Rome, Georgia - History (part 13 of 17)

CAVE SPRING, HENRY W. GRADY ON. - Henry W. Grady, traveling with the Georgia Press Excursion between Rome and Selma, Ala., wrote as follows for the Sept. 10, 1869, issue of the Rome Weekly Courier: "Our first stop was made at Cave Spring, and all hands made a flying visit to the cave, and to many of the party it was quite a show. From the cave, many visited the Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, and all united in pronouncing Cave Spring one of the most beautiful spots in all the land, but were at a loss to understand why the railroad did not pass through the town. I will not repeat the sad story of old fogyism that was related to us as a rea- son. Suffice to say, propei'ty suddenly became valuable, right-of-way a terrible obstacle, and the boss of the road simply made a little curve, and went around our forest village."

Cave Spring, Col. Jno. L.

"There is no more beautiful intervallation in all the Blue Ridge chain of mountains than Vann's Valley, and its most charming scenery is in and about Cave Spring*. No one, unless he be a dullard, can look upon the outstretching panorama of Vann's Valley without being lastingly impressed with its marvelous picture, in which there stand forth most striking beauties of wooded mountainside, groves of majestic trees, greensward on whose bosom rest in gentlest touch most inviting shades, and through which, like loved bands of silver, there merrily run babbling streams of pure water, fresh from the dark depths of the sternal hills.

"Cave Spring and its surroundings is one of the most picturesque and pleasant spots in the woi'ld. It is a spot where nature has lavished her deftest charms with captivating wealth, and is, like Auburn of old, the fairest village of all the plain. Its natural attractiveness is almost peerless. Some day when the younger generation takes charge, grand hotels, bathing houses, fountains and parks will draw to this spot each succeeding summer thousands of guests, every one of whom will become a lover." (The colonel evidently meant "nature lover." - Author.)

This part of Floyd County was settled in 1854, Jimmie Duke and his family being the first settlers. Mr. Duke bought 160 acres of land at the intersection of the O'Brien and Central Grove roads for a gun valued at $25. His son, Lumpkin Duke, was a prominent man in the neighboi'hood and raised a large family, the boys of which engaged in the saw mill business. Two of his sons, Lumpkin and Tom Duke, are now living in Rome and are still engaged in the same kind of work.

Jim Duke's brother. Green R. Duke, settled on what is known as the Green Duke place in 1860. His son, Martin M. Duke, who is now living in this neighborhood, is the oldest living descendant of the original settlers. Martin M. Duke gave the land on which the Central Grove School was built in 1900. The institution was known as the Duke School House for many years. Mrs. Henry O. Littlejohn, one of his daughters, lives near the school. Another early settler was Joel Stowe, who was a noted barbecuer. Assisted by William A. Littlejohn, he barbecued the meat for the joint encampment of the Confederate and Union veterans at Chickamauga 35 years ago. W. A. Littlejohn, his stepson, lives near Central Grove School. Jesse P. Ayers, who settled on what is known as the Math Beard place, was another one of the pioneers. He was the father of Mrs. Georgia Allen, Frank and Ab. Ayers, all still living in this community. Some of the present residents who are doing work of interest to the public are R. L. Brown, who taught when the school was located where Mountain Springs church now stands and is now county surveyor; W. Ed. Beard, who has been bailiff for a number of years; W. P. Bradfield, who is one of the county commissioners and has been instrumental in giving this part of the county its share of good roads; Willis Griffin, a strong advocate of Tom Watson, who was reared in this settlement; Henry O. Littlejohn, who served the Berry School for the longest continuous period of any of its employees, in charge of much of the carpentry work and the superintendent who built all of the log houses; C. Ira Butler, who is prominent in church and Sunday School work, and a song leader; and M. A. Hughes, who found on his farm the Indian relics displayed at the North Georgia Fair in October, 1921; O. L. Titrud, who came from Minnesota in the fall of 1907 to teach agriculture at the Berry Schools and held that position for eight years, helping to lay the foundation for the agricultural work of the school. He was the first president of the Floyd County Farm Bureau and is now a member of the Advisory Board for Glenwood District. He has developed a laying strain of Barred Rock chickens; is a breeder of Holstein cattle, and has developed a variety of white cob yellow dent corn. Mr. Titrud was one of the division presidents of the Georgia Sunday School Association for a number of years and was succeeded by Fair C. Moon. He is now secretary of the County Sunday School Association, and has been superintendent of the Central Grove Sunday School ever since the church was organized. He is also lay leader of the Rome circuit of the Methodist Episcopal church. Central Grove School District has been prominent in the work fostered by the county agricultural and home demonstration agents. The following people have been especially interested and helpful in the home demonstration work: Mrs. W. A. Littlejohn, Mrs. C. I. Butler, Mrs. H. O. Littlejohn and Mr. and Mrs. O. L. Titrud. Lillie Bell Butler received the first scholarship here to the Athens short course in canning work. Beulah Buchanan Titrud won a scholarship for poultry work. Lois Littlejohn won two scholarships for home demonstration work. Among the boys who received prizes were Albert Littlejohn, for Pig Club work; Jack Beard and Benson Butler, for Corn Club work, and Clyde Titrud for Calf Club work. Central Grove won second prize for community exhibits at the North Georgia Fair of 1921. There are two Methodist churches in this locality. Mountain Springs church, which was moved from the Summerville road about 1900, and Central Grove, organized June 28, 1914.

Since Floyd County was the leader among Georgia provinces to adopt the Ellis Public Health law, unusual interest attaches to the early results. The law was adopted in 1915 on the approval of two successive grand juries, and the County Board of Health was then organized and Dr. M. M. McCord chosen county commissioner of health from a field of twelve applicants from over the state. The board was coniposed of Jno. C. King, chairman, as county superintendent of schools; J. G. Pollock, by virtue of his office as chairman of the County Board of Roads and Revenues; and Dr. Wm. P. Harbin, elected by the grand jury. Active work of the health office began Jan. 1, 1916. Appreciating the need of a thorough canvass of the county, Dr. McCord applied to the Treasury Department at Washington, D. C, for a corps of public health medical experts to prepare a survey. Op. position was met at first, but it was overcome, and from March to November a staff working under the direction of Maj. L. L. Lumsden, U. S. A., gathered data for a survey.

Every home, school, church, factory, dairy, cafe, drug store, hotel, grocery store, meat market and slaughter pen was visited and an examination made looking to the prevention of communicable disease.

Dr. McCord was ex-officio medical inspector of the public schools, and he made frequent visits and delivered a series of lectures on sanitation and personal hygiene. Of 6,000 children examined, it was found that 40 per cent of them had serious physical defects, either curable or correctible through medical or surgical skill or dental attention. Card index records v/ere kept and reports made to parents. Every effort was made to the end that each defective child should report to dentist or physician. On checking the cards the second year, Dr. McCord found that while several hundred children had received attention, one-third of the defectives were unable to pay for professional services and had had nothing done. He therefore associated with him one of the teachers in the public schools in a plan for a free clinic. Civic organizations and citizens contributed the necessary money and a competent nurse was put in charge of the Children's Free Clinic in Municipal Building quarters. The experiment in Floyd County proved a fine investment and received warm approval all over the state. Dr. Mc- Cord resigned in 1919 and he was succeeded by Dr. Eugene O. Chimene, who resigned in 1921 to go to Greenville, S. C. Dr. B. V. Elmore, an experienced health ofRctial of Blountstown, Fla.. was elected to the vacancy, and still fills it. Dr. Elmore has been relentless in his war on germs, mosquitoes, flies and their ilk, and is doing his part to maintain the reputation of Rome and Floyd as the healthiest parts of an unusually healthy section.

Where Every Boy Learns A Trade

At top, the blacksmith shop of the Berry Schools, and a group of earnest workers. All metal part repairs for the farm are made here. At the bottom is the wood shop, over' the other. This is in charge of Mr. Nesbit, an experienced carpenter and wood worker, who teaches his boys to make hall trees, lamp stands, book cases, cabinets, and furniture of al^ kinds. This place is a stranger to loafers and shams.

CITY CLERKS. - The first mention of City Clerks comes in a Rome Weekly Courier of 1852. As deputy clerk Chas. H. Smith issued an official notice under date of July 15. It is safe to assume that Mr. Smith soon thereafter wrote and talked himself into a clerkship. D. Clinton Hargrove was clerk in 1860, Reuben S. Norton in 1865, and Henry A. Smith (mayor in 1870-1) ju3t after him. The others, according

COOSA. - A village on the right bank of the Coosa River, eleven miles west of Rome, at the southern foot of Turnip Mountain and one mile southwest of Judy Mountain; center of the North Carolina District, which, with the exception of Rome and Cave- Spring, pays more tax than any other district in the county. Nearby are the farms once or now owned by the Camps, Montgomerys, Quins, Turners, Deans, Sheltons, Catheys and McAr. vers, on which is raised some of the finest cotton in the South, and where great quantities of wheat were produced in the old steamboat days. Some? people erroneously call the place Coosaville.

It was via Veal's Ferry at Coosa that the Confederate Army of Gen. Jno. B. Hood crossed the Coosa River after the fall of Atlanta in 1864, leading Sherman's Army in a hot pursuit through Texas Valley and in the direction of Resaca and Dalton.

Coosa was first known as Missionary Station. In January, 1821, Rev. and Mrs. Elijah Butler were sent to this spot by the American Baptist Foreign Mission Society of South Canaan, Conn., and they set up a mission house for the religious and educational instruction of the Indians. After eight years of arduous toil Mrs. Butler died there at 31 years of age, and was buried in front of the present home of Cicero Evans. A large wild cherry tree has grown up directly over her grave. Dr. Butler's activities among the Indians led to a charge by the Georgia authorities that he was inciting them to revolt, and he and Rev. Samuel A. Worcester, of Vermont, v/ho was stationed at the mission at New Echota, Gordon County, were sentenced to serve four years in the Georgia penitentiary, and served a year and four months. The United States Supreme Court had reversed the lower court, but Georgia disregarded the decision. The missionaries were released on their promise to leave the state.

An old description of Coosa by an appreciative visitor of 1888 reads: "Coosa does not boast any brownstone fronts towering spires, but when it ccmes to rolling up a tremendous Democratic majority, good living, solid comfort, or getting up a free show, or anything from a North Georgia fair to an old-time barbecue, you can set

COURTS - The Inferior courts of before the Civil War gave way to the Superior and County (now City) courts. The first County Court of Floyd was organized in conformity with a general law passed Mar. 17, 1866, by the Georgia Legislature.* Rome was in the Tallapoosa Circuit of the Superior Court from 1864 until 1869, when the Rome Circuit, still existent now, came into being.** Dennis Hills was the first clerk.

Jesse Lamberth served as Ordinary of Floyd County from 1861 to 1868, when he was succeeded by Henry J. Johnson, who served 25 years, until 1893.******

The Solicitor General of the Superior Court from 1882-6 was J. I. Wright, and of the County Court from 1866-70 Jas. P. Perkins; from 1873 until Octber, 1874, Dunlap Scott, and from December, 1874, until 1879, Col. Hamilton Yancey.

Nathan Yarbrough was Sheriff in 1866-7, and he was followed by Col. Jno. R. Towers. The justices of the peace in 1867 were Thos. J. Perry and Samuel Johnson.

Judge Jno. W. Maddox, former Superior Court justice, died at Rome Thursday, Sept. 28, 1922, aged 74, and was buried Friday in Myrtle Hill cemetery, Rome.

Armuchee, probably the largest;** made up of East Armuchee and West Armuchee both rising in Chattooga County; flows southeasterly and empties into Oostanaula River at Pope's Ferry and the farm of Mrs. Bessie Battey Troutman.

Big Cedar, the second largest; headwaters in Polk County; flows northwesterly and empties into Coosa River one mile east of the Alabama line.

Big Dry; rises on the southern side of Lavender Mountain, flows southeasterly through the Berry School property and empties into the Oostanaula about three miles north of Ronie.

Little Dry; rises in West Rome, flows easterly through the Flat Woods and empties into the Oostanaula at the Linton A. Dean place, near the Summerville road, one mile north of Rome.

Lavender; rises south of Rock Mountain, in Little Texas Valley, flows northeasterly through the valley and empties into Armuchee Creek a mile above Armuchee.

Heath; rises southeast of Simms' Mountain, flows northeasterly through Big Texas Valley and empties into Armuchee creek 2 miles above Armuchee.

Woodward; rises in Gordon and Bartow Counties, flows southwesterly and empties into the Oostanaula half a mile (by land) south of Pope's Ferry.

Dykes'; named after Dr. G. J. Dykes, who came to Rome in 1836; rises on the southern side of Armstrong Mountain, flows south and empties into the Etowah River about a mile above Freeman's Ferry. It is fed by the large spring at Morrison's Camp Ground and other springs.

Barnsley; rises south of Armstrong Mountain, flows south through the western edge of Bartow County and empties into the Etowah in Bartow, three miles east of Bass' Ferry.

Silver; rises in Polk, Cobnty six miiles northeast of Cedartown, flows northward into the Etowah River midway between the East Rome and Broad Street bridges, at Rome.

Spring; rises in Indian Mountain, Polk County, practically on the Alabama line, flows northward into Floyd, then westward into Alabama and empties into the Coosa River near Yancey's Bend.

Webb; rises near Landers and the Southern railroad, Vann's Valley, flows northwardly through the valley and empties into the Coosa at the W. Green Foster-Van Dyke farm, four miles northeast of Livingston. One of the headwaters of Webb Creek is the Cress Spring on the farm of Wm. S. Gibbons, Cave Spring road.

Cabin; rises south of Simms' Mountain, western end of Lavender Mountain, flows southwardly and empties into the Coosa about a mile east of Coosa and Veal's Ferry.

Burwell; rises on the old home place of Capt. Wm. Moore near the North Rome depot, Southern railway, flows west and empties into the Oostanaula quarter of a mile north of Rome.

Note: Exact accuracy is not claimed for the above descriptions. The map principally consulted was the "Rome Quadrangle" of the U. S. Geological Survey, which is very helpful. A more elaborate map, but of a different character, is the soil map published by the Federal Department of Agriculture, Washington, many copies of which have been sent out by Congressman Gordon Lee.

Darkeys Of Rome, Old-Time

- Among the "segashuating corporosities" of the older colored folk of Rome may be mentioned the following, as mostly supplied by Richard Venable Mitchell :

Jack Battey: "The body-guard of Dr. Robt. Battey in the Civil War. Jack had charge of 'Fleeter,' Dr. Battey's faithful mare, which safely swam with her master across the Potomac River at night in 1863 in the Gettysburg campaign. 'Fleeter' was given shortly afterward by Dr. Battey to the Sproull boys on the Kingston road, and was put to plowing, which she had never done before. She was a small gray mare, almost white, and a fine pacer; she went through the Battles of First Manassas, the Wilderness, Gettysburg, Richmond and others, without a scratch, although a cannon ball once knocked dirt upon her and Jack and an iron gray pack horse which Jack rode. Jack died in 1912 at Chattanooga. He had been employ, ed in a hotel restaurant by Sam P. Light. On one occasion he had a terrible fight with another cook over the question of who could make the best chicken chop suey. He was a contemporary of two other servants of Dr. Battey: Jim Hagan, who drove the one-horse wagon, and 'Aunt Cheney,' an old slave. 'Aunt Cheney's' only picture was taken by W. Kennedy Laurie Dickson, assistant to Thos. A. Edison, while he was sojourning in Rome in 1890 after a siege of work on the motion picture invention."

Gus Carlton: "Retired blacksmith, with age about 95, and slightly bowed from bending over the hind hoof of many a 'jarhead.' Resides on Tower Hill and is now blind."

Spring and the Polk County line, whose industry and thrift enabled them to accumulate considerable property, gins, mills, houses, etc. They are law-abiding, respected by the whites and generally good citizens. Their master set them free before the Civil War."

Allen Collier: "His occupation is that of a cook. He knows how to prepare something that will satisfy one's bread basket. His wife, Alice Collier, washed many a garment in her younger days, but as she was suffering from the white swelling, she retired about 15 years ago and has always lived with her old man. She never knew she was an offspring of one of Col. Alfred Shorter's slaves. Allen does not belong to the aristocratic Shorter crowd, however."

Charlie Coppee: "Retired drayman. Some eight years ago Charlie quit and has since been doing pretty much as he pleases as a butler in a good family on West Eleventh Street, Fourth Ward. He is 80 years old. His team consisted of a small flat-top wagon drawn by a slow-moving 'hard-tail.' He leaped to this city in 1885 from Athens. When he talks to you he squinches out of one eye and smiles out of one side of his mouth. He can still do a plantation breakdown if you give him a young enough partner and a shot of mean licker. In size he is very low and stumpy, but can cover ground. His home is in the rear of the place where he works."

Ellen Pentecost Daniel: "A slave of Col. Alfred Shorter. She died in October, 1914, at the ripe old age of 73. One of the most appetizing cooks in her day. She was my nurse and I understand held the bottle for quite a number of Romans, all of whom remember her affectionately. Poor old soul ; she never rusted, but wore herself out."

Steve Eberhart (or Perry) : "Profession, whitewasher. Steve came to Rome about 20 years ago from Athens, where he was the slave in the war of Col. Abraham Eberhart. He is the mascot of the Confederate Veterans of Rome, and in his attempts to attend every reunion of the Boys in Gray collects a lot of money under various false pretenses, and gets away with it. Some of his whitewash might well be used on himself, for he is as black as African midnight and nearly as

The South owes much to its ante-bellum population, and will always remember them with deep affection. In this group we get a glimpse of a number of well-known characters caught here and there. Included are the old sprinkler sprucing up the yard of the First Presbyterian church; Steve Eberhart in a "fowl escapade," "Aunt Martha" Stevenson, "Aunt Cheney," Augustus Sams, Bob Lake and others.

small as a chinquepin, but he carries himself with an erectile strut that immediately becomes a dissembling shamble when he wants to pass around the hat. At reunion time he puts on his artillery uniform of red and gray, and lays a barrage of profanity that withers every new-fangled darkey that crosses his path. Under his arm is his pet rooster, borrowed from a convenient hen-house, and such feathers as are missing from the fowl's tail can be found in Steve's beaver hat. Steve is on the shady side of 80. His sideline is collecting clothes from the white folks so the women can wash 'em, and on his shiny dome he can balance a bag of clothes nearly as well as a watermelon. He is of the aristocracy, having been just after the war valet at Athens to Henry W. Grady and Ben Hill. He is a powerful orator, with 'Fiddling Bob' Taylor's ability to cry on occasion, and if his education had not been cut short by Mr. Grady's graduation from the University, he might have been the Daniel Webster of his race. While he has never been ordained as a minister, he can preach with the best of them. He served with his 'marster' in the war on the west Coast of Florida, and there learned how to fish."

Bob Lake: "Bob is only middle-aged but has old-fashioned ways. He still works when there is a chance to make an honest living. At Christmas time he helps the Rotary Club distribute baskets to the poor, and totes home a well-filled basket for himself. He is the handy man at Judge Harper Hamilton's on East Fourth Street, but for 30 years has 'drayed' for the Simpson Grocery Company and is an expert at handling salt meat with a cotton hook."

Henry Little: "Farmer; bachelor; his home is one quarter of a mile north of the city limits, near the old Ridge place, on the Oostanaula River road. His complexion is slate color and hair and mustache a dark gray; he is tall, comports himself like a soldier and has a pleasing address. Henry still wears his clod-hoppers at 73, and says he can see a boll weevil as far as any man, but is wise enough to try corn and wheat."

janitor of the N., C. & St. L. passenger depot for 37 years. He swears he never used an oath or an alcoholic beverage. Is a native of Floyd Springs and resides in *Tim-buck-too,' where he has a fine home."

Mack Madison : "An old-time farmer who can always get together a mess of vittles like ham, cracklin' bread, pot licker and turnip greens, in spite of the boll weevil and potato bugs. He is a shy old rascal, and when he comes to town, which is not often, he keeps out of the way of the police. If you eye him too closely or try to question him, he gets off like a rabbit through a brier patch. He has a sweet tooth, so keeps a bee gum, and is as industrious as anybody in the hive. Once he ignored a summons to court, and two officers brought him in. Asked by a friend why he finally went, he said his legs got in motion and his body had to go too."

West McCoy : "Retired plasterer ; uncertain age. He winks out of one eye because he has lost the other. He sits around on garbage boxes and holds out his hand for a penny, saying, 'It takes only 100 to make a dollar.' "

Pomp Moseley: "Lives with his wife, Lucy, 72, in South Rome. Always connected with the furniture business, and he hung many a shade and stretched many a carpet before the days of rugs and waxed floors. He carries his age of 76 as lightly as a man of 40, and withal is as quiet and polite as a basket of chips, being one of the Shorter slaves. He carries a yard stick for a cane, to advertise his business."

Harrison Payne: "Retired teamster; occasionally is seen at the cui-b market with his spring wagon full of vegetables at reasonable prices. His nag is an old-fashioned high stepper, but now somewhat broken down."

Hamp Pentecost: "The bodyguard of Col. Chas. M. Harper during the Civil War. He was one of the blueblooded darkeys of Rome, having belonged to Col. Shorter, and was faithful to the last. For a long time he was assistant boss o'f Ed. L. Bosworth's dray line, and could always be depended upon."

quisitioned his services to fight cobwebs and dust at the old City Hall, and to plaster up rat holes. He was a stout darkey and was often called upon by the police to help put an unruly character into the 'jug.' He made such a favorable impression upon Rev. Jas. W. Lee that when Dr. Lee was transferred in 1885 to the pastorate of the Trinity Methodist church in Atlanta he made a special trip to Rome and borrowed Taylor to fill a sexton's place. Taylor did not come back to Rome until Dr. Lee tried to take him to Missouri. On returning, he assumed his old posiion, and when the City Hall was moved to its present location, he went along, and served there until age caused him to be 'let out.' He took a vacation once in 1898, and remained away until after the Spanish-American War, where he acquired quite a military presence. It gave him great pleasure to crack his heels together and salute any of the white folks who asked him a favor; and he was well cared for in his old age. He was a pillar in the Upper Broad Street Colored Methodist Episcopal church."

Jim Ponder: "Has been dead about 20 years. Used to haul slops from the Battey Infirmary. He was a sort of doctor among his people; buried buzzards in large frying pans, and when the grease ran out used it to cure rheumatism."

Tol Reed: "Had a white beard and could cover lots of ground. His nephew was hanged near the old Rome railroad above the Southern crossing about 1900, and he was run out of Rome and is supposed to have died in Atlanta. He sometimes went by the name of Dr. Potter. He was a mortar mixer and boasted loudly that he helped build the Armstrong Hotel. His hobby was fine horseflesh, on which he was an authority."

Palmer Rix: "Retired from farming to gardening; aged 76, and still active on his trade. He resides near the Oostanaula on West Second Street, to the height of where the stream when it is too full does not quite reach and disturb his comforts."

Andy Robinson : "Aged 90 and resides at 605 W. Second Street. He remembers the founders of Rome and the Indian chiefs; says Col. Chas. H. Nelson gave passes to Ross and Ridge

Aitgustus Sams: "Business is woodchopper and age about 80. He chops wood all around the country, and for the want of a conveyance sometimes walks to Cedartown for a job, and then walks back. He will not quit chopping wood except to go 'possum hunting or to eat a watermelon. He wears a black felt hat with a curve in it, only needs a turkey feather to make him look like a Dutch admiral ; and he carries his lunch in a crocus sack. He has a keen sense of humor, but occasionally when outraged rears back on his dignity like an angry porcupine."

"Mink" Sims: "A darkey of 25 years ago who hunted and fished a great deal, but was never known to hit a lick of work. He used to sing a song that started 'Rabbit and the Hash,' and which brought in the polecat, the jaybird and the other birds and animals of the menagerie."

"Tip" Smith: "Passed to the other world Jan. 25, 1911, at the age of 77. He was an old slave who had belonged to Maj. Chas. H. Smith ('Bill Arp'). After he got his freedom, he took up the trade of carpet and mattress stretcher and house cleaner, and made a very useful citizen. He hung shades, did wall-papering and generally helped many a housewife of Rome. At entertainments he was indispensable, whether it was freezing the pineapple sherbet or handing the guests their hats and coats; and many a grateful Roman said if he could have 'Tip' around at the final trumpet call, he would not bother to summon an undertaker. 'Tip' lived in peace and African plenitude on the gentle slopes of Blossom Hill."

Martha Stevenso7i: "She is short and dark and wears a turban. For a long time she cooked for Mrs. Seaborn Wright, then served Mrs. Bessie B. Troutman at Pope's Ferry, then was cooking for Mrs. Robt. Battey when Mrs. Battey died and now is indispensable at Mrs. Evan P. Harvey's. She is nigh onto 75 and spry as a cricket, but occasionally complains of the misery in her side."

Mark Taylor: "Veteran barber, long since dead. Ned Huggins started with him as a bootblack, and he trained many others in the tonsorial art. Mark never used vulgarity or profanity, nor would he allow any roughhouse in his shop."

"Shetn" Thomas: "Not particularly old, but exceedingly old-fashioned. Janitor at Darlington School. Though not a millionaire, he gave $25 to the Greater Darlington Endowment Fund in 1922. He is sure to pass through the pearly gates."

"Uncle Towns:" Never seemed to have any other name, but worked many years around yard and flower garden of the I. D. Fords on Second Avenue. He wore a heavy gray beard, and his old back was bent from much cutting of grass and pruning of shrubs. He bore a closer resemblance to a certain large creature of the jungle than anybody in Rome. His fondness for little children was well known, but such as he didn't like he would scarce with a fiendish grin."

Lewis Venable: "The male cook of Dr. and Mrs. Robt. Battey on First Avenue. Every time the Rome railroad trains would pass, Lewis would climb to the barn roof, dressed in a Japanese gown, with a crimson sash around his waist and a feather-decorated silk hat on his head. Thus arrayed, he would dance to the delight of train crew and passengers. He has long ago gone to his Heavenly Master. He was hired by the Venable family of Atlanta before coming to Rome."

Caleb Walker: "Perhaps the oldest person in Rome; born in 1824, as well as he remembers, and is consequently 98. He began to feel a bit old last year, and cut him a hickory stick in the neighborhood of his home at 114 Chambers Street, Sixth Ward; but he can get about like a cricket when he sees greenback or coin for light carpentry work. He has always been fair and square, and is thoroughly confirmed in his ways of thrift and honesty. He claims to have been a soldier in 1864 and 1865, though in just what capacity he does not make clear."

William Walker: "Not less than 80, but gets about like a man of 45. He is a retired plasterer and his earthly home is in Hell's Hollow. He says he has mixed lots of Etowah River sand and slack lime for buildings in Rome, has always served the Lord and expects to make the acquaintance of St. Peter instead of the devil."

DEBTS OF LONG AGO. - Members of the City Commission and others who speak in whispers of Rome's awful $40,000 overdraft might do well to peek into the records for the year

1875, when $450,000 hung above the heads of the city fathers like the quivering Sword of Damocles. Included in this was $100,000 in Memphis Branch Railroad bonds; $100,000 in North and South Railroad bonds; $107,500 in water works bonds; $65,000 in currency bonds; $32,000 in floating debt bonds; and accrued interest making up the balance. In 1877 and 1878 this debt had been reduced to $337,100, and in 1884 it stood at $312,000. The annual income from all sources in 1888 was about $60,000 and expenses under prudent management about the same.

Says an old clipping of 1888: "Since the new bonds were issued in 1877, never has the city been an hour in default in meeting her interest. Every obligation to creditors has been promptly met, and so firm is the standing of the city in the financial world that not even her 5 per cent bonds can be purchased at less than par, and her other bonds command from 1.06 to 1.16.

"A large part of our city debt arises from investments in railroads that were never built. The hearts of Rome's people always went out to those who proposed to develop her resources and asked her aid. To say that she was imposed upon is putting it lightly. But she has never faltered; she has cheerfully undertaken to pay this $200,000 for which she has never received one dollar's benefit, and now goes on to fight greater battles. Victory has crowned her on every field, and still beckons her on."

DESOTO, SUBURB OF. - Named after Ferdinand DeSoto, Spanish cavalier, who is supposed to have pitched camp on the spot in June, 1540, for about 30 days. Located west of Rome proper and across the Oostanaula River. The heart of it is known as the Fourth Ward, containing about 160 acres of land, most or all of which was owned up to 1835 by John Ross, the Indian chief, then became the property of Jno. B. Winfrey. Mr. Winfrey sold 60 of the 160 acres to Dan'l. R. Mitchell and 60 to Col. Alfred Shorter. The part bought by Col. Shorter contained the John Ross home, which stood in the rear of the site of the J. M. Bradshaw home at 505 Fifth Avenue. To the Ross house in 1845 Col. Shorter brought the J. M. M. Caldwells, and they taught school there for some time prior to establishment of the Rome Female College on Eighth Avenue.

Practical Lessons In Democracy

Here are views which will demonstrate that Berry School boys work hard and fruitfully. Miss Martha says the sons of the rich must eventually profit by the wholesomeness of some form of manual labor. At the top is the Mountain Farm school for small boys, who are seen in the oval; the lake, the cow barn, the well-drilled milkers and a Ford tractor in a furrowed field are also presented.

DeSoto was once a separate town from Rome, and came into the city corporation under an act of the Legislature of 1884-5 which abolished its charter. Most of the DeSotans fought inclusion strenuously, and to win out, Rome was forced to grant liberal tax and improvement concessions. The contract in the bill was drawn by Attorney J. I. Wright, of the law firm of Alexander & Wright. It provided that no saloon license should ever be granted in DeSoto. The population then was about 500, and now it is estimated at about five times that figure. The land is flat and low, and the citizens handle themselves very nimbly when the rivers overflow.

DeSoto has furnished some of Rome's leading citizens. It was the birthplace of Milford W. Howard, of Los Angeles, Cal., formerly Congressman from Fort Payne, Ala., who used to wield a powerful axe in the forests nearby that he might sell wood and complete his education. Its mayor for several terms was D. R. Mitchell, the grocer, who was a nephew of Col. Danl. R. Mitchell, one of the founders of Rome. J. H, Lanham was once the postmaster.

DeSoto (or the Fourth Ward) contains Hamilton Athletic Field; the North Georgia Fair Grounds; the Trinity Methodist Church (founded by Rev. Sam P. Jones) ; the Jones residence; the Fifth Avenue Baptist and Second Christian churches; the Fourth Ward Public School, and the homes of J. A. Glover and Mrs. Hiram Hill, also a thriving business section on Fifth Avenue at the Oostanaula River bridge. The Stone Quarry hill, Summerville Road, was used by the Confederates and was known as Fort Attaway.

ELKS' CLUB (B. P. O. E.) - Rome Lodge No. 694 was organized July 25, 1901, and surrendered its charter June 14, 1918. Its motto was "Fidelity, brotherly love, justice." At one time it boasted a membership of 250. At the time of ceasing operations, it had the following names on the "Red, White and Blue Roll:"

A. A. Antognoli A. E. Anderson J. P. Broyles W. T. Brown Hiram M. Bobo Wesley O. Connor, J. S. Cleghorn J. Ed. Camp W. M. Carey Lloyd Damron

FIRE COMPANIES IN 1888. - "The fire department of the city of Rome consists of three companies: Rainbow Steam Fire Engine Co. No. 1, Mountain City Steam Fire Engine Co. No. 2, and Citizens' Hook & Ladder Co. No. 1. The membership of the whole is 165 men - the most gallant and courageous in the city. As an illustration of their promptness and discipline, an instance is characteristic of the department: An old fire trap in the rear of a saddle shop on Broad Street, containing about 2,500 bundles of fodder, caught fire, and whilst all the ends of the bundles were burned, not a whole bundle was destroyed. The work of extinguishment was done so quickly by one company that the other company, 400 yards off, was cut out from fire plugs and could not throw any water upon the fire, much to their chagrin. Each of these rival companies accuses the other of keeping men at the reel houses, ready to turn out for a fire. Further proof of their gallantry and skill is seen in the fact that the actual losses from fire in the city of Rome have not averaged $1,500 per year for the last ten years. This fact is the more remarkable because it is a volunteer department, the members themselves bearing a goodly share of the expenses of their organizations. Not a single Georgia pine building of one story has burned to the ground in 15 years. In 1884 the fire loss was

"Each of the companies has substan. tial trophies of the victories gained in speed contests abroad, and no city in the country can show as effective a fire service by any paid department." - Tribune of Rome, Anniversary and Trade Number, Oct. 2, 1888.

FIRESIDE DEFENDERS. - This Civil War company was organized Aug. 4, 1861, at Spring (or Silver) Creek, near Lindale, by Robt. H. Jones, who later became a wagon and buggy manufacturer at Cartersville. There were 95 original members and 26 recruits; total, 121. Mrs. John Reese sent the boys away with a stirringspeech and the gift of a beautiful flag. She was well qualified for this duty, as may be judged by an incident of a few years before. Mrs. Reese was the wife of a well-known physician; as a girl she was Elizabeth Hills, granddaughter of old Dennis Hills, a "down East Yankee" from Leominster, Mass. She was sent to school in New England at the age of fifteen. One day in chapel or class a teacher addressed the pupils on the subject, of slavery in the South. "The Souther^j oeople," declared the teacher, "drive xne poor negro to the plow, and shut him up i~n a crib and feed him raw corn."

Little Miss Elizabeth jumped to her feet, her face aflame with indignation, and cried, "That is a lie!" She was allowed to return home to continue her studies, and she became one of the most steadfast advocates of the Southern cause.

"Soldiers of the Fireside Defenders: On behalf of the ladies of Silver Creek and vicinity I am before you today to ask the acceptance of this flag. You are all aware that every nation on earth has its ensign. This, my brave friends, is the ensign of the Southern Confederate States of America. It is needless for me to retrospect the history of this nation, to tell you why the flag of the Union no longer floats over the land of sunshine and flowers or why the crashing of musketry and the booming of cannon is heard in our border states. Suffice it to say that our cause is a just one, and on presenting these colors to you, you have a testimony of the spirit which governs the women of the South.

to the oppressors of our land, and should it become necessary there is not a free woman in the Southern Confederacy who would not dispute the ground inch by inch, and who would not die in the cause of libertv and justice.

"To you as the first agents in the hands of an all-wise Father we consign these colors. Never, never, my friends, permit it to trail in the dust; never lower the flag in servile submission to the ruthless invaders of our homes, our liberties and our most sacred rights; never furl these ample folds, not until liberty shall be perched upon this banner.

"There is a just God who presides over the destinies of nations. He it is who will give might to your arms in the deadly strife. The battle is not to the strong in numbers alone. It is to the just, to the right, to the brave. Oh, do not permit our enemies to forge chains to bind in degradation our posterity. With hearts within and God overhead, press onward higher and higher. Wave these colors, and that God in whom we trust may permit every soldier of the Fireside Defenders to return under the protection of this banner is our prayer to God. We shall rise incessantly in your behalf and we entreat you to yield your hearts and lives into His charge, and if it be your doom, as it has been for many near and dear to us, to meet death on the battlefield, in a nation's heart shall be written your epitaph, 'History shall prolong, posterity shall bless the valiant arms and noble spirits who fought, bled and died to purchase for us liberty and freedom.'

Undimmed the ages untold, Over earth's proud nations the stars display Like morning's radiant changes unfold; Oh, flag of Dixie's noble band, Oh, flag of the South, still peerless, shine, O'er earth, remotest lands expand. Till every heart and hand entwine!

The Fireside Defenders went to camp twelve days after they were organized. Their first stop " was Big Shanty, Cobb County, now known as Kennesaw. Thence they went into training at Columbus, and thence to the front in Virginia. They became Company G, 22d Georgia Regiment of Infantry, and Capt. Jones, their commanding officer, was advanced to colonel of the regiment.

Starting in 1895, the survivors held annual reunions at the Primitive Baptist Church (now the First Presbyterian) at Lindale. On this occasion they were addressed by Paul Reese, son of Dr. and Mrs. Reese. Capt. Harry P. Meikleham, superintendent of the Massachusetts Mills at Lindale, gave them a bit of ground 10 feet square, on which they erected a monument which bears the names of the company's officers. Capt. Meikleham also stands for a yearly barbecue, but there are only three or four left to eat it now, and they include Jos. A. Sharp and Win. J. Vincent, of Rome.

FLOYD. - (From the Rome News, Wednesday, April 6, 1921.) - Floyd County was named for Gen. Jno. Floyd because his Indian victories made it possible for white men to settle in comparative safety in the region around Rome, according to Judge Junius F. Hillyer, who has furnished the following sketch on this intrepid leader, after an exhaustive search of books.

"Gen. Floyd was born in South Carolina, came to Georgia early in life, and settled in Camden County, where he died June 27, 1829. His father was Capt. Chas. Floyd, a conspicuous soldier in the Revolutionary War, who wore on the front of his helmet a silver crescent with the inscription, 'Liberty or Death.'*

"Gen. Floyd was a member of the Georgia Legislature in 1803. Among his associates in that body were James Jackson, John Milledge and Josiah Tatnall. Tatnall County, Jackson Coun. ty and Milledgeville in the state of Georgia bear respectively the names of these, his associates, and Floyd County bears his name.

"He was elected to Congress from Georgia in 1826, and served two years. He was appointed brigadier general of the Georgia Militia in 1803. His service with this command established his reputation for military skill and inflexible patriotism. On one occasion the savages surprised a fort where 300 men, women and children, except 17, v/ere cruelly put to death. Gen. Floyd was recognized as the proper man to suppress and avenge such wrongs. Accordingly, Gov. Peter Early selected him to command the Georgia troops in an expedition against the Creeks and Choctaw Indians, who for some time had been troubling helpless frontier settlements of Georgia and Alabama. Co-operating with Gen. Andrew Jackson, he waged a destructive war against the savages, who were defeated and permanently dispersed with great loss. The three famous battles of this campaign were fought at Autossee, Tallassee and Camp Defiance in Alabama. In one of these battles Gen. Floyd was severely wounded, but refused to retire from the field. His civic honors furnished proof of the high esteem in which he was held by his contemporaries. His success in the military service to which he was appointed fully vindicated the judgment of Gov. Early in making the appointment. The ability he displayed more than sustained his reputation and at the same time illustrated the energy and force of his character.

"As a private citizen. Gen. Floyd is accredited to us by the historians as a man of lofty ideals and unspotted integrity, unscrupulous in moral distinctions, honest with a warm and generous nature. His military success no doubt contributed to the peaceful termination of Georgia's Indian problems. Soon after, in 1829, as stated. Gen. Floyd died; and then in 1833, the Georgia Legislature, as was fit, gave to Floyd County his name. It was eminently appropriate that the newlymade county, carved out of Georgia territory, should bear the name of Floyd, after her battle-scarred hero, whose recent victories had redeemed that territory from the Indian peril, thereby as if by magic transforming a semi-barbarous frontier into a veritable Arcadia of civilization, and capitalizing its dormant treasures into untold millions of wealth for its denizens and the commonwealth at large.

"The citizens of Floyd County are justly proud of their county because of its intrinsic merits; its incomparable situation and climate; its natural and acquired resources; and of its honorable history. The county hopefully faces the dawn of a new era, in which it is to solve greater problems and win

*Now in the possession of a grandson several times removed, Wm. G. McAdoo, of New York, formerly Secretai-y of the Treasury, and son-in-law of Woodrow Wilson.

A Peek At The Berry School For Girls

At top, mountain lassies at old-fashioned spinning wheels, and below, making rugs at the looms; boys building a house for the girls; the greenhouse; in oval, Miss Ida M. Tarbell and Miss Martha Berry, with students; at bottom, the rustic chapel, designed by a neighborhood character who thus expressed his interest in this seat of learning; the dining halls, which seat about 200.

The Weekly Georgian, Savannah, printed the following squib under date of Saturday, July 6, 1839: "The late Gen. John Floyd. - The intelligence of the death of Gen. John Floyd has been received in this city. At one period of his life Gen. Floyd had the honor of representing his state m the Con. gress of the Union, and was always respected and esteemed in every station which his confiding fellow citizens invited him to occupy."

Officers of the First Regiment of Savannah, John Millen, chairman, and Jno. W. Anderson, secretary, passed resolutions of respect under date of July 3, 1839.

Gen. Floyd served in the Twentieth Congress, 1827-9, with Tomlinson Fort, Chas. E. Haynes, Wiley Thompson, Richard Henry Wilds, Wilson Lumpkin and Geo. R. Gilmer, the last two of whom as Governors of Georgia fought hard for the removal of the Indians to the West.

Lucian L. Knight, in Vol. II, Georgia's Landmarks, Memorials and Legends (ps. 27-28) tells of a famous duel fought by Gen. Floyd with a Mr. Hopkins in Camden County. Mr. Hopkins had been challenged, so it was his right under the existent code to name the weapons, and he stipulated that they should first shoot from a distance with shotguns, and if that did not bring a conclusion they would advance with pistols, and if that failed, they would fight with their Bowie knives. At the first or second stage Mr. Hopkins was so badly wounded that the duel was halted. Gen. Floyd's sons. Gen. Chas. L. Floyd and Captain Richard S. Floyd, also fought duels.

(From the State Department of History, Atlanta.) Members of the State Senate: 1833- 35, James Hemphill; 1836, William Smith; 1837, James Wells; 1838, William Smith; 1839-40, Joseph Watters; 1841-43, William Smith.

From 1845 to 1853, there was a grouping of counties into districts (old system) , and Floyd was put in the Forty-Seventh District. There were four Senators during this period, two of whom were from Floyd: 1845-6, Thomas C. Hackett; 1851-2, Joseph Watters.

From 1853 to 1861 there was a return to the former basis of representation, each county electing a Senator: 1853-4, Jesse Lamberth; 1855-8, Terrence McGuire; 1859-60, Daniel S. Printup.

FLOYD INFANTRY. - Organized at Rome in March, 1861, by Jno. Frederick Cooper, son of Hon. Mark An. thony Cooper, of Cass County, and father of J. Paul Cooper, of Rome, and Walter G. Cooper, of Atlanta. It started with 46 men; good-byes were said May 10, 1861, for the boys were going straight to Virginia.

An item in The Courier said: "The Infantry were escorted to the station by the other companies then forming. The train moved off amid the cheers of the crowd and the thunders of artillery."

The original officers follow: Captain, Jno. F. Cooper; first lieutenant, D. C. Hargrove; second, John H. Reece; third, R. W. Echols; first sergeant, Harvey M. Langston; second, G. G. Martin; third, Henry Burns; fourth, L. P. Bryant; fifth, John Osley; first corporal, T. B. Moore; second, J. P. Duke; third, Harvey Shackelford; fourth, Henry Cohen. Before the company left, D. C. Hargrove joined the Light Guards, and was killed July 21, 1861, at the First Battle of Ma. nassas.

*Rome's Sunday School superintendents have met with sad fates in war. Geo. T. Stovall, of the First Methodist, was killed at First Manassas, and A. Walton Shanklln, Head of the same institution in 1917, was killed In France in 1918 as a soldier of the World Walr. apt. Melville winell, who preceded Mr. Stovall as superintendent, came out unscathed.

Morrow, S. J. Nowlin, J. H. Overby, F. A. Owings, John Padget, J. L. Phillips, D. A. Pool, G. B. Quarles, A. J. Reed, John Reeves, C. B. Rogers, J. W. Selman, J. P. Smith, W. A. Smith, Geo. Somers, J. B. Stallings, J. H. Steadman, R. M. Stephens, H. A. Stone, Jack Tate, G. M. Tolbert, J. T. Wamack, R. I. H. Warren. A. White, F. R. Woodel, Thos. Wright.

Among the Manassas casualties were W. T. Chastain, George Martin, A. W. Harshaw, F. M. Mandry, J. T. Warmack and J. H. Dunn, killed; Capt. Cooper, Oswell B. Eve and Thos. J. Hills, mortally wounded. Capt. Cooper was shot in the knee or the leg, and refused to submit to amputation. Complications set in and he died several weeks later at Culpepper, Va. Mr. Hills died about two weeks after the battle. He had been superintendent of the Sunday School at Running Waters,* the John Ridge place north of Rome.

FORREST MONUMENT. - Broad Street at Second Avenue; about 20 feet high, with reduced figure of Gen. Forrest at top. Presented to Rome by the United Daughters of the Confederacy, assisted by other organizations, and unveiled Friday, Apr. 23, 1909, by Sarah Elizabeth Bass; presentation speech by Judge Jno. W. Maddox; acceptance by Mayor Thos. W. Lipscomb; prayer by Rev. C. B. Hudgins, rector of St. Luke's Episcopal church, and Rev. Chas. C. Jarrell, pastor of the First Methodist church; present: Governor-elect Jos. M. Brown, Congressman Jas. A. Tawney (Minn.), Jno. A. Moon (Tenn.), Jno. L. Burnett (Ala.) and Gordon Lee (Ga.). The monument inscriptions feature the capture of Gen. Abel D. Streight's force Sunday, May 3, 1863, at Lawrence, Ala., by a handful of men under Gen. Forrest, and the march of the prisoners to Rome.

FORT JACKSON RESERVOIR. - When the old waterworks system built by the Nobles, consisting of the pumping station near Fourth Avenue and the N., C. & St. L. railroad and the tower on Neely School Hill, was aban. doned, the modern reservoir on Ft. Jackson and the pumping station a mile below on the Oostanaula River were constructed. This work was done in 1892 and 1893 while Sam S. King, Sr., was mayor, and Louis J. Wagner was City Engineer in charge. Wm. J. Griffin was chairman of the waterworks committee, made up of Chas. W.

Underwood and W. H. Steele in 1892 and of J. F. McClure and Wm. A. ("Blue Billy") Wright in 1893. The filter plant was opened for use Jan. 27, 1900. The original cost was $20,- 000.

The Fort Jackson plant has been increased steadily until it is made up of seven filters; one 2,000,000-gallon settlement basin; one 1,000,000. gallon settlement basin; one 500,000-gallon clear water basin; one emergency stand pipe of 18,000 gallons (the city clock tower) ; two 2,000,000-gallon compressed steam pumps; one 4,500,- 000-gallon electric drum centrifugal pump; 36 miles of cast-iron water mains; 269 hydrants for the fire department's use; 3,200 water services (individual and company taps, etc.) ; also chlorine apparatus, alum tanks, pumps and other necessary apparatus.

Sam M. Frye is the superintendent at Fort Jackson reservoir, and Jno. T. Sessler is the engineer in charge of the pumping station at the Oostanaula River. Both are constantly on their jobs to give Rome one of the best flows of pure water to be found anywhere. The Municipal swimming pool near the jail puts an extra tax upon the apparatus, but the officials say they can stand the racket. If it were not for the pool, perhaps, more water would be needed to bathe the children at home.

FOSTER'S INFANTRY. - This Civil War organization was formed in Floyd County down the Coosa River by Col. W. Green Foster in 1861. The following account is taken from a Rome Tribune account of about 1910:

"A feature of the recent Memorial Day in Rome was the tattered old battle-flag carried by the thin gray line of veterans. The flag's dingy folds show a crimson stain, the blood of one of the color bearers, who fell, shot dead, across the flag.

"The colors were carried through the war by Co. D of the 65th Georgia. This was the company and regiment of Col. W. G. Foster. That officer enlisted in 1861, and was made second lieutenant. Later he became captain. In 1862 there was a reorganization into six companies of infantry and six of cavalry, which were called Smith's Legion of the First Georgia, Partisan Rangers.

Walker's division of the 65th Georgia, and later still to Cheatham's division. Gist's brigade. The general was killed at Franklin, Tenn., and then Col. Foster was put in command of the brigade and remained in this position until the surrender. He was in line for the rank of brigadier general, but never received his commission.

"The hardest fighting of the regiment was at Franklin, Tenn., where the color bearers were killed. After the first fall, Col. Foster picked up the colors and was almost instantly shot through the arm, and the staff' of the flag was shot off. Private Davis then picked up the colors, and carried them along until the flag was stuck on the breastworks captured by the regiment.

"At the surrender the color-bearer tore the colors from the staff, and stuffed them in his boot, thus keeping possession of them. They are still in the possession of the surviving mem. bers of the company, and are an object of reverence to all, and especially to those who know of their history.

"The company and regiment saw much hard fighting in this vicinity. Its roster included many familiar names, some of whom are still living, and others whose memory is perpetuated by their descendants. The general engamenets of the regiment and the roll of Company D follows:

Officers: Captain, W. Green Foster; first lieutenant, J. F. Morton; second lieutenant, F. T. Griffin; third lieutenant, A. C. Hawkins; orderly sergeant, H. Hammond; second sergeant,

HARBIN HOSPITAL. - This institution, of which Rome is justly proud, was established in 1908 with twelve beds by Drs. Robt. Maxwell Harbin and William Pickens Harbin, brothers. In 1917 a new fireproof 40-bed, fourstory structure was opened, and the original building was converted into a nurses' dormitory. This dormitory, by the way, was once occupied as a residence by Henry W. Grady, who brought his bride there from Athens. It is located at the southeast corner of Third Avenue and East First Street, directly opposite the First Presbyterian church ; and beside it on Third Avenue is the hospital proper.

In 1920 three additional stories and other enlargements were added to the main building, raising the bed capacity to 75, and making in all a seven-story building. The architects were R. S. Pringle and the late W. T. Downing, of Atlanta, with M. J. Sturm, hospital architect of Chicago, as consultant, and the concrete engineers were Spiker & Lose, of Atlanta.

The building is a marvel of sturdiness, architectural beauty and completeness, and is highly symbolic of the character of work performed by the staff. It contains every modern improvement and convenience, such as vapor heating and electric light signal systems, silent calls, running hot and cold water in every room, linoleum on cement floors in corridors, nqiseless closing doors, three complete operating rooms, large sun parlors on three floors, private telephone exchange with telephones in private rooms, etc. The safety gate elevator runs from basement to roof garden. The kitchens are models of cleanliness and the cuisine is in charge of an expert.

The structure represents practically all the savings from hospital income and professional fees during the life of the owners, with obligations to last five or ten years, and the idea of service to patients has been put ahead of the idea of material gain. Romans who understand the spirit of the institation are as proud of it as of any. thing that Rome boasts.

Disinterested opinions, however, are even more convincing. The 1922 report of the American College of Surgeons on hospital standardization places the Harbin Hospital among three others in Georgia which stood the test conducted in 1921. The others were the Georgia Baptist and Grady hospitals in Atlanta and the hospital of the Medical Department of the University of Georgia at Augusta.

Harbin Hospital was given a rating of 100% at the first inspection, and Dr. Franklin D. Martin, director general of the American College of Surgeons, wrote as follows from Chicago under date of Dec. 27, 1921:

"You are aware of the fact, no doubt, that your hospital appears on the 1921 list of hospitals meeting the minimum standard of the College. This recognition by the College is, we feel, a well deserved one. Hospital standardization, in essence, is the desire for welfare of the patient felt by the combined medical and hospital professions - - a desire put into action and made practicable. Your splendid work and the fruits of it, which are apparent in your community, must afford you more gratification than the stamp of our approval ever can. However, it gives us real pleasure to recognize and to commemorate the stand for better hospital service which you have made.

"There are yet further advances to be made in the hospital, just as in medicine itself. With the co-operation of the medical and hospital professions, however, these advances cannot fail to be realized."

On the attending staff are Drs. R. M. and W. P. Harbin and W. H. Lewis, and on the associate staff Drs. Wm. J. Shaw (President), Ross P. Cox, Geo. B. Smith, J. Turner McCall, J. C. Watts, A. C. Shamblin and M. M. Mc- Cord. Dr. W. P. Harbin is also physician to the Berry School.

An Institution With A Fine Record

The Harbin Hospital, erected by Drs. Robt. M. and Wm. P. Harbin at Third Avenue and East First Street, is not only one of the handsomest structures in the city, but it has scored practically perfect in the rigid test conducted by the American College of Surgeons, and is one of four Georgia hospitals with the highest rating.

Miss Blanche Rakestraw, to whom much of the credit for the success of the institution is due, is superintendent; Miss Agnes Gattis is superintendent of nurses; Miss Velma Owens is night supervisor; Miss Sophie Pintchuck is technician of the clinical laboratory; Miss B. L. Roberts is technician of the X-ray laboratory; W. C. Bell is secretary and treasurer; Miss Nell Sloan is book, keeper; Miss Christine Smith is historian; Mrs. C. Bryan is dietician, and Miss Bessie Carlson is reception room clerk.

J. Paul Cooper, whose numerous gifts to public enterprises have placed Rome under lasting obligations, several years ago bought 100 mg. of radium at a cost of about $11,000, which he placed at the disposal of the hospital, and which has greatly facilitated the treatment of numerous complicated cases.

HIGHLAND RANGERS. - This Cave Spring company of 66 cavalrymen left for the Civil War front from Broad Street, Rome, on Saturday, Apr. 5, 1862, according to the Tri-Weekly Courier of Apr. 8. The muster roll follows :

Another company of Highland Rangers, from Rome and vicinity, numer. ing 96 men, was listed in The Courier of Saturday, Apr. 12, 1862. It is likely they had been sent to Camp McDonald at Big Shanty (Kennesaw) a few days before, for they joined in the cross-country chase the same day after Andrews' wild raiders. The muster roll :

HILLS O' ROME, THE SUBLIMATED SEVEN. - Sir Walter Scott must have been standing on a hill admiring the place of his birth when he piped in the sixth canto of "The Lay of the Last Minstrel" the following:

For to properly appreciate a place means not alone to grind faithfully through the years; not, in the case of Romans, to ply merely between home and busy Broad; but to climb the heights and there obtain a perspective which nature offers only to those who are willing to climb. Nature's masterpiece is well calculated to beget a spirit of progress, pride and achievement, yet how many have ever viewed it? Everybody in Rome has seen Mt. Alto, Lavender and New Shorter Hill from Rome. How many have seen the far more picturesque sight of Rome from Alto, Lavender or Shorter Hill? Poets, bestir yourselves! Belated climbers, forsake the low ground and mount the heights!

Here are the seven hills, mostly within the city limits, concerning which Rome yields nothing of beauty to her worthy namesake on the historic Tiber:

Fort Jackson, historic in its battle trenches, and from which North Rome resembles a pearl in a setting of platinum, and the Valley of the Oostanaula stretches away to the north like the velvety approach to the palace of a king.

INDIAN CLANS. - There were originally seven clans in the Cherokee Indian nation: Wolf, Deer, Paint, Longhair, Bird, Blind (or Long) Savannah and Holly. John Ross belonged to the Bird clan. Major Ridge to the Deer, Clement Neeley Vann and David Vann probably to the Wolf. The customs relevant to the clan system fell into disuse shortly after 1800.*

The seal of the Cherokee Nation was a double circle with a seven-pointed star (each point representing a clan) in the center; between star points and inner circle was a wreath ; in the space between circles were some Sequoyan characters, in the center of which were the letters "cwy." Prosperous members of the various clans today use this seal on their stationery, and surmount it with a wolf, bird or other object referring to their particular clans. * * *

INDIAN DISTRICTS. - The Committee and Council of the Cherokee Nation in 1820 divided the remaining territory into eight districts, and Chas. R. Hicks, principal chief, approved them, according to The Laws of the Cherokee Nation, published by the Cherokee Advocate Office, Tahlequah, Indian Territory, 1852. The districts were Amoah, Aquohee, Challoogee, Chickamaugee, Coosewatee, Etowah, Hickory Log and Tahquohee. Challoogee, Chickamaugee, Coosewattee and Etowah included Floyd County, and several of them cornered at "Forks of Coosa." The descriptions are:

1 - The First District shall be called by the name Chickamaugee, and be bounded as follows: Beginning at the mouth of Armuchee Creek, on Oostanallah River, thence north in a straight course to a spring branch between the island and Rackoon Village; thence a straight course over the Lookout Mountain, where the heads of Wills and Lookout Creeks oppose against each other on the Blue Ridge; then a straight course to the main source of Rackoon Creek, and down the same into the Tennessee River, and up said river to the mouth of Ooletiwah Creek, and up said creek to take the most southeastern fork; thence a southern course to the mouths of Sugar Creek, into the Connasauga River, and down the said river to its confluence with Oostennallah River, and down the same to the place of beginning.

2 - The Second District shall be called by the name Challoogee, and be bounded as follows : Beginning on the mouth of Rackoon Creek, in the Tennessee River, and down the said river to the boundary line, commonly called Coffee's line, and along said line where it strikes Wills Creek, and down the said creek to its confluence with the Coosa River; and thence embracing the boundary line between the Cherokees and Creeks, run by Wm. Mcintosh and other Cherokee Commissioners by the respective nations, running southeastwardly to its intersection with Chinibee's Trace, and along said trace leading eastwardly by Avery Vann's place, including his plantation, and thence on said trace to where it crosses the Etowah River, at the old ford above the fork, and down said river to its confluence with Oostennallah River, and up said river to the mouth of Armuchee Creek, and to be bounded by the First District.

3 - The Third District shall be called by the name Coosewattee, and bounded as follows: Beginning at the Widow Fool's Ferry, on Oostannallah River where the Alabama Road crosses it, along said wagon road eastwardly, leading toward Etowah Town to a large creek above Thomas Pettit's plantation, near to the Sixes, and said creek northeastward to its source; thence a straight course to the head of Talloney Creek, up which the Federal Road leads; thence a straight course to the Red Bank Creek, near Cartikee Village; thence a straight course to the head source of Potato Mine Creek; thence a straight course to the head of Clapboard Creek; thence a straight course to the most southern head source of Cannasawgee River, to strike opposite to the mouth of Sugar Creek into the Cannasawgee River, and to be bounded by the First and Second Districts.

Georgia American Series

4 - The Fourth District shall be called by the name of Amoah, and be bounded as follows: Beginning at the head source of Cannasawgee River, where the Third District strikes the said source; thence eastwardly a straight course to Spring Town, above Hiwassee Old Town; thence to the boundary line run by Col. Houston, where it crosses Sloan Creek; thence westwardly along said line to the Hiwassee River; thence down said river

5 - The Fifth District shall be called by the name of Hickory Log, and shall be bounded as follows: Beginning at the head of Potato Mine Creek, on the Blue Ridge, thence southeastwardly along the Blue Ridge to where Cheewostoyeh path crosses said ridge, and along said path to the head branch of Frog Town Creek, and down the same to its confluence with Tahsantee; thence down the Chestotee River, and into the Chattahoochee River, and down the same to the shallow wagon ford on said river, above the standing Peach Tree; thence westward

Town, to where it crosses Little River, a fork of the Etowah River, and down the same to its confluence with Etowah River, and down the same in a direct course to a large creek, and up said creek to where the road crosses it to the opposite side, and to be bounded by the Third District.

6 - The Sixth District shall be called by the name Etowah, and be bounded as follows: Beginning on the Chattahoochee River, at the shallow wagon ford on said river, and down the same to the Buzzard Roost, where the Creek and Cherokee boundary line intersects the said river; thence along said boundary line westward to where it intersects Chinibee's Trace, and to be bounded by the Fifth and Third Districts, leaving Thos. Pettit's family in Etowah District.

where Col. Houston's boundary line crosses Slare's Creek, thence along said boundary line southeastwardly to the Unicoy Turnpike road, and along said road to where it crosses the Hiwassee River, in the Valley Towns; thence a straight course to the head source of Coosa Creek, on the Blue Ridge above Cheewostoyeh, and along said ridge eastwardly, where the Unicoy Turnpike road crosses it, and thence a direct course to the head source of Persimmon Creek; thence down the same to the confluence of Tahsantee, and with the Frog Town Creek; and to be bound by the Third, Fourth and Fifth Districts.

8 - The Eighth District shall be known by the name of Aquohee and be bounded as follows: Beginning where the Seventh District intersects the Blue Ridge, where the Unicoy Turnpike road crosses the same, thence along said line to the confluence of Nanteyalee and Little Tennessee River; thence down the same to Tallassee Village; thence along said boundary line westwardly to where it intersects the Unicoy Turnpike road, and to be bounded by the Seventh District.

The first Mondays in May and September for Chickamaugee, Coosewattee, Hickory Log and Aquohee, and the second Mondays in May and September for Amoah, Etowah and Tahuohee. (Challogee was omitted).

First District (Chickaniaugee) : Dalton, Villanow, Curryville, Sugar Valley, Floyd Springs, the Pocket, Chickamauga, LaFayette, Rising Fawn, Chattanooga, Ooltewah, Tenn., and a few towns in upper DeKalb and eastern Jackson County, Ala.

Second District (Challoogee) : All of Floyd County west of a north-andsouth line running through the forks of the rivers at Rome: South Rome, East Rome, West Rome, Lindale, Silver Creek, Cave Spring, Mt. Berry, Armuchee, Rice's Spring, Coosa, Livingston, etc., and Cedartown; all of Chattooga County and a narrow part of lower Walker County; all of Cherokee, the central part of DeKalb and the upper parts of Cleburne and Calhoun Counties, Ala.

main part of Rome between the rivers, and all the towns north of the Etowah River as far east as Cassville, includ. ing Adairsville, Barnsley Gardens, all of Gordon County and Murray and such of Cohutta Mountain as is in Gilmer County.

Fourth District (Amoah) : The smallest section of the eight, lying north of the First District, and including practically all of James and Bradley Counties, Tenn., and one-eighth of Polk in the western part.

Fifth District (Hickory Log) : Cartersville and the eastern third of Bartow County, three-fourths of the northern parts of Cherokee and Forsyth, and one-fourth of the northern part of Milton, all of Pickens and Dawson Counties, all except one-tenth, the northwestern corner of Gilmer; the southern part of Fannin, the southern tip of Union and the western half of Lumpkin, with Dahlonega. This district follows such part of the old treaty boundary, the Chattahoochee River, as lies north of the shallow ford on the river in the lower end of Forsyth County northeastward to Dahlonega.

Sixth District (Etowah) : All that section south of the Etowah and northwest of the Chattahoochee, including the southeastern section of Floyd County, Kingston and the southwestern quarter of Bartow County, and the eastern half of Polk, the lower tip of Forsyth, nearly all of Milton, the lower fifth of Cherokee, parts of Chambers, Cleburne and Randolph Counties, Ala., and western parts of Heard and Troup (to West Point), and all of the counties of Cobb, Paulding, Haralson, Douglas, and Carroll in Georgia.

Seventh District (Tahquohee) : Most of Polk County, Tenn., the lower part of Cherokee and the southwestern part of Clay in North Carolina, the northern half of Fannin County, the eastern half of Lumpkin, northern of Hall, western half of Towns and White, and nearly all of Union in Georgia.

Eighth District (Aquohee) : The northwestern part of Habersham, eastern half of Towns, western half of Rabun, Western North Carolina west of the Little Tennessee River, including most of Macon, Clay and Cherokee Counties in North Carolina.

In general, the Cherokee territory at this time embraced all of the northwest portion of the state, known as Cherokee Georgia, bounded on the southeast by the Chattahoochee River and its tributaries in Northeast Georgia; the southwestern portion of North

Carolina as far east as the Little Tennessee River; the Southeastern portion of Tennessee south of the Hiawassee River and east and south of the Tennessee, bordering on Fannin, Murray, Whitfield, Walker, Catoosa and Dade Counties in Georgia ; and westward in Alabama to the Tennessee River and Attalla and Gadsden on the Coosa, and thence following the Cherokee- Creek boundary line run by Wm. Mcintosh and others, and then Chinibee's Trace and the Cherokee-Creek line to the Chattahoochee River near Columbus.

INDIANS, INDIVIDUAL. - Following is a list of Indians who composed part of the mammoth assemblage which congregated at Running Waters, near Rome, July 19, 20 and 21, 1835. By consulting the list of Indian districts and the towns in them, it is possible to fix approximately the local range of many red-skins and identify the "Rome Indians," who lived in Challoogee, Chickamaugee, Coosewattee and Etow-ah districts. Little Meat is known to have lived at Cave Spring, Woodward and Ground Mole (or Ground Hog) at Pinson Station, Tah-chan-sie

Indian Trails, Roads And

INDIAN TRAILS, ROADS AND STAGES. - Most of the Indian trails of Cherokee Georgia have been obliterated or swallowed up in the improved roadways of today. In the early part of the nineteenth century the so-called Federal Road was built from Tennessee through sections of Georgia. This is mentioned as part of the route of Gen. Sherman's army on its march from Resaca to Bartow County in 1864, and now and then there are other references to it, notably by the Indians. Quite possibly it passed near Dalton and generally followed the route of the Western and Atlantic Railroad.

"There is rich romance linking Georgia's old roads and trails with the dim past, for many of them ran by the curiously-gabled villages that dotted the countryside, and the huts of priests and the wigwams of the Indians were seen along the way.

"The possessions of most of the early settlei"S consisted of a few acres of cleared ground, a log: hut and a wife and children. The lives of the pioneers were filled with thrilling experiences, and the wives were quite as brave. The existence of the women was anythmg but peaceful, for while the men worked in the fields they guarded every inch of the ground close around the home. Tragedies were common ; the trusty rifles were often taken down from above the door to bag a wild cat, an Indian or a bear. When the men went to town, the women and children usually had tx) go too because of fear of wild beasts and Indians, and together they traveled the old trails.

"In the lives of stage coach travelers, stopping places were quite important. Taverns and post houses were a necessity, because horses had to be changed and travelers rested and fed.

"The Blue Pond road in Floyd County followed the Coosa River into Alabama and on to Sand Mountain. This was named after Blue Pond, in Alabama, and probably corresponds to the Alabama road of today. Earlier it was known as the Creek path, after the Creek Indians of Alabama and Georgia.

"Oostanaula or Hightower Path ran eastward from Alabama along the northern boundary line between the Creeks and the Cherokees, as fixed by Gen. Coffee in 1830. It crossed Shallow Ford on a tributary of the Etowah in the upper northwest corner of Cobb County, near Acworth ; passed through Marietta, the northern ends of Fulton and DeKalb Counties ; through Dunwoody, Norcross, Cross Keys and into Gwinnett County and Bay Creek in Walton; through Logansville and crossed into Oconee County via High Shoals; through Watkinsville; and thence over the Oconee River into Clarke County and Athens.

"The chief north-south stage route wfs from Milledgeville, then the capital of Georgia, to Nickajack, Tenn., near the Ga.-Ala.-Tenn. "corner," and a branch connected with Rome. At Eatonton there was another branch to Athens, via Madison. If the traveler wished to go by Athens on the way from Milledgeville to Nickajack lie must travel 255 miles, striking Vann's F'erry (on the Chattahoochee River in Hall County), Blackburn's (on Etowah

The stage started from Milledgeville on Tuesdays for Athens and returned on Saturdays. A few miles might be saved on the way to Nickajack by leaving Athens on the right and passing through Clarkesborough, Jackson County. The Gazetteer states

International Order Of

INTERNATIONAL ORDER OF GOOD TEMPLARS. - Shortly after the Civil War a number of lodges of this organization, founded by James G. Thrower, of Atlanta, were established at Rome, and included many of the Hill City's leading men who were opposed to liquor. Among the local units were Sacred Promise Lodge No. 125, headed by C. G. Samuel; Forrestville Lodge No. 106, and Mothers' Hope Temple No. 14. Among the leaders were Judge Waller T. Turnbull, Rev. L. R. Gwaltney, Major Z. B. Hargrove, Judge J. W. H. Underwood, Judge Joel Branham, Dunlap Scott, Col. Thos. W. Alexander and Chas. H. Smith ("Bill Arp"). The Cold Water Temple w composed of young men, with W. R. Fenner as secretary. "Water only!" was its motto. The Grand Lodge of Georgia convention was held at Rome Oct. 9, 1872, and more than 200 lodges were represented.

_ On June 6, 1860, a local organization known as the Sons of Temperance held a meeting at Rome. Chas. H. Smith was president, and the other officers were J. H. McClung, G. B. T. Moore, R. Ferdinand Hutchings, R. W. Echols, W. Aj. Barron and T. W. Swank.

In spite of the refusal of this noble handful to drink, Rome's barrooms continued to multiply, until in 1900 there were thirteen on Broad Sti'eet, or an average of one for each block. Soon thereafter for a few years, due to the efforts of Seaborn Wright and others, the barrooms were voted out and a dispensary put in. "Package goods" were passed out from the east side of Broad Street midway between Third and Fourth Avenues.

The prohibition bill was passed by the Georgia Senate July 14, 1907, by a vote of 34 to 7; in the House it pass July 31 by a vote of 139 to 39. Gov- Hoke Smith signed the bill on the 31st, declaring "This is the happiest day of my life!"

LAKES AND PONDS. - While thei'e are no lakes of size in Floyd County, there are a number of bodies of water that furnish sport in summer for boaters, bathers and fishermen, among which may be mentioned:

There is a natural fish pond three miles north of the court house on the Kingston road, owned by Mitchell Moran (col.), 65 years of age and a great-grandfather, and a resident of Floyd County for 37 years. The pond is fringed with trees and is an acre and a half large. It is fed by two springs at the north end; there is no visible outlet, and it is supposed the water goes underground to the Etowah River. The pond is stocked with small fish - mainly bass - and Mitchell charges folks a quarter to catch all they can.

A number of others might be mentioned which are not much more than puddles. A few which are well remembered to skaters in winter and fishermen in summer have dried up, notably a large pond in East Rome near Silver Creek, between the Anchor Duck Mill and the Etowah River, and a pond in North Rome drained in 1864 by the Northern army.

Dr. Jno. F. Lawrence is planning a pond at "Glen Alto," his country development at Radio Springs, Coosa River road, and several others expect to dam up their streams so as to make places for year-round pleasure on an adequate scale.

LANIER CIRCLE. - This literary and musical organization, like the Round Table Club of before the Civil War, was established on old Shorter College Hill. A newspaper clipping from The Rome Tribune of May 1, 1895, gives the officers as follows: Dr. A. J. Battle, president of Shorter College, president; Miss Mabel Hillyer, vice-president; Miss Martha Berry, tieasurer, and Mrs. Christopher Rowell, secretary.

The Circle was named after Sidney Lanier, poetical song bird of the South, and Montgomery M. Folsom, the Rome poet, wrote a clever poem to Lanier and presented it to the club. Since Lanier had once said he considered music and warm fire, next to wife.

childi-en, a house and friends, essential to home life, music was introduced under the drection of Mrs. W. S. Mc- Henry, and the rest of each evening's program was devoted to literary papers and discussions. Mrs. Jno. H. Reynolds and other leading Rome women used to belong to the Circle, and many pleasant and profitable sessions were held, until interest that had been devoted to it gradually diffused and flowed - alas ! - into various enterprises less devoted to aestheticism. * * *

LeHARDY springs. - Some confusion arises between this term and the term "Carlier Springs." The place three miles east of Rome commonly known as "Carlier Springs," was owned by Gen. L. J. B. LeHardy and his son Camille LeHardy, but Louis Henry Carlier kept it during the Civil War. J. Paul Cooper offers the following explanation :

"Eugene LeHardy bought the plantation afterward owned by Dr. G. W. Holmes, consisting of three land lots, on part of which I now live. The spring itself was on another land lot, originally belonging^ to the plantation which the East Rome Town Company bought and developed. Before that purchase, however, the owner of that plantation had exchanged a corner lot, amounting to five acres, containing the spring, giving it to LeHardy in return for about the same area lying in one of LeHardy's lots up toward Tubbs' Mountain. There is the small spring now owned by Dick Cothran. All this appears from the county records.

"Colonel LeHardy had at that time, so far as I know, only a log cabin, built on the hill almost exactly where my house is located, and not where Martin Grahame afterward built. There was a tenant house between LeHardy's settlement and the spring, in my boyhood days, though whether it existed there in LeHardy's time I do not know. It was occupied by Pete Cato, and near that spot Martin Grahame built his house. The old cabin had burned and the place gi-own up in young timber before I bought the land on which I live. The scars of the burning, however, were on the trees which stood near my first residence, one of them having closed over and been occupied by a swarm of wild bees. I found near the place where the old cabin stood a sweet briar rose, evidently planted there by LeHardy. A small root of it is still growing on the place."

"As well as I remember, my father. Gen. L. J. B. LeHardy, owned two lots of land, on the Spring Creek road, about three miles east of Rome. The spring was a large one, 'lowing between some big rocks, ana was situated in a fine grove of tiees - oaks, hickories, sweet gums and cedars. Eugene LeHardy owned a farm somewhere between Rome and my father's plantation. I never saw his farm and could not say what kind of a spring was there. My father's spring was known to us as LeHardy's and is the one that is often called the 'Carlier Spring.'" (See Carlier Springs). * * *

LOCAL NEIGHBORHOODS. - Col. loquial terms have been applied to a number of sections of Floyd County. Before the war there were regularly organized voting districts known as Wolf Skin and Dirt Town, which later bore more dignified titles.

Hell's Hollow (now sometimes called Reservoir Hollow) is a colored section 200 yards north of Ninth Avenue, three blocks above the old Seventh Avenue cemetery.

Beaver Slide is on the north bank of the Oostanaula River in the Fourth Ward, above the Fifth Avenue bridge; bounded on the west by Avenue A.

Blossom Hill is one of the principal colored residence sections of Rome. It is an eminence that affords a fine view of the surrounding country, and is in the path of real estate development to the north. It is several blocks north of Eighth Avenue.

Mayors Of Rome

Explanatory Note. - Rome was incorporated Dec. 21, 1847, by act of the Georgia Legislature at Milledgeville, and it is certain that the city government was not set up much before 1849. Prior to this time - from and after 1835, when the town was established - the "intendant" (superintendent) and the town marshal held undisputed sway. There is some question as to who certain of the mayors were before the Civil War, since various records were destroyed by fire and the names were never replaced. However, the following roster, perfected by various "old settlers," is believed to be the nearest approach to a complete list in existence. According to Virgil A. Stewart, one of Rome's oldest citizens, the first mayor was Dr. J. D. Dickerson, a druggist, who came from New Orleans, La., and who returned there later. Others have made the same statement, and their version is accepted in preference to that of an individual who claims the distinction for Wm. Cook Gautier Johnstone (better known as Wm. Johnstone), a merchant and banker. Henry A. Gartrell was mayor in 1860. He ran against Geo. P. Burnett in 1859 and it is believed was elected. At 33 years of age Thos. W. Lipscomb became Rome's youngest mayor, in 1908. Ben C. Yancey was second youngest at 35 in 1912, and he is said to have been the only nativeborn mayor Rome has ever had. Sam and Jack King, however, were natives of Floyd County. The commission form of government was instituted in 1915 and the late W. M. Gammon became the first head of the City Commission. During part of 1863 Capt. Jacob H. Hoss served as military "governor" for the Confederacy.

Mayors and Councihnen, 1866-1894. (From Tribune clipping of 1894.) - The first mayor after the war was James Noble, Jr., who served in that capacity in 1865.

In 1866, Daniel S. Printup was mayor, and the following were his councilmen: Jesse Lamberth, T. J. Perry, Samuel Gibbons, J. H. Cooper, Sam Noble and John M, Quinn; H. A. Smith was clerk.

In 1867-68, Chas. H. Smith (Bill Arp) was mayor and Messrs. Lamberth, Perry, Jas. Noble, Sr., D. M. Hood, J. W. Hooper, Jr., and J. C. Pemberton were councilmen.

Major Z. B. Hargrove was mayor in 1869. In that year T. J. Perry, C. H. Smith, J. C. Rawlins, Jas. Noble, J. M. Gregory and J. J. Cohen were the councilmen.

In 1873, Major W. F. Ayer was mayor and G. W. Holmes, T. McGuire R. V. Mitchell, W. L. Whitely and A. T. Hardin were councilmen; Henry Norton was clerk.

Major Ayer was also mayor in 1874 and had with him the following councilmen: T. McGuire, R. V. Mitchell, C. H. Smith, C. G. Samuel, J. E. Veal and R. J. Gwaltney; J. F. Shanklin was clerk.

In 1876 the council was composed of T. W. Alexander, mayor; R. S. Norton, J. G. Dailey, W^ii. West, J. C. Rawlins, J. W. Bones and J. W. Meakin. J. F. Shanklin was clerk. This was the council that issued the bonds which are soon to be redeemed.

In 1877, T. W. Alexander remained as mayor, with the same council excent that Messrs. Frank Woodruff and W. F. Ayer succeeded Messrs. Dailey and Meakin.

City Clerk M. A. Nevin was elected mayor in 1878 with the following strong council: J. G. Dailey, C. T. Clements, Jas. Noble, Halstea'd Smith, John J. Seay and T. J. Williamson. W. W. Seay was the clerk.

This council served until 1880, when Mayor Nevin was again re-elected with the following council: T. J. Williamson, Jas. Noble, P. H. Hardin. E. H. West, Jack King and W. L. Whitely.

In 1881 Major Sam Morgan was elected mayor and Messrs. Jas. Noble, E. H. West, T. J. Williamson, M. M. Pepper, W. M. Towers and J. W. Williams were elected councilmen. This council elected Col. Nevin clerk, and he has served in that capacity down to the present day.

J. G. Dailey was the mayor in 1882, and with Judge Dailey wei'e James Wyatt, R. A. Denny, R. T. Hargrove, Joe Printup, R. H. West and F. Woodruff as councilmen.

Jack King was mayor in 1884. Mr. King had as his council W. H. Wardlaw, W. H. Adkins, M. C. Mathis, S. M. Knox, C. T. Clements and R. T. Hargrove. Mr. Hargrove resigned and W. T. McWilliams was elected to fill his unexpired term.

In 1884 the charter was so changed that councilmen and mayors were to serve two years and could not succeed themselves. The following year Mayor King and Councilmen Adkins, Knox and McWilliams retained their positions and Messrs. T. J. Williamson, W. M. Towers and H. S. Lansdell were elected to succeed Messrs. Wardlaw, Mathis and Clements.

Sam. Knox was elected mayor in 1886. J. C. Printup, S. S. King and J. T. Vandiver were elected councilmen. Shortly before this election, the Fourth Ward was admitted into the city and at this time J. W. Mitchell and W. A. Wi'ight were elected to represent her.

The charter was again changed so councilmen were to be elected every year, one from each ward to serve two years, and in 1887 W. H. Adkins, A. W. Walton, W. T. Smith and J. I. Wright were elected to succeed Messrs. Williamson, Towers, Lansdell and Mitchell.

In 1889, Messrs. J. C. Printup, M. C. Mathis, John J. Seay and John D. Moore were elected to succeed Messrs. Adkins, Walton, Smith and Wright. This was Mayor-elect Moore's first service and his election was somewhat of a surprise, as he defeated J. W. Mitchell, who was at that time considered one of the strongest men in the Fourth Ward. While serving in this council, Mr. Moore demonstrated his "backbone," if we may so express it, by standing single handed by the mayor in fining the violators of the prohibition law, where the entire council was against him. H. D. Hill had previous to this time resigned from the council and J. K. Williamson was elected to succeed him.

The election of 1890 was very exciting, the candidates for mayor being Messrs. A. W. Walton and W.' W. Seay. The Fifth Ward had just been admitted and added enthusiasm to the race.

At Sam Graham'S Barbecue, 20 Years Ago

Soon after the death in 1922 of Commissioner Burnes, W. H. Burnes, his father, was elected; and Geo. Berry Hawkins was elected to succeed Isaac May, resigned.

through courtesy of Jno. W. Quarles, whose father, Frank W. Quarles, was an original member. This record was filed with the Floyd County ordinary in August, 1898, in compliance with a state law passed just prior to that time:

The Miller Rifles left Rome about May 15, 1861. It was one of the ten companies forming the Eighth Georgia Volunteer regiment as organized in May at Richmond, Va. The company was named in honor of Dr. H. V. M. Miller, of Rome, one of the most distinguished physicians in the south.

The regiment was ordered to Harper's Ferry, Va., and joined the forces commanded by Gen. Joseph E. Johnston. It was one of the few regiments which bore the brunt of the fighting in the first battle of Manassas, July 21, 1861, in which the loss in killed and wounded was fearful.

The regiment served through the war in a brigade commanded first by Gen. Jones and later by Gen. George T. Anderson, better known as "Tige" Anderson. They formed a part of Longstreet's corps in the army of Northern Virginia, and participated in nearly every battle in which Gen. Lee's army was engaged, and surrendered with him and the army on April 9, 1865, at Appomattox, Va. Of the sixteen officers when the company was organized, only three were living at the time the above record was filed: Col. John R. Towers, A. C. Morrison, first corporal, and F. L. Miller, musician.

The record shows that of the 145 men enlisted in the company from first to last, only 37 were livinpr at the time the record was filed. Fourteen were killed in battle, seven died of wounds and 29 died from disease during the war. Only sixteen were present at the surrender; 42 had died since the war. In tabulated form the record shows up as follows :

One of the most picturesque in the county is on Silver Creek at Lindale. It was known in the old days as Hoss' mill ; it has a large metal wheel which turns no more; water was carried to it in a race from the high ground. It was destroyed by the Northern troops during the war, and rebuilt by the owner, Capt. Jacob H. Hoss. For a time it was known as Barnett's mill.

Cohen's Mill (later Loeb's) stood on a high spot in South Rome near the mouth of Silver Creek. It burned down about 20 years ago and nothing remains but a pile of ruins.