U.S. Geological Survey Center of Astrogeology, Photolab, 2255 North Gemini Drive, Flagstaff

Source document Quoted word for word from HABS AZ-224. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

Center of Astrogeology US Geological Survey (USGS), Photolab (Building No. 2) was physically located at North Gemini Drive, Flagstaff, AZ The building was located in Coconino County and globally positioned at decimal degrees - Past Owner Center of Astrogeology Building No. 2 was owned by the City of And Occupant Flagstaff, AZ and was leased to the USGS. The building was occupied by USGS employees who worked at the Center of Astrogeology. Present Use None, demolished on May 13,

Source document Quoted word for word from HABS AZ-224. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

The USGS Astrogeology Program s history and the significance of its accomplishments are divided into two periods. The first period encompasses early space science and exploration, which coincided with the U.S. focus on lunar missions and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration s (NASA) Project Apollo, extended from to and is known as the lunar years or Apollo era. USGS Building No. 2 was constructed during this era and eventually occupied by the USGS Branch of Astrogeologic Studies in December of during the first period of significance.1 The second period of significance, the planetary years or post-Apollo era, extends from the termination of the Apollo program in to the present.

During this time, the emphasis for Astrogeology shifted to geological interpretation of the planets and satellites of the solar system and flight mission support. Important aspects of the program include planetary cartography research, photogrammetry, image processing, scientific computing and maintenance of a regional planetary image data facility.2 Historian(s): Steven A. Nagel, Federal Preservation Officer, USGS, November 30, 1 USGS Flagstaff Building 2, USGS Statement Paper, March 2, 1. 2 Section106 Review for the USGS Flagstaff Field Center Master Plan: SMITHGROUP architecture engineering interiors planning, 3. U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 2)

Source document Quoted word for word from HABS AZ-224. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

As the USGS Building No. 2 was eligible for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places and the USGS approved demolition of the building, this constituted an adverse effect on a historic property. This recording project is being compiled as part of USGS s mitigation for its adverse effect on the building and Stipulation 2.a of General Services Administration (GSA) Memorandum of Agreement No. A2001-0709.1. The USGS Building No. 2 Recording Project was sponsored during - by Matthew B. Correa, Chief, Real Property Acquisition and Leasing Section Western Branch of the USGS. The original measured design drawings were compiled by building Architect Stephan Ryciak. Building exterior and interior photographs were taken by USGS photographer Jeff Coleman.

Historic Significance and Context collected by SMITHGROUP Architecture Engineering Interiors Planning and brought up to current date by internet web search. Keuffel and Esser (K&E) Kargl Sr. A Copy Camera information provided through property records and information held by USGS. Copy Camera photographs taken by Peter Rosenthal. Historic USGS Photographs borrowed from: The U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Astrogeology- A Chronology of Activities from Conception through the End of Project Apollo written by Gerald G. Schaber. HABS report prepared by Steven Nagel, Federal Preservation Officer, USGS. Part 1. Historical Information A. Physical History 1. Date of Erection: 2. Architect: Stefan S. Ryciak, North Street, Phoenix, Arizona.

Stefan Stanislaw Ryciak became an architect after he graduated college in with a professional degree in architecture. He spent most of his career designing buildings in Arizona like the Lakes Baptist Church (now named the First Baptist Church of Tempe). Its construction utilized slump-block3 in its walls like Building No. 2. The church s construction was finished late in Other work completed by the architect included the Sun City Athletic Club and the Paradise Village Apartments both located in Phoenix. 3 Slump Block , House Construction and Maintenance, Tuscon, Arizona, Accessed December 13, http://www.city- U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 3) 3.

Building Owner and Occupants: The building was owned by the City of Flagstaff and leased to the USGS for 30 years. At the end of the lease, the USGS had elected to end the lease and vacate the building since the building was cheaply constructed which led to signs of early fatigue for its age. The USGS procured a contract to dismantle the Keuffel and Esser (K&E) Kargl Sr. A Copy Camera and store the camera in crates. It was the last piece of equipment to be removed from Building No. 2. 4. Builder: Jim Jamison Construction Company, Flagstaff, Arizona. 5. Original plans and construction: The building was one story, with a rectangular floor plan. The outside dimensions were long and wide, with a long and wide Entry Vestibule attached on the East side, totaling square feet.

The building had a gable roof with a 1" rise for every 12" of run slope and overhangs on all four sides.4 6. Alterations and additions: Two operable entry doors were planned at each end of the building s entry vestibule and are depicted on Sheet No. 8 of the architect Stefan S. Ryciak s original drawing set. Additionally, Sheet No. 1 site plan surrounding Building No. 2 shows two symmetrical curved sidewalks serving both door sets on opposite ends of the rectangular shaped Entry Vestibule. Witnesses who worked at the building only knew of one set of entry doors to the Entry Vestibule. The other side of the Entry Vestibule was closed-off with an inoperable fixed glass window. These constructive changes happened before or during original construction of Building No. 2. In Figure No.

2 of this report showing the North elevation of the building one can see an open-aired gazebo built with heavy lumber in the foreground. The gazebo was erected after Building No. 2 was completed as an employee break area. Verifying this fact, the open-aired gazebo was nowhere depicted on the architect s original drawing set. The building floor plan on Sheet No. 3 and exterior elevations on Sheet No. 4 of the Architect s original drawings of the USGS Building No. 2 depicts two sun screens built of angled iron measuring 2- " x 2- " x " thickness in sectional profile. The shading sun screens each measured approximately high by about 27' wide with the steel angles arranged vertically. With these 4 Building No. 2 Description, CRA Architecture, Inc., facsimile, U.S.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 4) dimensions, each shading screen would be comprised of about 108 steel angles standing vertically at long for each angle iron. The top edge of the sun screens was connected to the exterior wall of the building with the same equal-angled iron spanning overhead to the building. The Architect s drawing set shows the iron sun screens in relation to the various elevations of the building. It is obvious the screening was planned to shield the windows from the sun s glare on the East elevation of the building during its low azimuth in the morning hours. Both screens were planned to be located from the exterior walls of Building No. 2. To the construction-trained eye, the Architect s Section No. 1 depicted on Sheet No.

4 is missing critical structural support in the ground. The weight of the steel sun screens was minimally supported in shoddy manner by a low concrete wall with a majority of the wall hidden below finished grade. The wall was poured in a trench running the length of the two screens. The architect s detail on Sheet No. 4 did not show a concrete footing under the short wall supporting the weight of the steel. By typical construction standard, the concrete wall should be underlain by a concrete footing that should be three times the thickness of the wall in width and at least below grade to prevent the supporting concrete from heaving in frozen ground during Winter.

If the steel sun screens were built as designed, their life expectancy would be short lived from the lack of proper ground support. By photograph and an existing spoken account, the sun screens were never built. The reader of this report can see in historic Figure No. 99 on page 71 the shadows lines of venetian blinds adjacent the window opening in the background. It is noted the blinds were substituted as a low-cost solution in reducing the sun s glare than the steel and concrete construction of the large steel sun screens outdoors. Building No. 2 s original 1- " x 9- " overhang supports have been replaced with 1- " x 3- " 45-degree triangular wood braces to support the overhangs.

The change was made years after the building was finished around due to the insufficient strength of the 1- " x 9- " to support the overhangs. Annual snow loads pushed the unsupported overhang past the insufficient supports. This action created an undulating waviness at the North and South edges of the roof reported in a building inspector report. The single hung windows at Building No. 2 were replaced with window units featuring sliding windows flanking a single fixed pane of glass. It does not U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 5) appear the rough opening dimensions were changed to accommodate the replacement windows. The three original fixed windows installed in the building were still in use at the time the building was demolished.

Decorative modern-styled chandelier lights were planned to hang above the vestibule space leading to the interior of Building No. 2. They were depicted on Sheet No. 8 of the original design drawings. Interviews conducted with working occupants of the building resulted in no recollection of the decorative chandeliers hanging over the vestibule. The North end of the vestibule was planned to be illuminated by a four-globe chandelier while the South end of the vestibule was lighted by a two-globe chandelier. Each chandelier featured a central cylindrical globe that were each satin blue in color with a smoke finish. The single cylindrical globe arrangement of the North chandelier was surrounded by three glass globes in blue, mauve, and amber with satin finishes.

One glass globe suspended next to the single blue cylindrical globe of the South chandelier. The manufacturer of both chandeliers was specified on the drawing to be Prescolite Lighting Company. Reducing cost in construction of Building No. 2 appears to be the common goal of all the alterations described above. B. Historical Context: USGS Geologist Eugene M Shoemaker, first proposed establishing a lunar geology studies group within the USGS in In shortly after NASA was established, Shoemaker again suggested that a small USGS program of lunar investigations be developed, contending that such investigations would be valuable to NASA and that the USGS was in the best position to provide the services.

In July the lunar program was approved and funded by NASA, and later that month they announced the beginning of Project Apollo. The Branch of Astrogeology Studies (BAS) officially began its work as a division of the USGS in August and over the ensuing decade played an important role supporting NASA and its missions. Shoemaker invented the term astrogeology as the name for the group, as he felt it more accurately depicted the basic methods of geology he envisioned would ultimately be conducted on the moon itself. At its beginning, the Astrogeology program was headquartered at the USGS facility in Menlo Park, California.

The group (about ten staff) was equally split between Menlo Park and Washington, Early work focused on three areas: 1) study of mineralogy and chemistry of tektites and meteorites, 2) geological mapping of the U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 6) moon, and 3) studies of terrestrial impact and volcanic craters that might be related to those observed on the moon.5 On May 25, President John F. Kennedy stood before a special joint session of Congress and announced that the United States should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth.

6 That same year, the USGS Astrogeology Studies Group was elevated to Branch status within the USGS and named the Branch of Astrogeology with Shoemaker named its first Chief Scientist. The following year, the idea to move the Branch of Astrogeology to Flagstaff grew, using the presence of Meteor Crater (an impact crater) 50 miles away, youthful volcanic craters in the surrounding San Francisco Volcanic Field, Lowell and U.S. Naval observatories and a college (now Northern Arizona University) as justification. Flagstaff s dark skies also provided excellent night viewing for a telescope that the program was to construct.

Due to the heavy focus on lunar mapping, the Branch thought having geological features similar to those on the moon (impact and volcanic) in proximity to a telescope for observing the moon, would benefit the mapping effort. The first Branch scientist, Chuck Marshall, moved to Flagstaff in followed in by Jack McCauley. Both were working in the Arizona Bank Building in downtown Flagstaff when the second phase of arrivals came in the summer of The staff were eventually all housed in a new addition of the Museum of Northern Arizona s (MNA) Research Center in September of 7 built exclusively for the USGS.

In January Shoemaker (whose office at that time was at MNA) led a trip of nine newly selected Gemini astronauts on the first astronaut-training trip, going to Meteor Crater, Sunset Crater, and Lowell Observatory. Around that time, Shoemaker and NASA created a plan to house USGS geologists at the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston (now the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center) to train the astronauts and act as geological consultants. The USGS and NASA had reached an informal agreement that the USGS would take on the major role of geologic support for NASA, including analysis of the moon rocks returned to Earth; however, the agreement was never formalized, and the Space Environment Division of NASA took over several roles originally planned for the USGS.

5 Section106 Review for the USGS Flagstaff Field Center Master Plan: SMITHGROUP architecture engineering interiors planning, 3. 6 Evan Andrews, 10 Things You May Not Know about the Apollo Program, History Stories, May 24, last accessed November 21, 7 Gerald G. Schaber, The US Geological Survey Branch of Astrogeology, A Chronology of Activities from Conception Through the End of Project Apollo Open File Report, Reston, VA, 60. U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 7) The relationship between NASA s geologic team and the USGS Astrogeology temporarily stationed at the MSC began to sour in the first quarter of when a new manager of the NASA geology department appeared.

His name was Ted Foss who began a turf-battle with the USGS Astrogeology team over who should be in the leadership position of NASA s astronaut geology training. At the same time, Gene Shoemaker s geology team liaised at the Houston facility had noticed the member geologists on the NASA team had academic backgrounds but very little if any geologic field experience. NASA managers above Ted Foss, one of who had absolutely no experience in geology vaunted to the USGS team membership they should be happy to be working for NASA. The USGS geologists inherently understood the importance of the geologic field training they possessed and how it would contribute the astronaut s success to explore the geology of the Moon.8 But how was this to be demonstrated?

In the spring of Gene Shoemaker developed a plan to bring acceptance of USGS s role in being the geologists in charge of the Apollo missions. His plan was carried-out between June 15 20 of as USGS staff filmed and documented USGS geologists garbed in borrowed NASA Gemini space suites sampling rocks on the Bonita Flow with its Moon-like landscape near Flagstaff. Shortly afterwards, Gene Shoemaker shutdown the USGS Astrogeology liaison office in Houston on June 30 and relocated the USGS geologic field studies to Flagstaff and Menlo Park to handle all the Apollo astronaut geology training there.9 In the summer of astrogeologists Jack McCauley, Don Elston, and Chuck Marshall selected a site for a building that would become the Center of Astrogeology, as envisioned by Shoemaker.

Intended to bring the functions of Astrogeology in Flagstaff and Menlo Park to a single site, the building was also to be the focus of Branch operations and the cornerstone of a campus of buildings. Located on an undeveloped mesa known as McMillan Heights about a mile from downtown Flagstaff, the site was considered suitable for the building (referred to in this report as Building No. 1) and provided space for additional construction. The property was owned by the City of Flagstaff and an arrangement was made with the city and the USGS, through the GSA, to lease the property in parcels as buildings were constructed.

Working closely with Gene Shoemaker and Don Elston, the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) Albuquerque office of the Branch of Plant Design and Construction, under the direction of its chief Ralph W. Mize, produced a preliminary design for Building No. 8 Ibid, 9 Ibid, 92. U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 8) 1. The small budget available for construction translated into a small building. Shoemaker and his staff realized even while under design, Building No. 1 could never accommodate the rapidly growing Astrogeology staff.

As a result, the USGS solicited the BIA s Branch of Plant Design and Construction to prepare schematic master plans creating additional space and showing how future buildings could be arranged and constructed on the McMillan Heights Mesa property. Seven site studies were generated by BIA s planning office. Site Study No.7 was tentatively selected by Shoemaker as the preferred master plan, although it was never implemented. In the GSA commissioned noted Phoenix architects Guirey, Srnka, and Arnold to prepare a revised master plan. Their November final plan, showed a total of seven buildings, including a substantial flight projects building, a library and a prominently located data facility.

Also included in the plan was a large facility for the Astrogeologic Studies Group, then primarily located in Menlo Park. The elaborate and stylistically modern master plan remained a working long-range plan for facilities development until but like the earlier BIA site studies, was never implemented. The concepts for the types of buildings to be built on the site, however, were pursued over the next decade. Construction of Building No. 1 was completed in and it was immediately occupied; however, it was not dedicated until The Center of Astrogeology USGS Building No. 2 was completed in These were the only buildings erected on the campus during the Apollo-era. Building No.

1, dedicated as the headquarters building of the Astrogeology Studies Group, was partially occupied by cartography and photographic facilities forming the first moon mapping operations of the Center. The rapid growth of the moon program support by the Center expanded quickly into new space of Building No. 2 coming on-line. A portion of the cartography support and most of the photographic unit in Building No. 1 were moved to Building No. 2. After a few years, the operational remnant of the cartography unit in Building No. 1 was moved off-campus to Fourth Street in Flagstaff in the spring of The three post Apollo era buildings Nos. 3, 4, and 5 were constructed on the McMillan Heights Mesa after the end of Apollo program. BAS Chief Jack McCauley proposed Building No.

3 in October of to house the Manned Lunar Exploration Studies Group, then located in offices at the Arizona Bank Building in downtown Flagstaff. This third facility had been identified on the campus master plan as the Flight Projects building. Construction of the building, however, was not authorized until The facility was the first post-Apollo era building constructed at the site when it was completed in Buildings No. 4 and No. 5 were 10 Richard C. Kozak, Historic Property Inventory Form, Center of Astrogeology Photolab, Flagstaff, AZ, March 21, 1-2 & U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 9) constructed on the campus in during the period when the study of planets other than the Moon was becoming the focus of much of the BAS s work. Building No.

1 was razed in and replaced with a new building currently designated as Building No. Before the construction was completed of the Astrogeology headquarters building, Chief Scientist Shoemaker divided the Branch of Astrogeology formally into three divisions, which reflected the Branch s increasingly important role in Project Apollo: 1) Unmanned Lunar Explorations Studies, headed by Jack McCauley and located in Flagstaff, 2) Manned Lunar Exploration Studies (MLES), led by Don Elston in Flagstaff and later Al Chidester and, 3) Astrogeologic Studies Group, led by Hal Masursky in Menlo Park, CA, continued the Branch s original tasks of lunar mapping, crater studies and tektite-meteorite investigations. The MLES group grew rapidly in and became the dominant effort of the Branch in Flagstaff.

The purpose was to develop, test, and film-document lunar geologic traverse procedures using local geologic test sites around Flagstaff such as Meteor Crater, Hopi Buttes, and selected sites in the volcanic field. Activities were incredibly varied and intense. The astronaut training continued as a sub-group under the direction of Al Chidester, who later became Chief of the Manned-Studies Group. Three simulated moonscapes (crater fields) were created, two in the Flagstaff area and one in the Verde Valley, and used for training and testing purposes. A crater field was carefully constructed by USGS scientists in Flagstaff as an exact replica of the proposed Apollo 11 landing site by blasting small craters in the floor of Cinder Lake.

It was never used by Apollo 11 astronauts but was used extensively for training for later Apollo missions.12 There were two such crater fields constructed for astronaut training, the Cinder Lake field and the field at Black Canyon in the Verde Valley, near Cottonwood, Arizona. The Black Canyon field was used as the winter astronaut training site when snow blanketed the Flagstaff area. The Cinder Lake crater field is now all but destroyed by years of dune buggy activities in that area. The Black Canyon site is also no longer available, as it now underlies a housing development.13 The MLES group devised mission profiles, communication devices, cameras, and surveying and data collecting tools.

A simulated mission control room was set up in the 4th Street facility in Flagstaff to practice remote communication with the astronauts who were training in the field. 11 Section106 Review for the USGS Flagstaff Field Center Master Plan: SMITHGROUP architecture engineering interiors planning, 5-6 12 Walt Roeder, Making Craters Mare Tranquillatis in Flagstaff Arizona , Astrogeology Science Center, Last accessed November 21, 13 Sue Beard Scientist in Charge, Summary of Space Science in Flagstaff, , Letter to the Keeper, National Register of Historic Places, May 01, U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No.

AZ-224 (Page 10) In the MLES was reorganized into the Branch of Surface Planetary Exploration (SPE) and the Branch of Astrogeology became the Branch of Astrogeologic Studies (BAS). Hal Masursky replaced Gene Shoemaker as Chief of the BAS and transferred from Menlo Park to the Flagstaff Field Center. The BAS funded by NASA continued with the systematic geologic mapping and study of terrestrial impact craters and modeling of impact crater processes. BAS scientists also participated in the mission operations and data analysis phases of NASA s early unmanned mission to the moon (Ranger, Surveyor, and Lunar Orbiter) and helped NASA screen Lunar Orbiter images for potential Apollo landing sites.

Major activities of the SPE now included 1) directing geological field training of Apollo prime and back-up crews, 2) participation in the Apollo landing site screening, 3) designing lunar surface traverses, and 4) participation in all NASA mission operations training exercises, and simulations, prior to each Apollo mission. The SPE, which was operating out of the Arizona Bank Building, worked on developing concepts for lunar vehicles, terrain models for contractors bidding on the lunar rovers and evaluations of Bendix, Grumman, and Boeing proposals to build the four flight models. In the SPE proposed to NASA and was selected to plan and direct the Apollo Lunar Geology Surface Experiment or ALGSE.

A group of geologists from the SPE would make up the science room, or Science Support Room, within Mission Control building at the Johnson Space Center in Houston during the Apollo moon missions. Following each mission, this group analyzed the newly acquired mission- site data and prepared reports on the geology of the mission site, and geologic context of the samples. The next five years, were the busiest for the SPE. By this time, the overall training program had expanded to include industry, academia, government, and private-sector scientists who assisted in crew-training for and conducting of lunar surface operations, as well as preparation of the geoscientific mission reports; it was collaborative, rotational leadership effort between the USGS and non-USGS geoscientists.

The first two Apollo missions, 11 and 12, were focused on getting a man to the moon, and once it was known to be possible, subsequent missions could focus on science. The SPE geologic support teams, under contract to NASA, became increasingly important. The teams working from the back rooms of Mission Control in Houston were tasked with overseeing the field work on the lunar surface during which the rocks were collected. To oversee the astronauts progress, the SPE teams trained the U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 11) astronauts in geologic field techniques, map out the lunar traverses, and work with the Manned Space Center in preparing detailed time lines to guide the astronauts activities while on the moon.

Working directly with the astronauts, they simulated the missions at different field localities on earth. During the missions, they monitored the progress of the actual lunar traverses, plotted photo and sample locations, updated traverse plans and priorities on the basis of returned data, interacted with the Principle Investigators of other experiments, and engaged in preliminary data analysis. Following the missions, the trainers prepared reports ranging from first-reaction reports to full-blown USGS Professional Papers. On December 11, the last mission of the Apollo program (Apollo 17) landed on the Moon. Its two-man crew inside the Lunar Lander was Eugene Cernan and Harrison Jack Schmitt.

Jack was the first and the last (to date of this survey) USGS geologist to work on the surface of the Moon. Earlier, in NASA had started a recruitment effort to enlist a scientist and train the professional to be an astronaut for a mission to the Moon. Harrison Schmitt was working at the USGS Flagstaff Astrogeology Science Center for a year when the NASA program was announced, and he applied to the unique program. Out of applicants, Jack was selected for the astronaut training.14 Harrison Schmitt, a professionally trained geologist in line to be a crew member on Apollo 18, probably served as the impetus of the budding geological field work, tools, and procedures that were being developed for Project Apollo.

Jack and his two fellow astronauts trained as a back-up crew for Apollo 15 and were to be the primary crew for Apollo 18. In September Apollo 18 was cancelled, making Apollo 17 the last mission scheduled to fly to the Moon. Gene Shoemaker had believed for a quarter of a century there should be professional geologist walking on the Moon, now that dream was in doubt. Gene with help from other scientist-astronauts persuaded the chairman of the Space Science Board that Schmitt should be one of the Apollo 17 crew.15 Joe Engle relinquished his seat on Apollo 17 so USGS s Jack Schmitt could explore the geology of the Moon. In Engle would eventually co-pilot the second developmental flight of Space Shuttle Columbia to Earth s orbit.

When Jack Schmitt was walking on the Moon with Eugene Cernan, Gene Shoemaker s vision was fulfilled in having a sophisticated mission dedicated to science and staffed by geologically trained people on both ends of the Earth-Moon radio link.16 14 Harrison Schmitt , Astrogeology Science Center, Last accessed January 10, 15 Don E. Wilhelms, To A Rocky Moon: A Geologist s History of Lunar Exploration, University of Michigan, University of Arizona Press, 16 Ibid, U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 12) In when the need to support astronaut training and missions disappeared with the end of the Apollo program, SPE was dissolved back into the BAS.

Soon after Apollo 17 returned to earth as the last Apollo mission, several USGS lunar scientists moved from the Arizona Bank Building to the Flagstaff Field Center, into the USGS Building No. 2 to renew their terrestrial research. Astronaut training by Field Center staff continued to a much lesser degree in the post-Apollo era with detailed training of the last Skylab crew and training for incidental photography of terrestrial features by the Apollo/Soyuz Test project astronauts Additionally, Flagstaff field staff also worked with several space shuttle crews in photography and radar experiments of desert features in the U.S.

and Egypt.17 The planetary program had been slowly building during Gemini and Apollo Planetary Science missions, past, current in planning, or in development, extend mankind s presence to the solar system s inner rocky worlds, helping to unlock the secrets of the solar system s composition, history and evolution, and how life established itself on Earth.18 One such mission designed for planetary study was named Mariner. The Mariner program was a ten-mission program conducted by NASA in conjunction with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory The program had launched a series of robotic interplanetary probes from to designed to investigate Mars, Mercury and Venus.20 The program included a number of firsts, including the first planetary orbiter, and the first gravity assist maneuver.

The USGS mapping involvement in the earlier Mariner missions to Mars and Venus was minor, mostly because of the Apollo commitments, but Jack McCauley (BAS Chief from had submitted a proposal to be part of the Mariner Program as early as The managers proposed to map the surfaces of the planet from Mariner s cameras during its Because of changes in plans and postponing of missions by NASA, the proposal was finally accepted for the Mariner 9 orbiter mission to Mars in Hal Masursky, now located at the Flagstaff Field Center, became principle investigator for the TV experiment; Ray Batson was co-investigator with the responsibility of mapping Mars with the Mariner 9 images while Jack McCauley (now working at the Flagstaff Field Center) was designated leader of the Geology Team.

Eventually, BAS Menlo Park scientists took over leadership of the camera teams that were analyzing the new images of Mars. The Geology Team proceeded to map the 17 Section106 Review for the USGS Flagstaff Field Center Master Plan: SMITHGROUP architecture engineering interiors planning, 18 Inner Solar System, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Science Beta , last accessed November 21, 19 Mariner-Venus Final Project Report, Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, accessed November 22, 20 Mariner Program, Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, accessed November 22, U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 13) entire planet at scale.

Scientists and investigators from the Flagstaff Field Center, as well as computer scientists and cartographers at the 4th Street facility, played equal roles in producing new photo mosaics and maps of Mars, including 600 maps of the twenty-two planets and satellites that are works of art, using visual observations and airbrushing. During the Viking missions of a similar mixture of USGS staff from an assortment of BAS buildings which included the newly constructed Buildings No. 4 and No.

5 was involved to work with JPL staff to analyze the Martian surface for hazards and help NASA pick out safe landing sites for first and second Viking landers orbiting Mars.21 Again, the camera team leaders observing the surface of Mars from the Viking spacecraft were working on the planet from Menlo Park, while most of the USGS staff members were in buildings at Flagstaff. With the completion of the five buildings on the Flagstaff campus, the entire BAS group and the USGS warehouse functions were finally consolidated on the McMillan Heights Mesa campus which was twelve years after the concept of a complex of buildings on the site had been proposed by Gene Shoemaker.

For the Mariner 10 missions to the planet Mercury in and Pioneer mission to Venus in and the Hubble Space Telescope deployment in USGS involvement was minimal. The highly successful Voyager missions to the outer Solar System, the Magellan Orbit to Venus in followed by the ill-fated Mars Observer in the Clementine lunar orbiter the on-going Galileo mission to Jupiter in and the Mars Pathfinder and Mars Global Surveyor missions in these missions typically involved about ten staff members from the Flagstaff Field center. The Astrogeology team gained notoriety again not from work supporting outer space exploration, this time was made through a terrestrial application looking in at itself on Earth.

In several scientists from the Astrogeology staff, including Jack McCauley, were responsible for the discovery of previously unknown river deposits located in the eastern Sahara Desert. The river deposits were identified from the orbiting Space Shuttle using its radar which penetrated the desert s upper layer of loose sand to a consolidated sub-sand sheet layer of fluvial deposits. Their discovery and subsequent studies received worldwide publication and science media attention which resulted in a model for a trans-African drainage system dating from 30 to 10 million years ago. 21 H. Masursky, Search for the Viking Landing Site , American Association for the Advancement of Science, Science, New Series, Vol. No. October 1, U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No.

AZ-224 (Page 14) New work from the BAS in the s involved the Lunar Prospector mission in and the Mars Climate Orbiter and the Mars Polar Lander missions in Additional BAS scientists had been involved in the near-Earth Asteroid Rendezvous mission and the Cassini mission on route to Saturn.22 In NASA had launched the New Frontiers Program which was conceived to broaden our understanding of the solar system and how it dovetailed with scientific endeavors made so far.

Furthermore, from our explorations, the program encourages us to consolidate what we know about our solar system and develop the high-level scientific questions which fuels curiosity and supports new missions to the outer edges of the solar system through the next decade.23 The New Frontiers Program was planned around three missions to space.

One of them, the New Horizons spacecraft, carried special instruments in its payload to include three digital cameras (i.e., Multispectral Visible Imaging Camera, Linear Etalon Imaging Spectral Array, and Long-Range Reconnaissance Imager) controlled by Integrated Software for Imagers and Spectrometers (ISIS) which was maintained by the USGS Astrogeology Science Center.24 The New Horizons Spacecraft was launched on January 19, for a 9.5-year transit (3+billion miles) to the Pluto system.

The BAS realized the lone spacecraft arriving at the edges of the solar system to a planet times smaller than Earth would not have a lot of light from the Sun to see its surface.25 The conditions would make image recording of the planet and its moon Charon difficult compared to the past Apollo and Mars projects. Furthermore, if New Horizons continued to travel billions of miles further to the Kuiper Belt beyond Pluto to photograph even smaller objects of rock and ice, the cameras would need to continue to work perfectly in all hostile environments of cold and low light in providing answers to the mission s questions. The digital cameras chosen by Flagstaff s Astrogeologic team were designed to collect information specialized for seeing through the planet s varied environments.

The role played by ISIS was crucial in collecting the remote sensed data from the cameras and assembling it into photo mosaics useful for study on Earth. However, the paramount importance ISIS played was to assign each unit of data collected to a 22 Section106 Review for the USGS Flagstaff Field Center Master Plan: SMITHGROUP architecture engineering interiors planning, 8. 23 New Frontiers, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Science Beta , last accessed November 29, 24 Kristin L. Berry et al., Support for New Horizons Instruments within ISIS3, (presentation, Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, The Woodlands, TX, March 25 H.A. Weaver, Space Science Review, October/2008, Issue Vol. No. 1, U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No.

AZ-224 (Page 15) longitude and latitude reference.26 Dually, the software generated exceedingly accurate ground features of Pluto and Charon and provided spacecraft locational data which helped scientists understand the images they were looking at. The digital compilation process carried out by the ISIS software was phenomenal for mapping purposes compared to the prior practice of human photo interpretation used in mapping the surface of the Moon and Mars through a video stream. New Horizons had passed Pluto and its largest moon Charon in July and is continuing more billions of miles beyond the orbit of Neptune to its furthest programmed destination at the Kuiper Belt.

It is hoped the exploration of the Kuiper Belt will (at the time of this writing) provide improved understanding about the creation of our solar system. The New Horizons mission staffed partly by the Flagstaff Science Center will complete the initial reconnaissance of the entire solar system.27 The NASA Mars Exploration Program was started to examine the planet Mars in determining the habitability of the planet for manned exploration. The USGS Astrogeology Science Center continued to provide the expertise to study the red planet in many ways. NASA s first spacecraft Odyssey of the Mars Exploration Program arrived at the planet in July and parked itself in the planet s orbit. Its THEMIS (Thermal Emission Imaging System) was used to find minerals which form in the presence of water.

Some of the purposes the Flagstaff scientists used the THEMIS for were to monitor seasonal changes in the edges of the Polar Icecap and to map sand dunes on the Martian surface. 28 The second spacecraft to visit Mars under the Mars Exploration Program was Mars Express conducted by the European Space Agency (ESA) so named for being built in the shortest time compared to similar missions. The mission goal of Mars Express was to image the entire surface of the planet in its natural color and map the mineral composition of the surface in high spacial resolution. USGS researchers Dr. Randolph Kirk, a Mars Express Co-Investigator, and Dr.

Brent Archinal have advised ESA s High-Resolution Stereo Camera Team concerning cartography best practices, Mars coordinate systems, and map product design from the inception of the 26 Kristin L. Berry et al., Support for New Horizons Instruments within ISIS3, (presentation, 47 th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, The Woodlands, TX, March 27 New Horizons: The First Mission to the Pluto System and the Kuiper Belt , National Aeronautics and Space Administration, accessed November 29, 28 Mars Odyssey Mission , USGS Astrogeology Science Center, accessed November 30, odyssey. U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 16) mission. The Astrogeology Team had also developed a processing capability for images in its ISIS software system.

29 The missions to Mars launched in inspired the imaginations of many Americans through their complicated and daring landings. The Spirit and Curiosity Martian rovers were launched on-board two rockets which were lofted only one month apart to different hemispheres of the red planet. The USGS s Astrogeology Science Center contributed to both missions again with camera technology but with one obvious difference. They were microscopic imaging cameras. The Microscopic Imagers (MI) on the Mars Exploration Rovers, Spirit and Opportunity, returned images of Mars with higher resolution than any previous camera system, allowing detailed petrographic and sedimentological studies of the rocks and soils.

Designed to simulate a geologist s hand lens, the MI cameras were mounted on the rovers instrument arms.30 Fourteen years later on the surface of Mars, the Curiosity rover continues to operate on its mission. The rover had just clocked 28 miles on its odometer and its MI was directed to make another microscopic picture of another Martian ground target. The rover Spirit which stopped communicating in was abandoned in rescue efforts to revive the vehicle.31 The Odyssey spacecraft, which opened exploration of the NASA s Mars Exploration Program in still orbits above the planet acting as an orbiting communications satellite sending imagery back to Earth for geologists and scientists alike who seek to unravel the mysteries of the planets outside of Earth s horizon. Part II.

Architectural Information A. General Statement 1. Architectural Character: The USGS Building No. 2 was built with no significant architectural elements which distinguished it architecturally from other buildings of similar function. The building was constructed primarily as a low-sloped roofed photo lab which required light-controlled interior spaces for photographic processes. Fenestration was restricted to the East elevation of the building where cartography staff worked in map making and generating art renderings of the surface of the Moon on large sheets of paper fixed to drafting tables. These 29 Mars Express Mission , USGS Astrogeology Science Center, accessed November 30, express.

30 Mars MER Microscopic Imager Surface Findings , USGS Astrogeology Science Center, accessed December 01, 31 Mars Exploration Rovers, Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology , Update: Spirit and Opportunity, last accessed December 01, U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 17) highly detailed drawings, made through photo-interpretation and telescopic observation of the lunar surface, needed to be reduced to picture size portability the astronauts would need to take them on board the cramped Apollo spacecraft. Building No. 2 housed an enormous two-room sized apparatus called the Keuffel & Esser Kargl Sr. A Copy Camera that made this image reduction possible. It is at this point that the ordinary one-storied Building No.

2 sitting on the Center of Astrogeology campus made its significant contribution to the success of Apollo which set it apart from other mission support buildings in its own historic way. Keuffel & Esser (K&E) was famous for its surveying and precision drafting instruments and supplies which draftspersons and cartography technicians use to make drawings where accuracy is paramount in areas like engineering, industrial design, architecture, surveying, and lunar mapping. Their products were also used by USGS draftspersons working in Building No. 2. The K&E company was founded in New York City in by Wilhelm J. D. Keuffel and Herman Esser immigrants from Prussia (what is now far northeastern Germany).

Over time the company grew, expanding its products to include surveying instruments, films, wide variety of drafting devices, and became especially popular for its slide rules. In the company was bought by AZON Corporation.32 Eventually, the company expanded to make land surveying equipment. The name Kargl which followed the K&E brand name of the USGS copy camera figured prominently in K&E s history in when K&E was celebrating its 100-year anniversary. One of K&E s instrument stand suppliers was having difficulties in filling back orders of instruments already purchased in large quantities. K&E had to quickly decide if it was going to find a new supplier of the instruments stands or if K&E on its own would need to start manufacturing the fixtures.

K&E found a manufacturer; the Kargl Instrument Company in San Antonio, Texas. The supplier was willing to take on the challenge despite being in the business of miniaturizing and making photogrammetric instruments for aircraft. Almost overnight, Kargl designed the first prototype of the instrument stand for K&E. Across the floor of the manufacturer s factory more than fifty jigs and fixtures were assembled and positioned to start mass-producing K&E s instrument stands. In fifty-four days after Kargl accepted the challenge to make 32 Keuffel and Esser Trammel , The National Museum of National History, accessed January 24, U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No.

AZ-224 (Page 18) K&E s stands, the first order was shipped from San Antonio to Washington state.33 K&E s association with Kargl was an extremely curious business union which appears to have paid off in dividends as the passage of time approached the goal to explore the Moon. Kargl s firsthand knowledge in designing instruments which measured distances between objects in aerial photographs on Earth was the right experience needed for measuring objects on the lunar surface when that need became crucial with Project Apollo.

Before Gilard Kargl became the founder of Kargl Instruments Company, he was interested in starting an aerial photography company in which would eventually become Kargl Aerial Surveys There was a popular niche for aerial photography in mapping large areas of land for companies looking for oil in Texas. At the time, aerial photographs were taken from open-aired cockpits of two-winged propeller-driven bi-planes.

Gilard s plane at the time was a de Haviland specially modified to carry a Folmer Graflex K5 camera.34 For the aerial photographs to have value to the oil companies, they needed to be rectified into measurable maps which the companies could use in generating development and construction estimates.35 The infancy of photogrammetry over Texas was established as the art of obtaining reliable measurements by means of photography which is still today used extensively in topographic mapping.36 Gilard Kargl invented a device called a rectifier which would duplicate the angle of the camera s film surface in relationship to the angled surface of the aerial photograph which in turn would allow dimensioning the land on a map from an aerial photograph.

The next innovation which added to the reliability of the rectifier would be a method of calibration and the introduction of linear scales used for reference on the aerial photo. Kargl s first rectifier was not perfect and was destroyed in a fire at the Tobin Company where he worked in Gilard built another rectifier which was a correctly designed improvement over his first rectifier. Kargl also designed his own stereoscope which helped his staff determine the size of objects and their distances apart from each other using two aerial photographs.37 Gilard 33 Gumbinger editor, Texan s Say Can Do . . . and Do , the KEnoter, July 8. 34 Kelsey, Ray, A., Memorial Address: Gilard Kargl, Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, Vol. L, No.

7, July 35 Pliny Gail, Photogrammetric Pioneers the Texas Story and Beyond , Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, Vol 50, No. 9, September 36 Morris M. Thompson, Development of Photogrammerty in the U.S. Geological Survey , Geological Survey Circular Revised 1. 37 Pliny Gail, Photogrammetric Pioneers the Texas Story and Beyond , Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, Vol 50, No. 9, September U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 19) was quickly building a national reputation as a pioneer in aerial photography and instrument design. He gradually spent less time in the air taking pictures and devoted all his time in design and manufacture of photogrammetric instrumentation.

Keuffel and Esser took notice of the creativity emerging from Texas and in they began marketing Kargl s products as part of their offerings worldwide. Only two years later, K&E purchased Kargl s company with Gilard on-board continuing his career as a very active instrument designer now working for K&E.38 Gilard s knowledge of photogrammetry would prove paramount importance in the design of the USGS s Keuffel & Esser Kargl Sr. A Copy Camera and its role in rendering the Apollo astronaut s traverse maps used for benchmarking waypoints, hazardous areas, and objects of interest on the surface of the Moon. In the day when pictures were being taken of the Moon, the cameras were digital. However, there were no computers to convert digital files into hard-copy photographs.

In order to convert the digital image to a photograph, a photo negative had to be made which would be used to develop the photographs. The photo negative would be exposed to artwork hand-drawn by cartographers who photo-interpreted the digital files. The artist s renderings would be projected through the lens of a copy camera to a negative which sat in darkness waiting to be exposed to light. Not only was one digital photograph taken of the lunar surface, but multiple pictures were taken in varying lighting conditions and azimuths of the Sun which revealed surface obstructions not seen in another time the photo was taken. Hand- drawn pictures could be large up to 7'- 0" by 5'- 0".

In drawing practice and similarly in photography, the larger the drawing or size of the negative, the greater detail of information can be rendered on the medium. More information depicted in the resultant photograph had critical importance to an astronaut looking for landforms or geologic minerals miles away from Earth. Commercially available copy cameras of the day were expensive and limited in range by the widely accepted bellows systems employed in these copy cameras. They were limited in the size of original work they could copy and limited to the output size of the film copy.

The inventive Gilard Kargl realized copy cameras could be redesigned to greatly improve their capacity by mounting the lens in a wall separating the lighted copy room from the darkroom halves of the camera and utilize a copy frame and film holder on a connecting track which spanned 38 Kelsey, Ray, A., Memorial Address: Gilard Kargl, Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, Vol. L, No. 7, July U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 20) over the entire length of the camera.

At least twelve of Kargl s newly innovative cameras were built for aerial mapping companies in San Antonio and the southwest parts of the United States during the and Each copy camera produced by Kargl had a refinement over the previous copy camera.39 Imagine how many improvements were made by the middle 60 s to Kargl s break-through prototype Keuffel and Esser Kargl Sr. A Copy Camera when it arrived for installation at the USGS s Center of Astrogeology in The gigantic K&E Copy Camera weighing close to pounds was installed in Building No. 2 as one of the last construction phases of the building. The exterior wall of the building facing South at the southwest corner was left unconstructed to facilitate the installation of the large components of the camera.

And since the South wall was not a bearing wall supporting the roof trusses spanning above, it could be left open for finishing later. The floors of the camera rooms where the camera would rest were surveyed with a transit. The surveying was performed to establish the straight line and maintain levelness along which the structural supports of the camera were installed. If the supporting components of the copy camera had not been installed with precision, this could have a detrimental effect on its primary function to focus and copy images with clarity. After the copy camera was installed, the building construction contractors returned to erect the remaining exterior wall.40 It can be said that Building No. 2 was indeed built around the Keuffel and Esser Kargl Sr.

A Copy Camera since the exterior wall of the building was finished once the camera was assembled inside. The K&E Kargl Sr. A Copy Camera was like its predecessors. It was basically a free-standing, steel constructed, and precision-built instrument. Three vertical steel members supported the 32 -0 long dual-rail system which ran the length of the copy camera. Off-center under the rails, the Center Support carried most of the weight of the large format copy camera. It was framed in 3- " x 7- " rectangular structural steel tubing on each side. The same girth of steel members crossed between the steel uprights and was solidly welded to the steel uprights flanking each side.

There were two steel support frames positioned under the opposing ends of the copy camera rails, the East End Rail Support and the West End Rail Support. The two vertical legs of each End Rail Support were constructed of 6- " x 3- " steel tubing and cross-connected with rectangular steel tubing of the same dimension at the top of both End Rail Supports. The copy camera with its three supports was housed inside two rooms called the West 39 Kelsey, 40 Anonymous, retired, USGS. Interviewed by Steven Andrew Nagel, August 02, U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 21) Camera Room and the East Camera Room.

The devising gypsum partition wall separating these two rooms was built up to the opposite sides of the camera s steel Center Support making the camera integrally built into Building No. 2. The copy camera was equipped with an East Standard Vacuum Easel and West Standard Copy Easel in the respective East Camera Room and the West Camera Room. The West Standard was designed to vertically hold opaque and transparent images up to the copy camera s lens. Lighting was needed to illuminate the opaque images that were artist s renderings. The West Camera Room was equipped with four studio lights individually capable of producing Watts of illumination of the artist s rendering fixed to the West Copy Easel.

The lights were suspended from a steel beam attached to the West Copy Easel trolley which rolled on the rails above. Both sets of lights were angled to the picture plane of the easel. This lighting angle helped reduce unwanted glare in the artwork being copied. There was another source of light used to illuminate transparencies sandwiched inside the West Standard Copy Easel. The mobile light was rolled across the West Copy Room floor to a position behind the transparency. The moveable studio light could produce Watts of illumination. It is interesting to note that it was the West Camera Room which had access to the outdoors through a wide double door unit. It would not be problematic to have natural light leak into the West Camera Room where light was needed to copy the artwork.

Conversely, the East Standard Vacuum Easel of the copy camera was suspended in total darkness holding its light-sensitive negative that waited for the image of the artwork to be projected onto its surface. The Center Support was purposed to prevent stray light from migrating from the West Camera Room to the East Camera Room. The West Standard Copy Easel had the ability to be pivoted from vertical to horizontal via a steel gimbal. A common use of a gimbal can be seen in a typical Ferris wheel, where the individual seats remain horizontal while the amusement ride rotates. The gimbal used over the West Standard Copy Easel was constructed out of a C shaped steel frame measuring close to across by high and was rigidly braced to a steel trolley which rode the camera s rails above.

The two opposites edges of the steel framed gimbal tapered downward to steel bearings on which the West Standard Copy Easel rotated. The copy easel measured about 7'- 7"wide and was high which included the 2- " x 2- " tubular steel that framed the easel on all four sides. Rotating the heavy West Standard Copy Easel was assisted with two lead counterweights. The weights were attached to the copy easel by cable which were threaded through a pulley on each side of the steel U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 22) gimbal. These weights were necessary to help the copy camera operator swing the massive steel-constructed easel from vertical to horizontal then back.

After the West Standard Copy Easel was swung to the horizontal position, the copy camera operator was able to open the easel like a bi-folding wallet with the far edge of the easel rotating around a hinge. One large sheet of 0- " thick clear glass sheathed the lens-facing side of the bi-folding easel. Behind the glazing, the artwork was positioned facing towards the front of the copy easel. The back surface of the copy easel was covered by a translucent sheet of flexible vinyl glass. The milk-white vinyl glass was used to evenly diffuse the 5000-Watt studio light positioned behind the easel that illuminated the large transparencies sandwiched in the easel.

After taping the artwork or positioning the large transparency behind the horizontally positioned glass, the bi-folding West Standard Copy Easel was manually closed and clamped-down by the camera operator. It was stated in a part of Gilard Kargl s funeral memorial address, One of the designs that he was most proud of was the very simple, latch, or catch, to hold the lid of an instrument case shut. 41 The West Standard Copy Easel in Building No. 2 featured two flat aluminum claws that were concentrically welded near the opposing ends of a common aluminum rod running the length of the copy easel. A lever welded to one end of the long rod was pushed over by hand.

Through this single motion, both claws rolled into adjacent catches which pulled the opposing edges of the 7'- 7" long easel together. The mechanical force applied by the solitary lever pressed the artwork flat between the layer of clear glass and the flexible layer of milk- white vinyl glass. The easel was then spun to the vertical orientation and locked into position. To ensure the artwork was perfectly flat, an electric vacuum fan motor was activated via a toggle switch attached to the steel vacuum frame to draw out the interstitial air between the glass and the milk vinyl. This action pulled the flexible vinyl surface uniformly tight against the back of the glass which pressed the paper artwork or transparency flat readying it the copying process.

The East Standard Vacuum Easel worked similarly to the West Standard Copy Easel as it too employed a vacuum fan that drew air out from behind its x 3'- 6" wide negative pulling it flat to the easel. The East Standard Vacuum Easel was framed in 2- " x 2- " tubular steel like the copy easel in the West Camera Room 41 Kelsey, Ray, A., Memorial Address: Gilard Kargl, Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, Vol. L, No. 7, July U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 23) but was not capable of being rotated from vertical to horizontal. The East Standard Copy Easel was smaller which measured approximately wide by tall. The easel was diagonally braced by round tubular steel to the supporting steel trolley that rode the copy camera s steel rails overhead.

Where the vertical diaphragm assembly of the East Standard Vacuum Easel was bolted to the steel trolley, it was braced horizontally in steel which ensured the vacuum easel in the East Camera Room was always uniformly perpendicular to the focal plane of the West Standard Copy Easel rolling on the copy camera s rail system across the way in the West Camera Room. Common to both easels hanging in opposing camera rooms, each easel had to be positioned on the central axis of projected light passing through of the copy lens situated between them. The film side of the vacuum easel was constructed of black plastic and measured approximately 4'- 6" wide and high. The most unique design of the vacuum easel was its single round depression molded in the plastic located behind the negative.

It resembled the frontal view of a trombone looking down inside its bell. The bottom of the bell was 12" in diameter and flared outward gradually to the flat plane surrounding the depression of the easel. Small air channels measuring 0- " wide by 0- " deep were molded in the surface of the bowl-shaped depression. The channels were spaced equally in the wall of the bell and radiated outward to the edges of the vacuum easel much like a spider-web without the intersecting cross-filaments. The vacuum air channels became progressively shallow and flat as they radiated outward to the edges of the rectangular easel. It was obvious by the design of the air channels, they were designed to distribute an even vacuum of negative pressure behind a black perforated screen holding the negative.

A sheet of clear glass was not used in front of the negative to flatten it out since its thickness would degrade the image clarity being projected to the negative. The K&E Copy Camera was built around the basic principles of photo-copying but was enlarged in scale more than twenty times the size of a studio photographer s tabletop version. One component the K&E Copy Camera did not possess was a focusing screen typically employed in Single Lens Reflex, medium and large format cameras. Focusing screens are made of etched glass on which the image of the photograph could be previewed to verify the focus of the image being photographed.

It would have been prohibitively expensive to surface-etch a pane of glass the size of a sheet of plywood for the image of the artwork previewed by the camera operator. Exorbitant cost and precise mechanization would be demanded to swing the gigantic focusing screen out the way for the U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 24) exposure to reach the film plane then return the focusing screen to view the next image. Another difference in the operation of the K&E Copy Camera, the glass lens elements inside the barrel of the copy lens did not move to adjust for focusing. The lens of the K&E Copy Camera was affixed to the stationary Center Standard.

Focusing the image copied by the camera was reliant upon linearly moving the artwork and the negative over the camera s rail system in relationship to the stationary lens sitting in between the two easels. The Keuffel and Esser Kargl Sr. A Copy Camera employed two closed-loops of steel measuring tape that were routed over a set of pullies and through a control console called the Tape Plate Assembly. Each tape loop was connected to copy camera s two trollies, one carrying the East Standard Vacuum Easel and the other carrying the West Standard Copy Easel.

As each lens had a specific focal length, the index marks imprinted on the tapes needed to be spaced correspondingly for each lens.42 Since the copy camera used three lenses of various focal lengths, three windows at the Tape Plate Assembly displayed the numeric values of each lens. The lined indexes appearing on the two metal tape loops were embossed on the surface of the tape by an engraving machine designed by Kargl.43 The measuring tapes of the USGS Keuffel and Esser Kargl Sr. A Copy Camera were custom-made for this instrument. They were not made to be interchangeable from one copy camera to the next. The copy camera s two trollies carried their easels below them on a steel rail system. The wheels of the trollies were made of machined steel.

The wheels straddled on the narrow edge of two rails made from 0- " x 2- " flat steel stock. The two rails were spaced away from the face of the carrying steel beams and were bolted at regular intervals through the beams. The robust and high-quality construction of the East and West Standards riding on their steel carriages translated into lots of weight. For this instrument, there was a need to move the Standards in a controlled manner. The movement of the East and West Standards was assisted by dedicated electric motors bolted to gear boxes which pulled the trollies via steel cable similarly like an aerial tram carrying tourists and skiers to the top of a mountain summit.

These components made up the Travel Motor Assembly; one motor controlled the movement of the West Standard and the other electric motor controlled the movement of the East Standard. The gear boxes (transmissions) were engaged by the turning motion of an aluminum rod which terminated above the operator with a knurled handle. Turning the rod in one 42 Kelsey, Ray, A., Memorial Address: Gilard Kargl, Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, Vol. L, No. 7, July 43 Ibid, U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 25) direction moved a Standard forward, turning the rod in the other direction moved the assembly backwards. The two control rods hung above the control console with its Tape Plate Assembly on the East side of the Center Standard.

Both Standards traveled for a limited distance along the rails above for reasons of personal safety and mechanical limitations of the connecting vacuum systems. Two interrupter electric switches (BZ-2RL2-A2 manufactured by Honeywell) were positioned above the tape loop of the East Standard with another pair of interrupter switches installed over the tape loop of the West Standard. In the event either Standard traveled too far threatening to collide with copy camera operator standing at the camera s control console, or one of the End Rail Supports, a short 4" long wedge of aluminum attached to the tape would pass under the contact wheel of the interrupter switch which in turn would disconnect the electricity bringing the Standards to a stop.

The movement of the Standards was used to focus the artwork and film negative for the lens selected used in creating the camera shot. There was one Manual Focusing Rod that was rotated by hand to move the West Standard for exacting focus. The Manual Focusing Rod protruded vertically from the trolley similarly to the two rods controlling the movement of the East and West Standards above the Tape Plate Assembly. The rotation of the vertical Manual Focus Rod transitioned from vertical to horizontal at the rail overhead by a set of bevel gears. In the horizontal direction, a worm gear drove a traction wheel which gripped on the trolley s steel drive cable. This action incrementally moved the trolley.

There is an uncanny resemblance between the mechanical linkages designed on the USGS copy camera by Gilard Kargl in similar fashion of those drive screws and gears of metal in the construction of his first rectifier from the There was a braking system which was used to stop the trolley supporting the West Standard from moving once it was positioned for focusing. The brake was applied by rotating another vertical rod which in turn would push apart two steel dogs which would clamp-down on the steel cable driving the trolley. The Center Standard was built to be light-tight in preventing light from migrating into the darkroom side of the copy camera where the sensitive film negative was positioned for a controlled light exposure.

There were two 6" high by 8" monitoring ports used by the copy camera operator to see through the Center Standard to observe where studio lighting and Copy Easel were positioned in the opposite West Camera Room. Each port was glazed with a Safelight filter which 44 Pliny Gail, Photogrammetric Pioneers the Texas Story and Beyond , Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, Vol 50, No. 9, September U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 26) protected the film negative from being exposed on the operator s side of the Camera Room where he was standing. The rectangular ports were closed shut by flip-down doors.

The Center Standard supported other camera s controls like the Unitronics 39 Essar Integrator that was the original photoelectric exposure meter used to control the timed exposure of the copy camera. At a later time, the GAM IV Graphic Arts Exposure Computer manufactured by Graphic Arts Manufacturing Company was purchased to replace the Essar Integrator. The substantial Center Support framed the heart of the copy camera system which was the black lens board. The lens board measured about 18" square. It surrounded a round rotating platter called a Lens Turret which was fitted with three ultra-high-resolution lenses of differing focal lengths: 30" and 47- ".

The Lens Turret was another original refinement designed into the camera by Gilard Kargl to speed-up and simplify the changing of lenses to attain different reduction ranges.45 Each lens was custom-made by Goerz American Optical Company Inc. One of the three lenses selected for copy-work was rotated into position without removing it from the Center Standard. The Lens Turret was locked in place by a spring-loaded steel pin. The ultra-high-resolution lenses were able to project an extremely flat image to the large negative held in the East Standard Vacuum Easel. The aperture f/stops of each lens ranged from a very flat to There was fourth lens with its own lens board built around the lens. It was called a cone lens.

The lens and its lens board were inserted into the lens board holder two ways at the Center Standard. Aim the lens in one direction for reducing images or in another direction to enlarge images. 46 The camera s shutter sat behind the lens and was electronically triggered by a servo mounted direct above the shutter. The sheer weight of the steel-constructed Center Support did not allow vibration when the shutter in the lens was opened. Equally important for image clarity, the shutter was opened for seconds. It was imperative the wall which housed the lens and shutter did not move. Precise copy operations cannot allow vibration which will translate into blurred images.

Process lenses must focus evenly across sometimes expansive flat surfaces and be expected to project the image of the two-dimensional cartographer s artwork clearly for accurate rendition to a negative surface sitting in another room.47 45 Kelsey, Ray, A., Memorial Address: Gilard Kargl, Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, Vol. L, No. 7, July 46 Anonymous, retired, USGS. Interviewed by Steven Andrew Nagel, August 02, 47 Lenses for Copying , WWW TPUB Publishing, Integrated Publishing, accessed January 30, U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No.

AZ-224 (Page 27) Rigidity in the construction of the K&E Copy Camera was crucial to prevent the components of the camera from twisting and falling out of alignment which would adversely affect the precision of copying rendered artwork of the Moon s surface over to a negative. There was a variety of sizes and configurations of hollow steel tubing which were inherently resistant to torsional forces acting on the copy camera. Hollow 2- " x 2- " steel tubing was used in the framing of the West and East Standards and Vacuum Easels. Horizontally from the plane of both Standards to the wheeled trollies above, angled steel braces provided rigidity which helped keep the Standards perpendicular to the travel of the trollies.

It was and still is today a cardinal rule in photo copying; the film plane and the artwork plane must be perfectly parallel to each other to produce uniform picture clarity across the entire copy. Round hollow steel tubing known as Vertical Diagonal Braces were designed for stiffening the Standards and prevented them from twisting. The diagonal bracing helped to keep the East and West Standards vertical and parallel to the Center Standard where the camera s lenses were mounted. Condition of Fabric: Building No. 2 evidenced wear as cracks were noted in its exterior slump block wall construction. Water from rain and snow melt compromised the roof and degraded the fiberglass batt insulation below, contributing to seasonal temperature changes felt by the occupants inside.

On March 9, a letter written to a member of the USGS described the most noticeable defect in the condition of Building No. 2. It appeared the North and South facing overhangs appear to be ready to fail . The roof overhangs which extended past the exterior support walls exhibited an undulating waviness48 which could be indicative of a water penetration problem or design flaw. The original outlooker joists were replaced with 1- " x 3- " triangular wood brackets that were surface mounted to the bearing masonry walls at the original locations of the outlookers . The roof overhangs on both sides of the building remained convoluted despite being supported by the new supports.

With insufficient numbers of eave supports, the overhangs sagged past the supported areas from live loading added to the overhang like seasonal snowfall. It appears it is a design flaw which has led to the convoluted state of the overhang. Flagstaff, Arizona is subject to significant amounts of snowfall as depicted in a graph from pre-1950 to During one epic storm in 84" of snow fell in one event on the area from December 13 to December 20. USGS loaned its 48 USGS (Building No. 2), Letter to Mr. Gupta of USGS from Flagstaff Design and Construction, Inc., March 9, 49 Richard, Hereford - Scientist Emeritus, Flagstaff Arizona- to Floods, Droughts, and Long-Term Warming , US Geological Survey, Flagstaff, U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No.

AZ-224 (Page 28) Apollo lunar training support vehicles to the town since they were all four-wheel drive and radio dispatched.50 A membrane roof system covered the entire building. The membrane roof was constructed of multiple sheets of materials which were adhered between each layer with bitumen (tar) brush applied that glued the layers of material together. Asbestos was noted in the building s construction as a layer making up part of the membrane roofing. Asbestos was also discovered as part of the interior vinyl floor tiles which covered the building s main hallway, offices, restrooms, and building lobby.51 B. Description of Exterior 1. Overall Dimensions: USGS Building No. 2 measured 99' long, North to South.

The primary entry vestibule, centered on the front East-facing elevation measured x The other two sides of the building measured 4" East to West. The building had a gable roof with ridgeline running North-South and a overhang in all directions. 2. Foundations: The building s perimeter foundation consisted of a 24" deep by 16" wide reinforced grade beam. It was cast in place concrete. The concrete was reinforced with steel support bars aligned and tied together along the length of the grade beam. Between the opposing sides of the foundation grade beam, five, 10" thick reinforced concrete pad footings were arranged along a line passing North- South through the middle of the building.

Each pad footing supported a 3- " diameter hollow steel column which climbed upward to support the highest elevation of the roof at its ridge. The floor slab that underlaid the entire building was 4" thick concrete poured over a 6" layer of crushed stone. The finished floor slab had one uniform elevation for the entire building at above sea level. There were two open trench lines cut into the concrete floor slab measuring 16" x The walls of the trenches were lined with masonry blocks while the floor of the trench was underlain with sand. Drain pipes carrying waste from film processing areas were plumbed through the trenches to a sump where the liquid waste was filtered. Outside the perimeter of the Building No. 2 additional concrete structures were installed.

A concrete ramp was poured on a foundation at the West side of the 50 Gerald G. Schaber, The US Geological Survey Branch of Astrogeology, A Chronology of Activities from Conception Through the End of Project Apollo Open File Report, Reston, VA, 51 Facility Analysis Report- Flagstaff Field Center, CRA Architecture, Inc., Final Report: November 04, U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 29) building at the end of the main corridor. The ramp had a grade slope of 10" run for every 1" of rise North of the concrete ramp, a single reinforced 6" thick concrete slab measuring x was poured for a mechanical chiller used in air conditioning the building.

Another 6" concrete slab measuring x was installed at the northwest corner of the building for two electric transformers. 3. Walls: The exterior walls of Building No. 2 were constructed of 3- " x 7- " x 15- " concrete masonry units (CMU) regionally called slump block . The exterior masonry walls were finished with paint and on the interior as well. The main entry vestibule was attached to the building on its East elevation. The vestibule wall was constructed of wood framing measuring 1- " by 11- " and sheathed in 5/8 thick plywood. The plywood was waterproofed with 30 pound felt paper, which was subsequently clad with hand split cedar shingles. 4. Structural System, Framing: The roof framing of the USGS Building No.

2 consisted of a 16" deep wide-flange steel ridge beam supported by seven, 3- " diameter pipe columns. The line of the steel ridge beam was orientated North- South over the center of the building. Spanning over the interior space of the building, 24" deep gang-nail wood trusses were spaced at 24" center lines. The wood trusses were spaced at 24" on center and were collectively supported at the high end of the roof by the steel ridge beam. Down-slope from the ridge support, the low end of the trusses were supported by CMU bearing walls. On the East and West edges of the roof, the 1- " x 5- " top chords of each roof truss extended past the bearing walls and supported the building s roof overhangs.

The roof overhangs on the North and South sides of the building were supported and constructed of 1- "x 9- " outlooker roof joists spaced approximately apart, making four outlookers per side. Each outlooker was framed into the two adjacent roof trusses which ran parallel to the North and South walls. The outlookers cantilevered past the CMU exterior walls and supported the roof overhang on the gable ends at the building. For Building No. 2, a single load bearing wall bisected the middle of the building which encased the five steel pipe columns that supported the roof s wide-flange steel beam at its ridge line. 5. Entry Vestibule: The vestibule of Building No. 2 was the only wood-framed structure attached to the outside of the building s main CMU envelope. The main U.S.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 30) wall of the entry vestibule was supported on a foundation wall topped with roughly six courses of slump block. The face of the slump block wall stood 24" above finished grade. The CMU was capped with a 1- " x 11- " wood plate bonding that ran the length of the wall. Anchored to the wood plate a continuous 3- " x 7- " wood beam spanned the entire length of the wall at long. Entry to the vestibule was made through opposing ends of the space. Each end was enclosed with aluminum and glass double doors which swung out in the same direction of emergency egress.

The roof surface of the vestibule was co-planar with the main roof of the building since the upper chords of the building s trusses extended out over the vestibule. As the upper chords were 1- " x 5- " they had sufficient depth to serve as roof joists spanning over the shorter dimension of the vestibule which was approximately wide. Hand split cedar shakes cladded the East elevation of the vestibule from the top at the roof s edge to just about 24" above finished grade. The vestibule s interior walls were paneled in Marlite Random Plank Pre-Finished No. 176 American Walnut over 0- " thick gypsum drywall. The interior finish of gypsum drywall and wall paneling was surface-applied directly to the adjacent CMU of the main building at the interior of the vestibule.

The vestibule s ceiling was sheathed on 0- " thick gypsum drywall attached directly to the truss upper chords passing overhead. Only at the ceiling, 0- " thick acoustic tile was surface adhered to the gypsum drywall with mastic. At the rear of the building facing West, a flat canopy measuring x spanned the concrete ramp outside the building. The canopy was constructed of 1- " x 9- " x long wood joists spaced along 24" center lines. The long joists with their long cantilevered overhang penetrated the exterior CMUs to approximately 4 -0" underneath the roof trusses inside the building s plenum space above the finished ceiling. Wood framing of 1- "x 3- " wood studs secured the canopy s cantilevered joists to the trusses above.

The canopy joists passing over the main corridor inside were sheathed in 0- gypsum drywall as a dropped ceiling above the double doored exit. The canopy was designed to protrude out over the delivery area without vertical supports. The edges of the canopy were faced with 1- "x 11- " wood fascia board. 6. Roof Equipment and Penetrations: Vent stacks, sheet metal constructed ducts, extend above the roofline from about 4' to 6' in height. These were predominantly U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 31) located on the northern half of the roof which spanned over the darkrooms where the photo-processing took place. Self-contained Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC) equipment was mounted level on the low sloping roof.

The HVAC units were located at the shortest distance away from the designed heating and cooling zones they served in the occupied spaces below the roof. The output capacity of the HVAC unit was matched with the size of the zone and how much interior heat gain was anticipated due to numbers of people working and heat generating-equipment operating in the space. 7. Openings a. Doorways and Doors: The main entrance into the USGS Building No. 2 was made through the Entry Vestibule located on the East side of the building. Its two sets of double-doors, model series Extra Duty 350 , were manufactured by Kawneer as specified on Sheet No. 9 of the original architectural drawings. The doors sported narrow line aluminum frames to match Permanotic light bronze color.

The door jambs were made of aluminum and matched in hue to the adjacent door frames and were 1- " thick. The glass used in the doors was 0- " thick polished plate glass. The double door set was 5 -0" wide with each door separately measuring 2'- 6"x tall. Each entry door was crossed by an aluminum panic bar for pushing the door open from the inside. One aluminum pull pad was affixed to the exterior side of the doors to enable pulling the door open from the outside. A similar door-set was installed through the adjacent CMU of the Entry Vestibule at the East end of the Main Corridor creating an air-lock in the Entry Vestibule. The door controlling the rear exit of the Main Corridor was manufactured by Republic Steel Doors, specifically a No. 634 Series which carried a fire rating.

Each door of the double door-set was 1- " thick and 24" wide making the door unit Each door contained a square glass window located at a 60" eye height. The steel skin of each door was made of cold-rolled sheet steel with the meeting edges of the steel welded together. Inside the void space of the steel envelope making the body of the door, polyurethane or polystyrene was injected to fill the hollow space for improved thermal and acoustic performance of the door. The Mechanical Room door was of similar specification but wider at for the double door set. Both rear Main Corridor and Mechanical Room doors U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 32) were framed in steel jambs that were sufficiently wide to accept slump block walls which were 7- " thick.

The camera room had the widest double door-set at wide with a similar door specification in construction as the rear Main Corridor and Mechanical Room doors. The camera room doors were noted as Lite Tite on the Architect s Door Schedule and they were full flush doors. Like the rear Main Corridor and the Mechanical Room doors, this type of door was made of two sheets of steel welded together at the seams that were visible only at the edges of the door. There were no windows used in the West Camera Room doors. The door-set was specified to receive the Reese Perfec-Seal Extruded Aluminum Door Astragal with vinyl insert Model AB-64. This accessory featured a half-round vinyl seal applied to the length of each door edge where the doors met together.

It created two flexible edges that sealed the space of 1- " between the two doors preventing light from passing between the doors. The head and the jamb sides of the doors were framed with the Reese Perfec-Seal Adjustable Door Stop Model: No. 99-AB. The Reese Adjustable Door Stop was surface-screwed to a Republic Steel Door Universal Frame Series 65F which had no steel door stop folded into its profile. The Reese light control became the door stop after it was attached to the door jamb. The Architect s detail showing this light-tight door jamb was shown in a typical configuration at multiple interior door locations throughout the building where the door was framed into a standard 5- " thick partition wall.

To prevent light from entering the camera room from under the double door, a Reese Perfec-Seal Threshold, Model No. 177 was employed. The extruded aluminum threshold featured two neoprene seals running parallel the length of the threshold. The neoprene used on the door threshold was noted on the Door Schedule as performing to specific military specification Class II, GR 40 which required the neoprene seal to withstand a temperature as low as 67 degrees below zero. b. Windows: The USGS Building No. 2 restricted its exterior fenestration to the East wall of the building and was not symmetrically located on each U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 33) side of the entry vestibule. All windows were framed in aluminum.

There were two types of windows: single hung and fixed. i. Single hung windows were subdivided into two typical arrangements of 2-bay and 3-bay. Each bay featured operability which allowed the lower half of the window to be slid up behind the upper glazed portion of the window. The 2-bay unit was wide by high. The 3-bay window unit was wide by 3 - 0" high. The single hung windows installed in this building were manufactured by Alenco, they were a Series No. 859 Single Hung DH-A2 (H) aluminum window. ii. Three fixed windows were used at the building, arranged asymmetrically on each side of the entry vestibule with one fixed window to the South of the Entry Vestibule and two fixed windows installed to the North of the vestibule. Each window measured 2' wide by approximately 5' high.

The window frames were manufactured by Alenco. One piece of 0- " polished glass was sealed in the window frame. 8. Masonry Opening Construction for Doors and Windows a. During the construction of the masonry walls, the masons plumbed rough openings in CMU coursework where the doors and windows would be installed at a later time. Window manufacturers make window anchors (in this case, Alenco No. masonry anchors) which attach the window mechanically using screws or nails in a variety of wall constructions. Door and window wall anchors are usually stamp-cut in flat plates or can be heavy gauge wire which can be embedded in the 0- thick mortar joint layers between the courses of CMU laid by the masons.

To ensure a solid anchorage for doors and windows, the masonry anchors are long enough to be embedded in the mortar joints between CMU courses. b. At the masonry level below the windows, special shaped sill blocks were mortared and set in place. In this case of Building No. 2, the top of the masonry sill blocks were beveled downward to allow water and snow melt to flow away from the window. The slope away from the window discouraged seepage of water into the interior of the building. c. Masonry is a brittle material which best works in compression and has poor tensile capabilities. By itself, masonry cannot be designed to span U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 34) window openings without the help of other materials or arched configurations.

At the head (the top portion of the window) equal sided steel angle iron (which is efficient in tension) measured 2- " x 2- " x " thick was used to span the window openings. Two angle iron segments were positioned face to face which supported successive courses of CMU installed over the windows at the building. 9. Roof a. Shape, Covering: The rectangular gabled roof which covered USGS Building No. 2 measured North to South by East to West. The ridge at the top of the gable was orientated in the North to South direction. The overall dimensions of the roof included the 3 -0" roof overhang which cantilevered out from the rectangular envelope of the building on all four sides.

From the gable s single ridgeline, the roof sloped down 1" for every 12" of run for towards the West and similarly across the same distance towards the East. Centered on the eastern edge of the roof there is a by wide extension of roof surface. This area is coplanar with the main roof and sheltered the Entry Vestibule below. The low East and West elevations of the gabled roof were edged with aluminum gutters. These channels collected rain water from the tributary area of square feet of roof straddling both sides of the ridgeline. Water collected in the gutters was channeled to downspouts which were located at the corners of the building. The downspout standing by the delivery entrance of the Camera Room door was moved approximately 16 East from the corner of the building.

Downspouts of the building deposited the rainwater to the surface of the ground surrounding the building. As observed from the ground, the roof lines of the building were interrupted by HVAC components and vent stacks rising above the roof. Vertical plumbing stacks and antenna were also present on the roof. b. Cornice, Eaves: The cornice rimming the edge of Building No. 2 s roof was constructed of a simple 1- " x 7- " wood fascia board. Due to the length of the roof edge that surrounded the roof, lengths of fascia boards were splined together to create uninterrupted runs of fascia. The wood U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 35) spline measured 0- " x 2" and was glued into slots cut into each abutting end of fascia board.

Fascia boards of typical dimension banded the edges of the roof surrounding The USGS Building No. 2. However, the eaves which were framed directly behind the fascia boards were not uniformly constructed. The eaves overhanging the East and West sides of the building were created by 1- " x 5- " upper chords of the roof s trusses that extended past the masonry support walls of the building. These upper chords supported the eaves. Freeze boards measuring 1- " x 7- " were installed between each upper chord where they passed the supporting wall to create weather tightness inside the building. The wood truss chords were left exposed under the roof s plywood sheathing. The eaves on the North and South sides of the building were supported by outlooker joists which were 1- " x 9- " joists.

For strength, each joist was framed into two roof trusses as they passed parallel to the masonry walls. The exterior ends of the 1- " x 9- " joists as they approached a cantilever of 36" from the masonry walls were diagonally cut to a dimension to about 3- " deep. Wood studs measuring 1- " x 3- " were nailed to the top of the joists to serve as nailing medium for the fascia boards to be attached. Only four outlooker joists were cantilevered out to support the of roof eave per side. They were installed in pairs with about between them. They flanked both sides of the steel ridge beam which supported the highest point of the ridge. Like the outlookers the steel wide flange beam forming the roof s ridge was extended to the North and South to act as the strongest support of the roof overhangs.

The steel was diagonally cut similarly to the outlooker shape for aesthetic purposes. C. Description of Interior. 1. Floor Plans: The single-story interior space of Building No. 2 was bisected asymmetrically by an East to West Main Corridor. The main circulation corridor served the front entry of the building and connected to the rear exit. Through the corridor, there was an unobstructed line of sight from the front to the back of the building. The entry area of the corridor widened noticeably to the right to accommodate reception activities. Further to the right, a half-wall demountable partition served as a backdrop behind the Reception Area. The low wall was U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 36) topped with a 24" high band of glass.

Behind the half-wall partition sat the Photo Reference Room. The use of the term room is misleading since the half-wall and glazing built on top really did not create an enclosed space. A full-height wall standing from finished floor to ceiling ran behind Photo Reference Room. The wall framed a single door which was aligned with an opening in the half-wall bounding the Photo Reference Room. The axial arrangement of the low-wall opening and the door beyond leading to the In-Out Work Request Room indicates there was immediacy designed into the area to allow some visitors or employees to bypass Reception and Photo Reference. They were permitted to go directly to In-Out Work Request once they entered the building.

Opposite the Reception Area and the Photo Reference Room, the left wall of the Main Corridor fronted interior work areas of the Building No. 2. These were work areas where USGS Astrogeology staff could perform their activities in the Cartography and Drafting Room and Camera Rooms without distraction from the comings and goings of employees and visitors alike making their way to the In- Out Work Request Room on the other side of the Main Corridor. The intervening hallway performed well to separate public space from work-intensive private space. Once inside the main entrance of Building No. 2, employees of the USGS could access a single doorway opposite of the Reception Area to enter the Cartography and Drafting Room on the South side of the building.

There were two rectangular office areas which flanked the entry way employees once passed through to access the open area of the Cartography and Drafting Room. Low-walled demountable partitions with a band of 24 high glass separated the offices from the entry way. The glazing on top of the demountable partitions continued around the corners of both offices. The use of low-walled demountable partitions allowed sunlight to bath both offices from the adjacent exterior windows. Across the rear of the Cartography and Drafting Room running South to North and meeting perpendicular to the Main Corridor wall; a full-height partition wall separated the space from the light sensitive film handling areas of the Camera Rooms beyond.

The Cartography and Drafting Room had an immediate adjacency with another space which was called the Ozalid Room. The Ozalid Room was designed for copying images from original artwork created in the large and open Cartography and Drafting Room. The copy room anchored the right-back corner of the large work area and shared a common wall of the Main Corridor. U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 37) For the following descriptions and locations of remaining spaces comprising the interior of Building No. 2, we ll position the reader of this Survey on the East side of the building at the Main Entry looking down the Main Corridor towards the West. The corridor divides the interior space of the Building No.

2 into two volumes: to the left the southern half to the right the northern half. In the southern half of Building No. 2 behind the Cartography and Drafting Room, a full-height partition wall separated the sun-lit drawing area from the light sensitive film handling areas of the Camera Rooms beyond. Behind the wall, there were two Camera Rooms which housed the large K&E Copy Camera, Film Processing Room, and the Arc Light Room. Another room, an office supported the operations occurring in the neighboring light-sensitive rooms. It is clear the Camera Rooms, Film Processing, and Arc Light were designed with a strong adjacency to each other as a self-contained work area. Wide door openings connect the four rooms together.

One of the building s pass-through windows communicated between the Arc Light and the Film Processing rooms. Large photo negatives were stored in the Film Processing Room. The film negatives were supplied by two companies; Kodak and sometimes Dupont. They arrived at Building No. 2 pre-cut to the dimension of 42 wide by 36 high. From the Film Processing Room, one film negative at a time was taken the East Camera Room where the negative was vacuum attached to the East Standard Vacuum Easel of the Keuffel and Esser Kargl Sr A Copy Camera. A typical session for the copy camera operator to set-up the camera for one exposure lasted about twenty minutes.52 Nestled in the same general area in the southern half of Building No.

2 and accessed via the left side of the Main Corridor are the only male and female restrooms, one each which served the building. The restrooms shared a common cavity wall where plumbing stack vents rose to penetrate through the roof above. Moving to the northern side of the Main Corridor, the bulk of the of the building s floor plan behind the In-Out Work Request Room was dedicated to photograph production and support. There was a single pair of double doors through the right wall of the Main Corridor which allowed passage from the large camera area to the Washing and Drying Room. This large room of about 700 square feet was surrounded by nine rooms: Chemical Mixing, Color Film Processing and Printing, Special Processes, Film Processing-Quality Control, and the Copy Room.

There 52 Anonymous, retired, USGS. Interviewed by Steven Andrew Nagel, August 02, U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 38) are also four additional rooms specially named under Beseler Engineering. Two of the Beseler rooms were labeled Surveyor . They were darkrooms reserved for processing images from the Surveyor spacecraft which landed on the Moon. Three film washing machines were located outside the Beseler darkrooms. A refrigerated space called Walk-In Cold Storage was near the washing and drying room. The Cold Storage Room measured roughly 7' x 10' with surrounding interior walls that were sandwiched with insulation making them thicker than adjacent wall construction of Building No. 2.

The building s Mechanical Room was located next to the Walk-In Cold Storage. The Mechanical Room was the only room in the building accessible from the outdoors and contained and powered the building s water pump. The utility space also housed water filters which were highly necessary to strain impurities from city water for use in cleaning photographic papers with images exposed on them. Right of the Mechanical Room was the Durst Lab. The Durst name brand is recognized as a top-of-the-line manufacturer of darkroom enlargers. The Durst Lab was a darkroom with ample countertop space and electrical service for timers and enlargers used to print photographs from negatives.

The original darkroom sink was still in the darkroom in Each darkroom was typically planned to be equipped with large stainless-steel sinks which were used to hold the individual trays of chemicals used to develop the pictures. There was one specialized piece of equipment in the Durst Lab labeled as a washer. The washer was used to remove residual photo-processing chemicals left on the newly developed photographs. The Washing and Drying Room had a direct access to the In-Out Work Request Room through a door and a pass-through window. 2. Flooring: The original building had two primary types floor tiles used in most of the interior spaces. Vinyl asbestos tile was placed in the Entry, Vestibule, Reception, the Building lobby, the Main Corridor, Offices, and the Janitor s Closet.

Industrial classified spaces like Durst Lab, Beseler Engineering darkrooms, Camera Rooms, and Arc Light Room were floored with acid-resistant rubber tile. Four rooms featured concrete floors coated with vinyl approved paint. This type of floor treatment was used at the Walk-In Cooler, Equipment Room, Chemical Mixing Room, and Mechanical Room. The Women s Restroom floor was covered with Armstrong Corlon Vinyl tile with a gauge thickness. U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 39) Color of the Women s Restroom tile was No. White Rose . And finally, the Men s Restroom Room was covered with Armstrong Corlon Vinyl tile with a gauge thickness. Color of the Men s Restroom tile was No. Haze Green .

The open trenches which conveyed the photo-processing drain plumbing to the outside of the building were concealed by 12-gauge thick steel floor plates measuring 4 long. Some of the original floor plates are still noticeable in the Building Illustration Photographs which depict the condition of the building shown later in this HABS. 3. Wall and Ceiling Finish: The interior wall surfaces of the USGS Building No. 2 masonry walls were coated with a clear silicone water repellent paint. Non-load bearing interior partition walls sheathed with 0- thick gypsum drywall were predominantly covered with an approved alkyd resin acid resistant paint. The Main Hallway and Restrooms walls were Marlite paneled wainscoting in different colors and patterns.

The wainscoting typically covered the lower 48 of the walls. The Marlite Main Hallway wainscot color and pattern was Random Plank American Walnut No. Building No. 2 s walls bounding two sides of the Offices adjacent to the Cartography and Drafting Room were sheathed in full-height Marlite wall panels to 8 -0" above finished floor (AFF). The upper edges of the pre-finished panels abutted the edge of the wall-applied acoustic tile which continued for another 2 to the underside of the suspended acoustical tile ceiling above the space. The common wall separating the Offices from the Main Corridor was treated similarly with the combination of Marlite wall panels and acoustic accoutrements. This wall treatment flanked the South wall of the Reception space.

Rubber cove base at 4 high was installed at the face of all wainscots and wall panels where the Marlite was used. The rubber base also protected all other interior wall types. The building s interior rooms were universally capped by a ceiling of suspended acoustical tiles. The aluminum frame which supported the lay-in ceiling tiles was sub-divided by a modular grid. The ceiling grid was suspended by steel wires which were twist-tied to the roof s trusses that passed over the suspended ceiling. The typical ceiling height of Building No. 2 was AFF barring a few locations where there were different ceiling heights, including the U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 40) West corner of the Cartography and Drafting Room which was elevated to AFF.

Some interiors of Building No. 2 implemented half-walls noted as Banker Type Partitions on Sheet No. 8 of the architectural drawings. The low walls were specified to be manufactured by U.S.G. (United States Gypsum) and were used in office areas where the offices adjoined large open areas like the Cartography and Drafting Room, the office adjoining the In-Out Work Request Room, and the Photo Reference Office adjoining the Reception area. The U.S.G. demountable partitions measured 5 -6 high overall from the finished floor to the top edge of the glass. The walls stood on pedestal supports Part No. A-74 of the component wall system which supports the wall above the finished floor.

The lower wall section of the demountable partition spanning above the open space along the floor was a solid drywall partition which stood 3'- 0" high. The lower partition was painted on both sides. The band of glass added another to the height of the demountable partitions. The glass panels were held in place by continuous glazing spline. All edges of the glass panels were polished smooth. The glass and solid wall sections were supported intermittently by U.S.G Post No. A-73 uprights. 4. Openings a. Doorways and Doors: Interior doors were manufactured by Republic Steel Doors and were steel skinned that enclosed a hollow core inside and were Type F Flush. Four of the steel doors had a glass window in each door slab that measured wide by high.

The glass windows were installed in the upper half of the door. This type of door was used at high traffic work areas, including the approaches to the In-Out Work Request Room. Another door of this type was used where the Reception area was accessible to the Cartography and Drafting Room. The last glazed door was used between the Photo Reference Room and the adjacent office. The same Type F Flush steel door was also specified as Lite Tite and was used at darkroom doorways. Light control was achieved by hardware manufactured by Reese Perfec-Seal. This hardware was designed to be surface attached to standard steel door jambs. There was a total of 16 doors-sets where light control was required. U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No.

AZ-224 (Page 41) Steel door frames were painted with three layers of alkyd resin acid resistant paint similar to the application of paint to adjacent wall surfaces. The Cold Storage Room door was a freezer-style door. These very thick doors could be 5" to 8" thick and were used at freezers where food was stored. The surface mounted steel hinges were large to resist the swing- action and extra weight of the insulated door s construction. Behind the latch handle mounted to the outside of the door, a safety pushrod extended through the door to the interior of the room sized refrigerator for emergency egress. Some interior doors at Building No. 2 had self-closers which were specified as Norton Series No. The Cold Storage Refrigerator door did not employ a self-closer. b.

Windows: One type of interior window was used at Building No. 2, an aluminum sliding window installed into a dividing wall between two rooms. The window manufacturer was specified as Alenco Series 700 Horizontal Rolling Window [HS-A2 On Sheet No. 2, the pass- through window was utilized between the In-Out Work Request Room and the Washing and Drying Room where photographs were prepared for pick-up. The second location was noted between the Film Processing Room and the Arc Light Room. The detail drawing of the window on Sheet No. 6 showed the window to be x high. Eyewitness account the glass of sliding window communicating between the arc Light and the Film Processing Rooms was deliberately painted over for light control. Picture of the window at Figure No.

10 shows the window with its opaque treatment. Both of the sliding windows were installed during the original construction of the building. Architectural millwork was used to build out small service countertops on both sides of the sliding window. The countertop measured 10- " deep by wide with the countertop at 40" AFF. Formica brand plastic laminate was specified for laminating the countertop s surface and apron support running the length and wall returns on each side of the countertop. 6. Decorative Features and Trim: All solid stock running trims used in Building No. 2 were rectangular in profile. About 98 percent of finish trim work was concentrated on the areas which shared an immediate adjacency with the main entrance of the building.

The wood trim was used primarily for creating a uniform U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 42) edge where full-length Marlite panels abutted to acoustic panels behind the office areas in the Cartography and Drafting Room, West wall of the Reception area and East wall of the Photo Reference Room. One rectangular profiled wood trim that measured 1- "x 0- "was rabbeted to a depth of 0- " x 0- " wide to cover over the edge of the acoustic wall panels. A second rectangular wood trim measuring 2"x 0- " was rabbeted to depth of 0- " by 0- " to hide the edge of the Marlite panels and abut to the side of the trim. A third trim used in the building had the same 2" by 0- " size but was not rabbeted.

There was a 2- " by 0- " trim used to frame the aluminum sliding pass-through window. The wood trim was painted the same color as the surrounding wall surfaces at both locations where the pass-through window was installed. Solid stock birch was specified on one drawing as the species of wood being used as the wood trim material. It is a hard-wood which will resist denting unlike pine and is a species of wood which lacks contrasting grain pattern which is good for covering with paint. The Architect s note found on Sheet No. 10 indicates all interior wood trim was painted like the gypsum drywall surfaces of the walls with three layers of alkyd resin acid resistant paint. A unique color combination was used at these doored locations where the wood trim was installed.

The doors and transom gypsum drywall panels above the doors were painted Sunshine Yellow. The steel door frames surrounding the doors as well the 2" x 0- " birch trim which continued the vertical line of the door frames up to the ceiling were painted black. 7. Mechanical Equipment a. Heating, Air Conditioning, Ventilation: The mechanical system had five individual roof top packaged gas/electric mechanical units of varying sizes manufactured by Lennox that provided cooling and heating. Supply-air and return air were indicated as being ducted through round ducts that lead to or from ceiling air vents mounted in the acoustical ceiling. Dedicated exhaust fans served industrial spaces including Darkrooms, the Camera Room, and Restrooms.

Several rooms did not have exhaust fans such as the Cartography and Drafting Room, Cold Storage and one of the Camera Rooms. The Chemical Mixing Room was equipped with a fume hood installed over the entire length of the chemical mixing sink. U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 43) A split system precision air conditioning unit manufactured by Liebert was subsequently installed to address a specific equipment load. Although the main servicing equipment has been removed from the roof, the room unit remained in use in Room The condensing unit of the split-system was located on the North side of the building outside Room No. b. Electrical and Lighting: The original electrical drawings indicate an 800A, 3-phase electrical service to the building.

Service was provided by underground conduit to an exterior service entrance section (SES) located on the northwest corner of the building. The SES fed electricity to electrical panels located in Building No. 2 s Mechanical Room at breaker number 127 at electrical fuse panel 3A which was a panel serving building equipment. Panels 1A and 2A were The majority of lighting was surface mounted to the ceiling grid which was suspended over all the rooms in Building No. 2. Therefore, lights were located in the center of the rooms without regard to the existing ceiling grid. The x fluorescent tube light fixture was the most prevalent type of light fixture utilized in the building. They were used in most of the areas in Building No. 2.

Surface mounted can-light incandescent light fixtures were used in next largest quantities at Building No. 2. Surface mounted can-lights were used to provide illumination over Camera Rooms, Film Processing Room, and Ozalid Room. The can light usually had a single incandescent lamp inside and had dimensions of 6" in diameter by about 8" high. The restrooms were illuminated by two types of incandescent lights. A drum light was surface mounted to the ceiling over the center of each restroom. It was a round light with one lens and lamps inside the fixture housing. The restrooms also housed a wall mounted incandescent light located by the restroom mirrors, lit by a 100-Watt bulb. Utility flood light fixtures were arranged in pairs on the exterior of Building No.

2 to illuminate the environs surrounding the building. The fixtures were surface mounted under the overhangs of the roof to protect them from the weather. The lighting pairs were mounted under each corner of the roof overhang and center-lined under the gables on each side U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 44) of the building. From the six locations, the flood lights provided even illumination in opposite directions along the sides of the building. Industrial pendant lights were used in the Mechanical Room. These incandescent lights hung from a length of electrical wire and included a single incandescent lamp inside the fixture. The wire ran through a cloth braided sleeve which provided additional support for the fixture.

The light fixture was protected by a large shade which protected the lamp from falling water and debris. There was a single surface-mounted and vapor-proof light used in the Cold Storage Room. It was an incandescent light which was enclosed in a glass globe. The globe prevented condensation, humidity, and fog from coming in contact between electrical contacts of the lighting fixture and the lamp. This type of light fixture was designed primarily for safety to prevent a shock hazard in a wet environment. Building No. 2 employed decorative lighting in areas where visitors could frequent the building. The two office areas which flanked the entry way were illuminated with 54" x 54" fluorescent light fixtures.

They were used only at these two office areas and were surface mounted to the suspended ceiling above the offices. Decorative fluorescent lighting was also installed over the area immediate inside the Main Entrance, the Reception Area, and the Photo Reference Room. These lights were surface mounted to the suspended ceiling above and were square and rectangular. These lights were very similar to the 54" x 54" lights installed over the two offices adjacent to the Cartography and Drafting Room. Two 54" lights were installed in tandem over the Main Entrance, while a group of six 30" x 30" luminaires were positioned symmetrically over the Reception and Photo Reference Rooms. c. Plumbing: According to the original plumbing drawings of Sheet No. P1 and No.

P2, the building s water supply entered on the West side where it was filtered and heated by equipment located in the Mechanical Room. Hot and cold water was supplied from this room to the photo processing areas, the restrooms, the janitor s sink, and the single drinking fountain. U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 45) Acid waste generated from the photo processing areas was routed to waste lines located in an accessible trench formed in the building s concrete floor slab. The waste was channeled underground to an acid dilution tank located on the North side of Building No. 2. Additional waste collected from the photo processing area floor drains was routed under the floor slab to a sand and oil sump also located on the North side of the building.

Processed water then flowed into the public sewer. Waste from the Restrooms went directly into the public sewer on the West side of the building. The Men s Restroom was furnished with one water closet (toilet), one urinal, and two wall-mounted lavatories. The Women s Restroom was furnished with two water closets, and one countertop lavatory. A single freestanding electric drinking fountain was located in the building s Main Corridor. d. Fire Protection: The building had a supervised fire alarm system which was initiated by an occupant in the building when fire was observed. The building was divided into four fire zones which were separated by partition walls which were specified to be extended through the suspended ceiling to the underside of the roof structure above.

The four fire zones were also designed to prevent the spread of a single fire event from destroying the entire structure. e. Original equipment: The Keuffel & Esser Kargl Sr. A Copy Camera. The camera s footprint in which it operated measured approximately 32' long by 6' wide and 10' high. The USGS purchased the copy camera on October 01, Its serial number was: USGS Asset/Property numbers: D. Site. 1. Historic Landscape Design: In a ten-acre parcel of land owned by the City of Flagstaff was negotiated for lease and eventual purchase with Federal authorities to be the property on which the Center of Astrogeology would establish its headquarters.53 The property was located about 1.4 miles northeast 53 Gerald G.

Schaber, The US Geological Survey Branch of Astrogeology, A Chronology of Activities from Conception Through the End of Project Apollo Open File Report, Reston, VA, 51. U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 46) from downtown Flagstaff and sat atop an elevated geographic area called McMillian Heights Mesa. The Mesa is covered by semi-desert grassland and sparsely treed. The site (surrounding Building No. 2) is paved with asphalt on the East, South and West sides of the building. The paving on the East and South sides was striped for parking. The West side of Building No. 2 was serviced by a truck delivery area. The North side of the building was not paved and features an open grassed area.

A sidewalk ran North from the Main Entrance doors along the East side of the building. Concrete curbs framed a low planter area that runs South from the Main Entry Vestibule along the East side of the building to another planter on the East side of the Entry Vestibule. The site sloped with little notice from East to West. Finished grade at the East side was flush with the building s finished floor. At the West side of the building there were three different transitions from finish floor to grade. At a pair of doors leading out from the Walk-in Camera there was a concrete landing with steps. At the egress doors from the Main Corridor, there was a concrete landing with a ramp.

At the pair of doors which served the Mechanical Room, there was a wood landing with wood steps.54 At the time, Building No. 2 had only one building neighboring it which was Building No. 1 which was known as headquarters of the fledgling USGS Astrogeology program. Building No. 2 sat about 100 from Building No. 1 and shared the same parking lot to its East and Northeast. Both buildings were one- story in height. Part III. Sources of Information A. Selected

Source document Quoted word for word from HABS AZ-224. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

USGS Flagstaff Building 2, USGS Statement Paper, March 2, 54 Building No. 2 Description, CRA Architecture, Inc., facsimile, U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 47) Section 106 Review for the USGS Flagstaff Field Center Master Plan: SMITHGROUP architecture, engineering, interiors, planning. (Building No. 2) Description, CRA Architecture, Inc., facsimile. Slump Block , House Construction and Maintenance, Tuscon, Arizona, Accessed December 13, http://www.city- Andrews, Evan, 10 Things You May Not Know About the Apollo Program.

, History Stories, May 24, Last Accessed November 21, Schaber, Gerald, G., The US Geological Survey Branch of Astrogeology, A Chronology of Activities from Conception Through the End of Project Apollo Open File Report, Reston, Virginia, Kozak, Richard, C., Historic Property Inventory Form , Flagstaff Astrogeology Museum, Flagstaff, AZ. Roeder, Walt, Making Craters Mare Tranquillatis in Flagstaff Arizona , Astrogeology Science Center, Last accessed November 21, Beard, Sue L., Scientist In Charge Summary of Space Science in Flagstaff, , Letter to the Keeper, National Register of Historic Places, May 01, Harrison Schmitt , Astrogeology Science Center, Accessed January 10, schmitt.

Wilhelms, Don, E., To a Rocky Moon: A Geologist s History of Lunar Exploration, University of Michigan, University of Arizona Press, Inner Solar System , National Aeronautics and Space Administration- Science Beta, Accessed November 29, system. U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 48) Mariner-Venus Final Project Report , Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, Accessed November 22, Masursky, H., Crabili N. L., Search for the Viking Landing Site , Science, New Series, Vol. No.

October 1, New Frontiers , National Aeronautics and Space Administration- Science Beta, Accessed November 21, Berry, Kristin, L., Slides, Stuart, C., Edmundson, Kenneth, L., Sucharski, Tracie, L., Titus, Timothy, N., Support for New Horizons Instruments within ISIS3, Presentation at the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, The Woodlands, TX, March Weaver, H. A., Gibson, Tapley, Young, L.A. Stern, S.A., Space Science Review, October/2008, Issue Vol. No.

1, New Horizons, the First Mission to the Pluto System and the Kuiper Belt , National Aeronautics and Space Administration New Horizons, Accessed November 29, Mars Odyssey Mission , USGS Astrogeology Science Center, Accessed November 30, Mars Express Mission , USGS Astrogeology Science Center, Accessed November 30, Mars MER Microscopic Imager Surface Findings , USGS Astrogeology Science Center, Accessed December 01, imager-surface-findings. Mars Exploration Rovers , Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology, Accessed December 01, U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 49) Keuffel and Esser Trammel , The National Museum of National History, Accessed January 24, 78. Gumbinger, Texan s Say Can Do . . .

and Do , the KEnoter, Ray Kelsey, Memorial Address: Gilard Kargl, Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, Vol. L, No. 7, Gail, Pliny, Photogrammetric Pioneers the Texas Story and Beyond , Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, Vol 50, no. 9, Thompson, Morris, M., Development of Photogrammerty in the U.S. Geological Survey , Geological Survey Circular Revised The Enlarging, Reducing Copy Camera , Graklex, Accessed March 2, Lenses for Copying , WWW TPUB Publishing, Integrated Publishing, Accessed January 30, Copying-218.htm. Flagstaff Design and Construction, Inc., USGS (Building No. 2), Letter to Mr.

Gupta of USGS, March 9, Hereford, Richard, - Scientist Emeritus, Flagstaff Arizona- to Floods, Droughts, and Long-Term Warming , US Geological Survey, Flagstaff, CRA Architecture, Inc., Facility Analysis Report- Flagstaff Field Center, November 04, Building No. 2 Illustration Photographs Figures USGS Photographer Jeff Coleman (retired), Photos taken ca U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 50) Building No. 2 Illustration Photographs Figures 21 & 22, USGS Photographer Unknown, Photos taken ca Copy Camera Illustration Photographs, Photographs taken for USGS by Photographer Peter Rosenthal, October, Historic Photographs (below) Schaber, Gerald, G. The U.S.

Geological Survey, Branch of Astrogeology A Chronology of Activities from Conception through the End of Project Apollo U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report Historic Photographs, Figure 48, USGS Photo Photographer Unknown, Photo taken between July Historic Photographs, Figure 56, USGS Photo Photographer Unknown, Photo taken July 27, Historic Photographs, Figure 69, USGS Photo packet Photographer Unknown, Photo taken ca Historic Photographs, Figure 70 (a & b), USGS Photos Photographer Unknown, Photo taken ca Historic Photographs, Figure 93, NASA Photo AP17-72-H-126, Photographer Unknown, Photo taken January 24, Historic Photographs, Figure 96 d, USGS Photo No. and Photographer Unknown, March Historic Photographs, Figure 99, USGS Photo No.

and Photographer Unknown, March Historic Photograph, USGS Photo No. and Photographer Unknown, March B. Likely Sources Not Yet Investigated: Prost, Gary, L. Remote Sensing for Geoscientists, Image Analysis and Integration, Publisher CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 51) C. Building Illustration Photographs: PHOTO KEY MAP: EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR ILLUSTRATION

Photographs of Usgs Building

No. 2. 14 20 18 7 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 52) Figure 1 Northeast corner of USGS Building No. 2. East wall elevation in full sunlight, North wall to the right is shaded. Figure 2 North wall elevation of Building No. 2. Gazeebo in foreground was not original to design of the building and was built after Building No. 2 was completed. U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 53) Figure 3 Northwest corner of USGS Building No. 2, North wall elevation to the left of the corner, West wall elevation to the right. Four overhang outriggers and large area lights attached the overhang are not original to the building s design. Figure 4 West elevation (shaded) of Building No. 2.

Right door leads to Camera Rooms, middle door leads to the Main Corridor, the door to the far-left leads to Mechanical Room. U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 54) Figure 5 Southwest corner of USGS Building No. 2 centered in photograph. Note waviness of overhang roof line over South wall elevation is due to lack of sufficient overhang supports. Figure 6 Southeast corner of Building No. 2. U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 55) Figure 7 Partial East wall elevation showing wood constructed entry vestibule attached to masonry envelope of Building No. 2. Entry vestibule was original to the building s design. Access to the building was gained equally through both ends of the vestibule.

Figure 8 USGS Building No. 2 entry vestibule to the left in this photograph. U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 56) Figure 9 Interior view of Office Room No. 111 facing northeast. Modern room air conditioner to the left was not original to Building No. 2. Original air conditioner chiller was installed outdoors. Figure 10 Film Processing Room No. Note blocked original pass-through window to the left of the door. U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 57) Figure 11 Interior view looking southwest in Washing and Drying Room. Original wall was coplanar with remnant of the wall to the right and continued to the left in concealing lone steel column exposed to the left.

Reconfigured walls are shown in center, not of the original design. Figure 12 Interior view facing northwest into Film Processing Quality Control Room No. 123 with reconfigured wall on each side of view. Note exposed steel column supporting steel roof ridge above which was originally concealed inside a partition wall. U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 58) Figure 13 View facing East into Film Processing Room No. This room is next to the Camera Rooms to the right side of the view. The back wall is the party-wall with the Cartography and Drafting Room on the opposite side of the wall. Figure 14 Building No. 2 facing East along the Main Corridor to the entry vestibule beyond.

The doors on the right in order moving away from the vantage point lead to Office Room No. Next door to Men s Restroom Room No. Next door swinging out into the hallway serves the Janitor s Closet. Hint of door opening beyond leads to Ladies Rest Room No. The last door on the right with a vision panel is not original to the building s floor plan. It was added for egress from the Ozalid Room. Double door set on left led to Chemical Mixing and Storage Room. U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 59) Figure 15 Original sink and exhaust hood in Chemical Mixing and Storage Room. Original double door set to right led to Washing and Drying Room with adjacencies to darkrooms. Figure 16 Entrance to Cold Storage Room No. on the left.

The Cold Storage Room was enlarged from its original size to occupy the Equipment Storage space which used to act as buffer space between Chemical Mixing and the Cold Storage Room. Note the original double door frame casing above and continuing past the relocated original Cold Storage Door. U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 60) Figure 17 View of Cartography and Drafting Room and Ozalid Room in background in left center. Walled offices to the right have been erected where demountable partitions once stood. Figure 18 Main Corridor facing West, Reception Area in forefront on right. This is where the last B&W historic photograph of this Survey was taken in March of U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No.

AZ-224 (Page 61) Figure 19 Washing and Drying Room No. Doors leading to the left and right served adjacent darkroom spaces which surround the work area. Open door at the background in the center of photograph leads to In-Out Work Request Room with original pass-through window to the left. Figure 20 The Durst Lab Room No. 119 with original darkroom sink on the right. Room electrical receptacles appear to be installed approximately 60 AFF (above finished floor) for powering darkroom timers and enlargers which used to sit atop the base cabinets and countertops in this room. Note masonry Slump Block on two sides of this room. This was the northeast corner of Building No. 2.

No insulation or furred gypsum drywall was planned for sheathing the interior surfaces of the masonry walls in any of the rooms. U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 62) Figure 21 The West Standard Copy Easel of the Keuffel and Esser Kargl Sr. A Copy Camera. It is parked up close to the Center Standard hidden in the background. Notice the steel C shaped gimbal on which the easel pivoted from vertical to horizontal. Figure 22 The East Standard of the Keuffel and Esser Kargl Sr. A Copy Camera which is parked adjacent to the Center Standard with its Control Console (partially revealed). Doorway to right leads to the West Camera Room which houses the hanging West Standard on the opposite side of the wall.

The East Standard Vacuum easel did not have the ability to be rotated to a horizontal position like the West Standard Copy Easel. U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 63) D. K&E Kargl Sr. A Copy Camera Illustration Photographs: Rear view (vacuum side) of East Standard Vacuum Easel facing West. Center Standard with Camera Controls (partially seen) was in background and behind the East Standard/Vacuum Easel in this view. West Standard Copy Easel rotated to the horizontal position with easel opened and ready to receive a cartographer s artwork positioned face-down on the glass. The large C shaped steel gimbal carrying the West Standard allows the rotation of the easel.

Notice West End Rail Support in darkness on the far right and Camera Room s egress to the outside beyond. U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 64) Side view of West Standard Vacuum Easel in the vertical position. Lead counterweights raise and lower behind sheet steel enclosure under the aluminum pulley in the foreground. One can see the end of the counterweighted cable attached to the steel frame surrounding the Vacuum Easel. Notice far left in darkness is one side of the Center Standard. This side of the Center Standard is shown partially dismantled with its skin panels removed revealing steel cross-members of the Center Standard s construction. U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No.

AZ-224 (Page 65) The steel Center Standard (left 2/3 of photo). The Camera Rooms dividing wall sheathed in gypsum wall board (right 1/3 of photo). The camera s black Lens Board supported the Lens Turret holding three lenses (left in the photo). The camera s black shutter in front of the Lens Board is obscured by surrounding black Lens Board. Notice West and East Standard Trolley Control rods with knurled handles hanging from above. The rods engaged the motor transmissions (above and out of view) which moved the trollies. Tape Plate Assembly is positioned in lower center. The copy camera s connecting steel plates for securing the two ends of the rails together over the Center Standard. U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No.

AZ-224 (Page 66) The copy camera s portion of the steel Center Standard (left) and the moveable East Standard (right) parked close to the black square Lens Board. Notice the South side rail passing overhead supporting the East Standard trolley and its articulating vacuum hose. One can see the trolley wheels and rail on which they rode overhead. U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 67) The copy camera s Travel Motor Assembly above the camera s controls with Center Standard in background. Gearbox (in blue casing) on the right powers a drive cable which passes beyond and through the Center Standard to the West Standard. Gearbox on left moves the East Standard which is behind the photographer of this picture.

View of the East Standard Interrupter Switches (paired at left). The switches interrupted power to the drive motors if the East Standard trolley rolled too far. West Standard had a similar safety system opposite side. Notice steel construction of copy camera s Center Standard to right. U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 68) The copy camera s West End Rail Support in foreground. Notice West Standard trolley (removed of its Standard C shaped Steel gimbal) is parked mid-way on the rail. Photograph shows the how the steel rail was uniformly supported and spaced away from the steel support beam. The spacing allowed the trolley s steel rollers to straddle the rails on both sides. The copy camera s Center Standard stands beyond in darkness. U.S.

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 69) E. Historic Photographs: Figure 48, Construction of a simulated lunar landscape on July at Cinder Lake Crater Field No. 1 just northeast of Flagstaff, Arizona. The backhoe tractor dug 47 holes to precise depths to receive measured amounts of explosives at each surveyed crater site. Figure 56, Construction of Cinder Lake crater field No. 2 on 27 July showing aerial view of one explosive firing sequence that created some of the 354 training craters during construction of Cinder Lake Crater Field No. 2. USGS photograph U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 70) Figure 69, NASA Certificate of Appreciation to the U.S.

Geological Survey presented in October following the historic Apollo 11 lunar landing; USGS photo packet Figure 70 (a & b) Example of a colorized Apollo 12 traverse map from the Apollo 12 Lunar Data package hand-colored at the Kennedy Space Center a few days before the mission by personnel (Ray Sabala and James Vandivier) from the Center of Astrogeology (Flagstaff) at the request of the Apollo 12 crew (Conrad and Bean). U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 71) Figure 93, Geologic training exercise at Boulder City, Nevada on 24 January USGS Geologist Jack Schmitt (l) and Eugene Cernan (r) looking over exercise traverse map.

Apollo 17 astronauts Jack Schmitt (l) and Eugene Cernan (r) training on the USGS built Lunar Rover vehicle mock-up near Flagstaff. Both men of the three-member crew of Apollo 17 were the last astronauts to walk on the Moon. U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CENTER OF ASTROGEOLOGY, PHOTOLAB HABS No. AZ-224 (Page 72) Figure 99, Apollo 17 astronaut Harrison Jack Schmitt, retruned to USGS Flagstaff Science Center to visit with the Astrogeology staff during March (l to r) Ed Wolfe, Roger Carroll, Hugh Thomas (operator of the K & E Kargl Sr. A Copy Camera) Jack Schmitt and Ray Sabala in the USGS Building No. 2. The men are standing in the Cartography and Drafting Room. The photographer s camera ia facing Northeast. Note one of Building No. 2 s few windows with blinds in the background.

Interior photogragh of Building No. 2 Main Corridor/Reception Area (facing West) served as pin-up space for lunar mapping. (l to r) Apollo 17 Astronaut Jack Schmitt, Larry Soderblom and Ed Wolfe. Smiles and celebration for lunar mapping created by the USGS Branch of Astrogeologic Studies group which contributed to the science success of the Apollo missions and safely returning one of USGS s own geologist s (Jack Schmitt) back home.