Portage County, Ohio - Chapter with an unread heading (no. 2 of those read), 1885 (part 3 of 6)

Art. IV. The said Territory and the States which may be formed therein, shall ever remain % part «r tha aanftdaracy of tha Vnitad Slataa of Amariea, aal^aet to tha artidea of oonfcdara^ liOB* and to auch alterations therein as shall be constitutionally made, and to all the acta and ordinances of the United States in Congress a^senibleil conformable thereto. The inhabitants and settlers in said Territory shall be sut^ect to pay a part of the federal debts contracted or to be eoateaetad, and a propordonal pari of tha agpmaai of tho OoranuMnt, to ba apportioiBad on them hy r<ingres8, according to the same WMmfW nla and measure by which apportionments thereof shall be made on the other States, and the taxes for paying their proportion shall be laid and levied by the authority and directions of the Legislature of the district or districts or new Btatae, -within lha Uma agraed npon bgr (ha Unitad Stetaa in Oongreaa aaaemMad. Tha Lagiibk> tures of those districts or new Stataa, shall never interftra with the primaiy diipoaal of tho aoil by the United States in Congress assembled, nor with any regulations Congress may find necessary for securing the title in such soil to the bona-fid* purchasers. No tax shall be imposed on kada tha property of tha Untlod 8tataa> and in no oaaai ihaU non<faridattt8 ba taxed hij^ar than Mddents. The navigable watara laading into the MlaalM^ppi and 8t Lamanoe, and the carrying places between the same, shall be common highways, and forever free as -well to the inhabitants of the said Territory as to the citizens of the United Slates and those of any other Statea that maj ba admitted into tha ooBlhdora<7, withovt any tax, impost «r dntj tharalbr.

AxT. V. There shall be fbrmed in said Terrikny not less than tluree, nor mora than flvo, Stales, and the boundaries of the States, as soon as Virginia shall alter her act of cession and consent to the same, shall become fixed and oMtablishe*! as follows, to wit : The western State in the said Territory shall bo bcunded by the Mississippi, the Ohio, the Wabash Rivers; adireci Una drawn ftom (ho Wabash and Post St. Yinoent, duo north to the Ttevitorial Une between tho United States and Canada ; and by the said Territorial line to the Lake of the Woods and Mississippi. The middle State shall be bounded by the said direct line, the Wabash from Post St. Vinoent to the Ohio, by the Ohio, by a direct line drawn due north firom the mouth of the Great Ifiami to tho aald Territorial Hna. Iho aastam Stala alhadl ba hoondad by tho laatHBontionod diraot line, the Ohio, Pennsylvania and said territorial line. Provided, however, and it is fVirther understood and derlnred, that the boundaries of those three States shall l>e subject so far to be altered, that, if Congress shall hereafter find it expedient, tliey shall have authority to form ono or two BtatOB in that part of the aald Tarritoiy which liea north of an oast and weat Hno drawn through the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan. And whenever any of the said Statea shnll have 00,000 free inhabitants therein, such State shall be ndmifte^l by its ilolcBHtes into the Ck^ngress of the United States on an equal footing with the original Stales in all respects wbat^ afar, and ahall Im at liberty to fimn a parmanant oooatitation and -State govemmant. RimVliif, Tha oonatitntion and government so to bo formed, shall be represented, and in oonftnrmity to tha principles contained in these articles; and so far as it ciin be ron«i«tent with tho general interest

Abv. VI. Thara diaU bo neithor alavaiy nor in?olautaiy aarritndo In tha aald Tanitovy, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes whereof the parly shall have been duly convicted. iVomdfd alwsys,* That any person escaping into the same fh>m whom labor or aervioe ia Inwftill^

Comment By & P. Chase 1888

It would be difBeoh to find » moie oomprehemivo tions of our flystcm of lam than is gpm in the **Pnliiiimaij Skotch of the Hlstaiy of Ohio^*' by tbis dintingqiahed roprooontative of the benoh and tbe bar of Amerioa. Tbe vork ii now out of prints and is not eeaUy obtained; beaidflB, He gnat antbor baa peaed away; ao these eztnolB are made more with a view of preaerriog otd biatorical litafatore, than of introdneing new; furthermore, the masses of the people h&7e never had convenient access to the volumes, which, for the most part, have been in the hands of professional men only. The pabUcafcion of the work first bronght its compiler before the public, and marked the beginning <tf that career which, daring ita ooone, shaped the financial ayatem of our oouitryi and ended upon the Snpreme Benoh of the nation.

**By the ordinance of 1785, Congress had executed in part the great national trust confided to it, by providing for the disposal of the public lands for the common good, and by prescribing the manner and terms of sale. By that of 1787, provision was tnade for successive forms of Territorial government, adapted to successive steps of advancement in the settlement of the Western country. It comprehended an intelligible system of law on the descent uiid eonyeyance of real property, aad tiw transfer ^of personal goods. It also contained five avtidea of corapaet between the orig^ States, and the people and Statea of the Tenitoiy, eatabliabiiig certain great fondamental princi^ea of goremmMital dn^ and private ri^^t, aa the bariiB of all fbtoie conatitationa and legidation, inalterable and indeatmetible, ezeepi by that final and common rain, wbidi, aa it baa overtaken all IbniNr flyatema of hnman polity, may yet overwhelm oar Ameiioan anion. Never, probably. In the biatoiy of tiie world, did a measure of legislation so aocnrately fulfill, and yet ao mightily exceed the anticipations of the legislators. The ordinance has been well described, as having been a pillar of cloud by day and of fire by night, in the aettlement and government of the Northwestern States. When the settlen wmt into the wilderness, they found the law already there. It was impressed upon the soil itself, while it yet bore up nothing but the forest. Tlie purchaser of land became, by that act, a party to the compact, and bound by its perpetual covenants, so far as its conditions did not conflict with the terms of the cessions of the dtatee.

This remarkable instrument was the last gift of the Congress of the old oouiiBderation to tbe country, and it was a fit consummation of their glorious laboti. At the time of its pnonilgBtioii, liw Federal Oonetitiitioii was midsr disenssioii in the eo&Tentum ; end in a few monthsi upon the orgenisetion of the new netional goTernmentf that CoDgress was dissolved, never again to re-assemble. Some, and indeed most of the principles established by the articles of compact are to be found in the plan of 1784^ and in the yarious English and American bills of rights. Othen, howerer, and these not the least important, are original. Of this number are the clauses in relation to contracts, to slavery and to Indians. On the whole, these articles contain what they profess to contain, the true theory of American liberty. The great principles promulgated by it are wholly and purely American. They are indeed the genuine principles of freedom, unadulterated by that compromise with circumstances, the efifeots of which are Tisible in the constitution and history of the Union.

The first form of civil government, provided by the ordinance, was now formally established within the Territory. Under this form, the people had no oeneevn in ihe busiiiess of government The Governor and Jndgas dsrived their appointments at first from Congress, and alter the adoption of the Federal Constitotion, from the Fkcsident The oommission of the Ibrmer officer was fer the term of three yeeiB> nnlesS sooner revoked ; thoee of the latter were during good behavior. It was reqmred that the Governor shoold reside within the Territory, and poesess a freehold estste there, in one thoossnd aores <^ land. He had aathority to appoint all oflicers of militia, below the rank of Generals, and all magistrates and civil officers, except the Judges and the Secretary of the Territoty; to eetablish convenient divisions of the whole district fi»r the execution of progress, to lay out those parts to which the Indian titles might he extinguished into counties and townships. The Judges, or any two of them, constituted a court with common law jurisdiction. It was necessary that each Judge should possess a freehold estate in the territory of five hundred acres. The whole legislative power which, however, extended only to the adoption of such laws of the original States as might be suited to the circumstances of the country, was vested in the Governor and Judges. The laws adopted were to continue in force, unless disapproved by Congress, until repealed by the L^islature, which was afterward to be organized. It was the duty of the Secretary to preserve aU acts and laws, public records and executive proceedings, and to transmit authentic cities to the Seorelary <ii Congress every six m<mths.

Snch was the first government devised for the Northwestern Territory. It is obvious that its character, as'beneficent or oppressive, depended entirely upon the temper and disposition of those who administrated it. All power, le^dative, judicial and ezeedtive, was conomtratod in the Gownor and Judges, and in its exercise they were responsible only to the distant Federal head. The expenses of the Government were defrayed in part by the United States, but were principally drawn from the pockets of the people in the shape of fees.

This temporary system, however unfriendly as it seems to liberty, was, perhaps, so established upon sufficient reasons. The Federal Constitution had not then been adopted, and there were strong apprehensions that the people of the Territory might not be disposed to organize States and apply for admission into the Union. It was, therefore, a matter of policy so to frame the Territorial system as to create some strong motives to draw them into the Union, as States, in due time.

The first acta of Territorial legislation were passed at Marietta, then the only American settlement northwest of the Ohio. The Governor and Judges did not strictly confine themselves within the limits of their legislative authority, as prescribed by the ordinance. When they could not find laws of the origimil StalM Baited to the eondltioii of tho oovntry, they supplied the wtnt by enftctmontB of their own. The eoiliett laws, from 1788 to 1795, wore all thus enacted. The lawa of 1788 provided for tho organisation of tho militia; Ibr the eotabliahment of inftrior eonrts ; fbr the pmilahment of orimee, and Ibr tho limitations of notions ; presortbed tho datles of ministerial offioers ; regalatod maniages, and appomted oaths of offioe. That tho Qoremor and Judges in the enactment of these laws, exceeded their authority, without tho slightest disposition to abuse it, may be inferred from the fact that except two, which had been prerionsly repealed, they were all oonfinned by tho iint Temtorial Tiegialatnro.

At this period there was no seat of government, properly oalled. The Oovemor resided at Cincinnati, but laws were passed whenever they seemed to he needed, and promulgated at any plaoe where the Territorial legielaton happened to be assembled. Befi»re die year of 1795, no laws were^ strictly speaking, adopted. Most of them were framed by the Governor and Judges to answer particular public ends ; while in the enactment of others, including all the laws of 1792, the Secretary of the Territory discharged, under the authority of an act of Congress, the functions of the Governor. The earliest laws, as has been already stateU, were published at Marietta. Of the remainder, a few were published at Vincennes, and the rest at Cincinnati.

In the year 1789, the first Congress pasBo l an act recognizing the binding force of the ordinance of 1787, and adapting its provisions to the Federal Constitution. This act provided that the communications directed in the ordinance to be made to Congress or its officers, by the Governor, should thenceforth be made to the President, and that the authority to appoint with the consent of the Senate, and oommission officers, before that time appointed and commierioned by Congress, should likewise be vested in that ofllcer. It also ^ve tiie Territorial Secretuy the power already mentioned, of acting in certain cases, in tiie plaoe of the Governor. In 1792, Ooogress passed another act giving to ^ Governor and Jndges antiiority to repeal, at tfieir discretion, the laws by

Bistort Of The State Of Ohio

At this time the Judges appointed by the National ExeeatiTeeonstitlttod the Snpreme Court of the Territory. They were commissioned during good behavior; and their judicial jurisdiction extended over the whole region northwest of the Ohio. The court, thus constituted, was fixed at no certain place, and its process, civil and criminal, was returnable wheresoever it might be in the Territory. Inferior to this court were the County Courts of Common Pleas, and the General Quarter Sessions of the Peace. The former consisted of any number of Judges, not less than three nor more than seven, and had a general common-law jurisdiction, concurrent, in the respective counties, with that of the Supreme Court ; the latter consisted of a number of JoBtieeB ht each county, to be detennined by the Governor, who were required to hold three terms in every year, and had a limited crindnal joiisdietioii. Single Judges of ^e Gomnum Pleas, and siai^ Justioei of the Qoarter SessionB were also dothed with certain dvil and oriminal powers to be exenaaed out of court BesideB Uiese eoorls, eaoh oonn^ had a Judge of Ftobate^ dothed with the ordinary jurisdiction of a- Probale Oourt

Such was the original constitution of courts and distribution of judicial power in the Northwestern Territory. The expenses of the sjatem were defrayed in part by the National Government, and in part by assessments upon the counties, but principally by fees, which were payable to every officer concerned in the administration of justice^ from the Judges of the General Court downward.

In 1795 the Governor and Judges undertook to revise the Territorial laws, and to establish a complete system of statutory jurisprudence, by adoptions from the laws of the original States, in strict conformity to the provisions of the ordinance. For this purpose they assembled at Cincinnati in June, and continued in session until the latter part of August. The judiciary system underwent some changes. The General Court was fixed at Cincinnati and Marietta, and a CSreuit Court waa eatablisfaed witii power to tryin Ae sereral counties, issues in &ct depending before the superior tribunal, where alone cauoce could be fiaaUy decided. Orphans* Courts, toc^ were established, with juriadiotion analogous to but more eztenstre than diatof a Judge of Plrobate. Laws were also adopted to regulate judgments and executions, ibr limitation of actions, for the distribution of intsstate eatateo, and for nmny other general purposes. Finally, as if with a view to create some g^t reservoir, from which, whatever prindples and powers had been omitted in the particular acts, might be drawn accor^g to the exigency of circumstances, the Governor and Judges adopted a law, providing that the common law of England and all general statutes in aid of the common law, prior to the fourth year of Jam^ I, should be in MX force within the Territory. The law thus adopted was an act of the Virginia Legislature, passed before the Declaration of Independence, when Virginia waa

The other laws of 1795 were principally derived from the statute book of Pennsylvania. The system thus adopted was not without many imperfections »nd blemishes, but it may be doubted whether any oolonj, at so early a period after its first establishment) ever had one so good.

And how gratifying ia the retrospect, how eheering the prospect which even this aketeli, 1iri«f and partial ai it prsMnts ! On n waUot wnnd hm than lialf a century ago by the tnm «f the primeval forest^ a State hai grown np fnm Colonial inftnoj to fteedom, independsnoe and itvenglih. Bat thirty 7«n]iaTe elapsed ainoe that Stale» with hwdly liz^ tfaevsend Inhehttants, was admitted into the Amstiean Union. Of the twenty-lbor Statos which ibnn tiiat Unioo, she is now tiie ftorth in leapeet to popnlation* In other xcBpeets her lank IB even higher. Already her reeooroes have been adeqnate. not only to die eipenaeof goremment and instmction, but to the constmction of long lines of canals. Her enterprise has realised the startling prediction of the poet, who, in 1787, when Ohio was yet a wiidemese, Idretold the fiitmre connect tion of the Hudson with the Ohio.

And these results are attributable mainly to her institutions. The spirit of the ordinance of 1787 pervades them all. Who can estimate the benefits which have flowed from the interdiction by that instrument of slavery and of legislative interference with private contracts? One consequence is, that the soil of Ohio bears up none but freemen ; another, that a stern and honorable regard to private rights and public morals characterizes her legislation. There m hardly a page in the Btatute book of which her sons need be ashamed. The great doctrine of equal rights is -everywhere recognised in her oonstitation and her laws. Almost eveiy ihther of afimiily in this State has a fieehold interest in the soil,*hat this interest is not necessary to entitle him to a Toiee in the eonecms of government. Eyeiy man*maj vote ; every man ia eligible to any office. And this nnlimitad extension of tiieelectiTe ftanohise^ so fitr firom prodndng any evil, has ever constitotsd a sale and sufficient ehedE npon jignrioiiB legislation. Otiier caosss of her prosperity may he foond in her fertile soil, in her fdieitons position, and espeddly in her connection with the anion of the Statse. All these springi of growth and advancement are permanent, and npm a most gratifying prospeot of the future. They promise an advance in population, wealth, intelligence and moral worth as permanent as the existence of the State itaelf. They promise to the future citizens of Ohio the blessings of good government, wise legislation and universal instruction. More than all, they are pledges that in all future, as in all past circumstances, Ohio will cleave fast to the national constitution and the national Union, and that her growing energies will on no occasion, be more willingly or powerfully put forth, than in the support and maintenance of both in unimpaired vigor and strength."

Influbncb Of The Ordinance Of 1787

The passage of this ordinance, since known as the " Ordinance of 1787," was immediutely followed bj an application to the Government, by John Cleves SjmmeSi of New Jersey, in behalf of the country, between the Miamis, and a oontraet was oonduded the fidlowing year. The Ohio Company were exceedin^y energetic in inaugurating settlements. Gen. Patman, with a party of iorfcy-seven men, set oat on an exploring expedition, aecompanied by six boat boilderB. On the 1st of Jannaiy, 1788, twenty-six snnreyois followed, from Hartford, Conn. They arrived in Ohio on die 7ih of April, 1788, and their aotLve energy founded the pennanent beginning of this great Western State* When we review the dangerons experiments iJbt have been made, in this land west of the Alleghanies, the honors whidi had overwhelmed every attempt, we can&intly realize tlic stalwart courage that sent these men on their way, and sustained them in their pioneer hardships. With characteristic vigor, they began their little town. Enthusiastio and happy, they did not rest from their toilsome march over the old Indian roads, but kept busily *at work to establish an ou^is in this -wide expanse of wilderness, before they should take necessary ease to recuperate their strength.

The wise men met on the 2d of May, and the little town was named Marietta. Situated :i.s it wa^s, in the midst of danger, they had used precaution to build and equip a fortified square, which was designated Campus Martius ; Square No. lli was Capitolium, and Square No. til was Cecelia, and the main street wius Sacra Via.

Marietta was especially fortunate in her actual first families." Ten of the forty-eight men had received a thorough coll^ education ; the remaining were individuals of sterling merit, honorable, andseveialhad already attained reputations Ibr superior excellence of abilities. Patriotic and brave^ the settlement certainly possessed a foundation that promised well for the future. The Mowing 4th of July was an anspidoos event, and the Hon. James M. Yannum was die eloquent orator of the oooason.

The opening of the court, on the 2d of September, was a solemn ceremonial^ the High Sheriff leading with drawn sword, followed by citisens, with an escort of officers from Fort Harmar, the members of the bar, the Governor and deigymen, the Judges of the Court of Common Picas Gen. Ilufus Putman and Benjamin Tupper - all these constituted an imposing spectacle, as they progressed over a path which had been cut through the forest to Campus Martius Hall, the edifice of law and order.

The Judges took tlu ir seats, a prayer was offered by the Rev. Dr. Cutler, and immediately the SlieritT, Col. Ebenezer Sprout, proclaimed the response, and the court of impartial justice was convened.

This ceremonial was, perhaps, made all the more impressive by the presence of several powerful Indian chiefs, who had journeyed to Marietta for the purpose of making a treaty.

The settlement now increased rapidly, new cabins were erected constantly. On the 17tfa of December, a society event oocmred, in the form of a grand ball, fifteen ladies being present

John COereB SjmmeB had contracted fer 2,000,000 acres of land, and sao* ceeded in obtaining his gnat, but cireomstances prevented him fiom meeting his part of the obligations^ and the specification was reduced to 1,000,000. After vain attempt to make his payments, a settlement was finally effected fat 2i8,540 acres, and Symmes was prepared to dispose of dear titles to newHxmieis. In 1788, a town was established within the boundaries of his grant, at the month of the little Miami, known as Columbia, and in the early part of 1787 another was formed opposite the mouth of the Licking Biver, name Losanti- Tille, analyzed by a frontier scholar - «tZfe, the town ; onH, opposite to; the month of; Linking.

Judge Symmes had projected building his main town at North Bend. This plan was fnistrated by reiison of Ensign Luce - who had been commissioneil by Gen. llarmar to erect a fort - deciding that North Bend was notsuitabh; for the purpose, lie selected Losantiville for the purpose, and Fort ^Vashington was the result. In 1790, Gov. St. Clair was called to inspect the settlement, and procee<led to organize ilaiuilton County, at the same time calling the town Cincinnati.

It will be lemembered that Gonnecticat ceded most of her western hnds to General GoYemment, retaining, however, a minor portion. As &e settlements began to increase on the ^ Virginia Besenre" and between the Scioto and Miami RiTeis, all those holding claims were not disposed to part with them, while otiiers were anzioos to secore'grants fi>r the pnrpoee of speoolation, rather than the advancement of ciTilisation. The Scioto Company was a qnestionable ad> herent of the Ohio Company, and began operatbns, which resnlted well, whateyer their i)urpo8e may have been.

Gen. Putnam cleared the land and directed the boilding of 100 dwellings and six block-houses. During 1791, the colony arrived, consisting of 500 jiorsonfl. Onlv ten of these were tillers of the soil. Viscount Malartie ventured into the wilderness, but instead of settlinL', joined Gen. St. Clair's army, and was ultimately his aid-de-camp. Indian concjuests were not to his taste, and lie soon retnrne<l to France. This new colony was essentially French, and its location was Gallia County. The name " Gallipolis " was selected.

These .settlers, being unaccustometl to severe toil, and disinclined to learn its hard lesson, soon became demoralized, through deprivation and absolute want. Congress came to their aid with a land grant of 24,000 acres, but few of them cared to enter claims, and soon all traces of the old town weie lost, and its inhabitantB scattered.

Hibioby Of Tee 8Iatb Of Ohio

Gen. St. Clair having become unpopular, through repeated failures in Imlian campaigns, and Gen. Anthony Wayne having wintered at Fort Washington, the spring of 1798 was <qpeiMd by s much 4|f the anny, well disciplined and led Mad Anthony," on m campaign that must cnuh tiie lapidly inoreesiiig depradatioiis of the Indiane, notwithstanding which these new eettleniento had been made. AH winter, Gen. Wayne had dispatched seonts, spies and hardy frontiennnen on errands of discorery, and his plans were, dierefinre, pfacticslly matnzed. His anny eat its way throng the forests, gathering horses, provisions, ete., as they marched, and finally came nearly up to the enemy before disooveiy. They again returned to Fort Washington, as the Commander-in-Chi^ under the order of the Execntivo, had proclaimed inaction until the Northern or British Commissioners and Indians should convene and discuss the situation and prospects. Gen. Wayne, meantime, drilled his men at Hofaeon's Choioe," n place near Fort Washington.

A meeting was called at Sandusky, and twenty Indian representutivea were present, to argue the grounds of a treaty. Simon Girty acted as interpreter, and has heen vehemently accused of unfaithfulness in this trust, since he did not advocate the adjustment of matters on any grounds. The Indians reiterated their rights and wrongs, and offered to receive the half of the purchase money, provided the actual settlers would accept it as the price of the land, move away, and leare tiie original owners ^e prond possessors of their lands. The Government would then expend less money than they would have done in a foil Indian purchase^ or a long and cmel war. This being out of the question and rejected, a decided specification was made that the Ohio boundary was to be obliterated, and a new one adopted, that encompassed a mere fraction of territory. This was also reacted* The Indians indignantly bade the Ameriosns to ge back to their fother, and they would return to their tribes.

The council was terminated in confusion. It is highly probable that some settlement might have been made, had it not been for English influence which instigated the savages, in the hope of ultimately making conquests for themselves. The commander at Detroit evinced great uneasiness whenever there was a shadow of an opportunity for a peaceful understanding.

On Christmas Day, 1793, a detacliment of the army encamped on the identical grmmd made niemorable by St. Clair's horrible defeat. A reward was offered for every human skull that was fuund, and tiOU wore gathered. The bones of the victims were removed from the spot where they built Fort Recovery. This point Was left in charge of Alexander Gibson.

Early in the year 1794. Lor<l Dorchester atidressed the Commissioners in behalf of the English. Even at this time. Gen. Wayne, to avoid the terrors of a great war, again made overtures of peace, dispatching Freeman, Trueman and Hardin, all initiated in savage tactics, on errands of mer^-^and the three men ^ were inhumanly murdered. The English went so far as to order Gov. Simcoe to erect a fort, in April, 1794, on the Rapids of the Maumee, thus rousing the Indians by a bold proof that they had espoused their cause. In May, the Spanish, who were ever jealous of colonial encroachments, were willing to aid in a general raid against the Americans.

iPn June, a scouting party from Fort Recovery, fell into an Indian ambush and suffered severely, their foes following them to the very entrance. The siege continued for two days. It was plainly evident that white men augmented the Indkii fbne; mmoa balls and husk-ahot stirelj csbm firom tiHir xilles. Again, the IndittA immediately began a aeaidi beneath die hg^ where |deoM of artilleiy wwe hidden dnring the great hatde ef St. Clair, but ibrtanstelj, Fort Beooyeiy had the nee of them and th^ aoeomplidied mneh.

On Jnlj 26, Soott jouied Wayne at Greenville^ with 1,600 moonted Eentoektane, and on the 28th, the legion took up its line of deadly mavbh. Hahiag at Gir^e Town, they built Fort Mary*8, later on Fort Adanuj. Throwing the enemy off their guard by feints and ooonter-mardiing, the troops surprised the Indians, and without the slightest resistance took possession of their villages at die confluence of the Auglaize and Maumee. They found providon in abundance^ and tarried a week building Fort Defiance.

Again Gen. Wayne would have made terms of peace, on the principle of the Government to arrest bloodshed, but the Indians were rendered cruelly intent on war by an addition of a body of British militia from Detroit, and by regulars stationed at a fort they had built on the left bank of the river, below the nij>ids, called Fort Miami. The " F;illen Timber " ground was selected as the field for a battle by the savages, in tlie expectation that the trees cast down by a tornado an<i there remaining, would seriously impede American progress.

August 15tli, Wayne marched down the river, and at Roche de Boeu^ erected s fortification for Ihmr stores and luggage, naming it Fort Depont" On tiie SOdi, the American army began, the attadc. Mig. Price and Mij. Chn. Soott were hetoSc in their assistance, and iStm a sharp, deadly conflict, the enemy was ronted, fleeing in conlasion, and leaving their dead and woonded strewn tiiiekly over the field. The savages were pressed to the finmt always, and when the carnage was painfhl, the British troops not engeged looked on codly firom the fort and offered no assistance, aiding their own, however, when possible. Gen. Wayne being an ardent soldier, was apt to forget his position, and impetoonsly place himself constantly in danger. Lieut. Harrison is reported to have rafnested the General not to forget to give him field orders, in his own partid* pation in the battle, and to have received the reply that the &t4mdiing crdtr woe always to charge hayonefs.

Notwithstanding the treaty of 1783, and the fact that the British were trespassing, they encroached upon the Ohio soil, and es^sfiycd to vindicate their action by discarding American claims and recognizing the Indian rights, whereby they inight seek their own colonization and make treaties.

Maj. Campbell was in command at Fort Miami, and when he saw the savages being cut down almost mercilessly, he not only refrained from offering aid, but when, in their desperate retreat, they attempted to enter the fort for protection, he ordered the doors closed in their faces.

On the following day, Campbell sent a message to Wayne, dem:iTiding a reason for hostile action, adding that Great Britain was not now at war with the United States. lie received a characteristic reply.

Baring the Revolution, Detroit was an important British point, and the Mamnee was its outlet Therefore^ tlie En^^ish dung tenadonsly to this poasession, giving, as it did, the advantage of the great far tra^ The Bn^Uah Cfotremment evidently regretted ceding bo mneb of her territoiy in tiie We8l» and were searching for an excnse to quarrel and attempt to regain at least a part of what they had lost Thear policy was to sustain the bitter hatred between the Indians and the Americans.

The settlement of the Mamnee Valley had been rapid, but the very name was an agony of remembrance of frightful massacres and atrocities. Col. MoKee, the British Indian agent, and his assistant, Capt. Elliott, were from Pennsylvania, but being Tories, they had assimilated with the Indians. They joined the Shawnee tribe and married Indian wives, and made their fortunes thereby, through British appointments to secure the savarje interests. The Indians were directly served by McK.ee and Elliott, with ammunition and supplies, during the Wayne conflict.

Several skirmishes ensued, but severe weather ajiproaching, the troops moved for quarters, and on the 14th day of September, they attacked the Miami villages, captured them with provisions and stores, and erected a fort, leaving it in charge of Lieut. Col. Ilamtramck. With cheers and rifle-shooting, this post was named Fort Wayne. The main army marched into Greenville and went into whiter quarters.

Wayne had achieved a briUiaat victory, bat his success did not overcome his practical reasonijig, and he was unwilling to subject his men to a severe winter^a campaign unless neceesi^ was peremptory.

Gbv. Simooci Od. McKee and a few of the most savage Indian chielb attempted to rally the Lidians for a new attack. Gov. Simcoe, of Detnnt, was aware that the mounted vohmteeis under Wayne had been allowed to return home, and that the term of service of a portion of tbe Legkm '* was about to

The British and Indians held a conference, but the latter were weary with fighting for the glory of the Great Father at Detroit, and did not enter into the plan. The winter proved most poverty stricken to them, the English failing to supply them, and their crops and sustenance havinir been destroyed by Wayne. They were then fully prepared to listen to the faintest signal from Wayne to conciliate affairs, and the Wyandots and Pt lawares were the first to confer with him on the subject. Their position was exposed and they had suffered severely.

They soon influenced otlier tribes to consider the question. As a mass, they were convinced of their inability to overcome the Americans, and had become impatient and disgusted with the duplicity of their British friends, who hud njt he&itatetl to sacrifice them in every instance, and who deserted thera in their hour of distress. United, they sued for peace. Terms were nuide, and about the let of August, the famous Greenville trea^ was ratified and established, and the old Indian war in Ohio tenninafeed*

The WyandotBy Delawane, Shawneea, Ohippewas, Ottawaa, PottawatomieB, HiaDiis, Eel RiTei% Weaa, Kickapoos, FiankeBfaawa and Kaakaakiaa were thus conciliated. The old Indian boondary line, settled npon at the Fort Mcintosh trea^, was zetained, and the soatfawesteni line was prolonfj^ from old Fort Becovery, southwest of the Ohio Biver.

" The general boundary lines between the lands of the United States and the lands of the said Indian tribes shall begin at the mouth of the Cuyahoga Biver, and thence run up the same to the portage between that and the Tuscarawas Branch of the Muskingmn; thence down that branch to the crossingplace above Fort Laurens ; thence westerly to a fork of that branch of tlio Great Miami River (running into the Ohio), at or near which fork stood Lararaio';* ~tore - Mary's River, which is a branch of the Miami that runs into Lake Erie ; thence a westerly course to Fort Recovery, which stands on a branch of the Wabash ; tlience southwesterly 'on a direct line to the Ohio, so as to intersect that river opposite the mouth of the Kentucky or Cuttiiwa River."

This boundary line ha^, ever since this memorable treaty, been a jjruminent landmark, and may now be traced as the southern boundary line of Stark, Ashland, Bichhnd and Marion Oonnties, and the northern line, in part, dt Tosoaiv awas and Knoz. Old Fort Beoorery was located in Mereer, toear the Indiana line. Laramie's store was in Shelby.

Within the Indian Beservation, the United States held sixteen distinct seotions of land, for the purpose of nulitaty posts, so arranged that the Oovemment had fiiD right of way nordi slid west.

The " Joy treaty " between England and the United States was ratified early in 1796, and the British were obliged to vacate Detroit and Fort Miami, and recall the £ust that thqf had no claim or right to either points. Gen. Wayne received them, and accompanied by Gov. St. Clair, proceeded to Detroit. Here the latter laid out a county, calling it Wayne, and designated Detroit as its seat of justice. Tliis was the fifth county in the Northwest Territory, north of the Ohio River. Washington County, with Marietta as a seat of justice, was first establishes! : next Hamilton, with Cincinnati im a county seat. Wayne County was organized in 1796, and included ali(»ut twenty-six of the present counties, in the northwest part of the State, covering about a (quarter of its area, besides pan^ of Indiana and Michigan.

In other parts of the State, the population was rapidly increasing. In May, 1795, the Legislature aatborised a committee to institute measures for the disposal of their Western lands. The Virgiaia and Coimecticut Reservations required Bome action on the part of Government, inasmucli as ceding a portion and re-selllug hud in ^ measure disturbed free titles. Fifty-six persons negotiated and purchased lands, receiving quit-claim titles and entire rights. They ro-9old to John Morgan and John Caldwell and Jonathan Bruce, in trust. Thus 3,000,000 acres were prepared for settlement. Upon the «[ait-claini deeds of th^e representatives, the full title of lands iucluded wiihiu the old Western Beserve rests.

Judge Symmes began his justive operstioDB in 1796, and by the olose of 1797 all lands «astof the Cuyahoga were laid out in townahips, five miles aqnara. Tlie agent of tlieOooneetieat Land Oompany iraa Gen. Mosea Cleveland, and in - hie honor the leading dty in the BMerve was named. Some townahipe wen retained fat private aale^ and others were disposed of by lotfceiy, in 1798.

Wayne's trealy led to the fonnatbn of Dayton, and the peopling ni tiuft aeetion. A difficulty arose regarding the original Symmes grant and its modification. Symmes had sold land titles, in good faith, beyond his vested power, and Congress was now oalled npon to adjust these claims and titles. Seventeen days after the Wayne or Gremville toeaty, St. Glair, Wilkinson, Dayton and Ludlow contracted with Symmes for seven and eight ranges, between the Mad and Little Miami Rivers. November 4, 1795, Mr. Ludlow laid out Dayton.

During the years 1790 and 1795, the Governor and Supreme Judges of the Northwest Territory had published sixty-four .statutes. Thirty-four of these were ratified at Cincinnati, for the purpose of forming a complete statutory. It was termed the " Maxwell Code."

Mr. Nathaniel M;issio founded a town on the Scioto, which was called Chillicothe. The Iroquois treaty had previously invited settlement, and embryo towns had begun as early as 1769, under the protection of the Connecticut Company. A land oompany was organiaed in Hartford, Conn., in 1795, sending ont forty-three surveyora to divide the townships of that part<^ the Wsstern ^ 1 5- Reserve, east of the Cayahoga, five miles square. The^first resident of the town of Clejiland»waa Mr. Job Stiles and fiunfly, and Mrs. Stiles was the mother of ^liA Ipyyt yhitft flhild bom ODi the Reserve. Some other parts of the teiritoity progressed mofe rapidly in population.

Mr. Massie was unce.Ksing in his efforts to advance the West, and laid OOt Manchester, offering inducements that could not fail to attract settlers.

Ebenezer Zano procured a grant in consideration of opening a bridle path , fixHn the Ohio Eiver at Wheeling, over the country via Chillicothe, to Limestone,

The comparatively tranquil condition of the country and the inducements it had to offer encouraged a rapid settlement of the Territory. A prominent feature of the early growth of Ohio was the general prevalence of reliable, stanch principle. The people wore <^ the good eobnlal itock.

In 1800, duUieothe wib denominated tiie seat of the Territorial government, and the first stone edifice in the State was b^gon in this town, soon after this appointment. About this time^ a serious .diflicnlly snddenly ocouned to those indiridnals who had taken lands on ihe Western Beserre of Oonneetieat That Esstem power had, it is tme, eeded a part of her daim to the Gcneial Ooremment, and had stipnlated for the sale of certain other traots* At the same time, the State had not ngped away her jurisdiction over some sections of her claim, and those imfixrtanate people in and about Daytcm fbond themselTes without any gnwammt upon whieh they might depend in a ease of emergency. The matter was, accordingly, presented to the Territorial government, which interceded with the Eastern State, and, sanctioned by the Assembly at Congress, Connecticut relinquished her jurisdiction in 1800.

Cleveland was an important point, and was growing in the mean time. However, it had suffered exceedingly from the ravages of fever and ague. For a period of two months, there was not an individual, but a boy thirteen years of age, able to procure food for the others. Flour was out of all rational consideration, and the meal upon which they lived was pounded by hand. In 1799, WiDiams and Myatt erected a grist-mill at the fidls, near Newbury.

A startling agitation oeenired in 1801, whieh in these days would cause but a ripple in die politicsl sea, but happening duriug a time when IsgisIaliTe dignity and state anthoritj were regarded with reverential awe^ it ereated the most intense iiBeling. Great indignation was openly expressed.

The Oovemor and several IcgpsktcoB ffHt that Ihej had been insulted in the periormanee of their respeetiTe duties, at Chillioothe, while the Assembly was in session m 1801. No measures being taken by the authorities at the e^>ital to protect the EzeentiTe, a law was passed remoring the seat of government to Cincinnati*

'Hob drcumstance led to a general consideration of the advantages of a State government, and a popular desire was expressed for a change in this respect. Gov. St. Clair had fallen into disfavor throngli his failure as a military leader and his failures in the Indian campaigns, and from his assuming powers which were not vested in him, especially the subdivision of counties. He was also identified with the Federal party, which was not popular in Ohio. The opposition was strong in the Assembly, but was in the minority in the House of Representatives. The boundai-y c^uestion was agitated at the same time. The - intention was to thus effect the limits of Ohio that u, State government would necessarily have to be postponed. Against this measure, TifiKn, Worthington,

Langham, Darlington, Massie, Dunlavy and Morrow strenuously objected. After considerable discussion, Thomas Worthington obtained leave of absence from the session, and journeyed to Washington in behalf of a State government. It was obvious that the Territory, under the ordinance, was not entitled to a change. Massie suggested the feasibility of appointing a committee to address Congress on the subject. This the House refused to pjiss.

Daring all tiiis iafllnetial struggle, Worthington was doing his best in Wash' ingtoQ, and saooeeded so well diat on March 4, a report was made to the House in &Yor of the State government. This report was made on a basis tiiat the eensas» in 1800, sommed np over 45,000 for Ohio.

April 80, Congress passed a law carrying into effect the views expressed on this snlject. A convention met on Kovember 1. Its members were generallj Jeffersonian in their views. Gov. St Olair prqMsed to address them as iheir chief ezecative msf^strate. Several members resolatdy opposed this action, insisting upon a vote, which, through courtesy and not a sense of right, resulted in permitting him to address them. He advised the postponement of the State government until the original eastern portion of the State was sufficiently populated to deman l this right. Only one, ottt of thirty-three^ voted to sustain the Governor in these views.

The convention agreed to the views of Congress. November 29, the iigreement w:i.s ratified and signed, as was the constitution of the State of Ohio. The General Asscmldy ^vas ordered to convene the first Tuesday of March, 1803.

This wa.s curried into elTect. A constitution waa framed for the new State, adhering to the Ordinance of 1787. The rights and duties of citizens were plainly set forth, and general business was transacted. The new State constitution was signed by :

By Of The 8Iatb Of Ohio

The first Legislature of the State, under the new constitution, created eight new counties, viz., Gallia, Scioto, Franklin, Columbiana, Butler, Warron, Greene and Montgomery.

The first State officers were : Michael Baldwin, Speaker of the House ; Kftdiaoiel Ifanie^ Fk«Hideiit of the Senate; William Oreighton, Secretaiy of State ; OdL Thomas Gibflon, Auditor ; William MeFariand, Traamrer ; Return J. Meigs, Jr., Samuel Hontingtoiiaad William Sprigg, Judges of the Supreme Coort ; Francis Dunlavy, Willis Silliman and Calvin Pease, Judges of the District Court.

The Geneial Assembly held a second session in December, at which time Ihe militia law waa revised, also giving aliens equal proprietary rights with native citizens. The revenue system was modified and iniprovod. Acts authorising the incorporation of townships were passed, and for the establishment of counties. Furthermore, Jacob White, Jeremiah Morrow and William Ludlow were authorized to locate a township for collegiate purposes, according to previous specified terms of Congress. The Symme? grant and the college specification collided materially, but the irregularity of the former was not to create any inconvenience for the latter. Mr. Symmes had in good faith marked off this township, but circumstances preventing the perfection of his jjlans, that lapsed with the others, and the original township was now entered by settlers.

Ohio was under a system of government which guaranteed tiie best improvenents; her Lsf^shiture being composed of her best statesmen, and the laws passed having tiie genersl interest of the people embodied in them.

A bill was passed, apprcjpriating the net prooeeds of the land lying within ssid States sold by Congress after the 20th day of June, 1802, after <iteduoting all expenses incident to the same, to be applied to the laying-out of roads, leading from the navigable waters emptying into the Atlantic to the Ohio, to tiie said State, and through the same ; such roads to be laid out under the authority of Congress, with the consent of the several Stat^ through which the ' road shall pass. In conformity with these provisions, steps were taken, in 1806, which resulted in the making of the Cumberland or National road.

Burr, at this time, began an organization for the ostensible purpose of making a settlement on the Wachita, but his party being armed and his plans not being frankly disclosed, an investigation proved that his real (le>ii:ii was a mutinous revolt against Governmental powers, and to gratify his auihition by founding his own kingdom in Mexico, and defeating the Spanish. If success , crowned his efforts, his ultimate victory waa to rupture the Union by forcing the Western States to withdraw from their allegiance. By gaining an influence Ofsr ihe nohfo but misguided Blennerhasaet, he establisfaed his headquartns on his island in the Ohio. The history of Burr's expedition is already well known.

The final capture by Gov. Tiffin, of ten boats loaded with stores, on the Muskingum, and lour near Marietta, decided the &te of tluB scheme, and Burr was finallj arrested and put on trial Maj 22, 1$07.

The admoement of tho setdement of State was in no manner impeded^ and towns sprang up, fiurma were hud oot| and all other improTementa inangafated which tended to a permanent prosperity.

Li 1808, Teeumseh left GreenviUe to join the Ftophet on the hanks of the Tippeoanoe, a tribntaiy of the Upper Wabash, on a tnot of land granted herein hj die Pottawatomies.

The Indians were virtually by treaty allowed but a small proportion of land within the boundaries of the State, and were maintaining peaceful attitudes toward the whites, with ezoeptional border depredations^ which were settled by mntual understanding.

Although the United States had gained independence, and was treating with England as with other forei^ni powers, the British persisted in violating the national riglits of tlie Uiiite<l States, impressing American seamen into the British service, seizing American vessels engaged with France in trade, and otherwise violating the rights of an independent nation, at peace with the British power.

The mission upon which Henry was sent by the British, to create disturbance between the States, and thus broken, to weaken the strength of the General Government, added fuel to the fire, and united indignation cried for war.

British agents again bargained widi the Iddians of Ihe Wabash and lianmee Valleys, desiring them to inaugurate another war upon the western sections and to maJce a desperate attadt upon the settlements south of the lakes. The British agent at Maiden negotiated in rifles, powder, ball, merdisndise, lead, blanketo and shirts. The Indians were inspired again with the hope that the whites would be driven back, and that aU the country north of the Ohio would again revert to them.

The Canadians in league with the English, gave the savages unlimited quantities of whisky, which naturally aroused their fierce natures to acts of violence and blood. It is highly probable that the use of liquor was the main cause of the deterioration of the beat traits of the Indian character, after the Revolution. Again, many unscrupulous men upon the frontier did nnt hesitate to commit the most merciloss crimes atrainst the Indians, such was the prejudice against them, and the courts invariably failed to indict them for these atrocities. Tiiis error on the part of the Americans served to influence the savages against them.

At this time, tlie scats of justice were distant over a hundred miles each from the other, uninhabited tracts frequently extending between them which were , absolute wildernesses. The routes were in many cases difficult and circuitous.

As early as 1808, there was a mail communication Ibr the people on the Lower Maumee, many days elapsing between the arrivals and dspartuiea of tiM wn6|iiowever. Hontoe Giiim ma the carrier. Benoni Adams brought die news from Cleveland to the same pointy his trip requiring - fikrtiiight. It mwt be remembered that this joonuj was mostly made on fix>t. The Blaek Swunp ooold not be tnnrened in any other manner.

The War Of 1812

The war of 1812 can be called a continuation of the Revolution, with all justice. Although rumors had readicnl Ohio, that active preparations were being made for general action, no offici&l ddingB had been sent to Hull) oom* mander-in-chicf of the Western forces.

The Secretary of War, instead of sending a special messenger directly to HoU, communicated with the post adjacent, depending upon a continuation of the news firom that point. At the same time, advices were sent the British post at Maiden and Detroit. Hull sent out a packet with officiiii papers, stores, etc., the day previous to that on which the official intelligence arrived that an open rupture existed between the two powerS) and this was of eomse captured.

Peter Kinaid first gave the news to the settlers of the Manmee. He had heaid from a Belsware chie^ who asmred him » g^eral massacre was to take place in the valley, Bf^. Spollbrd paid no heed to this '*idle fear,** until & ftw di^ thereafter a messenger came to his quartersy reporting a band of fifly Pottawatomies on the march to join the hostile tribes near Maiden. They had plundered and burned Mondova, and had nearly reached the rapids.

The Major, with his family and settlers, immediately launched a barge on. the river and were able to reach old Fort Miami just as the savages reached Maumee City. They could plainly witness tlie flames that devoured their old homes. They kept on their way in their miserable craft, until they reached Milan, where they learned that the entire country was in danger.

Although the Indians were defeated in the battle of Tippecanoe in the fail of 1811, they plotted vigorously with the English for the invasion of Ohio.

Gen. Williutii Hull marched from the southwestern part of the State ^Breetly north, crossing the counties of Champaign, Logan, Hardin, Hancock and Wood, estahlishing military posts along the route and catting a way through the wildemess of the imsettled portions. He crossed the Manmee on the 1st of Jnly, and marched to Detr^

HnH was eridentiy actuated in his succeeding disgraoefbl ftilures by two fears - lack of confidence in tiie ability of his troops, and the belief that they nif^t desert him in action. He proclaimed fireedom, and a necessity of sabmitting to the Canadians under existing circumstances. He held out induce- SMttts to the British regulars to desert their cause and essayed to pacify the Mfijges, bat he acccmidiahed nothing beyond jeopardising the American caosa and disgracinrr his army. ITis men became restless. Col. Miller and Col. Cass were delighted ^ hen (k taih^d on scouting expeditions, and did not hesitate to attack advancing squads (if the enemj. At last, an attack was made oa the Niagara frontier, and Hull speedily abandoned his project and collected his forces at Detroit.

Meantime, Col. Proctor had reached Maiden, and quickly perceiving the advantage of a post at that point, whereby he could cat off supplies and starve Hon into subjectioii, he niMMd his ftroes sbont this section, captured Van Horn and his two hnndied men, and withstood the attack of MiUer, although he gained nothing by bo doing. Again Hull displayed his weaJcness by recalling his fiiroes from fiirther molestations.

Gen. Dearborn placed a force on the Niagara frontier, bat an armistice was made with the British. Hull dispatched a third party under MoArthnr, to open communications to the Raisin River.

Gen. Brock appeared at Sandwich and began to erect batteries, which Hull -would not allow to be molested. The re^^ult was, that on the 26th of August Detroit was surrendered to the enemy, and not a blow had been struck in its defense.

By this dastardly act, 1,400 brave men who had not been permitted to make a single effort to sustain the American cause, were surrendered to 3Q0 English regulars, 400 Canadians and their Indian allies. Gen. Hull was, in consetjuenee of this serias of "mistakes," accused of treason and cowardice, and convicted of the latter. By the middle of August, the British had gained the control over most of the Northwestern Tenitoiy.

The appointment of William Heniy Harrison to the position <^ oom^ mander in chief of the Western forees, was most opportune. He speedily raised a vigorous army, and advanced by three routes to the foot of the rapids.

Gen. Harrison commanded the rig^t wing, and marched by the way of Upper Sandusky, where he located his depot of supplies. Gen. Tapper commanded the center. Fort MoArthur, in Haidin Coun^, being his base, while Gen. Winidiester mardied from Fort Defiance down tiie Maumoe to the foot of the rapids.

A large force of British and Indians moved up the left bank of the Mau> mee toward Fort Wayne, and Gen. Harrison, to intercept them, marched to the confluence of the Auglaize with the Maum6o.

Harrison was aware that the enemy would be also hemmed in by Winchester. The weather was rainy, and the prospects were that a most unfortunate season was to follow the ex]H'cte<] en^aj^ements. Harrison heard that Winchester hail reached Fort Defiance, and that the Indians and Britisli were retreating down the Mauraee. He followed, and marched to Winchester's canij), where he arrived in season to <juell a mutiny under command of Col. Allen, of the Kentucky troops.

In January, 1813, Winchester had reached the rapids, where he received tidings that Frenchtown was menaced and exposed. Without orders, he sent a party to the rescue, which defeated the enemy. The weather was intensely cold, and the company lay within eighteen miles of Maiden, where the enemy was collected in full force, consequently re-enforcements must be dispatched immediately or the town again kft to its ftle.

Winchester tiien marched iriih s force of 259 men, and upon airiiing at nigfatfidl, insisted upon remaining on open ground, althongli warned repeatedly that this would be a most dangerous experiment.

In the morning, he was snrprised by the enemy, massed diieetly before him, with a battery within three hundred yards of his csmp^ and a shower of bombs, balls and grape-shot falling among his exposed troops, and iJie yeUs of Indians reminding him of his fatal error. Lewis, who led the party out in the bei^ning and had apprehended the danger, bravely defended Ikimself behind garden pickets. Winchester was defeated on the 22d of January, 1818, and the Indians were permitted to massacre the prisoners and the settlers.

Harrison fell back to the foot of the rapids. On the 1st of February, ho began the construction of Fort Meigs. On the 27th of April, Proctor and Tecumseh attacked this fort, and laid siege with the full expectation of success. The stipulation was that Gen. Harrison was to be delivered to Tecumseh. While the balls and bombs were making havoc with the fort, the Indians were climbing trees and pouring a galling fire down upon the troops. Gen. Proctor invited Harrison to surrender, which was politely declined, with the assurance that the British General would have the opportonity todisttngoiah himself as a soldier before snch a proceeding was enacted.

Gen. Clay was descending the Manmee with 1,200 Kentncikians in flat boats. Orders went from Harrison that 800 men ahonld land on the left bank, take and spike the British cannon, and then to enter the fort, from which soldiers were to isBoe to sssist the ve-enforoements.

Gapt. Hamilton was to pilot Gen. Clay to the fort, catting their way ihrcci^. All suooeeded, CSol. Dudley taking the batteries and spiking the cannon. Bat his men, too much elated by their saocess, against orders, and against the repeated expostulations of Col. Dudley, insisted on pursuing the Indians. Col. Dudley would not desert them. This act proved their ruin. By a decoy, they were led into a defile which proved an ambu^ih, and the men foand themselves surrounded by savages, without means of escape.

A most frightful massacre began, and every man would have fallen had not Tecumseh sternly forbidden the cowardly carnage. One of his principal ciiiefe ignoretl this order, and the next instant the great warrior buried his hatchet in his head. The brave Col. Dudley was, however, tomahawked and scalped.

There were no immediate signs that the fort would be surrendered, and the siege was raised on the 9th of May. It was renewed on the 20th of July, and abandoned a few days later. The enemy dedded this stronghold was invalnerable.

On the Ist of August, the enemy proceeded to Fort Stevenson, at Lower Sandusky, garrisoned by 150 men under Maj. Croghan. The fort had the use of hut one piece of cannon. The enemy with Tecumfleh's Tpdiftna numbered 3,300 strong, with six pieces of cannon.

Gen. Proctor again tendered the offer to surrender, adding that a refusal would only bring about a useless resistance, and a massacre by the Indians. The reply was, that bdbfe the fort went over to the British, not an American would be left to be massacred, as they should hold oat to the last man. - Proctor opened fire. The first moToment was an assault upon the northwest angle of the fort, as if to make a breach and thus cany the works. The eommandant strengthened that point by bags of sand, and during the night stealthily pladog his one cannon in a oonoealed position, he filled it with sings.

The following day, the fire ag^ swept the northwest comer, and, evening approaohing, a column of 350 men swept up within twenty yards of the walls. They were met by the musketry, which had little effect, and the ditch was aoonk filled with men. The next instant the hiddoi cannon, so placed as to sweejy the ditch, suddenly began action, and the surprised assailants qnickly recoiled^ and the fort was saved, with the loss of only one man.

The next morning, the enemy had disappeared, evidently in luiste, as guns, clothing and stores were left behind. They had lost over one hundred and fifty men by this useless attempt. Croghau had previously received orders to evacuate the fort from Gen. Harrison, and ):is determination to hold the position merited Harrison's reprimand and remand of commission. Such was the severity of military law. However, the rank of Colonel was immediately ooiiftrred upon him by the President, for his gallantry. The ladies of Chillicothe presmted him with an elegant testimonial in the shape of a sword.

It was decided to mike a naval war&re effectoal in the reooveiy of the Northwestern Territoiy, and aocordingly b^gan under Ck>nmio> dore Perry's snpearvision.

The British looked vpon this proceeding with derision, foUy Intending t» nse these boats for their own purpose. Thej pablidy prodaimed Uidr intention.

By the 1st of Aognst, 1818, Commodore Perry set sail a flotilla, the Lawrence and the Nia^tfa^ of twenty guns oadi, with smaller Tessels following. Some difficulty was encountered in lannching the larg^ Tessels, on aocoont of the shallowness of the water.

Perry's first destination was Put-in-Bay, thirty miles from Maiden, where the British fleet lay under the guns of the fort. On the 10th of September, the British fleet - e-xceedini: the American by ten guns - under Commodore Barclay, appeared off Put-in-Bay, distant about ten miles. Perry immediately set sail. The wind shifting, the Americans had the advantage.

Perry hoisted the Union Jack. A general preparation was made for the conflict. An ominous silence settled over all as the fleets approached. A bugle sounded on the enemy's ship Detroit, and a furious fire was opened upon the Lawrence. The frightfal and desperate battle that ensued is bo familiar that it is not necessary for us to repeat its details. It forever remains in history as a prominent, desperate struggle that turned the tide most decisively in favor of the Americans. Hand to hand, for three hours, this furious struggle surged, resulting in a pronounced victory for the Americans.

CommodoKe Perry immediately requested ptrok fir hia sererelj wounded antagonist, Commodore Barclay. Capt. EUioU was at this engagement liiglUj eommended by Perry ftr bis brarery.

Vroctat had retreated to Sandwidi, and thenee Haniaon followed hmi, overtaking the enemy on the dth of Ootober, on the bank of the Thames. An enpigement ensued, which was not particularly mailed in its events, bat whksh practically terminated the war in the Northwest.

lecomseh fell during this battle, and his death disheartened the savages to such an extent that they were willing to make terms of peace. Accordingly a treaty was concluded on the 22d of July, 1814, with the Wyandots, Ddawares. Shawnees, Senecas and Miamis, the tribes engaged in hostilities.

Again Ohio was able to turn her attention to the improvements within her own boundaries. Weary and disabled though she was, her ambition and energy were unimpaired. The struggle had been severe, but a grand reward had been won, and peace and independence belonged to these sturdy, earnest, pioneers.

Up to the year 1817, Ohio had no bonking system, and on the 28th of January of that year, the United States Bank opened a branch at Cincinnati, and yet another daring the foOowing October at Chillicothe. These branches found a large amount of business to transact, and while being <^ assistance in various ways to the State, also received a fine revenue themselves* The State therefore resolved upon a tax levy, and, in 1819, the branches were to pay 150,000 each, and the State Auditor wsa authorised to issoe his warrant for the collection of the same.

The bank branches demurred, but the State was decided, and the banks accordinglv file<l a bill in chancery, in the United States Circuit Court, setting forth reasons wherei)y their prayer that Ralph Osbom, State Auditor, should be restrained from making such collection, should be seriously considered.

Oslx>m being counseled not to appear on the day designated in the writ, an injunction was obtained, with the security given in the shape of bonds from the bank, to the amount of $100,000. On the 14th of September, the bank sent a eommJsrioner to Oolambos, who aerred upon the Auditor a copy of the petition for the injunction, and a subpcena to make an appearance before the court on the first Monday in the following January. Osborn submitted both the petition and the injunction to the Secretary of State, witli his warrant for collecting the tax. Legally, the matter was somewhat complicate<l.

The Auditor desired the Secretary of State to take legal advice, and if the papers did not actually amount to an injunction, to give orders for the execution of the wi^raat.

The dedsbn was that the papm did not equal a valid injunction. The Sfate mit fat coUection was therefore given otot to John L. Harper, with direetions to enter the banking-hoiue and demand the payment of tiie tax. In ease of a refoBBl, the vault was to be entered and alevy made upon the amoont required. No violence was to be need, and if force irae need to deter the act, the same vas to be reported to a proper magistrate and an affidavit made to that foct.

On September 17, Mr. Harper went abont hia mand, taking with him T. Orr and J. MacCollister. Afler securing aooesa to the vault, a demand waa made for the payment of the tax. This was promptly refused, and a notice given of the granting of the injunction. This was disregarded, and the officer seized $08,000 in gold, silver and notes. This was placed in charge of the State Treasurer, Mr. H. M. Curry.

Smhtdt bjf tk4 Omtrat AtHmbly of Ike SiaU of Ohio, That in respect to the powm «f tbe GoT«nuM&U «f th« Mftnl Statw Uiat oompOM the AmeriiMui Unkm, and (1m power* «f the Fedp rrnl rtiiTcrnmpnt, t!ii« (lenoral Afscrnhly do recognize nnd approve the doctrines aasertp'l hy ihe Lfgi slut urea of Kentucky and Virginia in their resulutiuna of November and December, 17'J8, and January, 1800, and do consider their principles have been recogniied and adopted by a wu^vritj of the Amerioaa people^

Resolved further. That thin Gonerul Assembly do assert and will maintjun liy all legal and constitutional nieann, the rights of States to tivx the business and property of any private corporation of trade, incorporated by the CoDgre^s of the United buicji, and located to transact its oorporate btuinees within any Stale.

Resolved further, That the hank of the United States is a private corporation of trade, th« oapitul and }>iisinesH of which may he legally taxed in any State where they may be found.

Jieeoived further. That the Qener^ Aasembly do protest against the doctrines that the poUtieal ri^ti of the sepeiMe State* that eompoae (he Amerieaa Union end their power* aovereign States, may be settled end determined in the Supr«me Court of the United States, so as to condude and bind them in ooatrived between individuals, and where ih^ are, no one of them, parties direct.

The bank was thus debarred from the aid of State laws in the collection of its dues and in the protection of its rights. An attempt was made to effect a change in the Federal constitution, which would take the case oat of the United States Courts. This, however, proved ineffectuaL

The banking system in Ohio has, by reason of State surveillance, not been subjected to those whirlwind ppecnlations and questionable failures which have marked many Western States, in the establishment of a firm basis upon ^ hich a banking law could be sustained, with mutual benefit to the institution and the people.

In the fint part of 1817, the L^gidatnra considered a reeolation relating to n canal betweoi Lake ISrie and^e Ohio Biver. No action was taken and the anlgeet was not again agitated until 1819. Got. Brown appointed thrc;^ cominiflBionen in 1820, for the purpose of employing an efficient engineer and each assistants as he deemed necessaiy, finr the purpose of smrrejing a practical rovte for this canaL The commisBionen wwe restiicted in their actions until Congress should accept a proposition in behalf of the State, for a donation and sale of the pnUic lands lying upon and near the rente of the proposed canal. A delay was thus occasioned for two yean.

In 1822, the matter was referred to a committee of the House of Repre- . sentatives. This committee approved and recommended the employment of the engineer. They furthermore added illustrations to prove the feasibility of the project.

James (jeddes, a skillful engineer of New York, was in due time appointed to the position and instructed to make the necessary examinations and sur> vey?.

In 1825, an act was passed providing for tiie internal impnyvement of tiie Stale hy navigsMe canals. Directly thereafter, the State set vigoroodj abont the woik of constmeting two canals, one leading fr<Hn tiie Ohio to Lake Bri^ by way of the valleys of the Scioto and Mndringun, the other from Cincinnati to Dayton.

1829, on the 25th of January. This outlet of commonication was extended . to Lake Erie, and was completed in 1845. The largest artificial lake now ~ \ known is on the elevation between the Ohio and the lake, in Meroer County, and supplies the St. Mary's feeder of the Miami Canal, about three miles distant, eastwardly. This reservoir is about nine miles long, and from two to four broad.

Two walls of earth, from ten to twenty feet high, were formed, on the east and west, which united with the elevations north and south, 8urroundi?d this basin. When the water was admitted, whole farms were submerged, and the "neighbors" complained lest this overflow should tempt miasma. So great was the excitement, that over one hundred and fifty residents of the county nnited, and with shoveb and spades, made a breach in the embankment. Msny holding prominent positions in the county weie engaged in this w<urk^

The offioen who had charge of the work, ignored the law nqfoiiing ihe eating and earing of Ihe timber on lands appropriated, for canal reewoink The trees were nrthlesslj girdled, and thousands of aeres of TalnaUe timb^ that miglbt hare been h]§^y deeirahle in thf building of bridges, eto., were destroyed. Howe?or, an a^Qstment was finally efieoted, and the woric was praeeeoted with the entire approbation of the people^ who were oonYinoed>ilmt oonTenient transportatbn was to be desired.

Ohio Land Tracts

After the Indians relinquished all claims against the lands of those States west of the Alleghanies, as they had been obtained by coiuitie.-^t, the United States, as a government, owned the soil. When Ohio was admitted into the Union, a stipulation waa made that the fee simple to all the lands within its boundaries, with the exception of those previously sold or granted, should vest in the Genersl Goveraaent At the pwsant writings but few traets tenain ihat can be called poblic lands." la. this, as in other States, tracts are des- %uted by their pioneer signification or the purpose to which they were otiginally devoted. In Ohio^ these tracts are known as :

The lands sold by the direct offiows of tiie Goremment, under the direction of Oongreeo, according to the laws, are known as Congress lands. They are properly surveyed, and laid out in townships six miles square, under the direction of the Government, and the expense incurred settled by Congress. These townships are subdivided into sections, containing 640 acres. One section is reserved, in every township, for educational purposes, to be utilized in any manner approved by the State m being the best to aid the cause fur wiiich they are assigned.

The Western Reserve yrlW lie remembered as the tract originally belonging to Connecticut. It lies in the northeiist quarter of the State. A liaU'-miUion acres were donated by the old Eastern State, when her claim was in force, to sufferers from fire during the Bevolutionary war, which created the name, fire lands." Many settled here whose homes were destroyed by the British during the war.

It will be remembered, that on account of disooreries by subjects of empires, in the New World, tibe " Old World " kings laid daim to difiinrent portions of die yoang continent. At tliat period, European knowledge of American geographical positions and limits was exceedingly meager, whidi oooMioned several wars and more discuspions. Thcc OM-World sovereigns also assumed the niithority to sell or present tracts of land to their Bttl^ects, in those territories they deemed their own.

King Charles II of England granted to his loyal subjects the colony of Connecticut, in 1662, placing with them a charter of right to all lands within certain prescribed boundaries. But these " boundaries " frequently conflicted with those of others, and sometimes extended to the Pacific Ocean, or " South Sea," as it was then termed. Connecticut, by her original charter rights, held -n hatda between 1cb» fiHrty-fiist and ibrtjr-MOcmd panlteli of noriJi latitode, and from Fkovidenoe Flaatation on die east, to Fteific Ooean on the west, ezoept> ing the New Yoric and Pennsylyania oolonies. As late as the establishment of the United States as an independent govemment, Ibose ooUiding claims fre> qnently cngendefed oonfigulon and warm discussion between the nation and Gonneeticnty regarding the original colony daim. This was compromised by the national claims being relinquished in regard to the territorial claim in Ohio^ and Connecticut holding the 3,800,000 acres described as the "Western Beser^ TBtion." The QoTttnment held the right of jurisdiction.

In 1796, Congress set aside a certain division of land, to satisfy the claims of officers and soldiers of the Revolutionary war. Tt includes the 2,500,000 acres between the Greenville treaty line and the Congress and refuf^ee lands, and "VII ranges of townships," on the east, and the Scioto Kiver, west. This constitutes the " Military Tract." The " Virginia Military Tract " lies between the Scioto and Little Miami Rivers, and extends south to the Ohio.

James I, in his authorized charter to the Virginia colony, in the year 1609, made rather visionary boundary lines, sweeping over the continent, west of the Ohio River, " of the north and south breadth of Virginia." Virginia reconciled the matter by reUnqnishmg all her oUims northwest of the Ohio River, with the ezoq»tion of a tract fat the purpose of donating Ihe same to her troops of the Revelation - ^their claims demanding such a retom in some section. TJnfortonately, this tract vras not regularly snrveyed, and conflicting "lines " have gsTsn tue to litigaticn ever ance that stipqilBtion was made.

The Refugee Tract covers an area of 100,000 acres, extending eastwardly frnm tbe Scioto River forty-eight miles, in a strip of country four and one-half miles broad, north to south. Columbus, the capital of the State, is situated in Ae western portion. This land was donated by Congress to those indiviilunls who left the British dominions and rule, during the Bevolation, and espoused the American cause.

The French Tract borders on the Ohio River, in the southeastern (piarter of Scioto County. It includes 24,000 acres, and was ceded to those French

Dohnnan'B Gnat indndes a seetaon, six mflee square, in the soalheastem portion of ToBcanwu Conn^. It was granted to Amdd Henry Bdmnan, a Portugaese merehaat, as a token of appreciation of the aid and shelter he rendered Amerioan cmisen and Teasels of war, during the BoTolntion.

The Morarian Lands were originally grants by the old Continental Oon-^ gress, in 1787» and confirmed bj the aet of the Goremment Congress, in 1796, to the Moravian Brethren, of Bethlehem, Penn., in sacred trust, and for th» use of those Indians who onbraced Chnstianitj and civilisation, desiring to live and settle thereon. These three tracts include 4,000 acres each, and are situated in Tuscarawas County. In 1823, the Indians rdinquisfiod their rights to the 12,000 acres in this county, for 24,000 acres, in a territory designated by the United States, together with an annuity of $400.

Zane's Tracts included a portion of land on the Muskingum, whereon Zanesville was built : another at the crossing of the Hocking, on which Lancaster is located ; and ye^^ another on the left bank of the Scioto River, opposite Chillicotbe. These grants were made to Ebenezer Zane, by Congress, in 1796, as a reward for opening a road from Wheeling, Va., to Maysville, Ky. In 1802, Mr. Zanc received three additional tracts, one square mile each, in consideration of being eaptared and held a prisoner, daring the Rerolationaiy war, when a boy, by the Indians. He lived with these people most of his lifi^ secwv ing many benefits for the Americans. These tracts are located in Champaign Comity.

The Slhomee Road Lands extend die length of the road, from tiie Manmee - Baver, at Perrysburg, to the western limits of the Western Reserve^ a distance of fi>rty-siz miles - ^in a strip two miles wide. This indndes about 60,000 acres. These lands were ceded by the Indians, at the treaty of Brownstown, in 1808. The original intention of Congress was to mark a highway throvgh this strip, but no definite action was taken until 1823, whea tho hind was ceded to the State of Ohio, under an obligation that the State make and sustain the pro> jected road, within four years after the transfer.

The Turnpike Lands extended over 31,360 acres along the western side of the Columbus & Sandusky Turnpike, in the eastern parts of Seneca, Crawford and Marion Counties. They were <lesigned for the transportation of mwl stages, troops and other United States property, free from toll. The grant was made in 1827.

When Ohio was admitted to the Union, a guarantee was given that the State should not tax Government lands until they should have been sold ibr five years. That the thirty-sixth part of all territory within the State limits should be devoted to educational purposes, for the general benefit of the population. In

The college townships are thirty-six miles square. A section, thirty-six miles square, in the center of Jackson County, in the vicinity and containing the Scioto Salt Licks, was also reserved by Congress, together with a quartermile township in Delaware County. This swept over 27,040 acres. In 1824, Congress authorized the State to sell these lands. The proceeds were to be devoted to literary requirements, such as might be specified by Congress.

We have heretofore briefly allnded to the canal system of Ohio, which in the beginning cansed considerable anxiety to aatders directly in ^o coarse of its anrvey. Tho L^gidatore passed the Internal Improvement by Navigable Canals " act, in 1825, and the woik was inunediately inaugurated and hastened. Tlie <<OMo CWl'* extends from the lake to the Ohio, and the ''Miami" connects Cincinnati with Dayton. The latter waa completed to Toledo in 1844, a length of 493 miles. Its total cost, including reservdr catting and feeders, waa 17,500,000. The Ohio Canal was finished in 1833.

Daring the construction of these canals, the cariosities which have attracted antiqaaritDS and sdoitists, in the State of Ohio, were found in various places. Relics were discovered that must have belonged to a giant race, l^early 3,000 graves were found, of the " mound type."

A third canal was begun in 1836, reaching from Walhonding, in Coshocton County, to Roscoe, its length being twenty-five miles, involving an expense of ^10,000. This was completed in 1842. The Hocking Canal, between Carroll, in Fairfield County, and Athens, in Athens County, a distance of fiftysix miles, was also cut, about the same time, at a cost of nearly ^1,000,000.

The Muskingum improvements were also being carried forward. Locks and dams were requisite fbae the perfection of navigation in this water-course, from Dresden to Marietta, a distance of ninetyHme miles. This added an exptaue ti $1,680,000 to the call for improvement appropriations. To the Miami Canal was added » feeder, known as tho Warren Coanty Osiial--oxtending from B^raaklin to Leiboaon, whidi was not completed, aIihoa|^ over $250,000 were extended in its constraetion as ftr as it went.

Bailwaj transportation was a salgect which engrossed the attention of those interestedin State perpetuity and general proqwrity. Abont the year 1881, the hef^ islature received applications for railway charters. The first one granted was the " Cincinnati, Sandusky & Cleveland Railroad," on June .5, 1832. The " Sandusky, Mansfield & Newark Railroad " obtained a charter in 1836, March 11, followed.

three days thereafter, by the Clereland, Coliiiiibiis & Oincinnati Railroad." The " Idttle Miami *' vas b^gon in 1887. Notwithrtanding theee chartered rights, but 129 miles were completed in 1847, and in operation. In 1878, the mileage bad increased to 6,264. The valuation of the operating roads Tva3 estimated the ssme jesr, at 976,113,500. Their taxation summed np 91,128,116.

No State in the Union has been more zealous in her educational interests than Ohio. Public lands were generouslv prranted by Congress, and the State added her affirmation. However, no practical and ^ectual system was adopted until 1825.

An act wa.s then passed to tax all real property one-half mill per dollar for the establishment of schools in each township, and the support of the same. An act of 1829, increaiied the tax to three-fourths of u mill. Trustees of townships were instructed to make divisions and locate convenient school distrieto. Honseholdets were to elect three school directors, a derk and treasurer annually. FriTileges and restrictions were ei\|oined in all cases. The householders were allowed their discretion, goTemed aooordinj^j, in impeding taxes folt the erection of school bnildingB. The Conrts of die Common Pleas appointed a committee to examine the qualifications of those individuals making application fi>r the position of teadm. ' The school extended equal privileges to all white children. Those of colored parentage were excluded, and no tax was levied for school pur])oses upon colored parents* An amendment has admitted the children of colored parents. The system has continued the same, with a few amendments. A State Commissioner of Common Schools is elected every third year, who has general charge of the inter^ts of public schools. A »State T^oard of Examinor;*, composed of three persons, appointed by the State Conimissioner, for two years' term, is authorized to issue life certificates of high qualifications, to such teaclicrs us it may find to possess there<|uisite scliolai*ship. character, experience anJ ability. These certificates, signed by the Commissioner, are valid througliout the State. A County Board of Examiners, of three members, is fornieil in each county. Boards of educaition, for cities, are made up of one or two members from each ward. City Boards of Examiners are also appointed. Section 4 of tiie law cf 1878, was amended in 1877, which 'made the territory annexed to an incorporated village, at the option of the voters of the village and tributary section, whether it be included with the village as (me school district, or as two sdtool districts. Section 56 of the law was amended, in its bearing upon cities of 80,000 to 75,000 inhabitants, by limiting to five miUs on the dollar of taxable propertj, the levies in such cities for continuing schools, for purchasing sites for schoolhouses, for leasing, purchasing, erecting and furnishing school houses, and for all school expenses. The public funds are subject to the discretion of voters, and boards are authorised, under instructions, to make the best use of such fimds. Taxation is sulgect to the discretion of the State, certain limits being prescribed.

His10Rt Of Thb State Op Ohio

In 1878, the number of youth of the school age numbered 1,041,963. On the rolls, 740,194 names were recorded. In the year 1878, 23,391 teachers were employed, receiving ^,950,514. 4t) for their services.

Ohio not only sustains her public schools on a broad, liberal basis, but she encourages educational pursuits in superior universities and colleges throughout the State. These institutions are not aided by State funds, but are sustained by society influence, added to their self-supporting resources. Oliio also possesses a large number of normal schools, academies, seminaries and business colleges. an not entilited to the pri?ilegeB of the schod fiind. Sdeoitafic, profesoonal, tbeoloj^eal, l^al and medical mstraeticnia are m no manner limited in their fiusilitiee. Indnstrial and reformatory schools are especially thorough. LwtitationB for the inetnietion of the deaf and dnmb^ and blind, and foeUeminded, are under ihe heat diacipline.

We may add, many^fomale seminarieB have been establiahed vhich are entirely BQBtained by other than State aid. Ohio has, firom its inception, been solid and TigorOQS in whatever tended toward improrement and enlightenment.

We have also referred to the banking system of this State, as being first established on a basis through a eontest between the State and the General Government. Authorities differ regarding the exact date and location of the very first house established in the State for the purpose of transacting banking business. It is highly probable that Marietta is more directly associated with that event than any other town. There are at present over one hundred and sixty-seven national banks, with an aggregate capital of ^27,794,468. It also - has eighteen banks of deposit, incorporated under the State banking laws of 1845, representing an aggregiite capital of 3539,904. Twenty-three savings banks, incorporated under the State act of 1875, with an aggregate capital of $1,277,500. Of private banks it has 192, with an aggregate capital of $5,663,898. The State represents in her banking capital over $36,275,770. The Ilrst National of Cincinnati has a capital stock of over $1,000,000. The others M below that som, their capital diminishing firom 10,000 shares of 1100 eaeh. The valnation for taiation is |850,000 - Merchant's National of Cincinnati-^ ihe Talnation of a tax of $5,000 on the Vmit National of Beverly.

Boundary Lines

We must not omit the subject of the State boondaries. Ohio was especially the field for most animated discussions, relative not only to State limits but ootinty lines and township rights. In 1817, a sovoro controversy arose, which

In primitive times, the geographical position, extent and surface diversities were but meagerly comprehended. In truth, it may be itsserted tlicy could not have been more at variance with actual facts had they been laid out " haphazard." The ordinance of 1787 represented Lake Michigan far nortli of its real position, and even as late as 1812, its size and location had not been

' definitely ascertained. During that year, Amos Spafford addre8se<l a clear, comprehensive letter to the Governor of Ohio, on this subject, relative to the boundary lines of Ohio. Several lines of survey were laid out as the first course, but either Michigan or Ohio expressed disapproval in every case. This culminated in 18^, when the party beginning a " permanent" survey began i at the DordiireBt oomer <^ tbe State, and waa attaoked by a foroe of Michigan aetdera who sent ihem away badly roated and beaten. No effort waa made to letnni to the work until the State and variona partiea had weighed the aubject, / and finaUy the intezpoaition of the GoTcnunent became neoeBsaiy.

A aetdement reaolted in Ohio bong boonded on the north by Lake Brie and ihe State of Michigan* on the eaat by Pennsylvania and West yizginia» on the aotttfa by the Ohio Biver, and on the west by Indiana.

It is situated between the 38° 25' and 42° north latitude, and <94<» 50' west longitude from Greenwich, or 8° 30' and 7° 50' west from Washington. From north to south, it extends OTer 210 milee, and from esat to west 220 miles - comprising 89,964 square miles.

The State is generally higher than the Ohio River. In the pouthem counties, the surface is greatly diversified by the inequalities produced by the excavating power of the Ohio River and its tributaries. The greater portion of the State was originally covered with timber, although in the central and northwestern sections some prairies were found. The crrat or watershed between the waters of Lake Erie and those of the Ohio is less elevated than in New York or Pennsylvania. Sailing upon the Ohio tiie country appears to be mountainous, bluffs rising to the height of two hundred and fifty to six hundred feet above llie Talleya. Aaoending the tributaries of the Ohio, these predpitOQS hills gradually lessen until Ihey are resolved into gentle nndnlations, and toward the sooroes the river the land is low and marshy.

Althoogh Ohio has no inland lakea of importance, she possesses a favorable river system, which, aided by her canals, givea her prestige of a convenient water transportation. The lake on her northern boundary, and the Ohio Biver on her southern limit, afibrd most convenient outlets by water to impor* tant points. Her means of communication and transportation are superior in every respect, and are constantly being increased.

Adams County was named in honor of John Adams, second President of the United States. Gov. St. Clair proclaimed it a oounty on July 10, 1797. The Virginia Military Tract included this section, and the first settlement made within its boundaries waa in this county in 1790-91, between the Scioto and Little Miami, at Manchester, by Gen. Nathaniel Massie. In this town was held the first court of the county.

West Union, the present county seat, was laid out by the Hon. Thomas Kirker. It occupies the summit of a liigh ridge. The anr&oe of this ooonty is hilly and brokeu, and the eastern part is not fertile. It produces corn, wheat, oats and pork. Beds of iron are found in the eastern part. Its hills are composed of almniiMNiB ahale^ The iMnea UHs affivrd a range Ibr catde and hogs. A aorl : of tagrant cilaflB deriTe a mppoit by eoUecting stones, hoop-polee and tannefs* I barks from these hills.

Ashtabula County was formed June 7, 1807, and was organized January 22, 1811. The surface is le\ el near the lake, while the remainder is undulating. The soil is m(3stly clay. Very little wheat is raised, but considerable com and oats. Butter and cheese are the main marketable productions. This was the first county settled on the Western ReseryOi and also the earliest in Northern Ohio. Onihe4t]| of July, 17 OG, the first snrveying party arrived «i the month of Conneant Creek. Judge Jamee Eingsbnry waa the first who .' wintered there wiiii hia fionily. He waa the first man to ose a sickle in the first wheat^eld in the Western Beaerre. Their ehild waa the first bom on the ^ Weatem Besenre, and was starred to deatL The first r^golar settlement waa at Harpevafield, in 1798.

Athens County was formed from Washington March 1, 1805. It produces wheat, com, oats and tobacco. The surface is hilly and broken, with rich bottom lands between. Coal, iron ore ami salt add materially to its commercial value. It has the advantage of the canal, as well as other transportation. Athens, its county seat, is situated on the Hocking River. Tlie Ohio University, the first college founded in the State, is located here. We have mentioned the ancient mounds found in this county, heretofore. Yellow pine is abundant in the lower part of the Hocking Valley.

Brown County was formed March 1, 1818, from Adams and Clermont. It produces wheat, corn, rye, oats and pork. The southern part is prolific in grain, while the northern is adqrted to grasing purposes. The sorfiMw is iindn> lating, with the exception of the Ohio BiTer hills. Over this county Teenmseh nee hdd away

Hisioet Of The State Of Ohio

Belmont County was announced by Gov. St. Clair September 7, 1801. It produces large crops of wheat, oat^, corn and tobacco, an annual crop of over 2,000,000 pounds of the latter being the avcraf^e. It also trades largely in wool and coal. It is a picturesque tract of country, and was one of the pioneers in the early settled purtions.

In 1790, Fort DUlie was erected on the west side of the Ohio. Baker's Fort was a mile below the mouth of the Captina. Many desperate Indian battles were fought within the limits of this county, and the famous Indian scout, Lewis Wetzel) nMined over the region.

St. dainviUe Is the eoonty seat, ritnatod on the deratioii of land, in a fer^ tile district Capt. Eirkwood and Eliislieth Zane, of historic fiune, were early pionears here.

Bader Gonntf iras formed in 1808, firom Hsmilton. It is iritfain the bine limestone fonnation, and one of the most fertile aeclions of Ohio. It prodnoes more com than any other oonn^ in the State, besides fine crops of wheat, oats and large quantities of pork. Hamilton, the coon^ seat, is ritoated on the Great Miami. Its hydraulic works furnish superior water-power. RoesriUe, on the opposite side of the Miami, is a large mercantile town.

Champaign County was formed March 1, 1805, from Greene and Franklin. It is drained by Mad River and its tributaries, which furnishes extensive mill privileges. Nearly a half is undulating, a quarter rolling, a fifth hilly, and 5 per cent wet prairie. The soil is fertile, and produces wheat, corn, oats, barley, hay, while beef and wool add to the general wealth. Urbana, the county seat, wa.s laid out in 1805, by Col. William Ward. He wiis chief owner of the land and donated many lots to the county, under condition that their proceeds be devoted to public improvements. Joa^pk Vance and George Filihian were the first settlers. The Mel^odists bnih ihe first church in 1807. The main army of Hall concentrated at this point before setting ont for Detroit. Many Indian oonncils were called here, and Tecomseh was located for a time near Deer Creek.

Oarroll Oonnly was formed from Oolnmbiana in 1882-88. It prodaces wheat, oats and com, and valuable coal and iron. The sur&ce is hilly. OaproUton is its county seat. At Harlem is a celebrated chalybeate spring.

Clark County was formed March 1, 1817, from Champaign, Madison and Greene. Itssecond settlement was at Kreb's Station, in 1796. It is highly cultivated, well watered and very fertile. The Mad River, Buck and Benver Creeks ftimish abundant water-power. It produces principally wheat, cnrn and oats.

Tecnmseh, the old Indian warrior, was born at tlie ancient Indian vil- Isge of Piqua, on the Mad River, on the site of ^^ew Boston. Piqua was

Hisiobt Ihe State Of Ohio

Springfield, the county seat, is situated on the National road. It has convenient transportation facilities, is hantlsomely laid out, and is noted for its cultured citizens. It is near Mad River, and Buck Creek runs through it.

ClintMii County waa formed in 1810. It produces chiefly wheat, oats, wool and pork. Its surface is undulating, in some parts liilly, and the soil fertile. Its streams furnish desirable water-power. The county was settled in 17^*8-99. Wilmuigion is the comity seat, and was laid out iu 1810. The first log house was boilt by William Uobsin.

Clennont Ooon^ ynm ihe dghth fbimed in the Northwest Territory, by prodanuitioii of Got. St Clair, December 9, 1800. The soil is ezoeediiigly rich, and the sm&oe is broken and, near ihe Ohio, hilly. Wheat, com, oats, hay, potatoes, tobaeoo^ barley, buckwheat and rye form the main crops, whil» bee^ pork, tour, hay and whid^y constitate its main ezporlB. Its streams fiindsh good water-powor. Balavia, its oonnly seat, is situated cn the latde Miami River, and waa laid ont in 1820, by George Ely.

Cofaiinbiana County was formed March 25, 1808, from Jefierson and Washington. Its soil is very fertile, producing wheat, com, oats and potatoe^^. It is wealthy in mineral deposits, coal, iron ore, lime and freestone being abundant. Its water-lime stone is of superior quality. Salt water is found on Yellow and Beaver Creeks. This is also the great wool-producing county of the State. It was settled iu 1797. New Lisbon, its county seat, is well boilt.

Coshocton County waii organized April 1, 1811. Its principal products are wheat, com, oats and wool. Hills and valleys alternate along the Muskingum IUv«r. Abrqpl changes are strongly marked-^ rich aUimun being overhung by a red bush hiU, while direetly beside it may be seen ihe poplar and sogar tree. CSoal and iron ore add to its general importance while salt weUs have proven remnnerative.