Bureau County, Illinois - Biographical sketches, 1906 (part 26 of 28)

Mi's. Clark lived in .Maine until about thirteen years of age and then accompanied her parents on their removal to Illinois in IS.ja, the family home being established near Buda. in which vicinity she has since resided. They traveled by the slow boats of the lakes and rivers. Leaving the Illinois river at the point nearest their destination, they proceeded by team to Buda, which was then a collection of a few farm houses scattered along the state road. On the farm, bearing the numy burdens that usually fall to the only daughter and sister, caring tenderly for her parents in their old age and never leaving them until they were laid to rest, she lived for many years. .\s stated, she gave her hand in marriage to Jlr. Clark April IT, ISTT. and some years afterward they came to the village of Buda, where she lived an exemplary life, devoted to her home an<l family. One who knew her well said : "She was unselfish in a marked degree; would deny herself comforts and pleasures that others might be benefited. She was in touch with nature. She dearly l(i\cd the birds, the trees, the flowers; all nature had charms for her. Her first years were sjient on the Ijanks of the Kennebec river and the beauty of Iut surroumlings lingered with her all her life, an ins])iration. She was a true friend, a faithful, loving wife, and a devoted mother." She was a woman of unusual intelligence, having clearly defined opinions on all questions of the day. She held her opinions graciously and was generous of her knowledge to those who wo\ild learn. On the greatest of all themes, that which relates to our highest and holiest duties, .«he held deiinite views. In her life she endeavored to follow (iod's precepts, and she rejoiced in the progress of Ilis kingdom. To live in the past as well as the present, to live in the whole world and watch its progress and rejoice in it, this was characteristic of Mrs. Clark. Time sonu'times adjusts a balance, as it were, for those whose life has been a ministry of care for others, and so for her there came later the I'omforts of luxury as far as she cared for them, and the joy of love of husband and son and family in her last years. She died July 1, 1!)0(), aged si.xty-seven years, four months and twenty-five days.

T'nto Mr. and Mrs. Clark was bmii but one child, Walter C, whose birth occurred February 2o, ISTS. Tie married Jessie (ioodcU and is now living in Buda. Mr. Clark was reared in tli(» faith of the democracy but has always been a slamh republican since casting his first presidential ballot for General Grant in ISfiS. lie has been without aspiration for the honors or emoluments of public office. Fraternally he is connected with Doric lodge, Xo. 118, .V. F. & A. M., and also became a member of the chapter at Crete, Nebraska. His life in its various business connections and phases has always manifested certain characleristies, among which are indefatigable energv and the successful aecomidishmenl of whatever he has undertaken. In all of his dealings he has been strictly fair and trustworthy and in his social and fraternal relations with his fellownu'ii has disjilayed those sli-rling trails which win warm friendship.

Charles O. White, of i'rinceton, secretary and general mamiger of the iiureau County Independent Telei)hone Company, of which he was also one of the incorporators in ISJMI, was horn in La Moille townshij). May ."). lS5!t, a son of Oziel and Jlinerva (Hammer) White. The father was a luitive of Warren county. New Jersey, and came to Bureau county in l!S.")0, spending most of his subse([uent life u])on a farm within its borders, lie died November 18, 1881. His wife, who was liorn in Indiana. May "..'. 1S:M, is a daughter of the late George Hammer, an early settler of Bureau county, and is now making her home in Princeton.

Charles (). White supplemented his early educati(ui, acquired in the ilistrict schools, by study in the academy at Dover, Illinois, from which he was graduated in 18T!I. His father lieing in |)oor health it largely fell to his lot to manage and operate the home farm and from an early age he was familiar with the work of lield and nu^adow. He taught two winter terms of school in liis home ucigbboriuiod but otherwise gave his entire attention to agricultural pursuits from early manhood, carrying on the tilling of the soil and also raising stock. His business interests were carefully conducted and he met the success which always crowns earnest labor. In 18!»!i he was one of the three incorporators of the Bureau County Independent Teleplume ('ompai\y, of which he wiu ihosen general maiuiger, while later he was elected secretary. He now liohls both otlices and gives his entire time and attention to the business, which under his guidance has nuide substantial growth and become an <'nler])rise of vast importatue in the i)usiness life of the county. Since ix-coming actively interested in tlie teiephone business he has sold his farm in La Moille township but still ownB a farm in Missouri and sonu' land in South Dakota. He al.so owns residence i)roperly in i'rinceton. where he has made his home since March. l!)()(l. He has been one of the [)rincipal pronuiteis of the telephone comiiany and in extending its scojie has shown good nuinagi'Uient and ext^'Utive skill.

On the 18th of January, 1883, Mr. White was married to Miss Ella Taylor, a daughter of Matthew and Catharine Taylor, of Dover, Illinois. Their children are Imia Belle, bom January 24, 1884; Margaret Faith, June 19, 1890; and William Douglas, May 12, 1900.

WTiile interested in public affairs Mr. WTiite has had no aspiration for public office, content to do his public service as a private citizen through cooperation in the movements which directly benefit the community. He has always been a republican in his political faith but does not consider himself bound by party ties. He is a member of the Modern Woodmen camp and the Fraternal Reserve Life Association and he also belongs to the Methodist Episcopal church of Princeton.

Such is the history of a self-made man, who has worked earnestly and persistently to secure a good property and has succeeded in his undertakings.

John Kane

JOHN KANE. John Kane, whose farm of one hundred and eight}' acres in Manlius township is the visible evidence of his life of labor and unremitting diligence, was born in Ireland, November 17, 1840, and after spending the first twelve years of his life on the Emerald isle came with his parents to America, the family home being established at Buda in 1852. There he acquired much of his education through attendance at the public schools, after which he was employed for a time as a farm hand and later he engaged in farming on his own account on rented land. He rented a farm with his father and thereon remained until 1871, when in October of that year he purchased eighty acres of land in Manlius township. To this he has added from time to time until he now has one hundred and eighty acres in the home place, all of which is well improved. There are good buildings on the place, together with modern machinery, and the entire farm presents an excellent appearance, a glance being sufficient to indicate to the passer-by the enterprise and energy of the owner. He also raises standard bred horses, cattle and hogs.

On the 2.5th of October, 1871 - the year in which he purchased his farm - Mr. Kane further completed his arrangements for having a home of his own by his marriage to Miss Mary Cole, a daughter of James Cole, a farmer. They began their domestic life at their present place of residence, and as the years have gone by eleven children have been born unto them: Richard, who is deputy sheriff of Valley county, Montana ; James, an agriculturist; Kate and Allic, both at home; Joseph and George, who follow farming; John and Edward, twins; Nellie; Jennie, attending school in Sheffield; and Mary, the wife of Daniel Haggerty, a farmer of Iowa. The family are communicants of St. Patrick's Catholic church at Sheffield, and Mr. Kane is a democrat who for the past twenty years has served as school director.

Arthur C. Hupp

Among the well known, alert and energetic business men of Westfield township is numbered Arthur C. Hupp, cashier of the Arlington State Bank. He was born in La Salle county, Illinois, December 11, 1877, and is a son of G. C. and Mary J. (Callaghan) Hupp. The father was also a native of La Salle county, while his grandfatlier, a resident of Pennsylvania, settled there in 1836. After the outbreak of the Civil war G. C. Hupp, responding to the country's call for aid, enlisted as a member of Company K, Eighth Illinois Cavalry. He became first lieutenant and with his regiment was attached to the Army of the Potomac. He participated in many important and decisive battles, including tlue engagements at Gettysburg, Fredericksburg and Shiloh and made a splendid military record, characterized by valor and meritorious conduct on the field of battle. His mother was a native of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, and her parents were natives of Ireland, arriving in the United States in 1838.

Arthur C. Hupp spent the days of his boyhood and youth in the county of his nativity and is indebted to its public-school system for the educational privileges he enjoyed. Coming to Bureau county in April, 1902, in search of a favorable business opening, he established a private bank in Arlington and in the following October it was converted into a state bank with the following officers : Peter J. Cassidy, president : Mrs. Anna N. Kendall, vice-president; and Arthvir C. Hupp, cashier. From the beginning Mr. Hupp has been the active manager of the institution and its success is due to liis capable control and marked business ability.

Alfred Norris

Alfred Norris is one of the extensive landowners of Bureau county, whose holdings comprise eight liundred acres, all of which lie on section 31, Chirion township, and the east half of the east half of section 36, La Moille township. A man of excellent business ability and keen discernment, he carefully manages his invested interests, and Pleasant Fields - the name of his estate - is one of the finest country properties in Bureau county.

Mr. Norris was born on the 20th of March, 1863, in the townshi]) which is still his home, his parents Ix'ing William and Mary (Maiis) Norris, the former a native of Belmont county. Ohio, where lie was born May 20, 1885. He was a son III' l-ntbcr and Pleasant (Hoge) Norris, the for- mer being bom iu Frudorkk couuiy, Marylaud, February 4, i;'J3, aud died in Bureau county, Illinois, on March 20, ISli'J. Pleasant Hoge was born in Belmont county, Ohio, June !), ITUG, and died in the same county, on April 14, 1833. Luther Norris' parents, William and Mary (Hayes) Norris, were natives ol Frederick county, Maryland, emigrating from there to Belmont county, "Ohio, in 180S.

William Norris, tlic lather of our sulijcci, drove a team of horses from Bt4inout eounlv, Oliio, to La Moille, Illinois, in the fall of 184'(>, and the next year bought the quarter section where his son Alfred now lives. In 18.52 he drove a yoke of oxen to Sacramento, California, where he mined with poor success for one year. Keturniug to Bureau county, he devoted the rest of his life to agricultural pursuits aud stock-raising, and at one time owned the best herd of sliorthoru cattle in the county. Having a tliorougii knowledge of the productive value of Illinois laud, he added to his original one hundred and sixty acres until, at tlie time of his death, July 1, 1897, he owned two sections of land, lying iu Clarion, La Moille aud Westfield townships. Iu the fifty years of his residence on this farm he made great improvements in the way of buildings and the planting of trees, until his was one of the most attractive places in the neighborliood. In August, 1853, he was married to Mary Maus, who came to La Moille in 1852. They were the parents of six children, of whom Lundy and Elmer both died in infancy ; Pleasant, born May 7, 185«, died June 20, 1877 ; William L., born April 20, 185!), died May 23, 1895; Alfred, our subject, born March 20, 18G3, as above stated; and Isaac IL, born July 4, 18Uti, and is now a resident of Yorkville, South Carolina. Mary Norris, the mother, died January 4, 1879. She was born in Quakertow'ii, Bucks county, Pennsylvania, April 19, 1828. Her parents, William and Ann (Bawlings) Maus, were natives of Bucks county, Pennsylvania, the former being born there in 1780 and dying in the same county in 18()(i. Frederick Maus, father of William Maus, was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1750 and was a revolutionary soldier, participating in the battles of Germantown, Pennsylvania, and Trenton, New Jcrsev, and died iu Columbiana county, Ohio, in 1833. '

Alfred Norris is indebted to the publii'-school system of Bureau county for the early educational privileges he enjoyed and completed his studies at the Princeton high school. Throughout his entire business career he has been identilied with general agricultural pursuits, and his home i.s very appropriately named "I'leasanl Fields." it is a tract of rolling prairie, splendidly located, and a most pleasing picture of rich and abundant harvests. There are line buildings upon the farm, commodious, substantial and well ])ainteil. and are all equipped with the latest improved modern

On October 8, 1,S9,S Mr. N,,rris was married to Miss Orace L. Clark, who.se birth occurred iu Dover township, this county, April 18, 1SG3. The history of her parents is given in connection with tile sketch of h. P. Clark on another |)age of this work.

Since age conferred upon him the right of franchise, Mr. Norris has given his political alk'giaiice to the republican parly and is in thorough syml)athy with its j)rincij)lcs. He is orthodox in his religious faith but is not a member of any church. His wife, however, belongs to the Congregational church. He is a man of broad experience and of wide general culture, who has traveled extensively, gaining the knowledge which is acquired only in that way. He has visited every state and territory iu the L niou, sjiending about three years in travel, and is thorougiily familiar with the many places of historic and scenic interest in this coiintrv. He and his wife live and enjoy life to its fullest extent, being abundantly able to gratify their desires in the way of travel, and they are, moreover, held in the highest esteem for their attractive social qualities and for their genuine ajipreciation of all that is truest and best in life.

Andpkw Oloffsox

Audrew Ololl'son, deccast'd, was numbered among the residents of Swedish birth who were a most important factor in reclaiming and improving Manlius township, couverting it into one of the richest agricultural districts of this pari of the state. All who knew him respected him by reason of what he accomplished and the methods which he followed in an active business career. He was born in Sweden, September 23, 1831, a son of Olof Johnson. Upon the home farm he was reareil and in the common schools was educateil. When a young man of twenty-two years lie resolved to li'y his fortune in the new world, reaching Princeton on the 8lli of June, 1851. From that lime until his death he resided continuously in Bureau county save for the period of the year 1807 which he spent in Iowa. In the sjiriiig of 18G9 he removed to what is now the old lioniestead farm of three hundred and forty acres on section 25, Manlius township. Thronghoiit his entire life he carried on agricultural |)ursuits and year after year engageil in the tilling of the soil with the result that his labm-s were followed hy good crops and he was thus enal)led to add annually to his income.

On the 2(!th of August. IStiO. Mr. OlolFson was married to Badiel (Hosier) Clary, wlio was born in Indiana in 183(1. Her lirsl husband, a native of Ohio, died iu Iiidiaiia|iiilis. Indiana, in 18ti3, being at that time a mi'nJicr of Company (i of the Fort v-scveii 111 Indiana Infantrv. lie left two chil- dreu: Joliu Clary, wliu was Ijoiii Juul' Vi, iSOb, and was married September 13, Ititi'^, to Jilla J. Scott, a native of Bureau county, tlleir home being now in Whiteside county; and Sylvester M., who was boru April ID, 1SG2, and is a laniier of Bureau township. On the lUlh of February, 1886, he wedded Jiiiss Mary E. Garniau, who died August 10, ISDU, and he was married November 'J, isys, to Miss Emma Bearfoot, of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Ololfson were born four children. Francis A. was married, October 30, 1889, to Miss Ida Lattey, of Bureau township. Minnie A. was married October 20, 1892, to Edward C. Olson, a resident farmer of Manlius township. William A. is following farming in ilanlius township upon the old homestead. Ora J. Garlield is yet at home.

Mr. Ololfson was a member of the United Brethren church and his influence was ever given on the side of right, progress and improvement. He voted with the republican party and in all matters of citizenship he was loyal and faithful, having a deep attachmeiit for his adopted country. He served his community as school director and was considered a good man, worthy the respect of all who knew him. As the years passed by he won success as the reward of his earnest and indefatigable labor and thus when he was called from this life on the 24th of September, 1902, he was enabled to leave his family in comfortable financial circumstances. Mrs. Ololfson still remains upon the old homestead in Manlius township, where she has about one hundred acres of land.

Benjamin F. Metcalf

Benjamin F. Metcalf, engaged in farming and stock-raising in La Moille, his native township, began his life record here on the 22d of April, 1866. He is a representative of one of the old New England families. His father, Frederick C. Metcalf, was born in Williamstown, Vermont, November 14, 1822, and during the pioneer epoch in the history of Bureau county came to Hlinois, where he has resided continuously since the j'ear 1839. He married Sarah Ann Hubbard, a native of Pennsylvania, and for many years they traveled life's journey together but were separated by the death of the wife on the 26th of December, 1905. Mrs. Metcalf was then seventy-eiglit years of age, her birth having occurred on the 26th of June, 1827, while Mr. Metcalf has attained the very venerable age of eighty-four years. They were married in Pennsylvania, June 10, 18.55, and became the parents of six clnldren: Sahara N., Rodolpho, Harriett, Benjamin F., Buena Vista and Maebell. Of this number Harriett and Maebell are deceased.

Benjamin F. Metcalf, whose name introduces this record, entered the public schools at the usual age and completed his education in Dixon (Hlinois) Business College. He was reared to farm life and has never felt a desire to change his occupation, gaining pleasure and proht from the iaithiui disctiarge oi his daily duties. He now owns one hundrea and sixty acres of land and the farm is well improved with good buildings, which stand in the midst of tine old shade trees that were planted ILtty years ago by his parents and now make tlie place a most attractive one, suggestmg coolness and relief from the hot sun upon a suinmers day. He has resided ahnost continuously in this county, although at the age of twenty-two years he went west to Tacoma, ^\ ashingtou, where he remained for five years, later spending eight \'ears in S23okane. He then returned to the old homestead, where he has resided continuously since, and his time and attention are now given to the farm, his labors being attended with a gratifying measure of success.

Mr. Metcalf was married to Miss Josephine Liudley, who was born in Eureka, Humboldt Bay, in Humboldt county, California, August 25, 1858, aud became a resident of Bureau county, Illinois, in February, 1901. She was educated in California, a daughter of Eliliu and Martha Jane (Darnell) Lindley, the former a native of Louisville, Kentucky, and the latter of Indianapolis, Indiana. In the year 1849 Mr. Lindley went to Eugene, Oregon, and afterward to California, where he died twenty-seven years ago, but the mother is still liviug in the Golden state.

Both Mr. aud Mrs. Metcalf are members of the Congregational church and are deeply aud helpfully interested in its work. In politics he is a republican and a strong Poosevelt man, while fraternally he is connected with the Modern Woodmen of America, holding membership in the lodge at La Moille. His business interests claim the greater part of his time and attention and he now feeds all that he raises to his stock, fattening stock for the market. This is a most important branch of Ms business and is bringing to him an excellent return, for his sales are extensive. Life is made up of varied experiences and Mr. Metcalf has had many opportunities to learn valuable lessons in this way through his sojourn in the west as well as in Bureau county. He is a self-made and broad-minded man and with his estimable wife is leading a happy life u])on tlie old homestead farm of the family in La Moille township.

Frank B. Peckham

FRANK B. PECKHAM. Frank B. Pcckham, engaged in the real estate business in Princeton, was horn in Tiskilwa, this county, in 1863, a son of James and Harriet (Head) Peckham, both of whom were of Englisli birth, natives of Brighton and London respectively. The father has now passed away but the motlier resides in Tampico, Illinois. On cornins to the new world James Peckham made his way to Chicago and about fifty years ago ar- rived in Bureau county. He establislied his home south of Tiskihva, where he lived for a few years and then spent five years lialf way between Princeton and Tiskilwa. Subsequently he removed to a farm on Green river, where he resided until a year or two prior to his death, when he took up his abode in Tampico. He was a farmer by occupation and was the owner of two hundred and eighty acres of valuable land, from which he derived a handsome income. In politics he was a democrat, but was not particularly active in political work. He and his wife held membership in the Episcopal cliurch in Tiskilwa during their residence there. Jlen who knew him respected him and those who came within the closer circle of his acquaintance gave him their warm friendship. In the family were nine children, five sons and four daughters, all of whom are living. The eldest daughter was born in England and the eldest son in Chicago. Three of the family are still residents of this county: William, who follows farming near New Bedford; ?^Irs. K. M. Heaton, of Wyanet; Frank B., of this review. The other members of the family are Thomas, Albert and David, who follow farming in Allen county, Kansas; Mrs. F. W. Smith, of Tampico; and R. M. Kumler and Mrs. H. S. Palmer, of Minneapolis.

Frank B. Peckham was reared in this county to the occupation of farming, which he followed on the old homestead until eighteen years of age. He has since owned a farm and sometimes has owned two or more. For the past twenty years he has been engaged in the real estate business, mainly handling farm properties, and few men in this line are more thoroughly acquainted with realty values than he - a fact which enaiiles him to make judicious investments and profitable sales. He has negotiated many important realty transfers and has an excellent clientage in his chosen field of business.

Mr. Peckham was married in Princeton to Miss Martha M. Moses. She was born in Petersburg, New York, in 1866, a daughter of Professor S. W. anil Mary E. ( Hovey ) Moses, wiio became residents of Princeton twenty-nine years ago. Her father was a well-known professor of music, a violinist of rare ability and teacher of violin, piano and many other branches of music. In 188.5 he opened a mu.sic store which he conducted for a number of years. He died in April, 1901, and his loss was deeply felt in musical circles. Mrs. Peckham is very prominent in musical circles and has composed a number of vocal and instrumental pieces. She was reared in Princeton and studied music with her father a number of years, and later she continued her work in musical theorv at the American Conservatory of :Music. under' Mr. Adolf Weidig. Two cliildren o-race this union: Solon Moses, who was born in Chicago during a temporary residence in that city; and Mary Hovey, who was born in Princeton.

The son and daughter are both now in school. The parents are members of the Cliristian Science church, and in political faith Mr. Peckham is a repul)li(an. Having resided almost their entire lives in this county, they have a wide acquaintance and are prominent socially, while in business circles Mr. Peckham has made a creditable name.

The farming interests of Fairlieid towuslii]) are well represented by Marcus II. Thackaberry, who is living on section 'iO, where he owns and o\HiTates seven hundred and twenty acres of valuable land, all in one body, and improved witii three sets of farm buildings. His holdings, however, are much more e.xtensive, making him one of the leading landowners of this part of the county.

His birth occurred in Fairfield township in 1860 upon the farm whidi is now his place of residence, his parents being ^larcus and Mary (Gregg) Thackaberry, who were early residents of Princeton, coming from Pennsylvania to Bureau county in 1853. The father was born in Queens county, Ireland, April 25, 1817, while the grandfather was a native of Germany, whence he emigrated to the Emerald isle. Marcus Thackaberry, Sr., leaving the latter country in 1816, sailed for the new world, attracted by the broader Inisiness opportunities liere alTorded. He was first employed in a foundry in N'ew York, where he remained until 1850, when he went to Pennsylvania, where he resided until his removal to Bureau county, Illinois, in 1853. In this county he retired from industrial |iursuits an<l turned liis attention to agricultural interests. He first rented a farm four miles north of Princeton and in its cultivation he won a measure of success that enabled him in 1857 to purchase eighty acres of land. He invested in property to that amount in Fairfield township and grailually he extended the boundaries of liis property until at one time he was the owner of five liundrcd and twenty acres of valuable land in Fairfield township. His life was indeed a busy, useful and active one, and his unremitting diligence was crowned with a gratifying measure of success. Ili^; death occurriMl December 18, 1880. when lie had reached the age of seventy-two years. He was married in Dublin, Ireland, to Miss Mary Gregg, a native of that city. She still survives him and is now living in Fair- Held township at a very advanced age, having passed the eighty-eighth milestone on life's journey on the 6th of May. 1!)06.

Marcus 1?. 'J'hackaberry spent tlie days of his l)ovhood and youth in his parents' home, where he worked at farm labor when not busy with his text-books until twenty-one years of age. His father gave him eighteen dollars per month for his services, and with the money thus earned he paid his wav through college, lie left home to attend school at Valparaiso. Indiana, where he was a student in the Xortiu'rn Indiana Normal College in 1881 and 1882. He was preparing for the study of law and after leaving that institution he engaged in teaching for some time, proving a capable educator, the schools under his charge making satisfactory progress. However, he determined to engage in farming as a life work and rented a farm of his father until the latter's death. He made his first purchase of land in 1884, becoming owner of a tract in Fairfield township. He afterward bought one hundred and twenty acres, adjoining the old homestead upon which his birth occurred, and subsequently he purchased the interest of the other heirs in the home property and thus acquired sole ownership. He has added to his hohlinus from time to time as opportunity has offered until he now owns seven hundred and twenty acres all in one body in Fairfield township, but this by no means represents his entire acreage, for he has four hundred and thirteen acres in Whiteside county and a half interest in two hundred and twenty acres southeast of the city of Princeton in Princeton township. He also owns eighty acres within eighteen miles of the Cook countv courthouse and an extensive tract of nine hundred and sixty acres in Beadle county. South Dakota, which ranch is stocked with horses and cattle, and all his different farms are well stocked with cattle, horses and hogs. He also has a section of land at Saskatchewan, Canada. He has been continuously engaged in agricultural pursuits since he started for liimself in 1883. He was somewhat in debt at that time but he soon cleared away all financial obligations and has accumulated property until he has readied his present extensive holdings. He likewise has a fine herd of shorthorn Durham cattle, having handled this grade of cattle for the past ten years. He also raises Poland China hogs and as a stockman as well as a land owner is well known, success attending his ventures in that direction.

Mr. Thackaberry was married to Miss Clara Shugert, of Princeton, a daughter of Philip and Rel^ecca Shugert, botii now deceased. They were early residents of this county, coming in 1850, and for a long period they resided in Princeton. The father died February's. lilOf, at the age of eighty-one years, wliile the mother, who was born in Ohio, May 25, 1825, passed away in June, 1885, at the age of sixty years. Unto Mr. and Mrs. Thackaberry have heen born four children, three of whom still survive : Shugert, who was born November 0, 1890; Lucile, born December 31, 1895; and Margaret, born August 31, 1898. The children are all now in school. The eldest daughter. Fern, who was the second in order of birth, died March 3, 1904, when almost ten years of age.

Politically Mr. Thackaberry is an earnest republican and has served as township clerk, as collector, as justice of the peace and in other offices for a long period, but at the present time is filling no position of political preferment. His fidelity in citizenship, however, is above question and it is a well known fact that his co-operation can be counted upon to further and support any movement for tiie puiilic good. He ami his family are members of the Christian church, and in the work of which they are deeply interested. Mr. Thackaberry has had a remarkable and most successful career since he began dealing in real estate. He is a man of action rather than theory, forms his plans readily and is determined in their execution. Among the most energetic, enterprising and successful business men of the county he is numbered and he is now controlling vast business interests, while in the world of trade his keen discernment and careful management are widely recognized as the basis of his prosperity. His methods are such as will bear the closest investigation and scrutiny and therefore the most envious cannot well grudge him his success. He is well known as a man of courteous manner, unflinching principle and unquestioned integrity and yet withal he possesses that practical common sense which never runs to extremes. He has contributed greatly toward assisting others in various ways.

Charles Decker

Charles Decker, deceased, who occupied a prominent position among the citizens of sterling worth in Princeton, was born in the village of Magee, Seneca county. New York, March 1, 1849. His father, William Decker, was a native of the town of Tyre, Seneca county, born July 21, 1818. The grandfather, Jeremiah Decker, was a native of Vermont, while the great-grandfather was born in Holland, and became the founder of the family in the new world. In the year 1843 William Decker was united in marriage to Margaret Magee, a daughter of John and Mary (McNeil) Magee, of Argyle, New York. Six children were born of this mari-iage: William Clarence, Charles, George, John, Edward and Ella. George died in early manhood, while the remaining four sons and one daughter lived to years of maturity. Edward resides on a farm near Providence. Ella is the wife of L. Maynard and lives on the old Maynard homestead, a half mile east of Providence.

William Decker spent thirty-four years in his native town, after which he removed to Virginia, where he remained until the outbreak of the Civil War. in 1861. He then came to Illinois, and spent four years in Fayette county, subsequent to which time he located in Bureau county, about a mile south of Providence, there residing until a few years prior to his death, when he left the old homestead and removed to Tiskilwa, where he died December 9, 1888, at the age of seventy-one years. He and his wife were members of the Providence Congregational church, and he was a man of genuine integrity and of unshaken honor. William

Mes. Ciiaklks Dkckeij

Clarence Decker, his eldest son, was born at Magee, Seneca county. New York, and in 1865 came with his father to Bureau county, where he resided upon a farm until his removal to Bradford, Stark county, this state, lie there engaged in the stock business and subsequently went to Chicago and accepted a position in the Columbia Live Stock Commission Company as its president, in the year 1892. He had a wide and favorable acquaintance among shippers and stockmen generally, and was highly esteemed for his e.xceptionally honest and Christian character. He died in Englewood, Illinois. January 19, 1898, leaving a widow and two daughters.

Charles Decker, whose name introduces this record, resided in Seneca county, New Y'ork, until his father's removal to Virginia, where he lived for about nine years, coming to Bureau county at the age of fourteen. He remained with liis father upon the home farm near Providence until he began farming on his own account, at the time of his marriage to Miss Janet Hillis Jardinc, of Providence, Illinois, a daughter of James anil Mary (Murray) Jardine, the latter a daughter of IVter Murray, who was one of the earliest settlers in the Providence colony, coming from Ayrshire, Scotland. His eldest child, Janet H. Jardine, was born in iluirkirk. Scotland, May 18, 1851, and in 1859 accompanied lier parents to Tiskihva, while a few years later they located at Providence, where she resided until her marriage to Charles Decker. There were four children born of this union: Jessie M., the wife of C. A. Dexter, of Providence ; William J., Edna M. and Cora B.

Following his nuirriage Charles Decker engaged in stock-raising to some extent, living on what is knov\Ti as the Dorr Hill farm of eight hundred acres lor thirteen years, during which time he bought and shipped horses and cattle. He was a natural horseman, took great pleasure in raising fine horses, and in his earlier years raised and trained a well-known pacer, Wood Shedd, with a record of 2:09i4. In the year 1892 he purchased the old homestead of one hundi'ed and sixty acres. a mile south of Providence, and took up his abode thereon, making it his home until 1900, when h(' removed to Princeton, where he died on the 51h ol' June, 1904.

Mr. Decker was a man who was never idle. He was of a very practical turn of mind and of a retiring and modest disposition. He won and kept the regard of his many I'riends, to whom he was always loyal, and his word was as good as his bond. He was ever in sympathy with anything that was for the benefit of the community and county in which he lived, and his co-operation could"be always depended upon. He acted as road commissioner' in Indiantown tor some years while living there, and was also school ilirector at Dorr Hill '"and later at Providence. He was much interested in the building of the new school house there whib' aciitig as director, and the cause of education ever found in iiini a stalwart friend. In 1898 he united with the Providence church, and on coming to Princeton he and the other mendjers of the family transferred their membership to the First Congregational ciiurch. where he was acting as one of the trustees at the time of his death. Mr. Decker left a widow and four children, the eldest l)eing Mrs. C. A. Dexter, who resides with hei' husband and two children, Erma and Esther, on the 'I'homas Dexter fann, near Providence. William John, the second child and only son, is engaged in the jewelry business at (Iranville. Putnam county, Illinois, while the two (laughters, Edna and Cora, are with their mother in Princeton.

John Richard Dale

John Richard Dale, who has devoted his entire life to farming ami now has an excellent tract of land in Manlius townsiiij), under a high state of cultivation, was born in Bureau county, March 31, 1859, and is a son of Thomas Eclward and Eliza (Spargo) Dale, who are mentioned on another page of this work in connection with the history of their son, Thomas Henry Dale.

Reared under tiie parental roof. John R. Dale at the usual age began attending the common schools and tlnis pursiunl his education in Fairfield townsbi]i. His training at farm labor was not meager, for from an eariv ago he began to assist in the work of the fiehls and soon l)ecame familiar with the tasks of plowing, planting and harvesting. He has never desired to engage in other business as a life work, but on the contrary lias i)een fully content with fanning, which Ceorge Washington said, "is the most useful as well as the most honorable occu]iation of man." On starting out in business for himself he rented eighty acres, which he cultivated and improved. Later, in connection with his brother. Thomas H. Dale, he rented two hundred and forty acres, which at the end of four years thev purchased. In 1893 they bought two hundred and forty acres more adjoining their original purchase and wbicii formerly belonged to their father. Subsequently thev added to their property until their hoMings embraced six hundred acres in all. They were thus closely associated in business for a number of years, or until 1903, when they divided the property, John R. Dale retaining two hundred acres as his share. This constitutes his homestead farm and is a verv valuable and desindile property. The fields are now well tilled and bring forth rich harvests and all of the modern equipments and acccs,sories of a moilel farm are found upon bis place. He has devoted his entire life to general agricultural pursuits and he is al^o a stockholder in the Farmers' Elevator Company of Manlius.

Jane Smith, of Gold township, a daughter of Robert Hamilton and Jane Rebecca (Murphy) Smith. Her father was born in Ireland, February 2, 1829, and came to America when eighteen years of age, spending his last days in Sheffield, 'where he died June 30, 1905, at the age of seventy-six years. When he first reached America he located in Phoenixvillc. Pennsylvania, where he resided for five years prior to his removal to Bureau county, where he spent his remaining days.

Mr. Dale is a democrat, but takes no active part in politics aside from exercising his right of franchise in support of the men and measures of his party. He has always lived in Bureau county and therefore has a wide acquaintance, while good qualities have made him favorably known and gained for him warm friendship.

Mr. McCabe is an enterprising agriculturist of Bureau county, having accumulated large landed intersts from which he derives an excellent income. He is a man of good business ability and straightforward dealing and is highly respected bv his many business and social friends.

William ilcCabe, owning and operating six hundred and eighty acres of land in Gold and Alba townships, is a native son of Bureau county, his parents being Michael and Hannah McCabe. both natives of Ireland. The parents emigrated to America in 1850, settling in Bureau county. where the father followed farming throughout his remaining days. Both the father and mother are now deceased.

William McCabe, whose name introduces this review, was reared to farm life, assisting his father in the task of cultivating the home place and thus receiving practical experience which fitted him to later carry on business on his own account. He received his education in the schools of his home township and later attended a normal school for three terms at Geneseo. He later started out in business on his own account, following the occupation to which he had been reared. He has been very successful in his farming operations and each year lias added to his financial resources, until today he is the owner of extensive landed interests, having six hundred and eighty acres of valuable land situated in Gold and .Vlba townships. On his place are found good buildings for the shelter of grain and stock and he uses the latest improved farm machinery to facilitate his work.

In 1893 Mr. McCabe was united in marriage to ^liss Emma Burden, of Fairfield township, and unto them have l)een born three children. Mr. McCabe was appointed to act as supervisor of Gold township, filling out the unexpired term of F. W. Morrasy, in which capacity he served for eight months, and on the expiration of that period he was elected to the office, having served altogether for the past two years, and is the present incumbent. In politics he is a democrat and in religious faith he and his wife are Catholics.

Edwin Bass

Edwin Bass, who owns and occupies a good farm of two liundred and fifty acres in Berlin, his native township, was born April 23, 1856, and is a representative of one of the pioneer families of Bureau county. His father, Edwin Bass, Sr., was born in Connecticut, January 28, 1816, and having arrived at years of maturity was married in 1842 to Emeline J. Stannard, who was born in the state of New York, ilay 3, 1824. In their family were the following named : Caroline, deceased; Lucian : Luther G. ; Sidney and Charlotte, both deceased; Oscar S. ; Edwin; Heber and Howard, twins, also deceased; Wallace, and Alonzo C.

Edwin Bass of this review spent the days of his boyhood and youth upon his father's farm, where he was early trained to the work of the fields. He was also afliorded good educational privileges and after attending the public schools of Dover became a student in the academy there, completing his course at the age of twenty-two years. Farming has been his life work from choice and his labors have been attended with a measure of success that makes him one of the prosperous agriculturists of the community. Since 1882 he has lived upon his present farm, having now two hundred and fifty acres of land, wliich is now valued at one hundred and fifty dollars per acre, owing to the natural rise in land values consequent upon the rapid settleiiu'iit of the county and also owing to the many substantial improvements which he has put upon his place. He raises Poland China pigs and Durham cattle and his well tilled fields produce good crops of com, oats and hay.

On the 23d of February, 1882, at Maiden, Mr. Bass was married to Miss Lydia A. Steele, who was born in Berlin township. Bureau county, April 22, 1860, and acquired a public school education in Maiden. Her parents were Robert and ^fary (Black) Steele, both natives of Ireland, the former horn July 12, 1826, and the latter in 1824. ^Ir. Steele came to Illinois in 1854 and his family numbers four sons and four daughters, namelv : ]\rargaret. ^farv A., Bobert B., Lvdia A., Sanford F., Eliza J.'. Enos S. and William. The last named is now deceased. Unto Mr. and .Mrs. Bass have been born six children : Emma Ij., born January 9, 1883 ; George S.. April 6, 1884; Nellie ^tay, who was born September 18, 1885, ami died September 5. 190(1 - Pearl I., born

The political support of Mr. Bass is given to the republican party anil he ha.s l)eon called to local office, serving now for the third year as road commissioner of his township, while for si.\ years he has been a school director. His membership with the Baptist church covers tliirtyfour years and the family are also communicants thereof. His entire life, covering a half century, has been passed in Berlin township and in the years of his manhood he has so directed his business affairs that success has resulted and his record proves the value of integrity, enterprise and perseverance as factors in prosperity.

Wixfeed K. Trimble

Wiufred Kenneth Trimble, engaged in the practice of law at the bar of Bureau county, Illinois, was born in Princeton, July 25, 18G7. His parents were Harvey Jlarion and Margaret (Dakin) Trimble, whose records are detailed elsewhere in tliis volume.

Winfred K. Trimble entered the public schools of Princeton at the usual age and continued his studies until graduated from the Princeton high school in the class of 1885. He immediately entered the employ of J. W. Templeton, as clerk in the postoffice in Princeton, which position he resigned in the spring of 1886 to engage in tho real estate business in Omaha, Nebraska, where he remained two years, leaving there at the cessation of the real estate boom to accept the offer of employment with Wemott. Howard & Company, of St. Paul, Minnesota. While at home on a vacation in 1889 he assisted J. W. Bailey, then supervisor of census, as the result of which service he was asked to come to Washington, D. C, and accejit a position in the census office under Robert P. Porter, then superintendent of census, which offer he accepted, as it afforded him the opportunity he had long desired, to attend the Columbian (now the George Washington) University to fit himself for the practice of law. He occupied his position in the census office (a part of the interior department of tho government) for nearly three years, during which time he pursued his studies at the Columbian University law school, from which he graduated in the spring of 1892, with tho degree of Bachelor of Laws.

In September, 1892. he resigned his position with the census office and settled in Braidentown, Manatee county. Florida, in which state he was immediately admitted to the bar and began the practice of law, and where ho remained until the fall of 1898. when he returned to Princeton to accept the oppointment of deputy county clerk, which position he filled for two years. He was manager of the Jasper County ( Missouri) Abstract Company and receiver of the International Zinc Company, at Joplin, Missouri, in 1901. After the alfairs of both of these companies had been elosed he returned to Princeton to accept the appointment of master in chancery of Bureau county, which position ho held for four years. In addition to his individual law practice he is now assisting his father, Judge H. M. Trimble, as receiver of the Spring Valley Xational Bank, of Spring Valley, Illinois.

Mr. Trimble has always been a pronounced advocate of the ])riuciples of the republican party and has always stood ready to perform his share of the work to ])romote the success of the party.

He was married May 23, 1894, to Clara Mc- Neill Stoody, a native of Xew Philadelphia, Tuscarawas county, Ohio. While they resided in Florida they had two children born to them, Winfred Edward, born March 11, 1895; and an infant son. born .\]iril 7, 189T, who died on ^fay 6, 18!)7. Since removing to Illinois, a daughter, Clara Elizabeth, was born to them on October 19, 1905.

Mr. Trimble is a member of the Elks lodge of Joplin, Missouri, and a member of the Knights of Pythias lodge, the Masonic blue lodge, the chapter of the council of Princeton, Illinois, and of Oriental Consistory and Medinah Temple of the ilystic Shrine, of Chicago, Illinois.

James E. Stothard

James E. Siothard, engaged in farming and stock raising in Clarion township, was born in Michigan, November 20, 18G3. His parents were James E. and Mary E. (Headland) Stothard. who were natives of England and came to America at an early age. settling in Michigan. In their family were twelve children. Their son, James E. Stothard, the fourth in order of birth, was. like the other members of the household, educated in tho common schools of Bureau county. He was early trained to farm labor and instructed in the value of industry, frugality and diligence as factors in the acquirement of success. Throughout his entire life he has carried on general agricultural jnirsuits and he now has charge of fifty acres of land, owning the stock thereon. He is well known as a stock raiser and one whose opinion is seldom at fault in his valuation of farm animals. Possessing energy and unfaltering determination, he carries forward to successful completion whatever he undertakes and has thus gained a L'ood living for himself and family as the years have passed by.

It was on the 12th of Septendier. 1894. in La Moille. that Mr. Stotiiard was married to Miss Leah D. Dougherty, who was born in Ohio, May 3, ISfifi. Bv this marriage there are two children: Dale E., born February 13, 190.1; and Chester X., born Augusl 38, 1904. Mrs. Stothard is a daughter of John J. and Martha T. (Norman) Dougherty and a native of Coshocton county, Ohio. She became a resident of Ilinois in 1878, when her parents removed to this state, bringing with them their four children, of whom Mrs. Stothard was the eldest.

Interested in the political questions which affect the welfare of community, state and nation, Mr. Stothard gives his support to the republican party, the principles of which he has advocated since age conferred upon him the right of franchise. He is a man of genial, pleasant disposition and kindly spirit, recognizing the rights of others and never taking advantage of the necessities of his fellowmen in any business transaction. He works for the best interests of the community at large, while at the same time laboring for his individual success in business affairs and during his residence in this county he has eagerly availed himself nf the opportunities which may alwavs be secured by those who desire a prosperous business life and have the will to dare and to do.

Joseph Henry Eickmeier

Joseph Henry Eicknieier. now identitied with farming interests in Bureau township, was born in the city of Princeton, December 31, 1859. His parents, Joseph and Ricke Eickmeier, were both natives of Holland and came to the United States in the '50s, locating first in St. Louis, Missouri, where they renuiined for about two years. On the expiration of that period they came to Princeton, where Mr. P^ickmeier worked at the carpenter's trade for some time, being identified with the early building operations in that city. He was afterward engaged in the milling business and later he turned his attention to farming, which he carried on a short distance south of Princeton. For the past thirty years, however. lie has not been actively engaged in business and at the present writing makes his home in Kansas with one of his daugiiters. He has attained the age of eighty-one years and is now in quite feeble health. His wife died of consumption in April, 1875.

Joseph Henry Eickmeier acquired his education in the old Holiday school in Dover township, where he mastered the branches of learning usually taught in such institutions. In his youth he also performed various labors such as devolve upon the farmer lad and lie assisted his father to the age of twenty-five years, when he was married to Miss Laura V. Stiles, who was born May 4, 1868, in Bureau township, upon the farm where they are now living. She is a daughter of Alvah and Elvira (Darin) Stiles. Her fatlier, who was born in Greene county, Ohio, Februarv 23, 1831, died in Princeton, October 13, 1900, at the age of sixty-nine years, seven months and twenty days. He was married in 1853 to iliss Elvira Darin, and came to Bureau county in 1855, at which time he took up his abode on a farm north of Princeton and there resided until 1893. He then removed to the county seat, where he lived until his death. His widow survived him for more than five years and passed away on the 16th of January, 1906. The home of Mr. and Mrs. Eickmeier has been blessed with eight children, namely: Milton, Alvah, Georgie, Elvira, Marion, Lester, Laura and Lillian.

At the time of his marriage Mr. Eickmeier began farming on his own account and has since carried on general agricultural pursuits with the result that he is today one of the prosperous farmers of his community, owning two hundred and eighty-six acres of good land which is very rich and arable, returning excellent harvests for the care and labor which he bestows upon the fields. He is largely engaged in the cultivation of corn and oats and he also raises considerable stock, making a specialty of Poland China hogs.

He and his family are members of the Wesleyan Methodist church of Bureau township and are interested in its work and growth. Mr. Eickmeier has spent much of his life in his native county, but in 1885 he went with his family to Nebraska, where he engaged in farming for sixteen years. Five years ago he returned to this county and in 1905 he purchased the Stiles farm, which he has since been operating. His life has been one of unremitting diligence and perseverance and he has brooked no obstacles that he could overcome by determined and earnest effort. Realizing that labor is the basis of all success, he has by his close application to his business nuide steady progress and is now a leading agriculturist of Bureau township.

Herman H. Krooss

HERMAN H. KROOSS. Herman H. Krooss, a public-spirited citizen and one whose business interests have contributed to the agricultural development and progress of the community as well as to his individual success, now resides in La Moille township, where he is engaged in raising stock and in operating a large clay bed. He was born in La .Salle county, Illinois. August 21, 1870, and the following year was brought to Bureau county by his parents, Henry and Sophia (Wiegman) Krooss, who were natives of Germany and came to America in IHtiii. Four children were born of this union, of whom Herman H. is the youngest. Educated in the public schools of La Moille township, after putting aside his text-books he began farming and also maniiracturinu brick and tile and is a leading repr('S(>ntative of the agricultural and industrial interests of this part of the county. Ho now owns a tract of one hundred and twenty-five acres adjacent to the village of Ija Moille and constituting a very valuable plate. He raises and feeds stock, using all of the products of his fields in this way. He owns the old homestead property which he occupies and there is a large deposit of clay, suitable for the manufacture of brick and tile, upon this farm. There is also a large factory for converting the clay into the finished product and the plant is now in full operation. Mr. Krooss is a very enterprising, wide-awake and active business man and owes his success entirely to his own efforts. He possesses superior business ability and executive force and brooks no obstacles that may bo overcome by determined and honorable etl'urt. He is now carefully supervising his farming and mauutacturing interests imtil they bring him a handsome income and as the years pass his success will undoubtedly be largely increased.

Mr. Krooss is a member of the Modern Woodmen camp. No. 227, and in his political views is an earnest republican. He holds mpmi)prshi]i in the Congregational church and his life is devoted to much that is elevating and helpful in the development of honorable character. In manner he is genial, kindly and approachable, according to all the courtesy of an interview, and in relation to the general welfare he is regarded as a publicspirited and valuable citizen, whose efforts have been effective for tlie promotion of the general good, his labors being at all times of a practical as well as progressive nature.

of the latter, a condition that is very essential to the prosperity and happiness of commuuities and indiviiluals. His niind is well stored with useful knowledge, actjuired both from reading and observation, and liis plain and unassuming ways make him a most desirable and useful citizen.

T. Clark Hays

Among the residents of Wyanet to whom has been vouchsafed an honorable retirement from business cares and labors, is numbered T. Clark Hays, who in former v'ears was an active factor in commercial circles. He was born July 5, 1836, in Clinton county, Ohio, his parents being Elijah and Rachel (Thatcher) Hays. The father came with his family to Bureau county from Clinton county, Ohio, in 184.3, and took up his abode in Wyanet township, where he followed farming and made his home until his death, which occurred in 1871.

T. Clark Hays was reared in Bureau county and was educated in the common schools, wliile for one year he was a student in the .Fames H. Smith select school in Princeton, and later in Abingdon (Illinois) College. He engaged in teaching for several years in his early manhood - from 1856 until 1867 - and received his first certificate from .\aron B. Church, school commissioner.

'Nfr. Havs is a man of parts. He does his own thinking and looks at life rroni a phi]oso])hioal standpoint. He is not an extreme optimist nor is he in any sense a pessimist, biit his logical mind enables him to pilot his lifeboat between the elation of the former and the depression

Andrew C. Swanson, whose homcsioad property comprises eighty-tive acres of rich laud in Maulius township and who has liuancial holdings in business interests in the village of Alaulius, was born in Odeshog, Liiikoping, Sweden, November 24. 184 T. His parents. Swan and Hannah (Johnson) Anderson, were also natives of Sweden and there spent their entire lives as farming people. Their son Andri'w, reared and educated in his native country, came to America in ISG'J wiien twentyone ycais of age, hoping to improve las liuancial tondition by enjoying the broader business opportunities that he had heard were afforded in the new world. He did not tarry in the east but came at once to the middle west, settling first in Princeton, after which he went to Tiskilwa. For two years he was employed at farm labor by Hart Jlorris and then, desiring that his work should more directly benefit himself, he l)egan renting farms and thus tilled the soil for six years. On the expiration of that period he took up his abode in Maidius township and purchased eighty-live acres, constituting his present homestead property. This is now well improved. A few years ago, however, he was unfortunate in having all of his buildings, fences and other imjirovements upon his place destroyed in a cyclone, entailing a severe loss. He has, however, rebuilt and now has modern and substantial structures upon his place, indicative of the progressive spirit of the owner. He is wideawake, energetic and enterprising in all tliat he does and he has become a stockholder in the Manlius Elevator & Coal Company and also in the First State Bank of Manlius. Wlu'n we consider that he came to this country empty-handed, having little more than would ])ay his passage to the newworld, his success seems indeed remarkable and his example, characterized by industry and integrity, may well be followed by others who desire to enter upon a successful and honorable business career.

Mr. Swanson was married Hecember 24, 1871, to Miss Emilv J. .\ndei-son, who wa.s born in Sweden. July !>, ISl."). and is a daughter <>f i'.wsand Hannah Anderson, farming |)eople of that country. They now have six children: .Anna Maria." who was born Septenil>er 22, 1872, and follows dressmaking in Joliet and Lockport. Illinois; Ada Josephine, who was born October 11, 1874, and is the wife of (Jeorge W. Dnhl. a rc-^ident fanner of Greenville township: Emma Matilda, who was born December 14, 18:6. and is the wife of Hermau Draper, who likewise follows farming in (jreeuville township: Erauk Alfred, who was born August I'J, IST'J, and married Edith Johnson, a daughter of Christian D. Johnson, and for tlie past two years has successfully engaged in farming on the Greenville place of one hundred and eighty-two acres; Jennie Amanda, who was born December 2, 1882, and is now the wife of Le Roy Banton, a machinist of Sterling. Illinois ; and Clarence Edward, who was born May IT, 188(j, and is at home, engaged in farming for himself. Mr. Swanson exercises his right of franchise in support of the men and measures of the republican party. In his business life he has recognized obstacles as well as possibilities and has overcome the former by determined effort, while improving the latter through his energy and industry. In all of his work he has been practical and during the years of his residence in Bureau county has arisen from a humble iinancial position to one of affluence.

David H. Law

David H. Law is one of the pioneer residents of Bureau county, having been brought to Illinois by liis parents in early boyhood. He has thus for a long period been a witness of the changes which have been wrought here as the work of civilization and improvement has been carried forward and his memory forms a connecting link between the primitive past and the progressive present. He can recall the days when many of the homes were log cabins, when much of the land was uncultivated and when one could ride for miles without coming to a fence or other sign of habitation to impede his progress.

His birth occurred in Windham county, Connecticut, November 9, 183.5, and he was educated in the private schools and in the Flaintield high school of that state. His parents were William A. and Polly (Henry) Law, who were also natives of Windham county, Connecticut, the former born December 27, 1810, and the latter December 29, 1813. They were married September 8, 1834. Mr. J jaw, wlio was a carpenter by trade, continued to follow that pursuit in Connecticut until September, 18.51. when he came to Illinois with his wife and three children. They journeyed from Connecticut to Worcester, Massachusetts, thence by rail to Buffalo, New York, and by steamer to Detroit. Michigan, whence they crossed that state by rail to St. Joseph, Michigan, where they embarked on a steamer for Chicago. They then proceeded down the Illinois and Michigan canal to La Salle and across the country by team to Indiantown, wliich is now Tiskilwa, stopping for dinner at the old I'rairie House at Princeton. They remained at Iiidiantown for about three or four months, after which they removed to Erencli Grove, now the town of Buda. Mr. Law began farming and on the 1st of April, 185G, he raised his house on section 3, Macon township, where he had one hundred and sixty acres oi wild prairie land. He split rails for fencing and in those early days shared in all of the hardships and privations incident to pioneer life. He never cared for public office yet kept well informed on questions and issues of the day. He preferred to give his time and energies to his business affairs, following farming and building, and his handiwork can yet be seen in the Blueville mill in Windham county, Connecticut. In addition to the tilling of the soil he built various bridges. He belonged to the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and was in hearty sympathy with the basic elements of that fraternity. He w'as also a consistent member of the Freewill Baptist church, and both he and his wife sang in the church choir at Chestnut Hill for a long peroid. His political allegiance was given to the democracy. He died in Bureau county, September 1, 18G0, and was long survived by his widow, who passed away December 5, 1900. In their family were six children : David H. ; Helen M., who was born March 9, 1838, and is the widow of Harrison Bray and a resident of Chicago; Alfred N., of Putnam, Connecticut, who was born September 7, 1840; Adeline F., who was born March 21, 1853, and died in infancy; and Dallas A., who was born November 26, 1856, and is living in Buda.

David H. Law was a youth of about sixteen years when he accompanied his parents on the long trip by water to Illinois. He shared with the family in the hardships and privations of pioneer life and as the years passed by he aided more and more largely in the work of the fields as his age and strength permitted. He has seen this county transformed from wild prairie into finely improved farms and witnessed the introduction of the railroad. lie saw the first passenger train that entered Buda, James R. Cottle being the engineer and Mr. Denny the conductor. He has seen wild geese, ducks and prairie chickens by the hundreds, also wild deer. Following his father's death he operated the home farm and assisted in caring for the family up to the time of his marriage. He added one hundred and sixty acres of land to his place, so that he is today the owner of three hundred and twenty acres, constituting a line farm, all of which is well improved with the excejiliou of about twelve acres of wild prairie which he keeps in remembrance of the old times and which is well worth looking at. He raises some stock and ships directly to Chicago.

David H. Law was married October 9, 1873, to Miss Lucy J. Fifield, who w^as born in Bureau county, May 13, 1850. and died July 28. 1900. She was a daughter of Saiiiui4 and Lurcna G. (Stevens) Fifield, both of whom were natives of Andover, New Hampshire. Her father died March 23, 1869, at the age of fifty years, while his wife passed away March 20, 1902, at the age of seventytwo vears. In their familv were ten children, of whoni seven are now living: Thomas J.j Lueien M. C; John S.; George; Chester D.; Frank; and Mary E., the widow of Charles Chichester. Mr. Fifield came to Illinois in the "408, locating at French Grove, now the town of Buda. He was one of the pioneer residents of that district and hewed out a farm in the midst of the wilderness and on the wild prairie, for the land which came into his possession was entirely uncultivated and unimproved. He held township otiices and was at one time postmaster of Buda, his election coming to him as a candidate of the democratic party. He held membership in the Masonic fraternity and was one of the organizers of Buda lodge.

The home of Mr. and ilrs. Law has been blessed with two children, but Willie, the elder, died in infancy. Ernest H., born September 21, 1878, was married December 24, 1903, to Miss Laura Anderson, who was born in Macon township March 28, 1883.

Mr. Law cares nothing for public office but supports the democracy and advocates the principles expounded by Jackson. He attends the Unitarian church and has lived a life which will bear close investigation and scrutiny, for in all of its varied relations he has been true to high standards of manly conduct and has never been known to take advantage of the necessities of his fellowmen in anv business transaction.

Charles L. Savage

CHARLES L. SAVAGE. Charles L. Savage, one of the oldest living residents of Bureau county, residing in Selby township, near Depue, was born in Morgan county, Illinois, August 5, 1831, and has made his home within three miles of his present location throughout his entire life. His paternal grandfatlier served in the Revolutionary war, being taken prisoner with Burgoyne. His wife was Hannah Rich, a native of Vermont. His father, Peter S. Savage, was a native of Cayuga county. New York, and was married in the east to Miss Dolly Shontz, a native of Pennsylvania. Gn leaving liis native state, Peter S. Savage went to Indianapolis, Indiana, making his way to that place by raft and ox team. In 1823 he made tlie shingles used for the old log state house there. In 1824 he went to Morgan county, Illinois, where he entered from the government a tract of land, on which the city of .(acksonx ilh' now stands, in 1831 he sold that tract to a syndicate for sixteen thousand dollars and the same year entered another tract in Putnam county, this state, which is now known as the Lebe Coyle farm. He then returned to Morgan county, where he spent the winter, but in the spring of 1832 came again to Putnam county, locating on a claim two and a half miles east of Hennepin, and here in the winter of 1833-34 his wife died, in 1835 he was again married, his >;f'rnnil union being with Mi.ss

Charlotte Hassler, and on the 1st of January, 1836, the family removed to Bureau county, settling on a farm on section 32, Selby township. After residing for a number of years on this place he removed to Labette county, Kansas, wliere lie resided until his death in IHHO, when he iiad reached the age of eighty-four years. In the family of Mr. and Mrs. Peter S. Savage were the following named: Jane lirst married George W. Venchioneur, who died at Hennepin in 1835, and after his death wedded .Ichn G. Greener, whose death occurred in I'.tOO, and she is also now deceased, her death having occurred jn 1853. James, who accompanied his brother .Morgan to California in 184G and became conspicuous as an Indian chief, having several tribes and fully three hundred warriors at his command, died in tiiat state many years ago. Morgan, who while en route to California, was married to Miss Anna Brisben, who became the mother of twelve children, died in 1904 at Corvallis, Oregon. Harriet is the wife of Perry Piper and resides at Princeton, Illinois. William and Silas both died in infancy. Charles L. is the next member of the family. John, who served as a soldier in the Civil war, resided for a number of years in Bureau county but later removed to Red Willow cnunty, Neliraska, and subsetjuently to Frccwatcr, Oregon, where his death occurred in 19(14 at the Soldiers' Home. There were also two daughters of Mr. Savage's second marriage: Ann, who became the wife of William Pi|ier and is now deceased ; and Amanda, who married Frank Walker and resides in Nebraska.

Charles L. Savage, having lost his mother when about two years of age, accompanied his father on his various removals and was reare<l to farm life, remaining at home and assisting in the operation of the home ]>lace until after he had attained his majority. He (hen, on the 8th of P'ehruary, 1853, was united in marriage to Mis-'o Henrietta Young, who has proved to him a faithful companion and helpmate on life's journey. He then statred out in life on his own account and was first employed at iireaking prairie and threshing. He has always been a hardworking, industrious man, and by the a.s«istance of his estimable wife he was enabled in a few years to purchase land of his own. adjoining the village of Depue, and with the exception of four vears spent in Depue continued to be their home for forty years but he recently sold this land to the Mineral I'oint Zinc Company, which corporation is expending five million dollars in the erection of a model plant. In 1894 he purchased ninety acres of land, which he made his home for several years bul which is now operated by his son Harry. In ^farch. 19(i|. lie iinught a farm of three hundred and twenty acres known as the Ren Smith farm, situated near Princeton, for whi<4i lie paid forty-seven thou.^and dollars, and in Januarv, 1905, he and his family removed to his home on section 34, Selby township. For over forty years Mr. Savage was also engaged as an auctioneer, having in 1862 taken up this line in connection with his farming interests. He has cried as high as ninety-eight sales, mostly on farm lands, in a year in northern Illinois, where his services have been highly satisfactory.

Unto Mr. and Mrs. Charles L. Savage have been born four sons: Charles Henry, born November 17, 1853, is a farmer and engineer, residing at Depue. He is married and his children are: Warron who is married; James; Mrs. Lillie Pajjkcc; Henrietta, the wife of John Soaburger; and Jlarv. James Martin Savage, born in January, 1855, died on the 35th of March, 1893. He had been married to Miss Betsy Olafson and of til is iiiiirriage there are two daugliters, Carrie, the wife of George Barnes, and Charlotte, who is the wife of John Marple. Perry Alvin Savage, born in 1869, died in 1882, when about thirteen years of age. Harry Charles Savage, born in 1871, and now operating the home farm, was married to Miss Nancy Fo.x and they have five children, Amanda, Morgan Charles, Lydia Carolee, Theodore, and baby.

Politically Mr. Savage lias always been an advocate of republican principles and has been a delegate to conventions of his party, and has alway- been an active campaign worker. He was i:residcnt of tlic Depue council for several years, served as deputy sheriff for four years under Sheriff Beatty, and as deputy provost marshal undei' Norton during the Civil war. He has also been a reporter for the mercantile agencies of Dunn, Douglas, Brock and others of Chicago and New York for over forty years.

Though starting out in life without capital, he possessed a strong will and through his perseveranc(! and industry is now in possession of a valuable ju-operty being classed among tlie well-to-do and influential citizens of Bureau county, where he and his family are highly esteemed. Over the record of his public and private career there falls no shadow of wrong, for he has ever been most loyal to the ties of friendship and citizenship, and his history well deserves mention on the pages of ill is volume.

James G. Laughlin

James G. Laughlin, who in former years was identified with asrieultural interests in Bureau county but for the past twenty years has lived retired in Princeton, where he took up his abode in 1885, was born in Bond county, Illinois, on the Cth of October, 1824, and is therefore in the eighty-second year of his age. His parents were Samuel Davis and Rebecca (Dunlavey) Laughlin, the latter a native of Ohio and the former of South Carolina. In the year 1807 Samuel D. Laughlin left his native state and with his parents removed to Brown county, Ohio, where in big youth he learned the blacksmith's trade, which lie followed until 1819. He then removed westward to Bond county, Illinois, where he engaged in business along the same line until 1830. In that year he Ijecame a resident of Putnam county, Illinois, and entered a fine farm of four hundred acres near the village of Florid, where he carried on general agricultural pursuits for a few years. He afterward lived retired until his death, which occurred in 1849, when he was fifty-two years of age. His wife died a few days before but in the same week. In their family were eight children, but only three are now living: James G., of Princeton; one a resident of Putnam county, Illinois, and another of Kewaunee, Wisconsin.

James G. Laughlin attended the public schools of Putnam county, Illinois, to which place he removed with his parents in his childhood. He also spent one year as a student in Galcsburg, Illinois, and received a good education. In his youth he learned the blackmith's trade with his father and was employed in that way for a short time, after which he purchased a farm in Putnam county, where he carried on general agricultural juirsuits until 1854. That year witnessed his arrival in Bureau county and he purchased land on section 18, Bureau township, whicli he converted into richly improved fields, carrying on general farming there for eight years. In 1868 he returned to Putnam county, Illinois, and settled in the village of Mount Palatine, where he entered into jiartnership with his brother John. They cstahlislied a lilacksmith and wagon shop and conducted a large business there for eight years, on tlie expiration of which period Mr. Laughlin of this review sold out and again turned his attention to farming near Mount Palatine, where he owned one hundred and sixty acres of land. He was tiius eniiagcd in general farming and stock-raising until 1885. He placed his fields uiulcr a high state of cultivation, carrying on his farm work along progressive, modern lines and each year he harvested rich crops, for which he found a ready sale on the market.

While residing in Putnam county Mr. Laughlin was married in Princeton on the 28th of November, 1850, to Julia Smith, a native of I\Iohawk, Herkimer county. New Y^ork, born in 1829, a daughter of Beriah H. Smith, who left the state of New York in 1847 and came to the west with his family, settling in Putnam county upon a farm, lie there carried on the work of the fields until the death of his wife, after which he sold the farm and removed to Princeton, whore lie lived retired at the home of Mr. Laughlin until his demise. There were nine children born unto Mr. and Mrs. Laughlin: Mary, who died at the age of forty years; Charles Emmet, who is engaged in the cultivation of rice in Louisiana; Antoinette, the wife of James A. McNabb, who is ensaged in the iiardwarc business in the town of McNabb, Put-

After Thaw This Week

Oiled road has this wnter more emphatically demonstrated its VcJue than ever before since road oiling began in this country. After the two days" thaw on last Tuesday and Wednesday, the oiled roads were in altogether better condition than the gravel roads.

The ground was frozen to a depth of twelve to fourteen inches - or even more in places, and the partial thaw is the worst possible condition for gravel roads. After the thaw is complete the gravel roads immediately become firm. But the partial thaw did not seem to affect the oiled roads. They were hard and apparently dry on the surface when the gravel roads were soft and sloppy. Of course, the better a road was oiled, the better it was in that emergency. A road that leist summer had three treatments of oil was much better than a road that had had only two. The effect of drainage was also plainly to be seen.

Better Oil

The success of oiling last year is attributed by Macon County Superintendent Hicks to the better quality of oil which was obtained. He says it was the best oil that the county ever used.

Camden Petroleum Company James G. Laugiilix

nam county, Illinois; John Bayard, who married Louise Fisher and is engaged in the lurniture business m Mount Vernon, Washington; Adelbert, a carpenter of \\yoniing; Jennie, the wife of Fred Lauder, of 8t. Joseph, Missouri; Samuel Fred, who married Eose I'ryor and is a farmer living in Wyanet township ; Howard F., of St. Joseph, Missouri; and Mabel, who died at the age of two vears. Mr. and Mrs. Laughlin also have an adopted daughter, Amanda Ferry, now the wife of L. Clay Barr, of Holdrege, Nebraska. The children were all given good educational privileges, most of them attending high school, while two of the daughters were teachers.

Since coming to Princeton in 1885 Mr. Laughlin has lived a retired life. He served for some time as justice of the peace in Putnam county and in politics has always been a stalwart republican. Both he and his wife are members of the Congregational church, and Mrs. Laughlin is an active worker in the Women's Christian Temperance Union. Their home is a nice large residence at No. 606 West South street and in addition to this property Mr. Laughlin owns a fine farm of one hundred and seventy acres in Wyanet township, whereon his son resides, and another of one hundred acres in Berlin township. He and his wife have spent much time in the past years in traveling, visiting their children in the south and west, together with many places of historic interest. He is one of the leading and well-to-do retired citizens of Princeton, with a business record that is honorable as well as successful, so that he justly merits the esteem which is uniformly accorded him.

Joseph H. Showalter

Joseph H. Showalter, a veteran of the Spanish- American war and editor and proprietor of the La Moille Gazette, was born April 30, 1873, in the village which is still his home, his parents being Henry and Mary A. (Sullivan) Showalter. The father was born in Wayne county, Ohio, March 30, 1833, and became a resident of La Moille township, Bureau county, Illinois, in 1857, wlien a young man of twenty-four years. He was married in !Mendota in ]S6:5 to Miss Mary A. Sullivan, whose birth occurred in the state of Xew York on March 25, 1838, and she became a resident of Illinois as early a? 1845, the family home being established at Oquawka, on the Mississippi river, whence she afterward removed to Troy Grove and later to Mendota, La Salle county Following the marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Henry Showalter they took up their abode in La Moille and unto them were born three children - Lewis, who died in 1869, at the age of three years; Lucy E., born May 25, 1871 ; and Joseph. The daughter was educated in the high school of La Moille and completed her studies in Dixon (Illinois) College.

After several years devoted to teaching she became principal of the public schools of Bristol, this state, and in 1893 she joined her brother Joseph in the newspaper business as an equal partner in the ownership of the La Moille Gazette. While visiting some relatives in Goshen, Indiana, and on the eve of her brother's departure for Cuba as a soldier of the Spanish-American war she died and thus Joseph H. Showalter was left the only surviving child of the family. The parents are still living in I^ Moille and he makes his home with them, performing every filial service and duty possible to aid and cheer them in the evening of life. The father is a blacksmith by trade and has thus long been identified with the industrial interests of the town.

In the public .schools of La Moille Joseph H. Showalter pursued his education. He remained at home through the period of his boyhood and youth and, becoming interested in military affairs, he joined Company K of the Sixth Illinois Infantry, w'ith which he served for two years as first sergeant, beginning in 1892. He was then elected second lieutenant of his company, was afterward appointed batallion adjutant, wjiile subsequently he was commissioned first lieutenant He served with the latter rank throughout the Spanish- American war and his identification with the National Guard of Illinois is in the same capacity at the present time. He went with the regiment to Porto Rico under General ^liles and became familiar with all the modern methods of campaigning.

Returning to his home, Mr. Showalter has since engaged in the publication of the La Moille Gazette, which is an excellent country newspaper, well edited and carefully published with regard to its appearance as a rej)resentative of the art preservative. He publishes the jiaper in the interests of the republican party and is a recognized leader in political circles, taking an active part in county and state politics, both as the champion of party principles through the columns of the Gazette and through personal effort. He is now serving as a nicm])er of tiie republican county central committee and has .served as a member of the village council. His efforts in behalf of the political ideas which he indorses are effective and far-reaching and have been an element in ro|)ub!iiaii successes in this Incalitv. He has also served as township treasurer and township clerk and the various duties devolving upon him have been promptly and faithfully discharged. He is a member of La Moille lodge. No. .183, A. F. & \. M., and of Modern Woodmen Camp, No. 227.

In connection with his father he is the owner of three pieces of property in the village of La Moille and also farming land in the township. Dependent upon his own resources from an early age, when he entered business circles, he has been successful in life and at all times ha.« displayed unabating energy combined with high ideals. Reading and investigation have constantly broadened his mind and made him one of the well informed men of Bureau county. Because of his ability, his enterprise and laudable ambition, the future seems to hold much in store for him and he has already made a creditable name and place for himself as a factor in those interests which have direct bearing upon the welfare and progress of the community and the state at large.

Jacob Eigsti

Jacob Eigsti, owning and controlling a good farm of one hundred and sixty acres in Macon township, has passed the Psalmist's allotted span of three score years and ten, having now reached the age of seventy-three. He was born in Bavaria, Germany, x\ugust 19, 183.3, and is one of a family of nine children whose parents were Nicholas and Barbara (Gasho) Eigsti, both of whom were natives of France, in which country they were reared and married, subsequently removing to Germany. The father died in the latter country at the age of fifty years and the mother afterward came to America, spending her last days in Macon township, where she passed away at the age of eightj'-two. Five of tlieir children still survive. Barbara is the widow of .Josepli Burkey and lives in Nebraska. Phcebe is the widow of Christian Sear and is living in Illinois. Fannie married Andrew Hauter and their home is in Nebraska. John Eigsti is also a resident of Nebraska.

Jacob Eigsti, the other member of the family, remained a resident of the fatherland until seventeen years of age, when, with his widowed mother and children, he crossed the briny deep to the United States, landing at New York city. They then proceeded by rail to Chicago and by canal to La Salle and on by boat to Hennepin, from which place they journeyed by team to Bureau county. Mr. Eigsti went to work as a farm hand and after a time removed to Macon township, where he invested his hard earned savings in one hundred and si.xty acres of wild prairie land, on which not a furrow had been turned or an improvement made. There was not a tree in sight, but he set out trees and now has many fine ones upon the place. In 1876 he erected a new residence and in 1872 built a barn. His life has been characterized by the most unremitting toil and diligence, by close application and by excellent business management. Tlius he has gained a measure of prosperity that is most gratifying and at one time he was the owner of seven hundred acres of valuable land in this county. Generous with his family, he has given each of his children a farm and now retains for himself one hundred and sixty acres of land in Macon townshi]), constituting a good home property, fi'om wbicli lie anunallv derives an ineoirie suiTicicni to

For many years there traveled by his side on life's journey one who was a most faithful companion and helpmate. She bore the maiden name of Fannie Albrecht and they were married in 1865. She was born in Hennepin, Illinois, in 18-14, and for thirty-eight years they lived happily together, but were separated through the death of the wife September 29, 1903. Their family numbers a daughter and two sons - Katie, John and Will.

Mr. Eigsti holds membership in the Mennonite church and votes with the Democracy. He came to America with the intention of becoming a citizen of this republic and is most loyal in his attachment to the stars and stripes, still retaining, however, a deep affection for Germany as the land of his birth. He has never had occasion, however, to regret his determination to seek a home in America, for here he has found good opportunities and through their improvement has worked his way steadily upward, gaining a goodly measure of prosperity and at the same time winning many friends in the land of his adoption.

Horace R. Brown

Horace R. Brown, practicing at the Bureau county bar, to which he was admitted in 1900, was born in Fairfield township, this county, on the 22d of June, 1872. His father, Lee W. Brown, was a native of Vermont and in his boyhood days came to Illinois with his parents, who settled in Fairfield township. Bureau county, among the pioneer residents of this part of the state. There liCe W. Brown was reared to the occupation of farming, which he made his life work. When he had reached years of maturity he wedded Frances A. Whipple and they became the parents of five children, of whom Horace R. was the second in order of birth. Throughout his active business career the father carried on general agricultural pursuits and his death occurred in 1904, when he was fifty-seven years of age.

Horace R. Brown was educated in the district schools and in the northern Indiana Normal School at Valparaiso, completing the commercial course in that institution by graduation and also pursuing several other courses. He taught school for four years in Bureau county and during that time devoted his leisure hours to the study of law, regarding teaching merely as an initial step to other professional labor. He pursued his regular law course in Valparaiso, Indiana, where he was graduated in 1898. On the 1st of July of the same year he came to Princeton and entered the office of Judge Skinner. In 1900 he was admitted to the bar upon examination before the sul)rpmo court and entered upon practice the same vear in Princeton, since which time he has been continuously associated with Judge Sivinner. He has made an excellent record as an able lawyer, who is clear and cogent in his reasoning, forceful in the presentation of his cause and logical in his deductions. He is seldom, if ever, at error in the application of a legal principle to the points in litigation and has won some notable forensic victories for one of his years. In January, 1906, he was appointed master in chancery.

ilr. Brown is a stalwart advocate of republican principles and has always worked for the success of his party, although he has never been a politician in the sense of ofBce seeking. He belongs to the Masonic lodge of Princeton and is an exemplary representative of the craft, being in hearty sympathy with its teachings and purposes.

On the Srth of August, 1903, Mr. Brown was married to Miss Harriet Gray, a daughter of W. J. Gray of Galena, Illinois, and they have two children, Merville Lee and Marjorie Eliza. The yoiuig couple liave a wide and favorable acquaintance in Princeton and Mr. Brown is well known in the county, where his entire life has been passed. Realizing that close application and unremitting diligence are just as surely concomitants to success in the arduous and difficult profession of the law as well as in other departments of business activity, he has never feared that laborious attention to detail or the work of the office wliich is so necessary as a preparation for the trial of causes before the courts. He is today enjoying a clientage which connects him with much important litigation.

Hon. Owen Lovejoy

HON. OWEN LOVEJOY. The writer never had the privilege of meeting the Hon. Owen Lovejoy, of Princeton. Illinois, but in his boyhood days, while yet in his teens, at the old homestead nestled among the hills of Vermont, he heard and read of his nolilr deeds and he now recalls the admiration he then had for him. It was our privilege when but a lad to have access to the pages of the New York Tribune. and our attention was early called to those stormy scenes that were at that time agitating the whole people. And conspiciious among all tlie dcl'i'iiders of human rights stood Owen I^ovejoy - a man who had strong convictions and was ready to defend them. In the pulpit, on the rostrum and in the halls of congress Mr. Lovejoy stood like the adamantine rock for the cause of human justice and human freedom. Owen Lovejoy was born in Kmnebec county. Maine, on January G, 1811. He was the son of a clergyman who lived on a farm where Owen was born, and here he lived and labored until he was eighteen years of age, attending the public schools in the winter months and helj)- ing on the farm during the summer season. He prepared himself for a teacher and subsei|uently.