Portage County, Ohio - Chapter with an unread heading (no. 2 of those read), 1885 (part 2 of 6)

While Dr. Cutler, one of the agents of the company, was pressing its claims before Congress, that body was bringing into form an ordinance for the political and social organization of this Territory. When the cession was made by Virginia, in 1784, a plan was offered, but rejected. A motion had been made to strike from the proposed plan the prohibition of slaver}-^, which prevailed. The plan was then discussed and altered, and finally passed unanimously, with the exception of South Carolina. By this proposition, the Territory was to have been divided into states by parallels and meridian lines. This, it was thought, would make ten states, which were to have been named as follows - beginning at the northwest comer and going southwardly : Sylvania, Michigania, Cher* aoneeos, Assenisipia, Metropotamia, Illenoia, Saratoga, Washington, Polypotamia and Pelisipia*

There was a more serious objeetion to this plan than its category of names* - the boundaries. The root of the diffioull^ was in the resolution of Congress passed in October, 1780, which fixed the boundaries of the ceded lands to be from one hundred to one hundred and fifty miles square. These resolutions being presented to the Legislatures of Virginia and Massachusetts, they desired a change, and in July, 1786, the subject was taken up in Congress, and changed to favor a division into not more than five states, and not less than three. This was approved by the State Legislature of Virginia.

The subject of the Government was again taken up by Congress in 1786, and discussed tluoughout that year and until July, 1787, when the famous "Compact of 1787" was passed, and the foundation of the government of the Northwest laid. This compact is fully discussed and explained m the history of Ohio in this book, and to it the reader is referred.

The paasage of this and the gnmt to the New BngUuid Compenj WM eooa followed by en application to the GoTernineiit by John CIotm Symmee, of New Jeraey, for a gfant of the land between the Miamis. This gentleman had visited these lands soon after the treaty of 1786, and* being greatly pleased with them, offered similar terms to those given to the New England Company. The petition waa referred to the Treasury Board with power to aot, and a oontiact waa oonoluded the following year.

During the Autumn the directors of the New England Company were preparing to occupy their grant the following Spring, and upon the 23d of November made arrangements for a party of forty-seven men, under the superintendency of Gen. Rufus Putnam, to set forward. Six boat-builders were to leave at once, and on the first of January the surveyors and their assistants, twenty-six in number, were to meet at Hartford and proceed on their journey westward ; the remainder to follow as soon aa poaafUe. Congress, in the meantfane, upon the 8d of Oetober, had ordered aeven hnndzed troopa fbr defbnse of the weetem settLeia, and to present nnanthoriaed intnnionB ; and two daya later appointed Arthur St Clair Ctovemor of the Tenitory of the Northwest.

American Settlements

The civil organization of the Northwest Territory was uow complete, and notwithstanding the tmoertainty of Indian afhirs, settlers from the East began to oome into the oonntry rapidly. The New England Company sent their men during the Winter of 1T87-8 pressing on over the Allegheniee by the old Indian path which had been opened into Braddock*B road, and which haa ainoe been made a national tninpike from Comberlaud westward. Through the weary winter days they toiled on, and by April were all gathered on the Youghiogheny, where boats had been built, and at once started for the Muskingum. Here they arrived on the 7th of that month, and unless the Moravian missionaries be regarded as the pioneers of Ohio, this little band can justly claim that honor.

Gen. St. Clair, the appointed Governor of the Northwest, not having i yet arrived, a set of laws were passed, written out, and published by being nailed to a tree in the embxyo town, and Jonathan Meigs appointed to administer them.

Washington in writing of this, the first American settlement in the Northwest, said: " No colony in America was ever settled under such favorable auspices as that which has just commenced at Muskingum. Information, property and strength will be its characteristios. I know

On the 2d of July a m'eeting of the directon and agents was held on the banks of the Muskingum, for the pnrpoM of naming the new-born city and its squares." As yet the settlement was known as the Moskingum," but that was now changed to the name Marietta, in honor of Marie Antoinette, The square upon which the block-houses stood was called Campm Martiiu;^^ square number 19, Capitolium square number 61, " Cecilia;" and the great road through the covert way, " Sacra Via.'* Two days after, an oration was delivered by James M. Varnum, who with S. H. Parsons and John Armstrong had been appointed to the judicial bench of the territory on the 16th of October, 1787. Ou July 9, Gov. St. Clair arrived, and the colony began to assume form. The act of 1787 provided two district grades of government for the Northwest, nnder the first of which the whole power waa invested ih the hands of a governor and three district j udges. This was immediately fbrmed upon the Governor's arrival, and the first laws of tlie colony passed on the 25th of July. These provided fbr the organization of the militia, and on the next day appeared the Govemor^s proclamation, erecting all that country that had been ceded by the Indians east of the Scioto River into the County of Washington. From that time forward, notwithstanding the doubts yet existing as to the Indians, all Marietta prospered, and on the 2d of September the first court of the territory was held with imposing ceremonies.

The emigration westward at this time was very great. The commander at Fort Harmer, at the mouth of the Muskingum, reported four thousand five hundred pereons as having passed that post between February and June, 1788 - many of whom would have purchased of the Associates," as the New England Company was called, had they been ready to receive them.

On the 26th of November, 1787, Symmes issued a pamphlet stating tiie terms of his contract and the plan of sale he intended to adopt. In January, 1788, Bfatthias Denman, of New Jersey, took an aotive.interest in Symmes* purchase, and located among other tracts the sections upon which Cincinnati has been built, fietaining one-third of this locality, he sold the other two-thirds to Robert Patterson and John Pilson, and the three, about August, commenced to lay out a town on the spot, which was designated as being opposite Licking River, to the mouth of which they proposed to have a road cut from Lexington. The naming of the town is thus narrated in the " Western Annals " : - Mr. Filson, who had been a schoolmaster, was appointed to name the town, and, in respect to its situation, and as if with a prophetic perception of the mixed race that were to inhabit it in after days, he named it Loeantivillet which, being interpreted, means : ville^ the town ; anii, againat or oj^poflite to ; the mouth ; L. of Licking."

Meanwhile, iu July, Symmes got thirty persons and eight four-horse teams under way from the West. These reached Limestone (now Maysville^ in September, where were several persons from Redstone. Here Mr. Symmes tried to found a settlement, but the great freshet of 1789 caused the "Point," as it was and is yet called, to be fifteen feet under and the settlement to be abandoned. The little band of settlers removed to the mouth of the Miami. Before Symmes and his oolony left tbe Point,** two setHementB had been made on hii purohase. Tbe fint waa by BIr. Stiltes, the original projector of the whole plan, who, with a ookmy of Bedstone people, had located at the month of the Miami* whither Symmes went with his Maysville colony. Here a clearing had been made by the Indiana owing to the great feriilily of the soiL Ifr. Stiltes with his colony came to this place on the 18th of NoTcmber, 1788» with twenty -six pereonst and, building a block-house, prepared to remain through the Winter. They named the settlement Columbia. Here they were kindly treated by the Indians, bat Buffered greatly from the flood of 1789.

On the 4th of March, 1789, the Constitution of the United States went into operation, and on April 30, George Washington was inaugurated President of the American people, and during the next Summer, an Indian war was commenced by the tribes north of the Ohio. The President at first used pacific means; but these failing, he sent General Harmer against the hostile tribes. He destroyed several villages, but waa defaated in two battles, near the present City of Fort Wayne, Indiana* Wrom this time till the close of 1795, the principal events were the wan with the Tarious - Indian tribes. In 1796, General St. Glair was appointed in command, and marched against the Indians; but while be was encamped on a stream, the St. Mary, a branch of the Maiimee» he waa attacked and defeated with the loss of six hundred men.

Qeneral Wayne was now sent against the savages. In August, 17M, he met them near the rapids of the Maumee, and gained a complete victory. This success, followed by vigorous measures, compelled the Indians to sue for peace, and on the 30th of July, the following year, ih» treaty of Green ville was signed by the principal ohie&, by whioh a large tract of countrj* was ceded to the United States.

Before proceeding in our narrative, we will pause to notice Fort Washington, erected in the early part of this war on the site of Cincinnati. Kearly all of the great cities of the Northwest, and indeed of the whole country, have had their nuclei in those rude pioneer Btructnre8« known as forts or stockades. Thus Forts Dearborn, Washington, Ponchartrain, mark the original sites of the now proud Cities of Chicago, Cincinnati and Detroit. So of most of the flourishing cities east and west of the Mississippi. Fort Washington, erected by Doughty in 1790, was a rude but highly interesting structure. It was composed of a number of strongly-built hewed log cabins. Those designed for soldiers' barracks were a story and a half high, while those composing the officers quarters were more imposing and more conveniently arranged and furnished. The whole were so placed as to form a hollow square, enclosing about an Aore of gionndt with a block houae at each of the four angles.

The logs for the oonatmotion of this fort were out from the ground upon which it was elected. It stood between Third and Fourth Streets of the -present ci^ ^Cincinnati) extending east of Eastern Row, now Broadway, which was then a narrow alley, and the eastern bonndaxy of of the town as it was originally laid out. On the bank of the river, immediately in front of the fort, was an appendage of the fort, called the Artificer's Yaid. It contained about two acres of ground, enclosed by small contiguous buildings, occupied by workshops and quarters of laborers. Within this enclosure there was a lar(xe two-story frame house, familiarly called the Yellow House," built fur the accommodation of the Quartermaster General. For many years this was the best finished and most commodious edifice in the Queen City. Fort Washington was for some time the headquarters of both the civil and military goverameuts of the Northwestern Territory.

Following the consummation of the treaty various gigantic land speculations were entered into by different persons, who hoped to obtain item the Indians in Bfichigan and northern Indiana, large tracts of lands. These were generally discovered in time to prevent the outrageous schemes from being carried out, and from involving the settlers in war. On October 27, 1795, the treaty between the United States and Spain was signed, whereby the firee navigation of the Mississippi waa secured.

No sooner had the treaty of 1795 been ratified than settlements began to poor rapidly into the West. The great event of the year 1796 was the occupation of that part of the Northwest including Michigan, which was this year, under the provisions of tlie treaty, evacuated by the British forces. The United States, owing to certain conditions, did not feel justified in addressing the authorities in Canada in relation to Detroit and other frontier posts. When at last the British authorities were called to give them up, they at once complied, and General Wayne, who had done so much to preserve the frontier settlements, and who, before the year's close, sickened and died near Erie, transferred his head- quarters to the neighborhood of the lakes, where a county named after him was formed, which included the northwest of Ohio, all of Michigaa« and the northeast of Indiana. During this same year settlenients were formed at the present City of Chillicothe, along the Miami from Middletown to Piqua, while in the more distant West, settlers and specukitors began to appear in great numbers. In September, the City of Cleveland was laid out, and during the Summer and Autumn, Samuel Jackson and Jonathan Sharpless erected the first manufactory of paper - the " Redstone Paper Mill" - in the West. St. Louis contained some seventy houses, and Detroit over three hundred, and along tlie river, contiguous to it, were more than three thousand inhabitants, mostly French Canadians, Indijuis and half^bfeedSf Bosrcely any Ameiioaiii Tentiinug yet Into tliat part of the Northwest.

The eleetion of reprcaontatiyeB for the tetritoiy had taken phoe* and on the 4th of Febroaiy, 1799, they oonrened at Losantiville - now known aa Cinmnnatf, having been named lo by Qov. St. Glair, and considered the capital of the Territoiy - to nominate penona firom whom the members of the Legislature were to be chosen in accordance with a proTiona oidinance. This nomination being made, the AesemUy adjourned until the 16th of the following September. From those named the President selected as members of the council, Henry Vandenburg, of Vincennes, Robert Oliver, of Marietta, James Findlay and Jacob Burnett, of Cincinnati, and David Vance, of Vanceville. On the 16th of September the Territorial Legislature met, and on the 24th the two houses were duly organized, Henry Vandenbuzg being elected President of the Council.

The message of Grov. St. Clair was addressed to the Legislature September 20th, and on October 13th that body elected as a delegate to Congresa Qen. Wm. Henry Harrison, who received eleven of the votea east, being a majority of one over his opponent, Arthur St. Clair, son of Gen. St. Clair.

The whole nxmhet of aets passed at thia session, and approved by the Governor, were thirty-seven - eleven othen were passed, but received his veto. The most important of those passed related to the militia, ta the administmtum, and to taxation. On the 19th of Deceml)cr this pro* tracted session of the first Legislature in the West was closed, and on the 80th of December the President nominated Charles Willing Bryd to the office of Secretaiy of the Territory vicf Wm. Henry Harrison, elected to CoDgxess. The Senate confirmed hia nomination the next day.

Division Of The Northwest Tebritort

The increased emigration to the Northwest, the extent of the domain, and the inconvenient modes of travel, made it very difficult to conduct the ordinary operations of government, and rendered the efl&cient action of courts almost inij)ossible. To remedy this, it was deemed advisable to divide the territory for civil purposes. Congress, in 1800, appointed a committee to examine the question and report some means for its solution. This committee, on the 3d of March, reported that :

*'In the three western countries there has been but one court having cognizance of crimes, in five years, and the immunity which offenders experience attracts, as to an asylum, the most vile and abandoned crim> Inals, and at the lame time detozs usefiil oitisens from making settlemeiitB in Biieh wdely. The extreme necessity of judiciary attention and assistanoe is experienced in ciTil as well as in criminal oaaea. * * * * To minister a zemedj to these and other evils, it ocoms to this committee that it is expedient that a division of said territory into two distinct and aeparate governments shonld he made ; and that snoh division he made by a line beginning at the mouth of the Great Miami River, running directly north until it intersects the boundary between the United States . and Canada."

The rex)ort was accepted by Con<^res9, and, in accordance with its suggestions, that body passed an Act extinguishing the Northwest Territory, which Act was approved May 7. Among its provisions were these :

*' That from and after July 4 next, all that part of the Territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio River, which lies to the westward of a line beginning at a point on the Ohio, opposite to the mouth of the Kentucky River, and running thence to Fort Recovery, and thence north until it shall intersect the territorial line between the United Staites and Canada, shall, for the purpose of temporary government, constitute a separate teiritoiy, and be called the Indiana Territozy."

" That until it shall otherwise be ordered by the L^gislatoies of the said Territories, respectively, Chillicothc on the Scioto River shall be the seat of government of the Territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio River ; and that St. Vincennes on the Wabash River shall be the seat of government for the Indiana Territory."

Gen. Wm. Henry Harrison was appointed Governor of the Indiana Territory, and entered upon his duties about a year later. Connecticut also about this time released her claims to the reserve, and in March a law mi paned acoepting this oesBion* Settlementi bad been made upon thirty-fiTe of the townshipe m the reaerre, mills bad been bnilt, and seven hundred miles of road out in yarious directions. On the 8d of November the General Assembly met at Chillicothe. Near the close of the year, the first missionary of the Connecticut Reserve came, who found no township containing more than eleven families. It was upon the first of October that the secret treaty had been made between Napoleon and the King of Spain, whereby the latter agreed to cede to France the province of Louisiana.

In January, 1802, the Assembly of the Northwestern Territory chartered the college at Athens. From the earliest dawn of the western colonies, education was promptly provided for, and as early as 1787, newspapers were issued from Pittsburgh and Kentucky, and largely read tbrooghout the frontier settlements. Before the close of this year, the Congieas of the United States granted to the <dtisens of the Northwestern tenitoiy the formation of a State government. One of the provisions of the compact of 1787" provided tiiat whenever the number of inhabitants within pvesoribed limits exceeded 45,000, thej should be entitled to a separate government. The prescribed limits of Ohio contained, from a census taken to ascertain the legality of the act, more than that number, and on the 30th of April, 1802, Congress passed the act defining its limits, and on the 29th of November the Constitution of the new State of Ohio, 60 named from the beautiful river forming its southern boundary, came into existence. The exact limits of Lake Michigan were not then known, but the territory now included within the State of Michigan was wholly within the territory of Indiana.

Gen. Harrison, while residing at Vincennes, made several treaties with the Indians, thereby gaining large tracts of lands. The next year is memorable in the history of the West for the putx;hase of Louisiana from France the United States for $15,000,000. Thus by a peacefiil mode, the domain of the United States was extended over a large tract of eomitiy west of the Mississippi, and was for a time under the jurisdiction of the Northwest government, and, as has been mentioned in the early part of this nairative, was called the *«Kew Northwest.'* The lunits of this history will not allow a description of its territory. The same year large grants of land were obtained from the Indians, and the House of Representatives of the new State of Ohio signed a bill respecting the College Township in the district of Cincinnati.

Before the close of the year. Gen. Harrison obtained additional grants of lands from the various Indian nations in Indiana and the present hmits of Illinois, and on the 18th of August, 1804, completed a treaty at St. Louis, whereby over 51,000,000 acres of lauds were obtained from the

" The Town of Detroit. - The charter, which is for fifteen miles square, was granted iu the time of Louis XIV. of France, and is now, from the best information 1 have been able to get, at Quebec. Of those two hundred and twenty-five acres, only four are occupied by the town and Fort Lenault. The remainder is a common, except twenty-four acres, which were added twenty years ago to a farm belonging to Wm. Macomb. - - * A stockade iucloses the town, fort and citatlel. The pickets, as well as the public Louses, are in a state of gradual decay. The streetB are narrow, straight and regular, and Intenect each other at right angles. The hooses are, for the most part, low and inekgant."

Dniing this year» Congress granted a townahq^ of land for the Bap> port of a ooUflge, and began to odfor indnoementa Imr aettleKB in these wilds, and the ooontiy now comprising the State of Uiohigan began to iUl rapidly with settlers along its southern bordera. This same year, also, a law was passed organizing the Southwest Territcny, dividing it into two portions^ the Territory of New Orleans, which city was made the seat of government, and the District of Lonisiana, which was annexed to the domain of Gen. Harrison.

On the 11th of January, 1805, the Territory of Michigan was formed, Wm. Hull was appointed governor, with headquarters at Detroit, the change to take efi"ect on June 30. On the 11th of that month, a fire occurred at Detroit, which destroyed almost every building in the place. When the officers of the new territory reached the post, they found it in ruins, and the inhabitants scattered throughout the country. Rebuilding, however, soon commenced, and ere long the town contained more houses than before the fire, and many of them much better built.

While this was being done, Indiana had passed to the second grade of government, and through her General Assembly had obtained laige tracts of land from the Indian tribes. To all this the celebrated Indian* Tecnmthe or Tecnmseh, vigorously protested, and it was the main cause of his attempts to unite the various Indian ianbm in a conflict with the settlers. To obtain a full account of these attempts, the workings of the British, and the signal failure, culminating in the death of Tecnmseh at the battle of the Thames, and the close of the war of 1812 in the Northwest, we will step aside in our story, and relate the principal events of his life» and his connection with this conflict.

Tecumseh, And The War Of 1812

This famous Indian chief was born about the year 1768, not far from the site of the present city of Springfield, Ohio. His father, Puckeshirnva, was a member of the Kisopok tribe of the Swanoese nation, and his mother, Methontaske, was a member of the Turtle tribe of the same people. They remoifed from FUnys about the middle of the laat emtury to tho birthplace of Teowneeh. In 1774, his fifttiier, who had lisen to be ehiof^ was ilaixi at the battle of Point Pleasant, and not long after Teenmaeh, by his bxayeiy, became the leader of his tribe. In 1795 he was dodazed chie^ and then lived at Deer Greek, near 'the site of the present City of Urbana. He remained here about one year, when he returned to Piqua, and in 1798, he wient to White River, Indiana. Jn. 1805, he and his brother, Laulewasikan (Open Door), who had announced himself as a prophet, went to a tract bf land on the Wabash River, n:iven them by the Pottawatomies and Kickapoos., From this date the chief comes into prominence. He was now about thirty-seven years of age, was five feet and ten inches in height, was .stoutly built, and possessed of enormous powers of endurance. His countenance was naturally pleasing, and he was, in general, devoid of those savage attributes possessed by most Indians. It is stated he could read and write, and had a confidential secretary and adviser, named Billy Caldwell, a half-breed, who afterward became chief of the Pottawatomies. He occupied the first house built on the site of Chicago. At this time, Tecumseh entered upon the great work of his life. He had long objected to the grants of land made by the Indians to the whites, and deteimined to unite all the Indian tribes into a league, in order that no treaties or grants of land could be made save by the consent of this confederation.

He trovded constantly, going from north to south ; from the south to the north, everywhere urging the Indians to this step. He was a matohless orator, and his burning words had their effect.

Gen. Harrison, then Gbvemor of Indiana, by watching the movements of the Indians, became convinced that a grand conspiracy was forming, and made preparations to defend the settlements. Tecuraseh's plan was similar to Pontiac's, elsewhere described, and to the cunning artifice of that chieftain was added his own sagacity.

During the year 1809, Tecumseh and the prophet were actively preparint^ for the work. In that year. Gen. Harrison entered into a treaty with the Delawares, Kickapoos, Pottawatomies, Miamis, Ed iiiver Indians and Weas, in which these tribes ceded to the whites certain lands upon the Wabash, to aU of which Tecumseh entered a bitter protest, avening

Tecumseh, in Aupfust, 1810, visited the General at Vineennes aud held a council relating to the grievances of tlie Indians. Becoming unduly angry at this conference he was dismissed from the village, aud soon after departed to indte the eonthera Indian tribes to the conflict.

Gen. Harrison determined to moye upon the chiefs headquarters at Tippecanoe, and for this purpose went aboat siAy-fiTO miles up the Wabash, where he buflt Fort Harrison. From thb place he went to the Prophet's town, where he informed the Indians he had no hostile intentions, provided they were true to the existing treaties. He encamped near the village early in October, and on the morning of Noyember 7, he was attacked by a large force of the Indians, and the famous battle of Tippecanoe occurred. The Indians were routed and their town broken np. Tecumseh returning not long after, was greatly exasperated at his brother, the Prophet, even threatening to kill him for rashly preoipitating the war, and foiling his (Tecumseh's) plans.

Tecumseh sent word to Gen. Harrison that he was now returned from the South, and was ready to visit the President as had at one time previously been proposed. Gen. Harrison informed him he could not go as a chief, which method Tecumseh desired, and the visit was never made. In June of the following year, he visited the Indian agent at Fort Wayne. . Here he disavowed any intention to make a war against the United States, and reproached Gen. Harrison for marching against his people. The agent replied to this ; Tecumseh listened with a cold indifference, and after making a few general remarks, with a haughty air drew his blanket about him, left the council house, and departed for Fort Mai* den, in Upper Canada, where he joined the British standard.

In the Summer of 1818, Perry's victory on Lake Erie occurred, and shortly after active preparations were made to capture Maiden. On the 27th of September, the American army, under Qten, Harrison, set sail for the shores of Canada, and in a few hours stood around the ruins of Maiden, from which the British army, under Proctor, had retreated to Sandwich, intending to make its way to the heart of Canada by the Valley of the Thames. On the 29th Gen. Harrison was at Sandwich, and Gen. McArthur took possession of Detroit and the territory of Michigan.

The pursuit of Proctor began October 2. He was overtaken on the 5th at the Thames. Tecumseh fell * in that battle and British power was forever broken, Canada alone being left them, as the Americans had no orders to fiidlow up their victory eastward. Burros incipient insurrection of 1805 was quelled, and the murderer of the eloquent Hamilton driven from his beautiful island fertnsa in the Ohio River.

Ibs Ho&Thwbse Xbbbiioet

In January, 1807, Governor Hull, of Michigan Territory, made a treaty with the Indians, whereby all that peninsula was ceded to the United States. Befbre the close <ft the jrear, a stockade was built about Detroit. It was also during this year that Indiana and Illinois endeayoied to obtain the repeal of that section of the compact of 1787, whereby sUrety was ezdnded from the Northwest Teiritoiy. These attempts, however, all signally fuled.

In 1809 it was deemed advisable to divide the Indiana Terrltozy. This was' done, and the Territory of Illinois was formed from the westeni I)art, the seat of government being fixed at KasJcaskia. The next year, the intentions of Tecumseh manifested themselves in open hostilities, and then beg^ the events already narrated.

While this war was in progress, emigration to the West went on with surprising rapidity. In 1811, under Mr. Roosevelt of New York, the first steamboat trip was made on the Ohio, much to the astonishment of the natives, many of whom fled in terror at the appearance of the *' monster." It arrived at Louisville on the 10th day of October. At the close of the first week of January, 1812, it arrived at Natchez, after being nearly overwhelmed in the great earthquake which occurred while on ita downward trip.

The battle of the Thames was fought on October 8^ 1818. It eiSBetaaUy closed hostilities in the Northwest, although peace was not folly restored nntil July 1^, 1814, when a treaty was formed at Greenville, under the direotion of General Harrison, between the United Stetes and the Indian tribes, in which it was stipulated that the Indians should cease heatilittes against the Americans if the war were continued. Such, happily, was not the case, and on the 24th of December the treaty of Ghent was signed by the representatives of England and the United States. This treaty was followed the next year by treaties with various Indian tribes throughout the West and Northwest, and quiet was again restored in this part of the new world.

On the 18th of March, 1816, Pittsburgh was incorporated as a city. It then had a population of 8,000 people, and was already noted for its manufacturing interests. On April 19, Indiana Territory was allowed to form a state government. At that time there were thirteen counties ozganized, containing about sixty-three thousand inhabitants. The first slection of state officers was held in August, when Jonathan Jennings was chosen Governor. The oflBcers were sworn in on November 7t and on Deoember 11, the State was formsUy admitted into the Union. iW some time the seat of government was at Goiydon, but a more eentral loeation being deeiiable, the present capital, Indianapdis (City of Indisiia)» vss laid oat January 1, 182& y

The No&Ihwxst Ts&Bhoky

On the 28th of December the Bank of Illinois, at Shawneetown, wai chartered, with a capital of $300,000. At this peilod all banks wet6 under the control of the States, and were allowed tc eataUiah biaabhea at different conyenient points.

Until this time Chillicothe and Cineinnati had in torn enjoyed the privileges of being the capital of Ohio. But the rapid settlement of the northern and eastern portions of tiie State demanded, as in Indiana, a more central location, and before tiie close of the year, the site of Columbus was selected and sunrcyed as the future capital of the State. Banking had begun in Ohio as early as 1808, when the first bank was chartered at Marietta, but here as elsewhere it did not bring to the stat« the hoped-for assistance. It and other banks were subsequently unable to redeem their currency, and were obliged to suspend.

In 1818, Illinois was made a state, and all the territory north of her northern limits was erected into a separate territory and joined to Michigan for judicial purposes. By the following year, navigation of the lakes was increasing with great rapidity and affording an immense source of revenue to the dwellers in the Northwest, but it was not until 1826 that the trade waa extended to Lake Michigan, or that steamships b^gan to navigate the bosom of that inland sea.

Until the yesr 1832, the commencement of the Black Haifk War, bat few hostilities were experienced with the Indians. Roads were opened, canals were dug, cities were built, common schools were established, nniversities were founded, many of which, especially the Michigan Univenity, have achieved a world wide-reputation. The people were becoming wealtiiy. The domains of the United States had been extended, and had the sons of the forest been treated with honesty and justice, the record of many years would have been that of peace and continuous pros* parity.

Black Hawk And The Black Hawk War

This conflict, though confined to Illinois, is an important epoch in the Northwestern history, being the last war with the Indians in this part of the United States.

Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kiapkiah, or Black Hawk, was bom in the principal Sao vilhige, about three miles from the junction of Bock River with the Mississippi, in the year 1767. His £ather*s name was Py-e-sa or Pahaes ; his grand&ther*s, Na-na-ma-kee, or the Thunderer. Black Hawk early distinguished himself as a warrior, and at the age of fifteen was permitted to paint and was ranked among the braves. About the year 1788, he went on an expedition against the enemies of his nation, the Osages, one of whom he killed and scalped, and for this deed of Indian bravery he was permitted to join in the scalp dance. Three or four years after he, at the head of two hundred braves, went on another expedition against the Osages, to avenge the murder of some women and children belonging to his own tribe. Meeting an equal number of Osage warriors, a fierce battle ensued, in which the latter tribe lost one-half their number. The Sacs lost only about nineteen warriors. He next attacked the Cherokees lor a flixnilar oaoBO. In a severe battle with them, near the premt Gitj of St. Lonist his fother wu dain, and Black Hawk, taking poMenlon of the " Medtdne Bag," at onoe announced hlmaelf chief of the Sao nation. He had now oonqnered the Chexokees, and about the year 1800, at the head of five hundred Sacs and Fozei, and a hundred lowas, he waged war against the Oeage nation and aubdned it. For two years he battled anoeeBsfully with other Indian tribes, all of whom he conquered.

Black Hawk does not at any time seem to haye been friendly to the Americans. When on a visit to St. Louis to see his "Spanish Father," he declined to see any of the Americans, alleging, as a reason, he did not want two fathers.

The treaty at St. Louis was consummated in 1804. The next year the United States Government erected a fort near the head of the Des Moines Rapids, called Fort Edwards. This seemed to enrage Black Hawk, who at once determined to capture Fort Madison, standing on the west side of the Mississippi above the mouth of the Des Moines River. The fort was garrisoned by about fifty men. Here he was defeated. The difficulties with the British GoTsmment arose about this time, and the War of t812 followed. That goremment, extending aid to the Western Indians, by giving them arms and ammunition, induced them to remain hostile to the Americans. In August, 1812, Black Hawk, at the head of about five hundred braves, started to join the British forces at Detroit, passing on his way the site of Chicago^ where the famous Fort Dearborn Massacre had a few days before occurred. Of his connection with the British Grovemment but little is known. In 1813 he with his little band descended the Mississippi, and attacking some United States troops at Fort Howard was defeated.

In the early part of 1816, the Indian tribes west of the Mississippi were notified that peace had been declared between the United States and England, and nearly all hostilities had ceased. Black Hawk did not si<xn any treaty, however, until May of the following year. He then recognized the validity of the treaty at St. Louis in 1804. From tlie time of signing this treaty in 1816, until the breaking out of the war in 1832, he and his band passed their time in the common pursuits of Indian life.

Thb Nobtbwi8T Tbbbitobt

IndiaoB were urged to join the lowas on the west bank of the Father of Waters. All were agreed, save the band known as the British Band, of which Black Hawk was leader. He strenuously objected to the removal, and was induced to comply only after being threatened with the power of the Government. This and various actions on the part of the white settlers provoked Black Hawk and his band to attempt the capture of his native village now occupied by the whites. The war followed. He and his actions were undoubtedly mi8undei*stood, and had his wishes been acquiesced in at the beginning of the struggle, much bloodshed would have been prevented.

Black Hawk was chief now of the Sac and Fox nations, and a noted warrior. He and his tribe inhabited a village on Rock River, nearly three miles aboYO its confliieiice with the Ifianssippi, where the tribe had lived many genetations. When that pcntion of Illinois was reserred to them» they remained in peaceable poasession of their reservation, spending their time in the enjoyment of Indian life. The fine situation of their village and the quality of their lands indted the more lawless white settlers, who from time to time bogan to encroach upon the red men's domain. From one pretext to another, and from one step to another, the crafty white men gained a foothold, until through whisky and artifice they obtained deeds from many of the Indians for their possessions. The Indians were finally induced to cross over the Father of Waters and locate among the lowas. Black Hawk was strenuously opposed to all this, but as the authorities of Illinois and the United States thought this the best move, he was forced to comply. Moreover other tribes joined the whites and urged the removal. Black Hawk would not agree to the terms of the treaty made with his nation for their lands, and as soon as the military, called to enforce his removal, had retired, he returned to the Illinois side of the river. A large force was at once raised and marched against him. On the evening of May 14, 1832, the first engagement occurred between a band inm this army and Black Hawk's band, in which the former were defeated.

This attack and its result aroused the whites. A large force of men was raised, and Gen. Scott hastened &om the seaboard, by way of the lakes, with United States troops and artillery to aid in the subjugation of the Indians. On the 24th of June, Black Hawk, with 200 warriors, was repulsed by Mi^or Demont between Rock River and Galena. The American army continued to move up Rock Rivei- toward the main body of the Indians, and on the '21st of July came upon Black Hawk and his band, and defeated them near the Blue Mounds.

WiBooiuiii in pnxsnit of Black Hawk and his band who wete ilaeing to the Miannipiii. Thej were oyeitaken on fhe 2A of August, and in the battle which fiiUowed the power of the Indian ohief was completely broken. He flsd, but was seized by the Winnebjigoes and delivered to the whites.

On the 21st of September, 1832, Qm. Scott and Gov. Reynolds concluded a treaty with the Winnebagoes, Sacs and Foxes by which they ceded to the United States a vast tract of country, and agreed to remain peaceable with the whites. For the faithful performance of the provision;* of this treaty on the part of the Indians, it was stipulated that Black Hawk, his two sons, the prophet Wabokieshiek, and six other chiefs of the hostile bands should be retained as hostages during the pleasure of the President. They were confined at Fort Barracks and put in irons.

The next Spring, by order of the Secretary of War, they were taken to Washington. From there Lbey were removed to Fortress Monroe, there to remain until the conduct of their nation was such as to jusiiiy their being set at liberty.'' They were retained here untQ tiie 4th of June, when the authozitiea directed them to be taken to the principal cities so that th^ might see the ibUy of contending against the white petals. Eveiywhere thej were observed thousands, the name of the old chief being extendvely known. By the middle of August they reached Fort Axmstiong on Bock Island, where Black Hawk was soon after released to go to his coantrymen. As he passed the site of his birthplace, now the home of the white man, he was deeply moved. His village where he was bom, where he had so happily lived, and where he had hoped to die, was now another's dwelling place, and he was a wanderer.

On the next day after his release, he went at once to his tribe and his lodge. His wife was yet living, and with her he passed the remainder of his days. To his credit it may be said that Black Hawk always remained true to his wife, and served her with a devotion uncommon among the Indians, living with her upward of forty years.

Black Hawk now passed his time hunting and fishing. A deep melancholy had settled over him from which he\ could not be freed. At all tiflMS when he visited fhe whites he was received wit^ marked attention. He was an honored guest at the old settlers* reunion in Lee Ck>unty, JUinois, at some of their meetings, and received many tokens of esteem. In September, 1888, while on his way to Bock Island to receive hia anvuity from tJie Govemment, he contracted a severe cold which resulted in a fiital attack of bilious fever which terminated his life on October 3. Ifis fiuthful wife, who was devotedly attached to him, mourned deeply daring his sickness. After his death he was dressed in the uniform presented to him by the President while in Washington. He was buried iu a giBve six feet in depth, situated upon a beautiful eminence. Tho seat constructed for the purpose. On his left side, the cane, given him hj Henry Clay, was placed upright, with his right hand resting Upon it. Many of the old warrior's trophies were placed in the graTO* and some Indian garments, together with his favorite weapons,"

No sooner was the Black Hawk war concluded than settlers began rapidly to pour into the northern parts of Illinois, and into Wisconsin, now free from Indian depredations. Chicago, from a trading; post, had grown to a commercial center, and was rapidly coming into proiuinence. In 1835, the formation of a State Government in Michigan was discussed, but did not take active form until two years later, when the State became a part of the Federal Union.

The main attiaotion to that portion of the Northwest lying west of Lake Michigan, now inclnded in the State of Wisooniin, was its alluvial wealth. Copper ore was found about Lake Superior. For some time this region was attached to Michigan for judieiaij purposes, but in 1886 was made a tenitory, then including Minnesota and Iowa. The latter State was detached two yesxs later. In 1848, Wisconsin was admitted as a State, Madison being made the capital. We have now traced the various divisions of the Northwest Territory (save a little in Minnesota) from the time it was a unit comprising this vast territory, until ciroumstuoes 4x>mpelled its present division.

Name

(1) Arthur !^t. Gair, of Penasylvania. wa:* Goremor of the Noitbweet Territory, of which Ohio was a part, from July 13, 1788, when the Ant civil goTerament was MlibMibad in Uw TmUogft utll bImmU ttnaleaaof Um yaar 1802. wbea ha VMNmorad bj (be Fimideat.

(4) Return Jonathan Meigs was eU ctcd GoTi-rnor on the si^cond Tuesday of October, 1807, over Nathaniel llaHia, wbo contested tbe election of Meigy on the ground "that ha had net been a xeaident of thle Bute for touf yen next pteoadlne tba deaUen as yaqviied bf the ConaUtntlaii,'* moi the General AaeemMy. In Joint convention, decided that he was not eligible. The office was not given to Mns^ir, rmr doe^ It appear from the reconls that he claimed it, but Thomas Kirker, Acting Governor, continued to discbarge the duties of the olBoe ontil December 12, 1608. when SuBiMl HuitlBftoa vaa iuaiifitntad, h» liKfiBf baei TiNadar of October in that Tear.

(6) The result of the election In 1848 w:u not finally determined in Joint convention of the two hoases of tiMQananlAaMBtUriutilJa&aanr 18b 1840, aaA the inavgnzatlon did not take plaoa nnUl tha 22dor that

IT ii not our province in a volume of this description, to dolineate the ehronol* ogy of prehiBUudc epochs, or to dwell at length upon those topics pertuning to the scientific canses which tended to the formation of a continent, undiscovered for centuries, hj the wisrlom and energy of those making a history of the Old World, hy the advancement of enlightennient in the Eastern Hemisphere.

Naturally, the geological formation of the State of Ohio cannot be entirely separatcfl from facts relative to the strata, which, in remot<} ages accumulated one layer above the other, and finally constituted a "built-up" America, from a vast sea. The action of this huge body of water Vt u.shed sediment and whaterer came in its way upon primitive rocks, which were subjected to fre<^uent and repealed mbneirioiis, emerging ae the mter sabflided, thus leavhig a ttntnm or layer to aolidiff' and mark its nnmber in the eeries - a syBtem of ^owdi repeated m treea of the foiest - in those deeeeinible lings that ommt so many yean. The soatheaatem part of North America emerging a second time from the Sflmnan Sea» which extended west to the Rocky Moontaina and north to the primitive hills of British Amerioay a snocesnon of rock4Mmnd» salt-water lakes remained. These covered a large portion of the continent, and their water evaporating, organic and mineral matter remained to solidify. This thick stratum has been designated by geologists as the water-lime layer. This constitntes the upper layer of rock in the larger portion of the west half of Ohio. In other sections it forms the bed rock.

Following the lime-rock deposit, must have been more frequent sweeps of the great sea, since the layers are comparatively thin, proving a more speedy change. During this scientific rising and falling of the s^ other actions were taking place, such as volcanic and ollit r influences which displaced the regularity of the strata, and occasionally came out in an ujilu aval or a regular perpendicular dip. A disturbance of this character formed the low mountain range extending from the highlands of Canada to the soathem boondaiy of Tennessee. This ^^holge" is snpposed to he the consequence of the coding of the earth and the pressnre of tiie oceans on either side of the continent Oedogjsis designate tiiis as the CSndnnali ax«h. This feims a separation hetween Ae coal fields of ihe ABiighaniwi and those of Illinois.

Passing OTCT several periods, we reach the gladal, during which the topo^ nfhij of the continent was considerably modified, and which is among the latest epochs of geology, though exceedingly remote as compared with hmnaa liistory. Previously, a torrid heat prevailed the entire Northern hemisphere. Now the temperature of the frigid zone crept southward until it reache<i Cincinnati. A vast field of ice, perhaps hundreds of feet thick, extended from the north pole to this point. As this glacial rigor came southward, the ilow of the St. Lawrence River was stopped, and the surplus water of the great lake basin was turned into the Ohio and Mississippi. This glacial sea was by no means stationary even after its southern limit had been reached. It possessed tile properties of ft solid and » fluid. Its action iras slow but powerful, grind* iiig moDBtaiiis to powder sad forming great Tslk^ and basins. Separating into two glaoial portions^ ono moved toward the watenhed nort& of die Ohio BiTer; and, oontinniiig wesleily, it hoUowed oat ihe basin of Lake Erie and crushed the apex of the Cineimiati arch. IVom this yomt, it tamed sonthward and swept with a regular course through ihe Hisnmee and Ifiami YaUe^ to the Ohio River. The soutln i n border constantly melting, and flowing toward the Gulf of Mezico^ the great field was pressed forward by the aoeumnlations of ice in the northern latitudes. Thus for ages, this powerful force was fitting the earth for the habitation of man. The surfiwie was leveled, huge roclcs broken and reduced to pebbles, sand, clay, etc., other soil and surface-material - while the debris was embedded at the bottom. In some sections, as the ice melted and freed the bowlders and rocks, the lighter material was swept away. The glacier moving forward, and the forces pronng an " equilibrium," the edge of this ice-field was held in a solid stronghold, and the material thus deposited forms a ridge, called by geologists "terminal moraine," first exemplified in Ohio by the " Black Swamp," in the Maumee Valley.

The most extreme rigor of this ]peviod beginning to wansi Ae ice of the Ifaamee and Miami YaUeys began to move slowly forward, toward the north, leadung die points now termed Hudson, IMBdi.; F<»rt Wajme^ Ind., and Kenton, Ohio - ^reactog somewiiat fnrtlier sonth than Idmaand Van Wert The edge of the g^er was defined in outline by the present western border of I«ke Erie^ and parallel with it. Climatic influences " acting and counteracting" the j^adal force was concentrated, the Maumee Valley being subjected to a grinding process, and a deposit of material going on, which now forms the boundary of the "Black Swamp." As our readers are aware, the waters of the St. Joseph and St. Mary's meet at Fort Wayne, and their united waters form the Maumee; thence the turn is northwest, and, wearing an outlet through the ridge, it reaches the head of Lake Erie.

The torrid zone yet gaining the ascendency, the ice-fields continuing their reverse motion, and retreating toward the north, the basin of the great lakes was formed ; and the blocks of ice melting therein, a vast sea of fresh water was formed, which gradually overflowed a portion of Canada and Michigan. But the St. Lawrence, that important outlet, was under the restaunt of an ice tloctade, and the surplus water of tiie ficah sea was turned into the Ohio and and Mississippi.

Later, mountains of ice-float were drifted from the north by winds and currents, into temperate latitudes, and melting, deposited rocks, stones and general debris. Following the iceberg-drift, came the permanent elevation above the oceanlevel. Tlie St. Lawrence outlet was formed. The inland sea was assuming its ^ivimon into lakes. The mitod mton of Brie and Huron flowed through the Wabaah YaUay and into the OhiO) imtil, tiurongh some agency, that seetion tras dijy and the lakes drained in another direction. The adaon of the gladal pei^ in the Brie hasin mnity oreated what is known as the '*' Niagara limeatone^" by grinding upper stntta and drifting the debris elsewhere. This seems to httre ooeorred at inter?a]s, ezposores being made in Seneca, Sandusky and Wood Counties, and beneath the tadB of the Cincinnati arch. Oriskany lime> stone is also available in another stratum, which has been brought to the sur&oe. Again, there is a carboniferous stratum of limestone^ and along the Manmee is n thin exposure of the Hamilton limestone and shale.

A glacier having both fluid and solid properties, it will readily be comprehended that oixlurate projections of rock resisted its action, and created currents in other directions, for its forces. When this specified epoch had ceased to be, Ohio was a rough, irregular and crude mixture of ridges and knobs and pinnacles, which were " leveled up " and finished by iceberg-drift and inland-sea deposits. This settled and accumulated, and the work of hundreds of years produced a beautiful surface, its inec[ualities overcome, the water having receded and terra flma " remaining. A deep bed of elay, sofliciently compact to hold the germs of oig^mie matter, and sufficiently porous to abs(nb moisture, was especially adi^ited to encourage ihe growth of vegetation. These seeds had been brought by tibe winds and waves and natoral agendas, and now began to produce plants and shrabs, which witfiered to enrich ihe soil, after scattering broadcast seeds that would again perpetnate yerdnire. Worms, land crabs and borrowing animals assisted in the creation of soil, wh0e the bu&lo, deer and bear fiillowed, as soon as forestry appeared. Decomposed foliage and fallen timber aided in the great work of preparing the present State of Ohio for the habitation of man. Prairie, marsh, forest, rivers and lakes were formed, which, in torn, were modified and prepared for a grand destiny by other influences.

In glancing over the compiled histories of Ohio, those containing details of her early struggles, afflictions and triumphs, we are especially impressed with its near and s^nnpathetic relation with the great Northwest, and the republic of the United States of Ameriea. From the early years when white men built their rude cabins in the tiieu tangled wilderness, to the opulent and magnificent present of this united nation, Ohio has been stanch, loyal and earnest, both in adaon and principle.

We shall endeavor to trace the history of the Stato concisely and accmratdy, neeoding to ike data ^ven by the most reliable historians. We are obliged to ^san the prominent erents only, onr space being lunited, compared with the nmltitadinoiia interests connected with this important part of the United States.

Frbnoh Histobt

Prior to the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers upon Plymouth Rock, the Upper Lakes were visited by the French, and records prove that during the first half of the serenteenth centmy, a vagabondish 8et» working in the interests of the fur company of New France, understood the geographical position of the lakes and their tributary streams. M. Perrot, an intelligent explorer, made overtures of peace to the Indian tribes around these bodies of water, and effected a treaty, which, it is claimed, established the right for the French, in the naine of their king, to hold the place near St Mary's Falls. They further assert that the Mississippi wad discovered by the French from Lake Superior, but this is not authenticated, and Father Marquette and Joliet are accepted as the first who found this large stream, in 1763. The good missionary won his way with his .patient and sympathetie nature.

Oldo was, like the other portions of the West, originally in the poasession of aborigines or Lidians. Of their origin, many suppositions are advanoed, Imt no oertunties sostained. From practicBl eridmoesy Ae Moond-Boilders were actiTe in Ohio^ and here as elsewhere, their work marked retrogreseion ralher than adrancement. The terntoiy of Ohio was daimed by the French, and included in that wide tract between the Allcghanies and the Rockies, held by Ihem under the name* of Looiaiaiia. Before the year 1750, a French trad* ing-post was established at the month of the Wabash, and communication was established betwoon that point and the Maumee, and Canada. Between the years 1678 and l(i82, the intrt'iiid La Salle and Father Hennepin, assisted by Fondi, an Italian, with a small band of followers, inaugnnited a series of explorations about the great lakes and the Mississippi, building forts on their way and planting the French j)riority. In 1680, La Salle erected a stockade at the foot of the rapids of the Maumee, which was a general rendezvous for missionaries, traders and explorers, besides constituting a primitive "stock exchange."

The English colonies were at this time east of the Alleghanies, while the French were establishing themselves west of this range, gaining an entrance north and sonth, the two portions separated by hostile snd barfaaroiis Ibes. Ln Salle's spirit of adventnre led him into new fields, but Father Hennepin was detailed to inTestigate that part of the world now known as tiie State of Ohio. The reoords assert that he published a volume oontsining an aeoount of his observations " in the oountrf between New Mexico and tiie froien ocean," in 1684, together with maps of Lskes Erie^ Huron and Mjcfaigan, and a plat of the larger streams in Ohio.

Apparently, the French more spwnlily comprehended the value of their advantages in the New World thau^tiie Eugiish, and vigorously inaugurate<l and sustained commercial and religious projects. Thej were eesentiaUy benefited by the nflffiation of ^ CftAoUo priests between tMem and Indieiu, tliis naUy eunest daas efrarywhere ingmtiatiiig themeelTeB with the savages. The Order of Jeeoite were very vigoroosy andrepreeentativeB were stationed at every tiading-poflty villa^ and settlement. The Eni^ish eol<mists engaged mostly in agrieultore^ idiile the IVeneh took a lively intereat in the for trade with the natiTea, probably from iheirfimner settlement in Quebec and thereabouts^ where the irlimatfr is advantagaons for this biudness. This added to the influence of tibe priests, and the natural assimilation of French and the Indians, through die tact and amiability of the former, the French possessions gained more rapidly than the English or Spanish. They courted their daughters and marrie<l them. They engaged in feasts and trades, and took advantage of those unimpeded times to extend their doininion with surprising celerity. A chain of trading, missionary and military posts extended from New Orleans to Quebec, by way of the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers, thence via Mackinaw and Detroit to Lakes Erie and Ontario. This route was shortened thereafter by following the Ohio River to the Wabash, following the latter upward, and down the Maumee to Lake Erie.

About the same tirne^ and to cheek the advaaoement of the French, the Ohio Company was Ibimed by the Knglish. This was an outgrowth of the eoDtest betiween these two nations for the asoendenoy, whether empire^ settlemcnt or IndiriduaL After thir^ years* peace between these two nations, «Eiag Geoige's War" opened the campaign in 1744, bat terminated in 1748, Ae treaty at Aiz-WChapdle unfortunately omitting a setdement of any division cf daims in America. The English, French and Spanish were the first to enter America, and the ri|^t of possession by each monarch or empire was held by right of a first discovery. The only right that England could advance regarding Ohio was that the portion of the Six Nations found in the Ohio Valley had placed some of their lands under British jnrisfliction, and tliat other portions had been purchased at Lancaster, Penn., by means of a treaty with the same nations. All this was strenuously denied and ignored by the French. Thus several conflicting influences swept carnage over fair Ohio. The Indians were aUieil to one side and the other, and were against each other. The Indians and French would advance against the English, and they, in retaliation, would make a raid into the Indian territory and overcome a French settlement. Whenerw they conld as well, Inifians woold take the eanse in dieir own keep* ing and fight each other. The wide, verdant fields of Ohio were drenched ghastly red nnd^ a glowing sun, and the great forests echoed moans from tiie dying and distressed. The English colonists had partiaUy overcome their depriration, caused by a straggle for sobsistenoe, and means to guard against the sayigcs this distress aogmented by campaigns against Canada - by thor increased numbers and wealth, but were now alarmed by the French rule in America, which gained so rapidly, unmolestetl as it was by Indian raids and other devastating circumstances. A con^jtant contlict was going on between Lake Erie and the Upper Ohio. Atrocities ami massacres were committed indiscriminately, which opened the way for a desperate class of marauders and villains from the colonies and European States. These people enlisted with.

Indians on dfher side for the purpose of leadoralup and plnnder. Every fortification, trading-post and setUement was garriaoned or dfieerted, and the ground 1)etween the AUoghaniea and the Manmee became a conflict fidd, rife widi thrilling deeds, sacrifice and adventan^ Ihe half never having heeti chronicled, and nuiny heroes ftUing nncrovrned by even a lasting memory, since during these times the people kept few annsls, and eared less for historical memories than anything on earth. Tbey were living, and dying, and struggling, and that was more than they could carry through safely. The French forme<l a road from the Ohio River to Detroit, via the foot of the Lower Rapids of the Manmee, and the foot of the Lower Rapids of the Sandusky.

The Ohio rAnij);fny obtnined a charter under English views, from the Britit^h Govcrniiiciit. with a grant of 6,000 acres of land on the Ohio. The Englisih now reverted to the times of the Cabots, and protested that by right they held the entire country between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, bounded by those piuallels of latitude defining their Atlantic coast settlements. France claimed the region drained by the Mississippi and tributaries, the great lakes and their tributaries, the area being west of the Alleghanics. Ohio was thus included in the disputed tract.

The Ohio Oompany was formed in 1748, by a number of*Viiginian8 and Londoners, two brothers of Geoige Washington taking conspicuous parts in the movment ; Thomas Lee was especially active. When the surveys were begun, the Governor of Canada entered vigorous protests, and mdicated his displeasure by a prompt line of posts from Erie to Fittsbuigh, named respectivdy, Pvesiine Xde, Lc Boeuf, Yedango, Kittaning and Du Quesne. The latter was b^un by the English, captured by the French, and by them completed.

The first English settlement of which we can find traces was a block-house at Piqua, about the year 1752. It was attacked, an 1 a bitter struggle ensued, resulting in the dejith of fourteen of the a,>;sailants. Those within the garn'prm sufiVred severely, many being burned, and the remainder captured and dispatched to Canada.

Tn 1753, the French and Indian war actively began. It did not extend beyuud the American continent until 1756, when the home governments took an interest in its progress beyond encouraging their respective colonists to pursue the war-path to a direful finale for their adversaries. For four years, the IVench captured and conquered, spreading tenror wherev^ they went, and they followed every Englishman that set his foot on Ohio soil to the death. We may state that these people had not retained their civilised habits, and constant association with savages had embued them with barbarous methods of warfare which were sickening and revolting to the English, and to which thej «nld not resort. It is highly probable that French snooesB ms Taatlj brought ibont bj tfaflse meuis, together iriili the aaaiBtuce of their Indian allies. In 1758, wliea tbe Bni^liBh hope ma almost extenninated, &e elder Pitt being placed at the head of tiie administnition, a new and energetic lysteni was inangnntod, wise measures instituted, and militaiy scienoe trimnphed over sarage ennning and Frendi intrigna. The fint brilliant Eni^ish achie?ement was tlie oonqaest of CSanada. When the home governments interfered, the war assumed the character of a French and English conflict, regardless of Indian right, yet the tribes continued to participate in the carnage.

A certain Christian, Frederick Post, a Moravian missionary, located upon the Muskingum, near Beavertown. Heckowolder consented to become his associate. Tlie Indians receiving them kindly, under conditions that Post should serve as tutor, this missionary began clearing a field for the purpose of planting com for sustenance. This did not accord with Indian logic. They had stipulate<l that he teach and he was planting com, which to them was a signal of the coming of other whites, the building of a fort and encroachments upon the Indiana. They referred to the French priests, who were in good l^hysical condition, did not till land, but were in charge of the Great Spirit who provided for them, m oondiisiTe proof to them that when divine work was acceptable to the Great Spirit, priests were somehow sustained by other than die plans which disturbed their great hanting-groands. However, thej allowed him a smaD spacer and he remained with them, preaching and teaching during the summer of 17^ whm, aooompanied by one of the prindpal ehiefi, he retomeil to Lancaster, Penn., where a trea^ was oonduded. On his return to his post, he was met by Heckewdder, who imparted tiie tidings that friendly Indians had warned him that the war was about to sweep over their section, and destruction awaited thm if they remained. The mission was accordingly abandoned. This failure was not so bitter as the English effort to sustain their trading-post in 1740, on the Great Miami, afterward called Laramie's store. It pursued a feeble e.ustence until 1752, yithen a French raid upon the Twigtwees and English colonists proved fatal.

A Eurojjean treaty now excluded the French from any rights to make treaties with the Indians, and the English, in their flush of victory after Pitt's succession, avSsumed the authority over Indians and lands. The savages did not accept the situation with anything resembling the gentle spirit of rcsigna* tion, and the Ottawa dii^ Pontiac, led the several tribes into a general war against the intruders. It was no longer Frendi and English, but ladian and Kngliah, the former being instigated and assisted many times by the Frendi, now desperate and nnsempnious in a mad spirit fait revenge

The intention of Ihe Ibidians was to drive the whites east of the mountains, destroying their numenws stron|^dds in Pennsylvania and Virginia, if they failed in their hope of utterly exterminating them. Poritiac had effected a waao^^aidoiL of the tribes ranging from Mackinaw to North Carolina, thus bemg enabled to swoop down npon all the settlementB simidtaneoiiBlj. A deadly beginning waB made in tike Ohio Valley, and only two or three English traders escaped ont of the one hundred and twenty located in that vicinity. The fints at Presque Ide, St. Joseph and Mackinaw, were captared amid aoenes of slanghter too terrible to perpetuate in dsscription. The yeaia 1768 and 1764 were literally drendied in human carnage and anguish. Ohio was a great field of crime, murder, pain and horror. The expeditions of Bradstreet and Bouquet crashed the war in 1764, and Pontiao with his Ottawas removed to the Maumee and settled. English settlement now progres^efl with great rapidity, but this waa destined to be disturbed in 1774, by the action of Lord Dunmore, who le<i an expedition against the tribes of the Ohio country, terminated by his treaty on the Scioto plains. At this period, the colonists were unt in strict harmony with £ngland, and the spirit of revolution was spreading every day.

When Lord Dunmore made his treaty, the affirmation was made and gained ground that he, being a thorough loyalist, had compromised under such terms as held the Indians British allies against the settlers. Directly following this treaty, was the deliberate morder of a number of Indians, near Wheeling, induding tiie fiunily of the great chief, Logan - whioh inaugurated retaliating atrocities.

In the year 1778, Joly 4, the first white child was bom within the present limits of Ohio^ and was christened John L. Roth, son of a Moravian missionary. All the settlers of these Moravian towns on the Muskingum were made prisoners in September of the same year. Ueckwelder was tran3- ported to Detroit, but English tyranny failed to find any evidence against him or his colaborers, and they were reluctantly rolease<l, and returned to their families in Sandusky. Poverty added to tlieir sufferings, and in the forlorn hope of finding a remnant of their property at the old settlements, which might assist in mitipiting their necessities, they wearily went thitherward. They bejran gathering their grain, but the Wyandots attacked them, and many lives were lost. Frontiersmen had also grown jealous of them, and a body of about ninety marched out together, for the fiendish purpose of pillaging, slaughtering un<i laying waste all Moravian towns and posts. With the wily insidionsness of savages, they went about their diabolical plan. The Moravians were oordial and bade this band welcome, when they reached thdr towns in the guise of friends ship. Williamson, the leader, and the gleaners, were called from die fields, when, to the dismay of these trusting and irank people, they were all bound, and only fifteen out of the marauding bend of ninety wore in fikvor of even sparing l^e lives of these hapless men, women and children. Forty men, twenty-two woini Ti and thirty-four children w( ro then cruelly and heartlessly murdered, their sufferings laughed to scorn, and the last sound that fell on their ears was exultant derisioxL Socceeding this tragic event was the expedition against the Indian towns npon the SandosJcy. The hostile Indians had been making frequent incursions upon the Bettlements of Western Pennsylvania and Virginia, destroying both life and property. There seemed to be no bounds to their bloody work, and it became necessary, for the peace and safety of the settlers, to take some measures to prevent their outrages. Accordioglj, in Ibj, 1782, G«iL William IxviiM^ wlw was Uwn oonunandor of tlw Weahni Uliittj Depttrtmaiit^ with haadqaarten at Fort ^Utt, oallad a oonnoil of the offoaiB of hia dapartmant to maafc at Fort Pitt At tlua maeting it waa deeidad to foaa aikd equip a body of men, and maka an aipadition into tiia Indian comiliT: Uppar Sandusky, then the rendezvous of the hostile TVyandota, Drtlawares, Shawanese and Mingoee, was to be the point of attack.

CoL William Crawford led the expedition, which counted 480 men. Warning had in some manner reached the towns, and the troops found them deserted. But the Indians were incensed, and their wrath had not driven them to hiding-places, but to a preparation to meet their foes. They fought desperately! and Otawloid'a troops were defeated and scattered, many being captvnd, and among ttmn GoL Gnwfoird himaalL It ia hafdly probablethat Grawfofd ooold jnatlj eipaet mnob mBttj at the handa of* hia oapton. Aoeomta etata that Orawfovd imploiwd liie aid of Oirfy, and at laat aaonrad a pranise to use his power to obtain the Oolonel'a paidoa Howefsr, tfaia waa of no srail, and it is doubtful whether Girty was disposed to intamsada Tha prisoners were tortured and put to death, and Crawford's agonies were pro> tracted as long as poesibla Dr. Knight managed to disable the Indian who had him in charge, and made his escape to the settlement'?, where he related the result of the expedition and the torturetj of the captured.

Although the Fkanoh and Indian war was a series of heart-rending events* it was a serious and remarkable school of discipline for the untrained troops whicli Boon engaged in the Revolutionary struggle. On the fields of Ohio, many valuable officers, who eamod distinction in the war of independence, learned their first lessons in intrepid valor.

During the Revolution, the colonial troops were engaged east of the mountains, and weatem settlements and frontier people were left alone to defend flmaehrea and their property against encroaehmenta and attaeka.

The Indian tribes again became belligerent* and nnited with the Engliah agaiaat the ** Amarieans.** The latter held a line of poata along tiie Upper Ohio, while the British were stationed in the old I^raiMli atroQgholds on the lakes and the Mississippi. The unscrupulous whites and Indians ranged at random between this boondary and the Cuyahoga, thence southerly to the Ohio,

Gen. Clarke's expedition, although chiefly confined to Indiana and Illinois, greatly influenced the settlement of Ohio. His exploits and the resolution of his troops -were chiefly instrumental in holding the country west of the Alleghanies, and insuring its possession by the Unite<l States during the Revolution. The British had been emphatic, in the Paris treaty, at the time of the settlemeut of ihe IVeneh and "BnglMli difficulties in demanding the (Mbio Bivar as the northern boundaiy <^ the United States. The American ConunissionerB relied upon Gen. Clarke's valor and energy in holding the country irest of the Alle- ^lanies, which he had conquered, and the British Commissioners vere compelled to give ih^ consent, nndor civfl and nulitaiy measures. In 1788, hj the .trea^ of I'kris, at the dose of the Bevolationaiy war, the English reUnqoished an rights to the fertile territory between ihe Alleghanies and the Mississippi, and the Unitcnl States held undisputed possession.

January 10, 1786, Gens. Rufus Putnam and Benjamin Tnpper circulated a pamphlet, proposing the formation of a company for the purpose of settling the Ohio lands, and soliciting the attention and consideration of all those desiring a future home and prosperity. A meeting was also called, to assemble during the following February, and select delegates to represent each county in Ma.ssuchusetts. These dignitaries should convene during the month of March, at the "Bunch of (jrapcs" tavern, in Boston, for the purpose of definitely forming the association, and adopting such measures as would benefit all din-ctly interested. The meeting and " convention " followed, and the subscription liooks were opened. One million dollars, chiefly represented by Coutiueuttd certificate."*, was the price of the land. The sluffes were valned at fl,000 each, and there was a divisioii of a thonssad shares. The first payment was to he $10 per share^ this money to he set aside for sncfa expenses as might aocme. A year's interest was to be devoted to the establishment of 4he settlement, and those fimilies who were unable to incur expense of moving were to be assisted. Those who purchased shares to the number of twenty were entitled to a representation by an agent, who was pennitted to vt>te for Directon. This plan matored and was acted upon during the following year. It may be that the action of Connecti- Go^ in ceding her territorial claims to the General Government, with few exceptions, greatly encouraged this new undertaking. That tract was, until recently, designated the " Western Reserve " - an extent 170 miles from the westOTi boundary of Pennsylvania, and parallel thereto, being reserved.

On October 27, 1787, a contract was made between the Board of the Treasury, for the United States, and Manasseh Cutler and Winthrop Sargent, agents for the Directors of the New England Ohio Company, for the purcha.sc of a tract of land, bounded by the Ohio, and from the mouth of the Scioto to the intersection of the western boundary of the seventh townships, then surveying; thence by said boundary to the northern boundary of the tenth township from

However fertile and attrwstiye Ohio wae knovn to have been, eettkmeiit did not gain npidly after the dose of the irar with England, although the United States has ^uned her freedom. It was more than six years afler Comwallig laid down bis sword, before a white settlement was formed on the Ohio side of the river. The French and Indian war had incited the English to be jealous of her ool<nual conqaests, and mistrusting their loyalty, they had, so soon as the French dums were annulled, taken measures to crush all colonial claims also, and a royal proolamation rescinded all colonial land grants and charters, holding all the CKuntry west of the sources of the Atlantic rivers under the protection and sovereignty of t!:e king of Great Britain, for the use of the Indians. All white persou.'s were forbidden to remain or settle within the prescribed limits. Parliament then attached this tract to Quebec, and the English Government felt assured that the thirteen colonies were restricte<l and held secure ea^t of the AUeglianies.

The result of the war between tlie colonies and England did not constitute an Indian treaty. Although England signed over her title and right, the savages held the land and ignored all white agreements, one way or the other. Whenerer an attempt at settlement was nndertaik«i, Indian depredations proved diaastroos. The tribes were enoonraged by the English for traders, and the English oonmiandant at Detroit indted them to destroy all Americans who attempted to nsiirp the rights of red men.

Added to this serioos diffieolty was the unsettled debate regarding State daims, whHsh rendered a title preearious. A treaty, dgned at Fort Mcintosh, previoQs to the war, and anthenticated, shows that during the conflict l^e Delawares and Wyandots occupied the Indian and British firontier, on the southern diore <^ Lake Erie, from the Cuyahoga to the Maumee, and from the lake to the sources of its tributaries. Later, these two tribes ceded to the United States "the neutral ground," by warranty deed, and by quit-claim, the territoiy south and west of the described tnict, set apart for their use.

By special measures, the grant nf Congress in the matter of the Ohio Company extended to nearly 5,000,000 acres, valued at 33,500,000. The original Ohio Company obtained 1,500,000 acres, the remaining being reserved by indi- Yiduals, for private speculation.

Fort Hannar had prenrioualy been buflt, at the month of tlie M nakingam, and in 1788, a New Kngland colony attempted the Moskingnm settlement," on the opposite side, whidi was afterward named ManiOta, In July, 1788^ tlie Tenitorial offioen were reoeived in this village, and there estsblished the first finrn of dvil goTemmeot, as set fert]i in the Ordinance of 1787. Three United States Jndges were appointed, and .Oourts of Common Pleas, Pkobate and Jwtioe were eetabliabed.

If the stormy times irere sapposed to be of the |MSt, that composure W9a radaly broken by the utter disK^purd of the Shawnee and other Indian tribes, irho soon induced the Delawares and Wyandots to repudiate their consent in the matter of settlement. The miseries of frontier horrors were repeated. The British commandant at Detroit instigated many of these hostilities, yet the American Government took honorable action in assuring the English representative that American military preparations in the West was not an expedition against Detroit, or other British possessions, although the possession of Detroit by that nation was in direct opposition to the treaty of 1783. Gov. St. Clair, to avert the direful consefjuencos of a border war, dispatched a Frenchman, Gamcline, to the principal Indian towns of the Wabash and Maumee countries, to request them to meet the United States agents, and make a compromise for the benefit of hodi parties, at the same time reitentiiig the dears of the General GKnremmeiit to adhere to Ae Fort flannar treaty. The MiamiSy Shatmees, Ottttwa8» KidcapooB and Delawares reeeived this representatiye kindly, bat deolined the munpvm sent by the Govenior, and deferred giving an answer until they had oonndered liie snbjeet with the ^ &ther at Detrnt."

Bine Jacket, ohief of ^ Shawnees, infbrmed the Firanclmian that the Indi* ans donbted the sincerity of the Amerioans. The new settlement on the Ohio waa a proof that the whites intended to crowd further and further, until the Indians were again and again robbed of their just right. He then emphatically asserted that unless the north side of the rirer was kept free from these inroads there could be no terms of peace with the Shawnees, and many other tribes.

Bine Jacket was unusually intelligent and sagacious, and expressed himself eloquently. He was persistent in his determination to engage in the war of extermination, should the white settlements continue north of the Ohio.

Congress called upon Kentucky and Pennsylvania to lend the aid of their militia. Gen. ilarmar was instructed to destroy the Miami villages at the head of the Hanmee. Late in the fall of 1790, he executed this order.

The Bidians had stored a large quantity of provisions, in expectation of a campaign, and this dependence was devaatated. Without ant^iority, and with undue carelessness, he dinded his army and attempted to achieve other victories. He more than lost what he had gained. Two raids upon tlie Wabash Indians) thereafter, proved sncoessfiil, but the csmpaign under Gov. St. Clair was not oslmiTated to establish peace or obtain power, and was deemed but little less than a failure. '

The year 1792 was a series of skirmishes, so fiur as a settlement was coii» cemed, but 1793 succeeded well enough to convene a meeting of United States Commissioners and representatives of the hostile tribes, at the rapids of the Maumee. It is highly probable that a satisfactory treaty might have been anangedi had it not been for the intervention and maUcioas infloenoe of the

British Superintendent of Indian Affairs, Col. McKee, his assistMit Ctfit, Elliott, and the notorious Capt. Simon Girty, who instigated the SttvagGB to deeds mora horrible than their omi barbarians.

1792, appointed to the command of the Western army, was called upon to conduct the campaign. He exhibited his wisdom in the beginning, by prejtaring his men in military discipline and fully e<iuipping tliem before marching to meet a Kivage f ic in a wilderness. Various causes detained the array, and it was not until the fall of 1793, that the force marched from Fort Waahington (Cincinnati) to begin the battle.

It was already late in the season, and, before any progres-s had been made, ^e army went into winter quarters at Greenville, .on a branch of the Big Miami.

In the mean time, the Ohio Company had not matured its practical " settlement plan," although a generous grant had been obtained. In 1792, they reoeiTed » deer title to 750,000 acres of land, for which the foil price had previoasly been paid, in Continental cmrency. Congress set aside 214,285 acres IS army bonnties, and 100,000 acres to actual settlers. The two latter vpjpnpiiations joined that of the Ohio Company.

There had been nnmerons conyentiona, discussions and other firnitless attwpts to somehow form a plan for the gOTomment of the Northwest Territory, bat it was not until July IH, 1787, that an ordinance was passed, and that was the result of Dr. Cutler's efforts. Every State sustained its measures.

B« it ordained by the United State* m Oor^frm atiembled, That the said Territory, for the parpose of poTernment. he onp dintrict; subject, howcTcr, to be divided into IWO distxiota, M ftltoxe Orcumstanctn may, in the opioioD of Congress, make it expedient.

S* U mdakui kg ill* muO^Htf ytwidtf. That the «8tatM of both nddent and non-nrident proprietors in the said Territory, dying intestate, shall descend to and be distributed among their children and the desoendanis of ;» decease*! child, in equal parts; the descendftnts of a deceased child or grandchild to lake the share of their deceased parent in equal parts among them. And vhcn thet* shall be no ohfldrea or dreoendirta, then In equal parts to the next of Un in eqoal -legree ; and among eoDntonb, the children of a deceased brother or dster of the intoltato -hall havp, in equal parts amonfr fbem, their decen«e(! parent's «hare; and there flmll in no case be a difithbution betveen kindred of the whole and half blood, saving in all cases to the widow of lilnlili, her third part of the reel estate, fbr lift*, nnd one-third part of the perwmal estate; and ttillaw relatire to descents and dower, shaU rsBMln in AiU Hiree until altered by the Lcgb* latnre of the district. And until the G'lvemor and Judges shall ndopt Ihwh as hereinafter mentioned, estates in said Territoiy may be devised ur bequeathed by wills in writing, signed snd BMled bj him or b«r in whom the Mtato may be (being of Aill age), and tttostod by three wHnesses ; and real estate ma^ hs eonveyed by lease and release, or baxgpin and sale, signed and "-Wfind dslbend by the person (bring in fidl age) in whom the estate may be, and attested two witnesses, provided such wills bo duly proved, un'l such conveynnces be acknowlHged, or the execution thereof duly proved and be recorded within one year after proper magiatrateSt Gourta and registers shall be appointed for that purpose. And personal property may 1w t*vm' fttMd hy Mdnerf, MTiag , howwar, to the FimA and Chnritmi inhabitaata mad otliar aattkn of the Easkaskias, St. Vincent's ftnd the neighboring villages, who have heretofore professed themeelves citizens of Virginia, their laws and customs now in foroe among them, relatiTe to the descent and conveyance of property.

B§ it «riaiiud bjf tta MriAardi^y ->hr<aaW, That diara ahall ba ftppaintad turn tiaa to time, bj Omgnai, a Governor Whoaa oommission shall continue in force for a term of three years, unleaa sooner revoked by Congress. He shall reside in the district and haTO * froabold astato tharaio, of a thousand acres of land while in the exercise of his office.

Thara ahall ba appolntad ftwn Ifano to time by Congress, a Secretary whaaa ocnumiaakm ihall oontinue in foroe for two years, unless sooner revoked. He shall reude in the distiiot, and shall have ft freehold estate therein in .'iOf) nnrrs nf lan i. while in the exercise of his office. It shnll be his duty to keep and preserve* the acts and laws passed by the Legislature, and the public records «t Um diatriet, and tha prooaading^ of tfia ^vmrnv ift Ua asnaottw dapaitmaBt, and ttauanit anthantio aa^aa af aiidh aota aad pvooaadiiifi ovaiy rix mentha, to tha Saerataiy of Ocmgraas. There shnll nl-'o lie appointetl a court to consist of three Judges, any two of whom (o fonu a court, who shall have a conuuon law jurisdiction and shall reside in the district and have each therein a freehold estate in 600 aorea of land, while in the axandaa of their office, and their oawmiaiiiaiiB shall oontinue in force during good baharior.

The Governor and Judges, or a majority of them, shall adopt and publish in the district such laws of the original States, criminal and civil, as may necessary and l>e8t suited to the circumstances of the district, and report them to Congress from time to time, which laws shall bo in foioa In tha district until tha oigfuiintioa of tha Qananl AaaianMly thavein, unlaaa disajiproTad by Congrea. Bat altanmni, tha Lg^atura ihall h»fa anthorilj to alt« than* aa tluj ahall think fit.

The Governor, for the time being, shall be commander-in-chief of the militia, appoint and oommiaaion all olftoara in tha aama, below tha nafc of general oiiioam. AXL ganaial ofioata ahall ba a{ipalntad and ceouniaBioBad bj Oangraaa.

Previous to the orgnnizafinn of the Oeneral Assembly, the Governor shall appoint such magisinktcs and other civil officers in each county or township, as he shall find necessary fur the prci^ervation of the peace and good order in the same. After the General Assembly shall be organiiad, tha powan and dutiaa of maglatrataa and other dril oSaera ahall ba ragnlatad and defined by the said .Vsscmbly, Imt all nia<ri^trates and other civil officers not herein otherwise directed, shall, during the continuance of this temporaiy gorenunent, be appointed by the Governor.

Feat tho pvavantion of erimaa and ii^vriaa, tha hiwa to ba adopted or mada ahaQ h*Ta fima ball parto of the district, and for the execution of process, criminal or civil, tha GoTamor ahall make proper divisions thereof, and he shall proceed from time to time as circumstances may require, to lay out the parts of the district in which the Indian titles shall have been extinguiahod, into oountiaa and townaUpa, aul^aet, howofar, to audi altoradona aa uay thareaftar ba made by the Legislature. So soon as there shall be 6,000 free male inhabitants of f\ill age in the district, u\H>n g;ivini^ proof tliereof to the Governor, they shall receive authority with time and place, to elect repredeuialives from their counties or townships, to represent them in the General Assembly. Prowidtd, That for every 600 free male inhabitanfa, there shall be one rapiaaeulaUya^ and so OH progressively with the nuubar of froa mala inhaWtanta, ahall tha ri^t of npraaanlfttion increase, until the numl>er of ro|>rcsent.atives shall amount to twenty-five. After which, the number shall be regulated by the Legi:iLiture. Jhrovided, That no person be eligible or qualified to aot aa a repreaentatiTo unlaaa ho shall bsTO been a dtican of ona of tha United Stalaa thraa Tsaia. and be a resident in the district, or unless ho shall hata resided in the diatriot three years, and in either oaaa, ahall Ukawiaa hold in hia own ri^ in foe nmpla 200 aoraa of land within the same.

Provided, Also, thnt n firchol 1 in acres of land in the fli'tricl, having been ft citizen of one of the States, and being a resident in the district, or the like freehold and twn years' rendence in the district, shall be necessary to qualify a man as an elector of a representative.

Tke rapwtmlatlfM thus eleeted, shall serre fbr the torn of two yean. And in oMe of the death of a repreaentative or removal from office, the Governor shall issae a writ to the ooonty or township tar whieh he wee a aember, to elect another in his itead, to serve tat the residiie of the term.

in office five years, unless sooner removed by Congress : any three of whom to be a quorum. And the members of the Council siiaU be nominated and appointed m t he fallowing manner, to wit : As soon as rsprssenUUtse shall be iieotsd, the Oovemor shall appoint a time and ]»1aee tar them to meet together, and when met, tluj shall n<Hninate ten persons, residents in the district, and each person in n. frceliold in 5<X> acres of land, and return their names to Congress, five of vhosi Congress shall appoint and commiMion as aforesidd. And whenever a vacancy shall hapjeaintheOouidlhjdsathorTeBiOTslftoinoffioetfhe House of Beptesentatires shdl neadiMte two peraens, qnalified as aforesaid, for each vacancy, and return their names to Congress, one ef whom Congress shall appoint and commission for the residue of tlio term. And every five years, four months at least before the expiiation of the time of service of the members of the Council, the sdd House shall neminato ten persons qoatifled as afcresaid, and return tlieir names to Congress, tcf of whom Omgras AaU appoini and to ssnre as msmheis ef the

Council five years, unless sooner removed. And (Ite Governor, Legislative Council and House of ftepresentatiTes shall have authority tu make laws in all cases, for the good government ef die district, not repugnant to the principles and articles in tliis Ordinance, eetaUished and dedaied.

And all bills having passed by a m^ority in the House, and by a nugority in the Council, shall be referred to the (lovernor for his fts?cnt. But no bill or legislative act whatever, shall be of any force without iiis ais^ient. The Governor shaii have power to convene, prorogue and dissolve the General Assembly, when in his ofdnion it shall be expedient

The Goremor, Judges, Legislative Council, Secretary, and such other officers as r ngrcas fhall appnint in the district, shall take an oath or aflirmation of fidelii}' and of office. The GoV* emor before the President of Congress, and all other officers before the Governor.

And for extending the fundamental principle of civil and religious liberty, which forms the bosis whereon thsse rspnblios, their laws and eoostitiitioBS, are created; to fix and establish those priaolplea as the basis of all laws, constitutions and govemmenLi, which ftrever hereafter shall be formed in said Territory. To provide for the establishment of States, and permanent governments therein, and for their admission to a share in the Federal Council on an equal footing with the original States, at as eaily periods as may be consistent with the general interest.

D M hereby ordained and dedared by tk$ authority qforetaid, That the following articles shall be cfin'i lcred as articles of compact between the original States and the i>eople^ and StatSS in Skid Territory, and forever remain unaltered unless by common consent, to wit :

AbticlbII. Thefahrtitanisef ssidTenitoty shsHslways be entitled to the beaslis of the wiitef AaiimeeiFpwi, and ef the trial bj Jury; eif a proportionate reprsssntatien ef the people in the Legislature, and of judicial procedure according to fho r nirse of common law. All per* sons shall be bailable, except for capital offenses, where the pn>of shall bo evident or the presumption great. All fines siiall be moderate, and no cruel or unreasonable punishment sliall be inflislsd. Mo tauk shsB, be dsprived ef liis liberty or proper^, but by the Judgment ef his peers or the law of the land. And shoul l the ptiblic exifjencies make if ncccs^^ary f >r (he common pisssi isHmii, Intslrn any person's property, or to demand liis particular service8,*fuU compensation ehall be made for the pnmp. And in the just prcscrration of rights and property, it ia understood find d«>clared that no law aught ever to be maxle or have force in (he paid Territory, that shall in any Biaimer whatever interfere with or effect private contracts or engagements Ihum fUk rad wttkoat ftand, pravimuily ftrai«d.

Akt. III. Religion, morality and kaowMlge being necessary to ^or^l goftmBMittt and th« happinesft of nmnkitnl, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged. Tke utmost good faith shall always be observed toward the Indians; their lands and property shall a«T«r Iw ttkm fhm them wifluNit their aoramt; and in their property, ri(^ and Ubevty th^ shall never be invaded or disturbed, unless in just and lawftil wan authorized by Oongresi. But laws founded in justice and humanity, 8hal1 from time to time be made fbr pNVOlting Wroo^ being done to them, and for preserving peace and friendship with them.