. Thus, after adversities and sacrifices, the proprietors of the original plat, secured to themselves the rights which they originally supposed they had acquired by virtue of settlement and possession, and the county of Racine secured the construction of county buildings, which it is high time were torn down, to give place to more commodious and modern structures.

In consequence of legislation by Congress, which I have already alluded to, Mr. Campbell, who had settled on the harbor addition, found himself dispossessed of the rights which he supposed he had acquired by virtue of original settlement. The village of Racine, by M. B. Mead, its President, on the 17th of October, 1843, obtained the title to this property, but made arrangements with Mr. Campbell, by means of which he retained a quarter interest, the village securing a three quarter interest. This three-quarters interest was disposed of by the village, and the proceeds were expended on the harbor, which fact gave to this tract of land its name as the harbor addition.

Joel Sage, in retaining his claim and title to the 107 acres, upon which he located, was spared the trials and troubles which Congressional legislation had brought to other settlers. But he had a long and discouraging conflict with fraudulent float holders, who^sought, by all means that were not honest, to oust him of his possessions. He journeyed to Green Bay, and there resisted their pretences ; he went to Chicago and employed lawyers to assist him in his warfare, and with a just conception of the first great right and duty of an actual settler, he took good care to maintain the actual possession of the lands upon which he had located His theory was that his cabin was his castle ; that possession was nine points in the law, and adhering with courageous pertinacity to his position, fraudulent floats and bogus titles could not prevail against him, and his rights culminated in actual title in 1838, by virtue of pre-emption.

Having thus stated the manner and circumstances under which the first title to the lands embraced in the original plat of the city of Racine, and in the harbor addition, and Sage's addition to Racine was acquired and perfected, let us return to the history of the original settlement following occurrences as near as may be in their chronological order. Up to May, 1835, we have found Capt. Hilbert Knapp, Stephen Campbell, Paul Kingston, William Luce and Joel Sage permanently located at what was then called Port Gilbert. In the summer of that year, E. J. Glenn, Levi Mason and Jas. Beeson arrived. On the 1st of October, 1835, Alfred Cary came, and later in the fall Dr. Bushnell B. Cary, Ainaziah Stebbins and John M. Myers, joined those settled here. - Dr. Cary was the first physician who came to the county for permanent settlement. In December, 1835, Dr. Elias Smith arrived, and found, in addition to the persons alread named, Samuel Mars, Eugene Gillespie, Joseph Knapp, Henry F. Cox, Mr. Stilwell, and Mr. William Saltonstali.

During this year, 1835, five or six frame buildings were erected, one of which was a two story tavern. In January, 1836, Wm. H. Waterman arrived. On the 7t of February, 1836, Sidney A. and Stephen H. Sage, sons of Joel Sage, joined their father, and in August, 1836, Mrs. Bethiah Sage wife of Joel Sage came with Rev Cyrus Nichols and family. Before the arrival of Mrs Sage, Stephen H. Sage and his father kept bachelor's hall. They began housekeeping together with a barrel of flour and half a barrel of beef.

Albert G. Knight came in the spring of 1836. He arrived at Southport on the 1st of April, 1836, and remained there one week. He traveled from Wayne county, N. Y., to Chicago on horseback, and from Chicago to Racine upon foot. He made a claim near Mygatt's Corners, and another adjoining the farm now owned by David Wiltsie, in Caledonia.

During the same month, Norman Clark came. He walked from Southport along the beach of the lake. In the fall of that year (1836) his family removed to Racine. He tells me that on his arrival he found the following persons : Amaziah

Samuel G. Knight came in August, 1836, on board the schooner Paul Jones from Oswego. His father, Timothy Knight, came with him. Mr. Samuel G. Knight took up his residence in a small frame house which was standing where the drug store of H. k W. Smieding is now situated.

James 0. Bartlett came in November, 1836. He was accompanied by Wm. H. Waterman, who had been after a stock of goods, and his conveyance was a horse and sulky. The next day after his arrival, Mr. Bartlett started for Fox River. He went first to Skunk Grove, thence to Rochester, following the Indian' trail, from Rochester to Burlington, thence 7 miles below, to a place called Big Bend, where he made a claim. At that time, there was not a house between Call's Grove, (now known as Ives' Grove) and Rochester. He staid at Rochester with Levi Godfrey, and at Burlington, with Lemuel Smith. Mr. Bartlett erected a log pen, about five feet high, and six feet square on his claim, and slept in it through a long and rainy night. He inscribed his name on his cabin and on a tree near by, when he left his claim, and though he has never since returned to it, he supposes it to be there still !

In 1837, David Wells came, and it is recollected of him, that while hunting along the Hippersink, in 1843, a fire was kindled in the tall grass of the prairie, and unable to escape, he perished in the flames.

On the 14th of May, 1838, Eli R. Cooley came to Racine, but remained only a short time, returning again in December, 1838, to make it a permanent residence.

In 1839, John A. Carswell arrived. He came on the steamboat New England , and thinks there were two hundred. people at Racine and in its vicinity at the time. In this connection, I owe it to Mr. Carswell to say, that to his letters entitled "Early Sketches," published in the Racine Argus a tew years since, I am indebted for many facts which I here relate.

S. B. Peck settled in Racine on the 9th day of June, 1839. He had been here before, in 1837, and at that time in passing over the prairie on horseback, at the head of Blue river ^ south west of what has long been known as the Wright farm, now owned by Mr. Francis Holborn, the water was so deep that his horse had to swim where now roads and streets have been opened and residences established. Charles Smith has speared musquelange weighing twenty pounds, on the same ground.

Among the other early settlers at Racine, were Benjamin Pratt who came in March, 1835, Charles Smith who arrived on the 2d day of June, 1836, coming with his father Lyman K. Smith, and with Marshall M. Strong and Stephen N. Ives, on the steamboat Pennsylvania ; Samuel Lane who came, also, in 1836: William and John Chamberlin, and Win. S. Derby, who came in '37; Truman G. Wright, and Charles Bunce, who came in 1838. Lucius S. Blake with his father and two broththers -came out in Feb. 1835, but as we shall see, located in Caledonia In 1839, however, Mr. Blake adopted Racine as his home, and experienced as much of the adventure of pioneer lifie, as any settler in the county. Samuel Hood was also one of the settlers of 1838.

I can not undertake to give you a statistical list of all the persons and their families who settled in Racine prior to 1840. It is quite impossible to do so. Emigration began actively in 1835, and through the memorable year 1836 it increased and continued beyond expectation. The people who came in 1835, probably suffered greater privations than any who came subsequently. Without the products of agriculture, without mechanics, and without roads or means of readv communication with other parts of the world, together with the absence of society and protection of law, the difficulties of obtaining residences, food and clothing, were almost insurmountable.

Nevertheless, the earliest settlers concur in saying, that with all their severe experiences they had much enjoyment. A common alliance naturally sprang up between them ; each was undoubtedly inspired by the thought that he was doing his part to develope and open up a wild and new country before untrodden by the foot of civilized man, but destined even in their lives, to greatness in civilization, growth and progress.

As early as 1835 - 36, the village of Racine, as I have already stated, was laid out in lots and blocks. In January 1836, Root river post office was established at the Rapids, and A. B. Saxton was appointed postmaster In May of the same year, however, this office was discontinued, and the Racine office established. Dr, B. B, Cary was appointed postmaster. The amount of the first quarterly returns to the P. M. General

The first survey of that part of the village north of the river, was made by Milo Jones, and of that part south of the river by Joshua Hathaway. The first established store was opened by Glen & Mason, though Capt. Knapp had previously sold goods to settlers to a limited extent. Eugene Gillespie engaged in the same pursuit, and on the arrival of Dr. Smith and Mr. Waterman, or soon after, they established a mercantile business, and it is said that in the temporary absence of Dr. Smith, the location for their store was selected near the subsequent site of the store of Lee & Dickson. This was then a spot far away from the river and far up in the woods, and there are old settlers who distinctly remember the dissatisfaction with which Dr. Smith on his return, learned of the location of his store and said, they had "got so far up in woods that business wouldn't reach them in twenty years !"

The first hotel was kept by Amaziah Stebbins and John M. Myers, and stood in the center of what is now Main Street just north of Smith & Waterman's store. It was built by John Pagan.

In 1837, the Racine House was erected at a cost of over ten thousand dollars. Alfred Cary built it, and Albert G. Knight hauled the lumber for its construction from the Rapids. A clearing was made in the woods of sufficient extent to enable the frame work to be done and the raising to be made. It was an old fashioned raising. Everybody turned out, and everybody had a good time. Lucius S. Blake burned a portion of the lime for the new hotel on a log heap in the woods, and got fifty cents a bushel for it, which was more than potatoes were worth. Tom O' Sprig, whose name may conjure up many incidents and traditions in the minds of old settlers, had the job of plastering the house. He was a man who always put off until to-morrow what he could avoid doing to-day, but when he was fairly started in an enterprise, the vigor of his exertions was unsurpassed. He was a mason bv trade, and had, as I have said, engaged to plaster the Racine House, but procrastinated his job until the patience of the people who were waiting for the "grand opening " was quite exhausted. He finally concluded that the better the day the better the deed, and so that Sunday was the day when the job should be done. Upon beginning his work he found materials were wanting ; they must be had ; but for that purpose a conveyance was needed with which to bring them. He had none. It occurred to him, however, that Stephen Campbell and Paul Kingston each had a yoke of oxen ; they were probably grazing in the woods. He knew it would never do to seek the owners and ask their permission for the use of their oxen on that day, as both were Sabbath observing men, and at that moment were probably attending Divine service ; and, therefore, Tom O' Sprig followed the inclinations of his nature, and set out in pursuit of the oxen without the leave or liberty of the owners. Wandering alone in the woods, td his joy he came upon them quietly grazing. They were docile and submissive, and lie soon placed upbn their stalwart necks the yoke hfe carried with him. He endeavored to drive them by persuasive "gee's" and "haw's," but do be driven as he would have them go, they would not. It is said that Tom woke the echoes of the forest with his demonstrations of rage, but had ultimately to abandon his adventure in despair. The Racine House remained over Sunday unplastered, and Tom was inconsolable, until he found that the unruliness of the oxen was attributable to the unfortunate fact that he had yoked up Stephen Campbell's off* ox, and Paul Kingston's off ox, and, therefore, that they pulled a contrary way from that desired by Tom O' Sprig !

The Racine House was, however, in due time completed. A celebration was had, and in the dancing room which had been particularly prepared, from the close of day until early

John M. Myers was the first landlord of the Racine House. He subsequently removed to Milwaukee, where he died, and the following obituary notice was published in a Milwaukee paper:

"Died. - In this village, of pleurisy, Mr. John M. Myers, "aged about thirty. Mr. Myers was keeper of the Milwaukee "House. He was taken .ill on Sunday, and died this morn- "ing at five o'clock. In him the wife had an affectionate hus- "band, the children an exemplary father, who live to mourn "his loss, and the community an enterprising and useful "man."

His son, Henry S. Myers, whose lamented death occurred nearly two years since, was the first white male child born in Racine, and his excellent mother who has experienced all the adversities and hardships of a pioneer life, yet survives.

During the spring and summer of 1836, common labor was from $1.50 to $2.00 per day; mechanics labor from $2.50 to $3.00 per day. Hardwood lumber from $20.00 to $30 per M. Flour $12.00 to $20.00, and pork $20.00 to $30.00 per barrel. In the fall of this year, Messrs. Strong & Ives sent to Chicago for two barrels of pork at a cost of thirty dollars per barrel. It arrived, and a crowd of hungry customers gathered for supplies. Alas for their appetites and hopes ! The first barrel opened contained nothing but brine and pigtails, and it was well written at the time, that "no Bashaw of ancient history ever had more tails than the wonderful hoosier hog that had been packed in that barrel!"

Sage did not desire or intend to qualify as a magistrate, but Mr. Cary wanted to get married, and wanted Esq. Sage to marry him, and so he was induced to qualify !

It has been said that Rev. Cyrus Nichols preached the first sermon ever heard in Racine. This is a mistake. Mr. Stephen Campbell tells me that the first sermon was preached by a Rev. Mr. Robinson, who came as a missionary. Jonathan M, Snow and Wm, See also preached occasionally, before the arrival of Mr. Nichols. Mr, See always began his sermons by saying: "In my preface, or exordium, I will make but very few remarks." Rev. Mr. Nichols was undoubtedly the first clergyman of the Presbyterian denomination in Racine or the vicinity.

On the 1st of January, 1839, the first Presbyterian Society was organized, and its members were the following persons : Mr. and Mrs. Heman Rice, Mr. arid Mrs. Benj. E.

Smith, Mr. and Mrs. Alfred Cary, Mr. and Mrs. Wm. Smith, Mr. and Mrs. Timothy Wells, Mr. and Mrs. Elias S. Capron, Messrs. Julius Colton, Nelson A. Walker, Joel Sage, Mrs. Sylvester Mygatt, Mrs. J. P. Hurlbut, Mrs. Cyrus Nichols, Miss. L. L. Wells, Miss Susanna Traber and Miss Sarah C. Hall.

The first school house erected at Racine was a structure sixteen feet square, located where McClurg's block now stands, and the first school was opened by a Mr. Bradley, in the winter of 1836. The first school district in the town was established in 1 840, and included all the district of country north of the present south line of the county, and extending one mile north and west of the present city limits. There were six voters present at the organization of the district, and the whole number of children in the district at that time was twenty-eight.

Samuel Lane was the first shoemaker, and Wm. Chamberlin the first blacksmith at Racine. Lane opened his shop in the old claim house, built and first occupied by Captain Knapp, on the bank of the river. Mr. Benjamin Pratt opened the first brick yard in 1836, and furnished the brick for the chimnies of the Racine House and for the old Light House.

At times there was a great scarcity of provision. In the winter of 1837 - 8, Mr* Myers, landlord of the Racine House, hired L. S. Blake to go to Chicago to buy for him a load of hams and a barrel of flour. Mr. Blake was gone ten days ; when he returned there Was great rejoicing at the hotelquarters, and Mr. Myers is remembered to have said on the occasion: uKow, boys, we shall live again. There was one winter when families got entirely out of meat, and could get none Until suckers came, in the spring. In the fall of 1835, a vessel loaded with provisions arrived from Chicago. In order to facilitate the discharging of the cargo, the vessel was by some means pulled up, stern on the beach. The settlers from the surrounding country Came in to assist in getting the provisions ashore. It Was an exciting time* Capt. Knapp superintended the business. The wind was freshening ; the waves were beginning to roll ; the sky Was dark and lowering. Gulls Were flying over the waters as if to admonish the wayfarers on the beach of the coming storm* One who was present, says he shall never forget the excitement of the moment, when Capt. Knapp With the clear voice of a mariner, sang out: "Boys, those birds indicate stormy weather ! " But so faithful and vigorous were the exertions which were made, that before the storm came, the cargo was safely landed and securely stored*

Lorenzo Janes was the second lawyer who settled at Racine. When he came, Gilbert Knapp, Henry F. Cox and Joseph Knapp were carrying on a forwarding business, and Heath & Parsons were conducting a general dry goods trade. Albert G. Knight was keeping the public house previously kept by Stebbins & Myers. Mr. Janes went first to Gardiner's Prairie, in Walworth county, and made a claiUn The prairie Was a garden of flowers, and presented a scene as beautiful as the eye could rest upon. The hand of man had marred not its grandeur, his voice had scarcely disturbed the solitude ; Nature had planted lilies in the valley u to waste their sweetness on. the desert air," and "Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these."

All the land within the present limits of Racine on the west s;de of Root river and south of State street, between Huron and St. Clair streets, was covered with a dense forest and was cleared olf by hand. The lowland just west of the river and bordering it, was covered with maple trees in 1837, and converted into a sugar camp. It was the abiding place of deer and prairie wolves, and in the spring of that year, Joel Sage discovered a nest of young wolves at the spot where McGinnis' tavern now stands.

In the winter of 1836 - 7, it was extremely cold, and the snow deep. Mr. Norman Clark lived that winter in a small frame house he rented of John M. Myers, and which protected him from the inclemencies of a rigorous season, only by its oak and bass wood clapboards. He had made a claim of one hundred and sixty acres which is now the farm owned by Mr. John Car] in.

In March, 1837, Peter Wright, who had been living with Mr. Clark, died of consumption. Consultation was had among the settlers as to the place that should be selected, not only for this, but for other burials. Mr. Clark, and a deputation of. settlers went in search of a suitable locality, and .wandering far away in the woods, at last selected the spot where now the Racine third ward school house stands, as the village cemetery. The people were of the opinion, that the location had been made in too wild and distant a region, but acquiesced in the selection, because it was a spot that would never be disturbed ! There was at the time, one other grave east of the river which was that of a woman, buried near the present site of Hart's mill.

placed in sore extremity, for baked potatoes and salt were their staples. It came to be understood that a man by the name of Mitchell, who lived far away on the prairie, in what is now Kenosha county, had a barrel of salt. Mr. Clark was commissioned to go for a supply, and not to look backward until he had found it. He started on a cold, winter's day, traveling on horseback, through deep snow, and after great search, found the Mitchell cabin on the prairie and the barrel of salt. He bought a peck, and after a wearisome two day's journey, returned home, the bringer of great joy, to his waiting neighbors. The Mr. Mitchell referred to, is Henry Mitchell, of Racine, now eminent as a prosperous and successful manufacturer of wTagons.

The year 1836, was, as all know who experienced its business history, a remarkable year. It was as memorable in Racine as elsewhere. The mania of speculation raged wildly. Capt. Knapp, in the spring of the year, procured his float title already spoken of. Speculators were traversing the country looking for water powers and village sites ; farmers and mechanics threw aside their work, and began to buy and trade in villa ge lots that were located in an unbroken forest. Racine was to be a great city, even three years before the land sales, and I have in my possession, the estimated value of town lots in Racine, made Sept. 17th, 1836, which discloses the interesting fact, that at that time, the value of the property in what is now the original plat of Racine, was $348,100. Upon the strength of such an assessment as that, what a pity they didn't issue some city bonds in anticipation of a railroad, via Balls Bluff, a charter for which was obtained in 1838 !

The first law suit tried in Racine, I believe, grew out of a squirrel hunt. Norman Clark and Marshall M. Strong as the respective leaders, chose sides. On one side were Mr. Clark, Dr. Cary, Eugene Gillespie, and others ; and on the other side were Mr. Strong, Charles Smith, JosephjKnapp, and others. It was arranged that all kinds of game should be hunted; a squirrel to count a certain number, a muskrat another, a deer head counting three hundred, and a live wolf one thousand. They were to obtain their trophies by any means, foul or fair. Clark and Gillespie heard of a deer hunter on Pleasant Prairie who had a good collection of heads. Appropriating a fine horse owned by one Schuyler Mattison, who was a stranger in town, Messrs. Clark and Gillespie traversed the snow drifts, found the hunter, and obtained their trophies. Meanwhile, Mr. Strong's party had heard of a live wolf in Chicago. It was sent for. Its transportation was secured in a stage sleigh. But, while at a stopping place at Wil is' Tavern, a party of sailors with one Capt. Smith at their head, came out from Southport, and Capt. Smith killed the wolf with a bottle of gin. Meanwhile, also, Mr. Strong went to Milwaukee and got a sleighload of muskrat noses, which out-counted everything. The squirrel hunt was broken up. Mr Clark had ruined Schuyler Mattison's horse and had to pay seventy-five dollars damages ; and Mr. Strong brought suit against Capt. Smith for killing the wolf with the gin bottle. George Vail was plaintiff, Esq. Mars was the justice, Norman Clark was on the jury. Verdict, six cents damages and costs !

The first newspaper published at Racine was the Racine Argus. The first number was issued on the 14th day of Feb., 1838, J. M. Myers, Alfred Cary, Gilbert Knapp, Stephen Ives, Lorenzo Janes and Marshall M. Strong, proprietors, and N. Delavan Wood, editor. Its editor announces that, as an early admirer of Mr. Jefferson, and recognizing in the Democratic party, political principles of a close affinity to those of this distinguished man, he shall yield his feeble support to that party. A feeble support it was, for while lie had enlisted the settlers in his newspaper enterprise to the tune of fifteen hundred dollars, he had provided ink and paper for only one copy of his paper. He tried to take from them five hundred dollars more, but something was saved through the activity of Mr. Strong, who pursued him to Chicago, and in the second number it was announced, that 4* all connection with this paper, of N. Delavan Wood, its former editor, ha$ ceased. The

CallseS which have led to this premature separation are of such a character that we feel unwilling to disclose them, and shall not do so unless circumstances require it." From and after this time, Mr. Strong and Mr. Janes alternated in the manage* ment and editorship of the paper. I find it stated in the Argus of March 24th, 1838, that during the year previous^ fifty thousand dollars Worth of goods were disposed of at Racine. In June, 1838, the census returns for Racine, Mt» Pleasant, and Rochester, as posted up in the hotel of John M. Myers, showed a population of one thousand one hundred and ten, but it was ascertained that seventy-six persons had been omitted from the list, so that tbe population in those towns, at that time, was in fact, one thousand one hundred and eighty-six.

At the July term, 1838, of the district court, Judge Frazier presiding, the court sat but four days, and only eight days had been occupied by court in the three terms held during eighteen months.

At the summer term of the district court of Racine county, in 1839, the revised statutes of Michigan were administered by Hon. Andrew Gr. Mliler, successor of Judge Frazier, and before the close of the term, they were superseded by the revised statutes of Wisconsin. Judge Miller first went upon the bench November 8th, 1838.

At, and before this time, the land sale was advertised to transpire on the 19th day of November, 1838. In consequence, however, of the necessities of the settlers, and after the most persistent applications, President VanBuren postponed the sale until March, 1839. Mr. Norman Clark was chosen by settlers in the eastern part of the county, to bid off their lands, and did so. It is said that there were but three men left in Racine, during the land sales, which took place in Milwaukee. At this time there were twenty-two families in the village.

The marine lists of 1839, record the periodical arrival at this port of the steamboats Madison , Columbus , Dewitt Clinton, Constellation , Jefferson , and others, whose names are as sociated with the earliest navigation of the lakes, and their arrival was always the occasion of a joyous demonstration.

In the settlement of the country, xhe word claim was used to denominate both the tract claimed, and the right to that tract. The right under a claim was asserted much upon the same principle that nations claim islands or continents, viz : - discovery and possession. In the increase of emigration, government lines not being yet established, it sometimes happened that two persons would locate upon the same quarter section. Disputes arose. All the settlers were, in fact tresspassers, and the law of the land could not settle these conflicting claims. Accordingly, in consequence of the frequency of these disputes, a " mass meeting " of the settlers of Racine and of the county, was held on the sixth day of June 1837, at the house of Benjamin Felch, to organize an association for protection, and to adopt a constitution and coc^e of laws, under which, conflicting rights and claims could be adjusted. Gilbert Knapp was appointed president; Eldad Smith, Walter Cooley, Zadock Newman, Marshall M. Strong, Samuel Mars, Isaac G. Northway, Oren Stephens, E. S. Sill, Jason Lothrop, John Coggswell and E. G. Ayer, were appointed a committee to draft a code of laws and constitution. At an adjourned meeting, a constitution was presented and adopted, which provided, among other things, that if a person claimed one quarter section, he must improve and cultivate at least three acres within six months from the time of entering his claim, and within one year build a house suitable for a family, or, instead of building a house, cultivate three acres more on his claim. If his claim was situated in woodland, improvement and cultivation consisted in clearing off the down timber and brush, and all trees two inches in diameter and under, and enclose the requisite quantity of land with a good fence. If his claim laid on a prairie, then he must enclose the proper quantity with a fence, and plough and put in a crop, or plant in part and make hay in part. A judicial committee or court, was created, before which cases could be tried, and by which questions could be settled, and all the necessar , machinery put into operation for adjusting disputes, or deciding them by means of the arbitrament provided. The scheme Was as sucA cessful as it was sensible, and it has been well said, that "when we call to mind the number of inhabitants occupying "this tract at that time, the improvements which they had "made upon their farms, the mills they had erected and the ''villages they had built, and recollect that, from the first settlement of the county until 1839, there had been no legal "titles to real estate, and that most of them had invested their "all in improvements upon their lands, We can not but wonder "at their security, and be astonished that the rights of a community so extensive, should be so long and so well protected "by the mere force of public opinion of right and Wrong."

I have spoken of the election of Capt. Knapp to the territorial council in 1836. Many of the old settlers look back with pleasure, to the jollification had over his election, at Racine. He had been nominated as the Racine candidate, at the first political convention ever held in the county. The convention convened at Rochester, and was ever after known all over the country as "Godfry's Convention." Milwaukee was dissatisfied with the nomination. William See joined the disaffection, and headed the opposition ticket. An old fashioned campaign was had. The little village of Racine was alive with excitement ; caucuses were held ; electioneering parties traversed the county. Modern "wide-awakes" and "tanners" pale their ineffectual fires in comparison. On the evening of election day, the villagers gathered at the hotel to get results. Returns came rapidly in, and Capt. Knapp was found to be triumphantly elected. Dignity, staid propriety, and temperance pledges were all laid aside. At the foot of Main street a tar barrel was fired, and around it a crowd was gathered, dressed in disguise, dancing an Indian pow-wow. The lurid gleams of the fire lighted up the tall oaks ; dinner bells, cow bells and sleigh bells made music in harmony with the whoops and yells of the villagers ; stumps and anvils were loaded with powder, salutes and minute guns were fired processions were formed, stump speeches were made from stumps, and for five joyous hours- -

I am told that at this time. Dr. Elias Smith, Wm H. Waterman, Eldad Smith, Samuel Mars, Alanson Filer, Charles Smith and his brother Lyman K., constituted the Whig party in Racine.

The Racine Advocate was established in 1842. It ^vas announced as a newspaper devoted to politics, foreign and domestic intelligence, mechanic arts, education, temperance, agriculture and general news. The name of the editor was not given, but on the 21st of October. 1842, Marshall M. Strong took the editor's chair, and raised the stirring motto at the head of his columns : *4 Westward , the Star of Empire takes its ivay ." No better newspaper has ever been published in the county than was the Advocate while under the editoral charge of Mr. Strong.

I find in the year 1844, another newspaper, which may be remembered by some, devoted to the cause of temperance and anti-slavery, and called the Wisconsin AEgis, was published at Racine. It preached a doctrine strong enough on the slavery question to suit the most radical abolitionist in the days of Holly, Lovejoy, and Birney.

In 1840, the temporary work on the harbor was begun. A survey of the same had, however, been made in 1836, for which the citizens paid one hundred dollars. Subsequently, the mouth of the river was dug out on a straight cut, and tinpeople of Racine assessed their property fifteen per cent., to build piers and to keep the harbor open, so that lighters could come in. The assessment was made at a public court house meeting, and Levi Blake is remembered to have said on the occasion : "It'll only cost each of us another lot; let's have a harbor." Mr, Blake furnished and hauled the first load of stone that was used in the harbor work. The first pier work was commenced in 1840, at an expense of three hundred dollars, and in 1841 it was continued at a cost of sixteen hundred dollars. Up to 1844, six thousand dollars had been paid by citizens in endeavoring to secure a harbor before they commenced building a permanent one. On the 1.6th day of March, 1844, the citizens learning that their harbor appropriation had been lost in the United States Senate, assembled at the court house, and raised a subscription of ten tnousand dollars to build a permanent harbor. On the next day, the work was commenced, and the first piles were driven with a hand piledriver. Where the mouth of the river now is and where the water is fifteen feet deep, at the time the harbor work was commenced the stream could be forded without difficulty. On the 2d of November, 1844, the people again in response to an address from Thomas J. Cram, of the U. S. Topographical Engineers, voted without a dissenting voice, to raise five thousand dollars more for work on the harbor. From this time forward by means of taxation and private subscription the village of Racine prosecuted their great enterprise. Its history in detail, with the thrilling story of the " Rock in the Harbor," and the time when Ira Dean traversed the streets of the village, ringing a bell, and shouting: " There's a rock in the harbor! turn out, turn out!" time and space forbid my narrating. On the 14th day of July, 1844, the steamer Chesapeake^ Kelsey, Master, entered the harbor and passing up the river, tied up at the dock before Taylor & Cather's warehouse. She was the first steamboat that entered Racine harbor, or any other artificial harbor in Wisconsin.

In 1889, Congress appropriated ten thousand dollars for opening a road from Racine to Green Bay, and ten thousand pollars for a road from Racine to Janesville, and these ap-

The first wheat brought to Racine to be marketed , was in 1840. Mr. Charles Wright purchased it, and paid fifty cents a bushel in trade. Mr.Eldad Smith purchased the first wheat for shipment, in 1841, and shipped it in August 1842.

In 1839, the old light house was built, and at that time there were not more than half a dozen buildings on the school section. The school section was laid out in blocks in 1838.

On the 8th of June, 1844, a great commotion was created in the village by the arrival of the propeller Racine , and the ceremony of presenting a stand of colors took place. Thomas Wright, esq. presented the colors and made an eloquent speech concluding it by saying : "May prosperous winds and favoring waves attend her fleet career, and the riches of her earnings reward the enterprise of her projectors." Capt. Hawkins, of the vessel made a felicitous response.

The first steam dredge used in the harbor, arrived from Chicago on the 17th of June, 1844. It was welcomed in the newspaper as "Mister Steam Dredge" and created a sensation.

I have already stated that Judge Frazier was the first judge who ever held a Court of Record at Racine, or in the county. Henry F. Cox was the first Clerk of the Court; Edgar R. Hugenin the first Sheriff; Wm. H. Waterman the first Register of deeds; Eugene Gillespie the first Treasurer; Fred'k S. Lovell the first Clerk of the Board of Supervisors ; and Alvin Raymond the first Coroner. They were elected on the 1st Monday in April, 1837.

The first training, was had, or attempted to be had, in the fall of 1840. Albert G. Knight was Captain of the company. He had been ordered by his superior officer to call out his company for parade, prelimary to general muster. For some reason, the new militia law contained no authority at all, to call out the companies of militia. A few knowing ones were aware of this omission, and thought the Captain was not. But he was well advised of the fact and determined to act accordingly. Having duly warned out the company, and as they were mustered in line in the moaning, Capt. Knight ordered the name of each man called and as he responded, said to him : "Sir, you are excused for the day." The Captain's duty was done, and he retired amidst the consternation of his company.

But Tom O'Sprig rallied and re-organized them. The ringing of a steamboat bell at the head of the column filled up the ranks, and the Racine militia gallantly trained till noon, when they adjourned to the Fulton House for dinner, where they all got so drunk they couldn't muster at all in the afternoon !

On the 8th day of December, 1836, authority was obtained from the territorial legislature to build a bridge across Root river, but the first bridge was not built until 1838. It was constructed by Geo. Fellows and a Mr. Pool. It crossed the river at the foot of Main street, and was used until 1843, when it was carried away by the ice in the spring.

On the 27th of December, 1837, the Racine Mutual Fire Insurance Company was chartered, and on the 11th of Jan.? 1838, an act was passed incorporating the Racine Seminary. Both of these institutions, I believe, were actually organized.

I may appropriately conclude what I have to say of Racine, by adding that on the 13th day of February, 1841, it wTas made a chartered village, and on the 5th day of August 1848, an incorporated city.

Wm. See and Edmund Weed settled in Mt. Pleasant, in January, 1835. Mr. See' located at the Rapids, and Mr. Weed on a claim which now comprises the farm of Mr. Fratt. At the time of their arrival, two men, one by the name of

Carpenter and the other Harrison K. Fay were at the Rapids. In the fall of 1835, Carpenter left the Rapids and settled within the limits of Capt. Knapp's claim on the north side of Root river. After his death, his widow, who was the first white woman who came to Mt. Pleasant or Racine, removed further north, and continued to occupy what was long known among the old settlers as "the Widow Carpenter's claim."

In January, 1835, Wm. Smith, now of Pike Grove, made a trip from Chicago to Milwaukee. George Smith, in later years the eminent banker, accompanied him, and they came through to Milwaukee upon an Indian trail via. Grose Point, Skunk Grove and the Rapid ?. Mr. Smith tells me, that at that time See was the only white man living between Grose Point and Milwaukee on the route which they traveled. In this connection it may not be uninteresting to mention that on the 13th of May, 1836, Mr. Wm, Smith sold eighty acres of land which he owned or claimed in Milwaukee, for ten thousand dollars, and re-purchased it in 1838, for one thousand dollars.

In April, 1835, James Walker came to Racine on a vessel, with Capt. Knapp. He was just starting in life, made a claim in Mt. Pleasant, built a cabin, purchased at the land sales in '39 the lands to which he had previously made a claim, and has ever since resided on the same. After Mr Walker's arrival, Carpenter, whose cabin was on the north side of the river, died, and was buried on the bank of Duck creek, in the depths of the forest. Mr. Walker made the coffin in which Carpenter was buried, and this was the first burial of a white man within the limits of Mt. Pleasant or Racine.

During the same year, Wm. See built a saw mill at the Rapids, and Mr. Walker established a turning lathe at the same place. Mr. Walker also laid the original foundation for the dam, in the river at the Rapids.

The Pottawotomie Indians were then abundant in the neighborhood. The principal Indian trading post was at Skunk Grove, on what is now the farm of Benjamin Reynolds. -

Another saw mill was also erected at the Rapids, and a stock of goods brought in by James Kinzie. James Walker was a member of the jury convened at the first torm of court held by Judge Frazier in Racine county.

In July 1835, Thomas Place settled in Mt. Pleasant. He was accompanied by his father, Andrew Place, and by Alva and Zadock Newman. They^came with ox teams from Chicago to Skunk Grove, overtaking Daniel B. Rorke at Grose Point, who became their companion the remainder of the journey. Andrew Place, Alva and Zadock Newman, had been here in June before, and made their claims, upon which they now permanently located, and which comprise the farms ever since respectively occupied by the families. During the first season Mr. Andrew Place and the Newmans had to go to St. Joseph, Michigan, for flour. They went in the winter, with ox teams, and were gone two months. In 1836, they were obliged to go to mill at a point sixty miles distant, on Fox River, and in subsequent years they had their grinding done at Geneva.

Mr. Thomas Place lived six months with Jambeau and was employed as his clerk. Twice a year the Indians had their great corn dance, when prayers were vehemently offered for a good crop of corn.

Mr. Place remembers the burial of an Indian chief. A pen was constructed large enough for the reception of the body, and chinked up with moistened earth and other material ; the Indians then placed their dead chief within it, in a sitting posture, surrounded by some of the relics of his race. For a considerable time thereafter, the survivors habitually visited the grave, where they moaned and wept, pouring whisky on the body of the dead as their offering to the Great Spirit.

In November 1835, Mr. Alanson Filer made a claim in Mt. Pleasant of a fractional half section, and subsequently purchased at the land sales. His premises were the same now known as the homestead of Judge Doolittle. Mr. Filer came first to the west in the spring of 1833, and settled in Chicago. It was also in the year 1835, that Samuel N. Basye, Mr. Hague, Silas Lloyd, Orville W. Barnes, and Mr. Cleveland settled in Mt. Pleasant.

In September 1837, William Bull and Daniel Slauson came together by their own conveyance from Detroit. They had previously met Jonathan M. Snow, at Grand Haven, who had there told them of the " promised land" on the west side of lake Michigan. Lpon their arrival here, they stopped at a log tavern kept by Lewis G. Dole, where now Orville W. Barnes resides. They then learned that Mr. Snow held a claim near Dole's tavarn, upon which there was a frame house. Mr. Bull immediately located in Caledonia, and Mr. Slauson purchased a claim from a sister of the wife of Samuel Mars, upon which he planted fruit trees, in '37, and which, ultimately became the noble farm upon which he lived to a ripe old age, and where he died after a career of usefulness and prosperity unexcelled by that of any of the early settlers who preceded or followed him, in the journey to their last home.

In the spring of 1839, Mr. Bull removed from Caledonia, and having purchased the claim of Jonathan M. Snow, settled in Mt. Pleasant and has ever since occupied the farm upon which, nearly thirty years ago, he began his career as a successful Racine county farmer.

E. D. Filer, June 27th, 1837, bought a claim in Mt. Pleasant, upon which there was a poorly constructed log house. Mr. Filer could not buy a cook stove at that time in Racine, and the cooking had to be done in the yard by the side of a log. Mr. F. assisted Morris and Waterman in building the court house at Racine, and was also for a considerable period, engaged in the construction of Racine harbor. One cold, blustering Sunday, Mr. Filer, with his rifle on his shoulder, while in pursuit of a wolf, encountered an elder of the church, and after considerable discussion, permission

Nathan Joy was one of the early settlers in Mt. Pleasant. He came in June, 1886, by the lakes, from Buffalo to Chicago. He sailed in the first three master that made a voyage around the lakes. At Chicago he took passage on a little schooner called the Llewellyn , for Racine, tie bought the claim which in late years, was the farm of Albert DeGrroat. Wallace Mygatt was then at the corners named for him. Mygatt had a little square frame house on the heights at the corners, which on a clear day could be seen miles away, and which the settlers called the light house. Soon after his arrival, Mr. Joy and his brother Orsamus made a trip on foot to Fox river.

They took with them a piece of pork for food and a compass for their guidance. They followed Indian trails, going by the way of Rochester. Returning, they traveled by night as well as by day. As the shadows of evening began to fall, and they on a wild, untrodden prairie, they set their compass by the stars, and far into the night they journeyed on alone, until they were worn and weary. Pausing to rest for a moment, they heard in the distance the murmuring tinkle of a cowbell - indicative, surely, of a human habitation. They listened again, then turned their course in the direction from which the sound of the bell seemed to come. Pushing on in the same direction, dismissing compass and stars from their thoughts, they soon found themselves in Alva Newman's house, where, thanks to the music of a cowbell on that lonely prairie, they rested until morning.

In 1888, as the expected land sales were approaching, the settlers found themselves without means to make tlieir purchases. It was a critical time. Many had made valuable improvements, and there was danger, in consequence of the expected sales in November of that year, that many would lose all, which, through many hardships, struggles and privations, they had hoped to secure. A plan was, therefore, inaugurated to raise money at the east. A public meeting was held and it was determined that the settlers of the county should execute their agreement to mortgage all their lands after getting title at the land sale, and that Nathan Joy and Michael Myers, should go as their delegates to eastern cities to make a loan of $50,000. The bond was executed, giving Messrs. Joy and Myers full authority, and promising to make their mortgages as mentioned. Schedules of the names of the subscribers to the bond, and of the lands claimed by each, with the improvements they had made upon the lands, and stating the amount of money each settler required, were also prepared. Messrs. Joy and Myers proceeded to the east upon their great enterprise, and after months of absence, returned, and made the disheartening report, that not a dollar could be borrowed upon any or all the lands in the county of Racine! Fortunately, however, the postponement of the land sales until the spring of 1839, relieved the settlers of the extremity apprehended, and banished the cloud that appeared to be darkening their fortunes.

Among the other early settlers in Mt. Pleasant whose names I now recall, are two who are members of your society, Augustus B. Crane who came into the town May 15, 1839, and Seth P. Phelps who arrived during the same year. Joseph Nixon and John R. Bassett should also be numbered among the earliest settlers.

Source changes here: from Racine County in the World War, by Walter L. Haight, published 1920; 4,414 words in this source stream.

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UA DTYOS DOO UU CUO CON AE EEUU AEE OR UNOOAUUD DED EODOD ELSE UAOATEA EA EAEAD AVON EU ULCU PSU EO SATCU PETA UOTE ETUDE COE EO EU UU PED EERE ERD A AS NH the American army cemeteries are receiving in France. The mounds are well kept and flowers may be seen on the graves. Above each mound there waves the small American flag.

the Army, Navy and Marine Corps; also persons attached to the military branches, as Red Cross nurses on duty with the army, Y. M. C. A. workers assigned to do welfare work in camps and cantonments, and young men inducted into the Student Army Training Corps and permitted to attend college during the autumn of 1918 instead of going into active service at once.

No effort was made to classify the names according to the type of service performed, and they are arranged in alphabetical order regardless of rank, sex or branch of service. The list is as complete as such a record could be made at the present time. Whatever omission there may be is not due to lack of diligence on the part of those compiling it, but to lack of interest by those who have made no effort to get the facts regarding their service preserved. As no complete record was kept during the war of those who entered the service from Racine county, the task of seeking them out at this time has involved personal interviews with more than 3,500 men; copying lists of the various local boards and the History Committee of the Council of Defense; checking these against "honor rolls" of localities and institutions; examining the records of various welfare organizations, and the files of newspapers for a period of three years back, and advertising extensively for information regarding those entitled to representation in these pages.

As a result of the thorough nature of the investigation, it is likely that most of the names sought will be found in their proper places. There may be some published which are not entitled to be here, on account of their having been residents of other counties when they entered service, but it was felt that if an error was to be made in this respect it would be bet-

In Service

The work of compiling these statistics was difficult, and it is not impossible that mistakes may have crept into some of the lines. A request was published and widely circulated that those whose names were in the lists come to the publishers' office and read proof on their individual records, and this was done in hundreds of cases. Wherever errors were suspected, or information was lacking, several letters of inquiry were sent to the last known addresses of those affected. In some instances no replies were received and the records had to be published in incomplete form. The use of the material collected by the County War was granted to the publishers of this work, and it proved of great assistance. The greatest difficulty was in gathering information relative to the volunteer soldiers and sailors who went to war from Racine. There were no local records of these men on file at any place, and the War Department at Washington had no way of classifying men by their original localities. Unless steps are continued to make sure that these men are all listed, the services of many of them will be forgotten by the community. The records of drafted men are probably complete, as their names were preserved by the local boards which inducted them into service.

In the individual records, it was the intention to show what company, regiment or other basie unit the soldier served with. It was not deemed necessary to name organizations larger than a regiment, in the case of the army. If the designation of the regiment is given, it is not difficult to learn what brigade and division the regiment belonged to, if such information is desired.

eTAANDASEDEUOSOIANEDLANEDENERDLNUELOQDEDLADEDEYOCALABELIGAEDINEREIVMEDLAGGDIANSDINOEDEVOELEODEGCANSDIQUEEIIOETINRECHYSEROURERIUURDLADENOAHEDEVORDLONEDLCOEELAUROLNUREOYSENINOEELADEGLONERIOMEDIAUEQANELLOGELOSDENUNOE14 SURODUAGRACOKALCUpeLtOnNdanwEUaureydepedeenydeeedaed iy Ne ANEDENRLINOEDENAROLOREDIANADLONODIAAEDIGBEDIORNELAGEYAONED ¢8UPINRRELOREDIOGEVCVREDINEENIINFINAEKIOORELIEDIOCERLONERIANEDISONEIGREELOREDIOGRAIVREYAGOOE(ONEAIONNOONUDOASEEAOANDIAQELIOCNDIOBEAIONRDIOGENAACEICODENAOREN| IUELEIOEGO(QNNOIGENLIGEIONGEADOOEOOCOEsC ocHOiaerO ony the divisions bearing any number above 20, the division can be found by dividing the number of the regiment by four. If the result is a fraction take the next larger whole number. Thus, to find what division the 339th Infantry belonged to, divide 339 by 4, which gives 84%. The next larger whole number is 85, so the 339th Infantry was in the 85th division.

This did not hold true in case of the regular army divisions, numbered from 1 to 20. As many Racine men served in the first six of these, it may be noted that they were composed as follows:

First Division - 16th, 18th, 26th and 28th Infantry regiments; 5th, 6th and 7th Field Artillery; lst Trench Mortar Battery; 1st, 2nd and 8rd Machine Gun Battalions; 1st Engineers; 2nd Field Signal Battalion, 1st Ammunition Train, lst Sanitary Train, lst Engineer Train, 1st Military Police Company and 1st Mobile Ordinance Repair Shop.

Second Division - 9th and 23rd Infantry; 5th and 6th Marines; 12th, 15th and 17th Field Artillery; 2nd Trench Mortar Battery; 4th, 5th and 6th Machine Gun Battalions; 2nd Engineers; Ist Field Signal Battalion; 2nd Ammunition, Supply, Engineer and Sanitary Trains and Military Police Company, and 2nd Mobile Ordinance Repair shop.

Third Division - 4th, 7th, 30th and 38th Infantry; 10th, 18th, 76th Field Artillery; 3rd Trench Mortar Battery; 7th, 8th and 9th Machine Gun Battalions; 6th Engineers; 5th Field Signal Battalion; 3rd Ammunition, Supply and Sanitary Trains, and 6th Engineer Train; 3rd Mobile Ordinance Repair shop.

Fourth Division - 389th, 47th, 58th and 59th Infantry; 13th, 16th and 77th Field Artillery; 4th Trench Mortar Battery; 10th, 11th and 12th Machine Gun Battalions; 4th Engineers; 8th Field Signal Battalion; 4th Ammunition, Supply, Sanitary and Engineer Trains; 4th Mobile Ordinance Repair shop.

Fifth Division - 6th, 11th, 60th and 61st Infantry; 19th, 20th and 21st Field Artillery; 5th Trench Mortar Battery; 13th, 14th and 15th Machine Gun Battalion; 7th Engineers; 5th Field Signal Battalion; 5th Ammunition, Sanitary, Engineer and Supply Trains; 5th Mobile Ordinance Repair shop.

In The World War

Abbreviations have been used freely in preparing the records for the printer. This was necessary in order to conserve space. By using the "key to abbreviations" given hereafter, it will be a simple matter to translate the abbreviated words.

2nd Line: (a) Organization or branch of the service. If the line begins with a letter, it is the name of the company, and this is followed by the number and designation of the regiment ("C 127 Inf" means Company C, 127th Infantry). Where the precise organization was not known, the branch of the service is given whenever possible.

(b) Rank at entry and at discharge from active service. Thus, "pvt-2nd Lt" means that the man entered service as a private and was discharged as a Second Lieutenant. Intermediate ranks were usually omitted as superfluous. In almost every instance, promotions are made one grade at a time. Commissions in the reserves are not included in this line.

(c) Camp or camps at which the greater part of the soldiers' time was spent if he did not reach the front overseas; or the stations or ships, in case of members of the navy. Thus, "Grant Custer" would mean that the soldier was stationed at Camp Grant and Camp Custer during most of his service. "Newport News

USS Louisiana" means that a sailor was stationed at Newport News and later served on the Battleship Louisiana. Usually it proved impossible to cite all of the stations of men who were transferred a great many times.

8rd Line: Date of entering federal service and date of discharge. These are followed, in case of men who served overseas, by the dates of sailing and return. Thus, "July 15-17 May 19-19; Ovs. Mar. 4-18 May 12-19" means that the man went into U. S. service July 15, 1917 and was discharged May 19, 1919; that he sailed for overseas service on March 4, 1918 and returned to America on May 12, 1919. It will be noted that a dash is placed between the

4th Line: Battles and engagements, or defensive sectors in which the soldier saw front line service. Thus, "S M-A" means that he was in action in the battles of the Somme and the Meuse-Argonne." Other abbreviations will be found in the "key."

5th Line: Other information of interest, such as the fact that a man was wounded, killed, decorated, commissioned in the reserves, captured, ete.

Key To Abbreviations And Symbols Auclhmn Toru Loaecgadellauplsaablucreaadoolarerlagrlugmenna

It will be evident that some variations from this style has been necessary at times. For instance, if it was impossible to find a man's organization and rank, the line which should give these facts is omitted, and the second line will then contain the information which otherwise will be in the third line.

For the benefit of the men themselves, and for future historians, it is requested that anyone noting serious errors or omissions, take the trouble to write the correct facts and mail them to the author of this work at Racine, so that they may be placed on record in the archives of the county.

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ANDERSON Clarence A E 127 Inf; pvt-cook Mar 29-17 Oct 22-18; Ovs Feb 27-18 Al A-M O-A M-A Died of pneumonia Evac H 9; Buried American cemetery 677 Gondrecourt France

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M-A Somme Q-A Montdidier-Noyon D ©OM A-M ; Sea Wnd May 28-18 Chauteau-Thierry GENSON Louis 1317 Villa s BS i k. cat esis Mc Otellans BOWMAN Herbert J 1531 Asylum ay Jul 26-18** 127 Amb Co; pvt-wgnr Jul 15-17 May 29-19; Ovs Feb 10-18 May 20-19 BORGERSON Louis Waukegan Al A-M O-A A of O D 36 F A; pvt; McClellan Jul 25-18 Feb 7-19 BOWMAN Jesse M YMOA F 310 Eng; pvt-ck; Custer

BRACKER Bernard W Sply Co 27 F A; pvt; McClellan Jul 26-18 Feb 11-19 BRADFORD Chester A BRADFORD John A BRADL Henry J Q M C; pvt-wgnr; Custer Jul 23-18 Apr 12-19 idi 2 -A StM Dec 14-17 Jul 12-19; Ovs Feb 27-18 Jun 29-19 Montdidier Al M-A MLAS keME 4 ; ny Lambert: i Be SetareS maplor amberton = BRADSHAW Olifford W 1405 Villa st

BROONAN Victor 1519 Hayes av BROSE Charles T 2224 Washington av 41 Co M G Tr School; pvt; Hancock Aug 14-18 Jan 10-19 BROTHERSON Howard 315 Main st Tinas; pvt: en route to camp Nov 10-18 Nov 12-18

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CHRISTENSEN Herman Sam 920 12th st Navy; frm 3 cl-mm 1 cls'U S S Wyoming Dee 8-16 Dee 13-19 Participated in surrender of German High Seas i Nov 21-18; with Grand Fleet in - - ea eV EOREAINNIANAECAPOOADEOUAUUSONNEOONODOCHOOLOMIAUDEOADSDDOSUONOOIASTENLNOEIONGEOONDFOLECEOANOONOSEEIUNIEYSAVE+NN0UITANESPSGFONEIAUNOLALHOAOAVEEOELETYCOUOOEUHATEOPATEOLAGPOONOESUNDEDTEOBOOADREU NORIO

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COLEMAN Wallace A 1024 Packard av 135 Aero Sq; pyt-1stLt-pilot Observation Gr May 1-17 Jan 27-19; Ovs Jan 15-18 Jan 23-19 Atehd British Flying Corps Jul 2-18 Jul 13-18 With first all-American equipped Sq to fly Liberty planes into Germany Cited for heroism at Jaulny France Sep 13-18 Awarded DSC Cited by French and British in Oct 1918; by American army in November 1919

COLLINS Edmund R Ist Lt; Ft Sheridan Custer May 10-17 Mar 24-19; Ovs Jul 25-18 Archangel front Russia Killed in action Mar 24-19 Archangel Russia; Body brought to Racine for burial

CORBEIL Charles D Burlington Aero; pvt-sgt; McCook Field Kelly Roosevelt France England Dee 2-16 Dec 2-19; Ovs Mar 5-18 Mar 7-19 Injured by fall from airplane

CORBEIL George S Burlington Navy; seam 8 cl- ensign; U S S Prairie and New Hampshire Pacific and Atlantic fleets Mar 1-12; Still in service; Ovs all during war In Mexican waters San Domingo and Cuba

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FOLEY Merlyn Lake Beulah Oct 1-18 Dee 12-18; pvt; Marquette Uni Milwaukee FOLLANSBEE Earl D Milwaukee 127 Amb Co; pvt Jul 21-17 May 29-19; Ovs Feb 10-18 May 24-19 Al A-M O-A M-A FONTI Samuel Chicago Jul 27-18**; Grant

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FULLER, Percival S 107 12th st Navy; seam 2 cl-Lt (Sr grade); Pensacola Panama Apr 17-17 Jan 10-19; Ovs Apr 27-18 Jan 9-19 In navy aviation with anti-submarine deep sea patrol

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HARWOOD Frank Nicholas 104 M OC; pvt Mar 29-18 Apr 5-19; Ovs Jun 30-18 Mar 12-19 M-A_ Borne-de-Cornoreiller; Haramont Ridge; Capture of Ecurey Reville Etrange; Crepian;

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MC NAMARA Steve J 8 Aero Sq; pvt; Columbus May 15-17 May 14-19; Ovs Feb 28-18 May 1-19 Standford Eng St Maxent France: With British at Standford; transf to France Jul Toul sector with salvage dept; Qualified at Romarantin as pilot Oct 20-18

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MILLER Bernard H 1116 College av Navy; N O T S Municipal Pier; seam 2 cl; entitled to ensign commission after armistice; declined May 14-18 Jan 9-19

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PECK Ervine D 2016 Washington ay Navy; midshipman-ensign; U S Louisiana Minnesota Illinois Jun 1-10 Oct 29-17 Died Oct 29-17 at Grt Lakes H; buried at Racine svceueeaneeevmpenveceacessvaesens nanan vncvcncavanseaeurorannisecavanveaesvedeensuusiasseeceanisesnevertassetseneninenee = iM AHEHSADUNANAS HUG MUOSSREAUTENGOUAESNOPEONATURESHIBAAURELAOALQOOFUUNSQONRENOAUBEAOOEECHOOOASEOVOSREG0ARECAAKUSNAOOQERELOCRENOOELOYOROTONOUOUREOONUELOOMEOSEONI NEETOTEONOKLATeNU0ECLOGEEEAObOLSeHU0deeAGaevdnrodneodaoeisunsiseHtUFy

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QUIGLEY Daniel Joseph 1301 La Salle st Navy; ¢ p o 1 cl (staffff); Newport US S Kearsage Lancaster Erricsson Wilkes Dec 1-16; Ovs May 14-17 Jan 9-19 In Submarine Service U S S Destroyer Stockton; on patrol for R-34 Atlantic flight

Racine Countyiin The World War 567

RASMUSSEN Waldemar 810 Villa st D 2 M G Bn; pvt-pvt lec yn 6-17 Sep 27-19; Die. van 8-17 Sep 3-19 aM MA. A on w Cited in Brig orders Jun 1-19 for gallantry in action; Cited in Div orders for gallantry in action

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RUFFOLO, Louis J 1102 Railroad st Navy; app seam-frm 2 cl; U SS Geo Washington Aug 15-18 Oct 30-19 On Pres Wilson's 2 ovs trips; on King Albert's

Ord Corps 1 Bn; pvt-corp zi Dee 12-17 Jul 24-19; Ovs Mar 14-18 Jul 17-19 32 A-M 2: RUSTON Norman Alex 1409 Thurston av i O T CG; pvt-2nd Lt; Sheridan He Jul 18-18 Dee 14-18 a EPUUUEEUNCEENAHENORENNG: eenenevenneuanneiestniten. =

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SAWICKIS Frank F 1814 Center st G 339 Inf; pvt; Custer Apr 27-18 Apr 29-19; Ovs Jul-18 , Killed in action Apr 29-19 Archangel; buried at Milwaukee.

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A-M StM M-A; Saumur Art'y Hosp With French batteries in 3 actions; in courier service Spain Italy England Scotland Germany SINNEN Frederick FE 826 Park av

SLOAN Stuart E 77 Inf; pvt SLOT Fred C May 27-18** SLOVACHEK Jos A 116 Inf; pvt Mar 30-18 Oct 12-18; Ovs (dates missing) Died in action Oct 12-18; buried Bois de Montagne SMADER Charles F 107 Eng; pvt-corp Jun 30-17 May 27-19; Ovs Feb 15-18 May 4-19 Al A-M O-A M-A A of O SMADER Joseph F 1213 Schiller st Navy; app seam-seam; transport service Destroyer North Carolina

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THOMPSON Theo 1307 Villa st Navy; app seam-elect 1 cl; U S S Raleigh Oincinnatti; traveled distance equal to 3 times around world Jan 3-15 Jan 3-19

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WAGNER Al M G Co 18 Inf; pvt-sgt Feh 8-13 still in serv; Ovs Jun 14-17 Sep 3-19 Cantigny O-A M-A StM M-N Wnd May 4-18 at Cantigny; Awarded Croix de Guerre Jul 25-18; Regimental citation Aug 24-19

Mint

Nov 10-18 Nov 12-18 WILLIAMSON Wm Anthony 1118 Marquette st Navy; yeo-ch yeo; Grt Lakes' Ellis Island Brooklyn Navy Yard;s 5 trips ovs transp service Jun 12-17 Feb 15-19 ys by Heinemann-Hood-Billings SERVICE MEN AND CIVILIAN MEN AND WOMEN IN WAR WORK Top Row - Frank A. Ruzicka, R. A. DeMint, Royal E. Schaefer, A. C. Rohrberg, C. A. Hurtgen, H. A. Runkel. Meacham Jr., Miss N. E. Karcher, Miss Edna Billings.

rnoto by Leonard SEVEN MEMBERS OF ONE RACINE FAMILY WHO WERE IN SERVICE 1917-19 For family representation in the World War Mr. and Mrs. Teder Christensen, 218 Frank avenue, stand at the top. The group above contains seven sons who were in service at the same time. The insert at the left upper corner is Anskod, and A son Christ J., served in the

* grouped in the picture are his brothers, Charles J., Carl, Walter, Otto, Henry and John. her sons did not enter service. The upper right hand insert is a picture of and the one shown above is one of the hundreds moynch army supported our troops at Juvigny k crew is sunning himself on the "after deck" of the