Cook County, Illinois - The whole text, 1884 (part 20 of 61)

'They are either God's or mine. If Cod's lcvy your taxes on Him, take the turnips if vou dare, for taxes or anything else. If they are mine, take them if you can "

The opening paragraph of a lengthy article on '- Spiritualism, shows that Paine believed that the directors of his bank were not all taxpayers or nropenv owners in Chicago. It read :

'- The subject Spiritualism may hardly seem appro, priate in even the 'Christian Hanker,' bin when men come to an understanding of the truth as it is in |esns, they will see clearly that it is appropriate and ItCCeaily. W hen men come to know of the connection and exchanges between mind and matter, surely they will nut wonder that we have sustained our position against the entire moneyed hosts, and in the face of falsehood, detraction. Grand Juries, corrupted Judges and bribed lawyers. No. if the dark minds of Clark-street bankers were open to the knowledge of our minds, and the hosts of God who arc managing this whole matter, and could only be made aware how little and how dark their point of vision, they would no more think of contending against us than of an attempt to dethrone Almighty ( lod.

"We have not only direct communication with (lod, but we arc surrounded by the mightiest intellects who have swayed this world and this Country. Thus armed, it is not us. but God, against whom you light. We have no feeling or war against any banker in this city. \\e regard every one a brother, and would rather do him good than anything else, but our course is rendered necessary by the false attitude they assume anil the false position in which they have placed themselves. 'The scourges which we have and shall inflict, are all for their present and eternal good, and the moment they assume a true and teachable position, we shall show them this by impressions which will be made by the spirits upon their own minds. Hut theyrmi-t let reason and charitv, not passion and avarice," be their guiding star."

" He patient, brothers. 'The good time is close at hand. Lying, cheating and stealing, as competition needs and cannot live without, shall give place to truth, love, anil honesty. We will soon have the matter iu hand. You selfish fellows may as well wind tip before we administer on your estates."

Following are "extracts from his " Market Reports": '- We commence our market report this week, and it will be seen there is a strange coincidence between the high prices of pork and preaching, money and falsehood, and the great difference between theory and practice, talk and work, intelligence and ignorance, priest ar.d people, saint and sinner, shaver and shaved, gouger and gouged, banker and customer, dancer and fiddler, twelve per cent and upwards and six per cent and downwards, man and hogs, God and the Devi], Christian bankers and Christian shoemakers,* the Chicago Press and common honesty, the higher law and the lower law. and many articles offered in Chicago at the board of brokers, and in the higher and more spiritual circles, at the board of robbers, which public sentiment tolerates and keeps in being, while it will he seen that in proportion to the rise in steeples has been the fall in morals.

"There has been but little Christianity in market, and much that is offered is of the scurvy order. I MS kind, however, bears a much better price than the more

Hanks And Hanking

" Christianity being the purest and scarcest metal, like gold among bankers, we take it for our standard : and everything and everybody which does nut come up to that standard, we quote below par, until they reach the point where neither zero nor Nero can measure them.

" Bank of America, Smith & Willard - Don't mistake this kitten of Illinois, for the old cat at Washington, lest you get your eyes scratched out by mother of frauds. Reject this as you would the small-pox. It was gotten up to bolster Wisconsin, but will be the fruitful source of speedy dissolution In the whole brood of cats, both wild and tame - regular and irregular.

"Chicago Hank: not the Chicago Hank of I. H. Hurch, or a shinplaster of Little Kalis in the State of New York. This was conceived in iniquity, and went forth a fraud - a draft upon somebody not accepted, payable at some place, without legal identity.

"Exchange Bank. II. A. Tucker \- Co. This concern exists only in name, and exists only as the nurse of unfledged goslings hatched from rotten eggs, by the Macomb County goose at Mt. Clemens, the issues of which, like Smith's fraud at Washington, are not taken on deposit by us, any more than those Illinois River issue-, which are sustained in being by the same system of 1 Kiting.'

"City Hank - This bank is said to be on its last legs, and the Penn Van attachment which floods the country and which has been driven to protest by us again and again, will not be worth half price in a very short time. Depositors in this like those of Smith, are daily losing confidence, and the day of its doom is written. For some time past, they have shinned about for even shinpiasters, to meet their returning circulation, and have deposited their best securities with different bankers, leaving their remaining circulation without foundation. We don't think thev can keep open doors one week longer."

Sufficient has been quoted to show that the editor of the Christian Banker was not disposed to -turn the other cheek " when he was smitten, and that he did not propose to give up his cloak nor even his coat without a vigorous light. By his indiscriminate attacks on every body and everything, outside his own circle, he alienated the common sympathy which otherwise would have been bestowed upon him. He became the Ishmncl among Chicago bankers, whose hand was against all others, and against whom every other banker's hand was raised. During the month of January, 1853, Painc's bank was constantly called upon to redeem every bill which came into the possession of rival banks. The circulation at its highest did not exceed four thousand dollars, yet this small amount kept I'aine quite busy, as through the machinations of his rivals and enemies, it seemed to find its way back to his bank for redemption as fast as it could be paid out, and the circulation thus became a source of constant annovance to him instead of proving, as he had hoped, a source of profit to himself and a blessing to the community. In his tribulation, he looked to the departed spirits of illustrious bankers for counsel. It was given through a Mrs. Herrick, a speaking and trance medium, who, at that time presided as " higl. priestess " ovei the Spiritual Church 10 rlaflW n\ Hall, She, or rather Alexander Hamilton, through her, advised Pttine anil Eddy what course to pursue, and, in order to give specific advise on the daily and hourly emergencies as they might arise, the High Priestess came down from the altar and was installed behind the counter of the bank, as a Spiritual director. She told them for whom to redeem, and who were to be denied. No smokers, drinkers nor bankers were to be paid. Women, children, negroes and spiritual minded men were to be served first. So soon as it became known that the bank was being thus conducted, on petition of Ira B. Eddy's friends, he was brought before Judge Skinner, anil on hearing of testimony, a commission of lunacy was granted and he was declared incapable of managing his business affairs. An injunction was served in order to protect and preserve Mr. Eddy's interest in the bank. By the commission of lunacy Devotion C. Eddy was appointed conservator of the estate of Ira H. Eddy.and John W. Holmes, book-keeper. As soon as this became known there was excitement without and within the bank. The holders of the bills began to flock in crowds to the bank, where Mr. I'aine and the priestess were installed behind the counter grimly awaiting the assault of their enemies. Most of the bills were redeemed, but occasionally a man came up whom for spiritual reasons the priestess spumed. Such persons were collared by the husband of the priestess and one or two other stalwart Spiritualists who acted as door keepers, and incontinently hustled out. Judge Hoard was thus tumbled, and Ezra L.Sherman, after a smart tussle with the spiritual police, came out in a dishevelled and flurried condition. The worthy Colonel then Captain James K. Hugunin made a wager at Swift's bank cigars for the crowd that he could go over to the bank, being a friend of Seth, and get his bills redeemed. He took $35, and walked confidently across the street into the bank, and up to the counter, where he affably presented his bills for redemption. Paine looked favorably upon his case and would have redeemed on the spot, but the spirit of Alexander Hamilton looked sternly out of the eyes of Mrs. Herrick, and out of her mouth his words came in startling cadence. " Never ! get out " Then give me back my money," said the mild-mannered Captain; "Never! get out ! ! " again quote the priestess, and forthwith the Captain was hastily leaving the bank, wildly clawing the air as he proceeded toward the sidewalk, and the bank door was slammed, not exactly in his face. A moment after it was reopened, Seth appeared and gave to the shakenup Captain the bills, and he returned to his friends at Swifts. "What luck. Captain?" cried the crowd. "Good:" "What kind of bills did Paine give you?" - The verv same I carried over, and I was deuced lucky to get them. I think I can afford to pay the cigars."

Things culminated at the bank on the following day, February 11, when the conservator of Eddy's estate undertook to get possession of the bank. Ira P. threatened to shoot, and the priestess refused to abdicate in favor of Holmes the book-keeper, whom the court had appointed. On complaint of Holmes, for attempt to intimidate by personal violence, the whole corps of the bank, including mediums ami spiritual friends, were arrested and brought before Judge Rucker. The trial resulted in the discharge of two or three, and the binding over in §500, to keep the peace, of all others except the high priestess. 1 Kiriu^ the trial she became unduly demonstrative, and was taken to jail, resisting the officers on her way quite stubbornly. She was held in durance vile until the storm was over. Ira B. Eddy was for a short time in the jlartford Insane Asylum, but was soon liberated on petition of many respectable citizens who had known him long and well, and who had doubted from the beginning the means by which his committal had been brought about, as well as the alleged fact of his insanity.

The Hank of Chicago was, by the removal of Eddy's deposits, crippled to that extent that it never rallied sufficiently afterward to be even a disturbing factor in the finances of the city. So far as is known, every bill was redeemed and every indebtedness of the bank honorably paid, either by I'aine, Eddy, or the conservatorsol Kddy'sestate. The bank, eccentrics* it was, was not. as were many of its contemporaries, buried either in dishonor or insolvency.

I'aine continued to 'protest through his Christian banker, ami other channels, until summer had come, when he returned to Lake Zurich, where he lived several years indulging |,js vagaries in a harmless manner. I lis theories and plans, however thev mav have occasionally brought discredit to his head as a well-balanced motive power, were ever creditable to his heart. Among his large-hearted enterprise, which he started after his banking experiment had come to grief was a school on his farm. He named it the Stable of Humanity. He returned to Chicago in 1868 and organized a "Woman's Home/' The object of the institution was to Later the condition of that class of women who. having no homes, are forced to take such accommodate as the ordinary city boarding-house afforded. I he \\ <>m;in-s Home was to be so conducted as to g,ve to friendless women the comfort and protecjon of a home at a moderate price. I'aine managed the Home for several years. It was located attbe comer of Jackson and Hatsted streets, where the Lar-

The Hank War - The collapse of Paine* bank did not end but rather intensified the antagonism between ^ legal and the illegal bankers. IndeVd, the u-,r had are irregular ones too, and keep some old corporation « some old name to get extra shinplasters under or extra interest with. 1 bus they carry water upon both shoulders 1 he Spiritual Hank, so called, is believed to be backed by some of the wealthiest bankers in our city \t any rate it has good references, as see the card of Sett I'aine \- Co. under our advertising head Let this bank fight go on until banks like individuals shall be r,,,"u'1" 1 '';rv "i every nei h , t. in taking interest as well as issuing bills."

( »n the 1st of January, 1853, the Democrat said : " \ esterday, all through the streets there was more excitement against the irregular hanks than me ever knew before, and the irregular banks were searching in every direction for the bills of the regular banks so as to demand the spei ie. It is hard now to get hoid of a regular bill. Orcat inquiry was made to know winsome irregulai hank, were mdi. ted and «,!;w 11,::. \\\ have inquired of the jury, and find that while their inten Hons were good they could not get the requisite information against some, whilst certain of the regular bankerg were over anxious to furnish information against others, the complainants being as prompt in withholding information against some as they were to furnish information against others. The fact' sjx-aks volumes, that the wild-cats who have regular bankers for dormant partners were not indicted."

All was not harmonious even in the regular camp. 1 lu re was bickering and heart-burning, and crimination also tin-re. as is evinced by the billowing which appeared in the Democrat, January 1. under the caption of Bank Reform : "

" Sec cards of Messrs. 1. H. Lurch & Co., Forrest Bros& Co.. K. K Swift and others in our columns the cards do not appear in the issue . We are informed that these gentlemen and several others of the regular hanks in our city are ready to live up to the general banking law as to rates of interest, the moment another of the regular banks which abuses its own charter by resorting to an old insurance company * to protect itself in a gross violation of the letter and spirit of the General banking law, will loan to its customers as it does to that insurance company."

The suits brought under the indictments amounted to but little, There is no record that anybody was ever punished for a violation of the law. Some of the irregular or illegal banks went out of existence because of their inherent weakness, and others, having financial strength, took refuge under the statutesof Illinois. Wisconsin and other States. I'nder the indictments, it was found that the end was likely to lie too far from the beginning, and that pending the decision of the Superior Courts, to which every case would be carried, iLrga! banking would go on as before. So the regular bankers, headed by Hon. J. Y. Scaminon of the Marine Hank, determined to put an end to it by amending the banking law, so that it should not only authorize hanks, but should prohibit under penalty, the prosecution of any banking business in the State which should interfere with the franchises granted to the regular banks under the banking law already passed. Accordingly die Legislature passed a prohibitory law against illegal banking, and supjdemcntarv to the banking law of 1851, whereby it was made little less than felony to ft a banking business within the State, except under LW provisions of the statutes. The law read as follows :

Trade, Commerce And Manufactures

Chicago has now the largest tratle and the most extended commerce of any inland city in the world. It is the most important primary market in the world for cereals, live stock, and all their manufactured products, such as flour, pork, lard, beef, tallow, etc.

The commerce of Chicago began quite early, as the reader well knows who has read the history of the American Fur Company and the Government Factories, both of whic h had agencies there at a very early time in its history. Chicago had nothing to export, except furs and peltry, until 1833. Up to that time there were no products of husbandry raised west of Lake Michigan in sufficient quantity to more than supply the wants of the resident people. The records prior to that dateshowed that each vessel which arrived at the port of Chicago brought passengers and provisions, and took little back. Indeed, the balance of trade was most sadly against the port. When the first modern merchants established themselves in Chicago, they did not look for any profit from an export trade, but entirely from the sale of goods brought from the Hast. Among them were flour, wheat for seed , beef, pork, and nearly all the ordinary necessities of life.

It is stated by Judge Caton that, as late as 1S36, during the fall, an actual scarcity of provisions prevailed, and quite a panic set in among the inhabitants. Some of the merchants - all, in fact, but George IV, Doleput up the price of flour, of which they held but small stocks, to the exorbitant price of §28 per barrel. Mr. Dole, who held the largest stock, not only refused to take an interest in this first "Chicago corner," but actually broke it by refusing to sell to these extortionate dealers', while he, himself, continued to sell at retail, at the old price of $1 1, until further supplies arrived.

From 1832 to 1838 the incoming settlers consumed nearly all the products of those who had come l>efore them. Those who bad raised crops in 1833 found a ready market for their surplus among the comers of 1S34, who, in turn, found an equally urgent demand for their products in the increasing throng of emigrants of the succeeding year. The early trade and traffic in furs, or the correlative barter of goods in exchange for them, could hardly l)e classed even as the beginning of Chicago commerce. The Factory at Chicago and the agents of the American Fur Company show in their records all that will ever be known of early Chicago commerce. The vast commerce of the city to-day has nc connection with :t whatever. The Indian trade was virtually extinct before the American commerce which now centers at Chicago had begun. Only a single man fGurdon S. Hubbard became identified with the modern commerce and trade of the city, who had been connected with the rude Indian traffic which centered in Chicago in the earlier times.

The beginning of what is now the vast trade and commerce of Chic ago dates back to the spring ot 1833, at which time the first invoice of what might be termed the first products of civilized industry was shipped from the port of Chicago to an Eastern market. The slaughtering of cattle and swine seems to have furnished the first surplus products for export The early history of that branch of industry has been told elsewhere. George W. Dole made the first shipment of l>eef in barrels in the spring of 1833, which is believed to be the first consignment of Western products to Eastern markets, excepting furs, peltry, and hides, ever shipped as a commercial venture from Chicago. The bill of lading read as follows:

" Shuti.h is coon order and well conditioned by Newban & D»lc. mi board the schooner called ' Napoleon," whereof is master for the present vovage John Stewart, now lying iii the port of Chicago, and bound for Detroit. - To say:

2 " bees-wax - 115V' 91 %- SIO'-i- 152 dry hides, weighing 4659 pounds. " Ucing marked and numbered as in the margin, and to be delivered at the port ol I letroit in like good order, (the dangers of the lakes and river* to be excepted.) unto consignees or to their assignees^ - he or they paying freight at per barrel bulk.

" In wil'KSi -.V/.-r,v/", the master of said vessel hath affirmed to two bills of lading, all of this tenor and date, one of which to be accomplished, the other to stand void.

From this first shipment dates the beginning of Chicago commerce. Following soon after came the trade in lumber, which, so soon as the town and tributary country began to be settled, became a most important article of import. A large part of the region west of Chicago was prairie with large areas destitute of timber, and the forests of Michigan and Wisconsin, along the lake shore, became early sources of wealth to the enterprising lumbermen; and building material became the second essential article of Chicago commerce. Charles Cleaver, in a letter written, descriptive of Chicago, in 1833, says that the stock of lumber at that time in the town did not exceed ten thousand feet, and that prices ranged from $60 to $70 per thousand. Two small saw-mills, one, 1 water-power; some six miles up the North Branch: and the other steam-power), owned by Captain Huntoon, south of the present line of Division Sir eel, 1 lit stn h timber as grew in the vicinity. It was generally of small growth and of varieties not valuable for building purposes: mostly oak, elm, poplar and white ash. Of course, with such a meager supply of growing timl>er and such inadequate facilities for its manufacture, the commerce in lumber was evolved from necessity, so soon as the town began to grow and the surrounding country began to be settled.

David Carver was the first lumber merchant in Chicago, and the first to inaugurate that important branch of commerce. He came to Chicago in 1833, cither in the spring or early summer. He owned a schooner, named for himself, the " David Carver," which plied as a lumber craft - probably the first - between St. Joseph, Mich., and Chicago. It was sometime during the summer or fall of that year that he brought in the first cargo of lumber, and started the first lumber yard in the citv. He worked his vessel into the main river, and

I -aSalle and Wells streets, where the first lumber yard was thus started. Two years later, Kinzie, Hunter \- Co., Jones. Clark & Co., and perhaps others had engaged in the business : quite a lumber fleet was employed, and Chicago became the great center of lumber trade, which trade has ever since been an essential element in its commercial importance.

With the exception of the lumber trade and the shipment of beef and pork, both of which branches increased in amount .. id imp >rt .i.e.- from v< a. to vear. the commerce of Chicago was still one of large receipts of food, clothing material, building material, agricultural implements, etc., etc, with small exports in return. It was not until 1838 that Chicago, now the greatest pri mary grain market in the world, exported its first invoice of wheat. It amounted to sn'tnty-tight bushels, and was shipped in liags to Buffalo, on the steamer "C.reat Western." by Charles Walker, of the firm of Walker & -Co. The following year 1839 Messrs. Newberry & Hole commenced as shippers of wheat, on a scale which completely overshadowed Walker in the magnitude of the business dime. Governor liross, in one of his historical papers in 18(18, writes of this early shipment and of the elevator facilities of the time as follows:

"The history of the next shipment, in 1830, of three thousand six hundred and seventy-eight bushels on board the brig 'Osceola." is scarcely less interestmg. It was made by Newberry* Dole, whose warehouse was on the North Side, imtnediatelv east of when- Rush-street bridge now stands. The wheat was bought from farmers' wagons and hoisted to the upper story by Irish power, with rope and pull v. The problem of loading on the brig was solved bv fixing a spout in one of the upper doors and making it gradually narrow till it reached the deck, where the wheat was discharged into boxes holding four bushels, weighed and transferred into the hold of the vessel."

A reminiscence of this period in the commercial history of the city appeared in the Democrat of Septeniber 25. 1848, from which are given the following extracts: h

,n "» «hc export trade commenced, That venr .1 vessel whirl, came ,0 this port with seven hfndrcd barrels oHWr £u neo to OWq without discing of the article. This vear oIm, the

S2eTS . '"PT"*5 that thcre «»» confusion in names, ami that both accounts refer the same shipto ChSS^ tHaf at t!,a,t time the importation of flour nn* 2 Phased, and from that date the citv became stantly increasing volumes of trade in them has been a never failing source of prosperity. As the country became settled, the agricultural products became more diversified, and. with the increased facilities for transportation first by the completion of the canal, and btcf by the railroad system, all the diversified products of the richest and most extended agricultural region on the continent, poured with a never ceasing stream through the marts of the growing city, increasing its wealth anil importance, in a ratio from year to vear such as was never known before in the history of* any commercial city on the earth. The wonderful growth 'of Chicago's trade cannot be told in narrative. It is a matter of comparative statistics, and will be thus treated further on. Supplementary to the export of beef and pork in 18,53, W>d wheat in 1839. flour was first cx|x>rted in i.8.;o. in small quantity, by John Gage. Corn, now tinmost important cereal raised in the West, and the largest in quantity of any exported, was not shipped in large amount until 1847. Although raised in large quantity it was fed to stock, or otherwise found a local con»umption until long after the surplus wheat had become a regular article of export.

In 1841, a memorial was presented to Congress for a further appropriation for the improvement of the harbor of Chicago, and for other relief. It was accompanied by most elaborate statistics of the trade and commerce of the city during the preceding six years and a full list of the mercantile firms which had "suspended businest since 1857.* The memorial was drawn and the statistics compiled by the late Thomas Hoync, and arc. so far as can be found, the only comprehensive statistics of Chicago trade and commerce, in the articles meiv tioncd, compiled during the period treated, sufficiently accurate to be deemed of historic value His statement of the tratle and commerce of the city for the years 1S36 to 1 84 1 , inclusive, with names of dealers, description of products, and valuation, is given below:

1839 - Walker \- Co.. $15,000 in hides; Giles Williams& Co., forty-three thousand six hundred and ninetyfive bushels of wheat, f $6,000. and corn and flour. $780; C. McDonnell, merchandise, $1,000: John Gage, flour, $2,063; Payne & Norton, pork, beef and lard, $10,000; and Funk, beef and pork, $1,000. Total. $35.«s4.i Newberry & Dole shipped three thousand six hundred and seventy-eight bushels of wheat on the

Early Trade And Manufactures

The aggregate value of the trade in produce and native products for six years, as shown in the foregoing statements, is summarized as follows:

The commerce of Chicago for this period, and for the two succeeding years, so far as imports and exports showed, was, according to the records of Captain Seth Johnson, Deputy Collector of the port, as shown in the following tabulated statements:

Articles Exported In The Year 1S43 Articles Imported In The Year 1S43

No reliable statistics of the shipment of corn arc extant earlier than 1S47, although unimportant shipments were made prior to that date. In 1847, 67.315 bushels were shipped to Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit, and other Eastern markets, the immense export trade in that cereal being inaugurated that year.

'The following price current, from the Daily American, April 11, 1840. shows the variety of commodities then dealt in, ami the prevailing prices at that time:

From the foregoing the reader mav trace the growth of the commerce of Chicago from iU beginning in 1X33 to ,843. at wh,ch t.me the city had fairly taken its place as the most important inland commercial mart ill the country. In ,842, for the first time the exports were more than the imports I he succeeding five years to the close of 1847, at which t.me the Chicago Hoard of Trade was organized, the increase in the commerce and trade of he city kept pace with its own marvelous growth, and the rap.d settlement and development of the vast region lying to the west and northwest, which then and ever since has been tributary to it. "

SJwf T'T>0n t0,tr:lCe' cxceP« *> far as appeal statistically the growth of the trade in drv goods I m! cenes crockery, hardware, and other l.ranche of me - that in the distribution of goods the city has. in its increase, kept even pace with its exports of the natural products, and that it has with uninterrupted progress come to be, not only the greatest inland market for cereals and provisions, but the greatest inland distributing point for general merchandise in the world. So from the small beginnings here recorded each vear the increasing tides of trade have ebbed and flowed' carrying QUI the golden harvest to feed the nations, and bringing in the products and manufactures of othei climes and other people for the enrichment, enjoyment, and comfort of the millions who now acknowledge Chicago as their great emporium.*

.Supplementary to statistics already given, the following shows the growth of trade and' commerce for the succeeding live years, from 1844 to ,847. inclusive:

As showing the character anil variety of the general mercantile trade of the city in 1847', the following analytical table of the imports of that year are given I he amount of goods, wares, and merchandise received at Chicago from the opening of navigation in 1S47 to November 1 of the same year, not including goods landed here and taken to "the interior, compiled f nun the original invoices of merchants, was as follows:

The total value of miscellaneous Articles imported m 1847, exclusive of lumber, and not included in the above, was $117,210.29. It comprised: Salt, 24.817 bbls.. and 5.537 sacks: coal, 15,782 tons; water lime, 1,618 bu.; besides grindstones, iron, fish, cider, and other articles altogether of considerable value.

provisions, grain, horses, cattle, salt, and supplies of all kinds sent to the lumber and mining regions, and different ports on the up;>er and lower lakes.*

The preceding page* have given a history of the commerce of Chicago from its beginning to a time when it was primarily established: and had attained such magnitude anil importance as to have evolved a commercial association, the Chicago Board of Trade, which thereafter became the exponent of mercantile thought and the representative of the exec utive force of trade in the city. The specific history of this organization will he given I'urthei on.

From the annual reports of the Chicago Daily Democratic Press, the less elaborate reports of other contemporaneous journals, the reports of Federal officials, and from all other accessible sources of information, the (following tables have been compiled showing Statistically the commercial progress of Chicago from 1S4.SK> 1857. f hM li wtiw year* were oirwiderabli .were never rr- 1 by old dealer*, that, during the year* I retted, ihrn- acff |m t year thu* marketer! in »b» city

Early Trade And

Following, in good time, the ample supply of grain, t attle, hogs ami other products of the field ami farm, came the establishment of various branches of dependent manufacture - milling, slaughtering, packing, rendering, soap and candle making, brewing, distilling, tanning, glue making, etc., which, as distinguished from the more intricate and varied manufactures of wood ucts, and were naturally the outgrowth of a bounteous supply of the raw products of the soil. ( )ther manufactures are treated elsewhere It will be interesting to note in future volumes the immense development of these primitive branches of manufacture, and to mark how largely the manufactures of the great city have sprung from the agricultural products of which i't is the great mart.

Fat Cattle Kair In 1856

and metal, may be termed primitive manufactures. Of these there were in Chicago, in 1857, well-established, the following branches, with capital invested, value of manufactures, and number of hands employed, as lielow stated:

The above statistics are only of such branches of manufacture as spring directly from agricultural prodtant up to 1857 were: milling, packing, brewing ami distilling, and tanning hides; and their gradual development is deemed worthy of further specific mention.

PACKING Hoi'sks ami Mkat Products. - The first slaughter-house was built t>n the south bank tif the North Branch of the Chicago River, south of the illoominxdale Road and opposite the North Chicago Rolling Mills. The site of the original log slaughter-house, built by Archibald Clybourne in 1827, for the killing of such cattle as were required by the garrison at Fort Dearborn, is now 1883 occupied by an old frame building that was used by Archibald Clybourne, also as a slaughter-house, now falling into pieces from sheer old age and dry rot. In October, 1832, Ocorge W Dole packed one hundred and fifty-two head of cattle for Oliver Newberry, of Detroit, which were purchased of Charles Reed, of Hickory Creek, at §2.75 |>er hundred pounds; the hides and tallow being a perquisite of the slaughterers, who, in this instance, were John and Mark Noble, and the cattle were killed on the prairie.

near what is now the corner of Michigan Avenue ami Madison Street. The packing-house was near the southeast corner of Dearborn ami South Water streets: the barrels in which the beef was packed bem« brought from, and the beef ihipped to. Detroit. In December 1X12, three hundred ami thirty-eight hogs were killed and packed by Mr. Dole: they were purchased from lohn Blackstone for per one hundred pounds net, and were killed in the hack yard of the warehouse and salted ami stowed away in bulk until barrels could l>e made during the winter. Klins Colbert states, in his Historvnf Chicago, that these meats were sent to, New York from Detroit; also that in an old account book of Mr. Dole's was an entry of a sale of a barrel of messpork at SO and of a barrel of "one hog pork " Jit §14. The following year Archibald Clybourne, the (government batcher for the Pottawatomie*, engaged in the packing business, at his log slaughter-house on tl.e east side of the North Branch, where he packed some two hundred and fifty head of cattle and about two thousand hoys; at this place also Ocorge W. Dole packed two hundred and fifty head of cattle ami one thousand hogs; the average COSt of the cattle was $*..So, and of the hogs §3 per hundred pounds net. In iti.,4. Oliver Newberry and Ocorge \V, Dole had a slaughter house erected on the South Branch of the river, where some three hundred head of cattle and fourteen hundred hogs were packed during the year. Ourdon S. Hubbard also commenced packing during iS}j in the old bank building, corner of Lake and l.a Salle streets, but, in consequence of the lack of barrels, the live thousand hogs killed had to be slowed away in bulk until the ensuing spring, when barrels were brought front Cleveland at a cost of §i apiece. In 1837-38 Mr. Hubbard built a |>acking-housc on Kinzie Street, near Rush Street, where he carried on business until 1840. when he built a house on South Water Street, between Clark and 1-aSalle streets. There he continued the packing business until 1S4S, when he removed to the North Branch. In 1836, Sylvester Marsh, who packed with Mr. Hubbard from 1S33 until 1834. built a packing-house on Kinzie Street, near Rush Street, and in 1838, or 1*39. entered into partnership with George Vt. Dole.

Mr. Mar>h remained in business in Chicago until 1855. He was, in the fall of 1 SS3, still alive, and a resident of Concord. N. H. On October 32, 1SS3, he appeared Ix-forc the United States Senate committee on education and labor, then in session at Boston, antl. prompted by the questions of the members, told the interesting story of his long and busy life, f rom the published interview the extracts below are taken ;

A. Ye*, f rom Canipton I came to Boston : from Boston I went to Ashtabula County. Ohio ; from Ohio to Chicago 1 1 was in Davenport, Iowa, in lSsI-53. but did not Slav there much!: from Chicago 1 came back to Jamaica Plain, near Boston, in iBcj ; was there six years; went back to Chicago and staid there three jean until 1863, In 1S63 I went to Brooklyn, N. V.. and was "there from 1S03 until iShj. I went from there to Littleton. N. II., lor the purpose of building the railroad up Mount Wadiinglnn I lived there fifteen years anil then came to Concord, where I now 'ivc.

Q, My object in taking your testimony It, by the statement of vour experience during your lifetime, to be enabled to gire the "people of the present day an idea or picture of the industrial life of the American people, and of their development during your lifetime and within your recollection. Your father was a lamer, was he not ?

A. Chicago then had about three hundred inhabitants, besides FOft PearUirn. which had eighty soldiers and their officers, ttuking it amount to about one hundred. There was no business ilonr in the w inter. Provisions were all taken from Ohio for tbcm to live on.

A. Well. 1 heard of it, liwiked at it, and sivs thai it was a good point. I had faith in the gTowih of the country, and »<«t there to open a market. There was no slaughter-house thrre, no place to kill a beef, and for sixty days I led the cattle out toanoM elm tree that stood on Monroe Street, about where the court-house i», and there I took a tackle and swung them up on the elmatur killing them.

\ Verv few- hogs. The hogs kid all 10 come from V abash, one hundred and fifty miles.lown. 1 went into that business afterward, and went .lown to Wabash and drove them up

O, Tell us something of its development afterward. \ Chicago grew verv fast and In 1*35 iherc must hate !>een two thousand live hundred |>coplc d>ere. »t then went .low n to the Wabash country, as we called it. and bought cattle and hog. and drove them »p for market. W e did Hot ship Ihein thin In istothev commenced building the canal, and in that pot 1 pa. keil six thousand hogs there, mostly for home convump tm. Thev were building the Illinois ft Michigan ( anal then antl 111c contractors in IS37-.S* Wok <>>e pork for their men. Ihrsia.c failed to pay in I.^S-3.,. and work on the canal State bonds went down to twenty-tive rents on the dollar. anil m Stale i,.ued what was call "canai-vrip " to ]^y the conlrac.orswnai thev owed them for work that they had done. I hal redeemed dollar for dollaf. In If3» t«e "Id town of c»*-*°*»e sold. The Government gave the Stale of Illinois cverv AW section for tilleen miles wide, to aid in buildmg the canal Iron. Chicago to the Illinois kiver-l'eru. I th.nk. is al the end c, m canal-land one section of that canal was right in the "J***" Chicago. It was sold in June, *f ** of 111 iiwm £| quarter down, and the balance in one, two and three tliink there was but one man in the city that made his N0M Pg« men.. That was V. V. W. IV. k. The ih tag all burs. <ft££3 was but that one man that made his second payment. I . paid one-ip.arter down and given notes at interest W»"»^j did so myscll. and so did others; but only one mad* the sece*. payment.

A. The canal went along for awhile SEES into bv the State, and work went along until iSj* W*^" JC* in every way So pay. and about that time thev jWpJ**^^ was an appropriation of $4. 000.000 made b) the I late . improvements, but when the canal and railroad UBtii it all burst up, and these improvements were n<* again oiS

Ear1.V Trade And Manufactures

Well, from 1S36 to 11*42. when Ihe I'nited Stales bankrupt law was passed, there was no responsibility. No man bait anything, hardly, that he could call his own at the time the law a as --:sed in 1842.

sj. Vou think that the bankrupt act was necessary, do you ? A. Oh. yes ; they never would have started in the world, if it had not lieen for that.

A. In [85I I paid 86 a hundred pounds for pork in Chicago. In 1841, with a view of finishing the canal next summer, I bought pork fur $2, that is to say, I paid $2 for all pork that weighed two hundred; for all hogs that did nut weigh two hundred, I paid $1 JO a hundred. I bought beef there for barreling in 1 1*43-44 for $2 I hundred, for the lore quarters of the beef, if the ox weighed six hundred pounds, and $1.50 per hundred pounds if he fell under it. That is the lowest price I ever heard of it being sold for.

A. Yes, and then there was more of this stuff raised than was needed up to about 1846 or 1S47, when the famine in Ireland rlcaned out the West almost entirely. Wheat was worth twentyfive cents .1 bushel in 1*44 in Chicago, Produce commenced rising from that time, and. you might say, has kept on rising since. Cattle and pork rose a good deal from" a small price until in 1S50 cattle were worth $4 to $5 a hundred pounds, and hogs were worth the same. There has been a steady increase each year. I made money for the reason that everything was going up.

A. I do not know what freight was to Hoston then. I stayed in that provision business until 1 killed one hundred anil eighty-five head of Urge cattle and five hundred hogs for a day's work, anil that is not. comparatively speaking, more than a' teaspoonful to what thev have come to since I left the business. Chicago had no start, no 'life, until the Legislature passed what we called the relief law. that is. they gave us as much of the land as we had paid for. If a man had bought four lots and paid the fidl value of one, the relief law gave us one Int. and then gave us up our notes. That was the tirst sign of life after the break-up in Chicago. Then, you sec. a man who was cleared through bankruptcy, if he could only raise a hundred dollars, had credit, but up to that time, when we were all in debt, nobody could trust his brother. In 1851 and 1S52 I spent most of my time in northern New York and Yermont. In January. 1851, I received an appointment as agent (or the Ogdensimrg ,v Lake Champlain and lliirlinglon ,\ Rutland railroads My business was to procure freight and passengers from the West over these roads, for the Boston market. In the fall of 1850, I shipped a propeller-load of about three thousand barrels of provisions to Ogdcnsburg, which were stored there till the railroad was completed in January, ISci. I bought seven thousand kegs of nails at Ihe Keeseville Iron Works, on Lake Champlain. as return freight for Chicago. Nails were worth only 82.87,4 per hundred, but during the next six months they rose to 84 per hundred These northern railroads were not successful in getting much business for the Eastern markets for a few years, as thev could not compete with the New York Central Railroad and the Erie Canal.

A. I don't know what thev arc worth now. They vary. They have been as high as eight, leo and twelve cents a pound, though they arc down now, I believe.

A. Corn was worth twenty to twenty-live cents a bushel; wheat from fnrtv to fifiv cents; oats about twelve cents. O. Did y«u ship to the East?

A. I did. from Chicago to ltuflaln I did not ship much from Davenport. In 1S52 I went into the grain drying business, making kdn-diied meal for Ihe West India Islands, from a process of my own invention. I made five hundred barrels of kiln-dried meal a day, and shipped it to the W est India Islands.

A. Yes; much of the article is put up now for the European markets under my same brand. " Marsh's Caloric. Dried Meal." I have five patents for drying grain. There is not so much of this kind made as there used to be. because fanners take care of their own corn now. and if the corn begins to heat they will put it into car*. When I began it the) would put it in their' warehouses and let il slay there awhile, and il would heal.

In 1839, Oramcl S. Hough and R. M. Hough were with Sylv«Stei Marsh. In 1837-38, D. H. L'nderhill t ame to Chicago and engaged in the packing business for a brief period, k illing his hogs near Absalom; Funk's butchcr-shop. corner North Water and North State streets. About 1841", Eri Reynolds commenced packing in Dole's packing-house. In the winter 1841-42, Oren Sherman and Nathaniel Pitkin, a dry-good! firm, packed several hundred hogs, pork being then at the lowest price ever known in Chicago; Charles Cleaver stating that several loads of hogs were bought by him at that time for $1.25 per hundred. Archibald Clybourne during the winter of 1842-43 slaughtered and packed for William and Norman Felt - William Felt c* Co. - about three thousand head of cattle for shipment to New York City, alleged to be the first beef packed in Chicago for an eastern market. In 1S43-44, Thomas Dver and John I'. Chapin commenced packing in Reynolds' house, associating with them Julius Wadsworth, in 1844, and then built a packing house on the South Branch near North Street; being succeeded in 1845 or 1846, bv Wadsworth it Dyer. During the season of 1844-45" this firm packed the first tierce of beef ever put up in Chicago for the English market: the barrels for the firm's use were furnished by Hugh Maher, In 1843, George Steel packed hogs on South Water Street, near the corner of Franklin Street, About 1849, William B. Clapp entered the pork packing arena. In 1850, Orainel S. and R. M. Hough built a packing house on the South Branch at a cost of $3,000; in 1853, they built a large stone packing-house costing $20,000, which was burned in the fall of 1856. They rebuilt in 1857 at a cost of $25,000. In 1852, Orville H. Tobcy and Heman I). Booth commenced packing pork; and. in 1854, John L. Hancock - as agent for Craigin & Co., of New York - built a packing house on the South Branch at a cost of $45,000, and tlid what was then deemed an enormous business. In 1853-54, Andrew Brown & Co. commenced packing, as tlid Moore, Seaverns & Co., in the fall of 1854. The following table exhibits the capacity and valuation of the packing houses in 1858. not including the value of the real estate.

Beef packing was for years the most ostentatious Inisiness iti Chicago, and gave the newspapers of tinday a most splendid foothold for boasting. Compared with the volume of business in that line now t arried on, when single houses do more business daily than was at that time done in a year by the whole city, there was htt e to brag of; but the journalists of then, as now, looked bade for comparisons, and found in them the grand satisfaction which came from |>ast progress and unlimited hope for the future. Below are two extracts concerning the business in its early davs from the Daily Democrat of September 26, 1848:

" The beef-packing season has opened unprecedented ly early this year, and already a brisk little business is being done by one firm in this city-Messrs. Marsh & Mierry. [ he lirni kills from fifty to sixty heatl per day ami has already shipped seven hundred barrels of beef to the hast. ( hicago will rely for its supplies of cattle this season principally, if not altogether, on the northern portion of the State. One firm. Wadsworth, Dyer .V t o. nav e already contracted for one thousand head of cattle

,hJ? i1,850' Xovembcr the Cem of the Prairie save he following exhaustive review of the business^ mention of the firms and business done being as fob eignt> -tour feet in sue. He employs seventy-five hwlJ an 1 slaughters one hundred and eight Se cattle^ da}- He pays out for the season, cash, 'for catYic $£

"The slaughtering and packing house of Gunlun S Hubbard is situated upon the North Branch, on Kast Water Street, between Michigan and Illinois streets Number slaughtered per day. one hundred ami five' hands usually employed, seventy-live. He packs this year for Norman Kelt, of New York; Joseph Draper, of Boston, and VY. Smith, of New Haven. Pays for cattle, $100,000; for salt and barrels, $2 1.000 - total. $ 1 2 1 ,000.

" The establishment of Wadswurth. Dyer & to is situated upon the South Branch, in the suburb of the city. The various buildings cover half an acre. The number of cattle slaughtered this season bv the firm will probably exceed six thousand. The firm employs one hundred ami ten men. and slaughters two hundred and ten head of cattle per day. They commented operations here seven years ago. Their brand in the London and Liverpool markets take precedence over beef from every other quarter of the world. Their hides are purchased by Ciurnee. Haytlen & Co.. and their refuse is carted by C. Beers to his farm beyond Bridgeport. Paid for t attle. $1,12,000; for salt,' barrels and labor. $28,000 - total, $160,000.

" K. M. \- O. S. Hough are located a short distance below Bridgeport, immediately on the banks of the river. Their building is thirty by sixty feet in size, with wings. They are working fifty hands, and slaughtering one hundred and thirty head of cattle per day Cash paid for cattle. $70,000; for sal:, bairdl UM labor. $15,000 ; total, $85,000.

" Passing down the river until within a short distance of the tannery of Curnee, Haydcn \ Co., we come to the slaughtering and packinghouse of William It. Clapp He is killing one hundred cattle per day. and working forty hands. He has a contract for' supplying one thousand eight hundred barrels to the United States Navy. Cash paid for cattle, $56,000; for silt, hands and labor, $16,000 ; total. $72,000.

"A little further down is the establishment of Kri Reynolds, a brick building, fifty by one hundred and twenty feet in size. He packs for himself and W. & H. Felt, of Earlville, N. Y., employs thirty hands and slaughters about ninety head of cattle per day. His estimates for the season are : Cash for cattle. §4#.°c°; for salt, barrels and labor. $10,000 ; total, §58.000.

" The seventh and last establishment, that of Messrs. Clybourne & Ellis, we did not find time to visit It is situated upon the North Branch, about a mile above ( >gdens Bridge, They will slaughter this season abnut two thousand head of "cattle, and the cost of the same, including salt, barrels, labor, etc., will amount to about $45,000.

" Hence we have twenty-seven thousand five hundred cattle packed and $651,000 paid out. The majority of cattle are fattened" in Illinois, McLean County bearing the palm ; but a portion are brought from Indiana and Iowa."

The first cattle-yards were opened in 1848, ;lt t,,e " Bulls Head," and occupied the immediate vicinage of Madison Street and Ashland Avenue; but they were but a make shift for supplying the necessities ol the growing cattle trade, and the live stock dealers Iwcame disgusted with the long drive to and from the railroad depots and slaughter houses. In ii>56- l),f wants of the public were met bv John B. Sherman, who lcasetl the Myrick property on the lake shore, north 01 Thirty-first Street, and laid out what were known as Sherman-s yards, ami this entrepot at once took tne place of the old Bull's Head, and, being upon the line of the Illinois Central Railroad, was eminently adapted to the needs of the live-stock traffic.

Flouring Mills. - The first flouring mill erected in this city was located on the South Branch and was built by Jared Gage in 1836. In partnership with one Lyman, he conducted this mill until in January 1847, when with John C Haines he purchased the Chicago Mills. These mills were massive, yet commodious buildings of stone situated on South Water Street and the river, and had excellent facilities for receiving grain direct from vessels or canal boats, and for loading the same. They had four run of buhrs and appropriate machinery for elevating and handling grain, all driven by a pair of reciprocating engines, to supply whose consumption of steam required the use of twelve hundred tons of coal annually. The total investment in the plant was $150,000: in 1854, the proprietors employed thirty men and ground one hundred and twenty-five thousand bushels of wheat and ten thousand bushels of corn, turning out twenty-live thousand barrels of flour and six hundred thousand pounds of meal. At that time the out-put of these mills was nearly all consumed in this city; in the year mentioned less than two thousand barrels were shipped to a foreign market.

The Hydraulic Mills, operated by the old water works engine, were built in 1842 by James Long. They were situated at the corner of Lake Street and Michigan Avenue. In 1848 they were owned and run by J. 1'. Hodgkiss & Co.; and in that year ground up over one hundred thousand bushels of grain, seventy-five thousand bushels of this amount being wheat. This would be turning out nearly fifty barrels of flour per day. Speaking of these mills the Democratic Press in its commercial review for 1854 says: "The Hydraulic Mills, corner of Lake Street and Michigan Avenue, have until the last season done a large business in the manufacture of flour. Since the construction of the new water works, these mills, having fulfilled their destiny, have brought their business to a close. From the first of January, 1854, to the 28th of September, which was the time included in their last year's operations, they ground eleven thousand barrels of dour and two hundred and ten thousand pounds of corn meal."

In that year there were but two mills in operation in the cftjr; the Hydraulic Mills, having shut down in September; and a steam mill built in the spring of 1854, by Messrs. Ricord, Bicrlein & Co., was in the fall of the same year, completely destroyed by fire. The remaining one, besides that of Gage & Haines, already mentioned, was known as the "Adams Mills." and was an extensive and superior establishment situated on North Water Street and the river. Thirty men were employed here, and in 1854 the output was one hundred and fifty thousand bushels of wheat and five thousand bushels of corn. This was equal to thirty thousand barrels of flour and three hundred thousand pounds of cornmeal. The Adams Mills brand of flour was considered a choice article in the markets and was much sought after by Eastern shippers.

In July, 1855, the Hydraulic Mills were again started, making three mills in operation for that year, the total output of which was nearly eighty thousand barrels of flour, an increase for the year of over thirteen thousand barrels.

In 185C there were the following mills in operation : Gage & Haines, South Water Street, capjtal invested $150,000, flour manufactured 35,000 barrels, value of the same $750,000, hands employed 30 ; Adams & Co.'s Mills, North Water Street, capital invested $"5.°°°.

flour manufactured 38,000 barrels, value $240,000, hands employed 25 ; Empire Mills, corner North and LaSalle streets, run by Ricord, Bicrlein & Co., capital invested $10,000, flour manufactured 6,000 barrels, value $39,- 000, number of hands 5 ; N. A. Chase, Jr., 12 and 14 North Canal Street, capital invested $10,000, value of manufactures $57,560. number of hands 7 ; Stevens, Lane & Co., 143 West Lake Street, capital invested $3,500, cost of building $8,000. barrels of flour manufactured 12,000, number of hands 6; Novelty Mills, owned and run by James McNair, 53 State Street, capital invested $5,000. A summary of the above statements would he* as follows :

During the year 1857, three new mills were built: Shawmut Mills.' Star Mills and the mills of Grist, Robbins it Co. The total output of flour of all the city mills for the vear was 96,000 barrels.

BREWING. - The immense brewing interests of Chicago had their origin in the small beginnings of William Lilt and William Haas, in September. 1839. They were really employed by William B. Ogden, who established Mr.' Lill in business, at the corner of Pine Street and Chicago Avenue. The "brewery " was a little tenement building in that locality, and' the extent of Mr. Lill's manufacture, at first, is said to have averaged about nine barrels per week. Aftera few years Michael Diverse}'enter ;d into an active partnership with Mr. Lill, and Mr. Ogden's silent connection with the business ceased. Under the management of Lill & Diversey, the " Chicago Brewery " grew by 1857 to be the most extensive establishment of the kind in the West. It was situated on the corner of Pine Street and Chicago Avenue, the buildings covering a whole block. At the time of the panic of 1857 the firm had invested nearly $250,000 in their business, and successfully weathered the financial storm. Besides being known as good business men, Lill & Diversey were noted for their benevolence and generosity, the latter being a large benefactor to the German Catholic churches of Chicago.

lames Carney, who had formerly kept a grocery store, commenced brewing in a small way in 1840. His establishment was on South Water Street, between State Street and Wabash Avenue. He continued the business until 1855, at which time he retired, renting his brewery to lohn O'Neill.

F. Buscti was also an early brewer, his establishment being called the " North Brewery," and was situated on the Green Bay road, near the lake shore, North Side.

In 1856 Conrad Seipp, now one the most extensive and wealthy brewers in the West, commenced this business in Chicago, investing $18,000 and turning out $8,960 worth of malt liquors the first year. In 1857 the entire capital invested in breweries, outside of Lill & Diversey 's did not exceed $70,000.

"Lill iV Diverse) - Chicago Avenue, corner of Pine Street, on the lake shore The largest establishment in the city and the West. They manufacture all kinds of ale. porter, vinegar, etc

At that lime there were several rectifiers, vinetrar manufacturers ami a few small brewers whose trade statistics do not appear in the above

DwTlU.IKO.- l he busnu-ss of distilling high wines came in <pnte early, hut to whom belongs the honor of being the pioneer in the business has not been aseer- Uuned. I" 1S54, there were two ^i.ite extensive distilleries. I). Ballcntyne's establish meat was on the lake shore, south ot Twelfth Street; and that of A. Crosbv -S t o. on the North Branch, near Chicago Avenue I

Charles H. Curtias (successor to Ballentvne - lake shore s,K,th of Twelfth Street. He had a car^tal nvested of $50,000, employed twenty-five hands S paid out lor raw materia! and wages $ 50.000 He ,>ro ducecUnnuaUy, ,0,000 barrels of h&3E£ Jg&

Iianus Empi.Ovf.D.

TANNING. - During the year 1831 John Miller, the brother of Samuel Miller, built a tanncrv just mirth of the hitter's tavern, near the junction uf the two branchy of Chicago River. They were in the business together, and in the spring of 1832 Benjamin Hall joined thr-m in the enterprise. They continued in that business for a number of years. W. S. Gurnee was one of the earliest of this class of workers. In 1843 the "Chicago Hide and Leather Company " was formed, with Mr. Gurnee as president. Gurnee. Hayden & Co., Gurnee & Voe. etc.. are firms whose names are familiar to early settlers George Biekcrdike and James Knox also had tanneries on the South Branch lor a number of years, In Nnvernber. 1S48, George Burr established a mormro leather manufactory in a large four-story building, on the South Branch.

The business of tanning did not, however, assume any large proportions until subsequent to 1857. A reference to the table showing the receipts and shipments of hides, show that nearly the whole amount received and slaughtered were shipped to Kastern markets.

So\p, Camh.ks. Oils, etc. - In 1833, FJston & Woodruff commenced to make soap and candles, in a lo« barn whii li had already l>c< 11 built on Kin/ e Stn t, at the junction of the North Branch with the main river. In 1835 Charles Cleaver, a voting Knglishman, purchased Mr. Woodruff's interest, and the next year bought Mr. F.lston's share in the 1 Hisiness. Mr. Cleaver removed his factory to the corner of Kinzie and West Water streets in 18,56. His enterprise had so prospered by

1837, that he was obliged to erect a two-siory-and-basement building, situated on the corner of Washington and Jefferson streets, where he remained for five years. In 1842 he moved to the corner of Madison Street and Canal, and in 1849 to the North Branch, near Division Street. Mr. Cleaver changed his location to Clearerville. now Oakland, in 1851. Here, notwithstanding the smiles and even derisive laughter of many who thought him foolish in establishing alarge manufacturing industry - so far out in the country," he erected a threestory brick building, where he not only made so;tp and candles, but also the packing boxes desired for his trade. He built a pier into the lake, at which vessels lOWM and unloaded, and had the satisfaction, a few years afterward, of seeing the Illinois Central, Michigan Central, and Chicago, Alton & St. Louis roads (>ass in front ot his factory. In 1857 the village of Cleaverville was aid out upon 'Mr, Cleaver's land. Until that year his fac-

Eari.V Trade And Manufactures

Charles ShillitOC \" Co. commenced to manufacture soap and candles in August, 1836, hut the linn was dissolved in about a year. Joseph Johnston was alsn engaged in this line of business, "The Chicago ( >il Mill" was established by Scammon & Haven in 1852, the building being located on the South Branch near Van Buren-street bridge. The " Chicago Oil Manufact uring Company" was formed in 1855, with P. C. Sherman as president.

Christian Wall & Sons commenced the manufacture of glue and Heats- foot oil in August. 1855. Their factory was situated on the west side of "the North Branch, above Chicago Avenue. 'The capital invested was $10,000. Up to January 1, 1 856. they had manufactured one hundred and fifty barrels of glue, one thousand two hundred gallons of'neats-foot oil, and lour thousand pounds of tallow. They employed fifteen hands.

The beginning and development of other manufactures, farther removed from the native products, and requiring mine special skill, were as appears in the following sketch of

Eahi.v M am f At rokit.s ok Wood, Ikon. En . - Although the hypercritical may deny that a blacksmith is, strictly speaking, a manufacturer, the development of this individual into the foundryman is so gradual, and, if the Knight of the Anvil is successful, so certain, that for all practical purposes a starting point in this topic of -' Early Manufactories" will be found here. In mo-t new countries of the Northwest the horse and the man occupied the wilds together; and man's mute but indispensable help-mate may be said to have not infrequently been the means of establishing the first branch of manufacture therein. The first blacksmith to visit Chicago, of whom there is any record, was Jean Baptiste Mirandeau, the pioneer settler of Milwaukee, who used to come down from there to repair the soldiers' guns and shoe their horses, long before the first Fort Dearborn was destroyed. After the second Fort Dearborn was built, David McKee was appointed Government blacksmith, his shop being situated near the Agency House, at the foot of State Street Later came William See, sometimes called " Rev.", a Methodist exhnrtcr. whose daughter, Leah, became Mrs. James Kinzie. In the fall of 1S33 Mathias Mason opened a blacksmith shop. Clement Stose and Lemuel Brown established themselves about the same time. These include the earliest blacksmiths or "iron manufacturers," of ( hicago; although it must be acknowledged that David McKee's little shop and scant kit of tools bore but a slight family resemblance to the machine shops and rolling mills of to day.

Lemuel Brown was born in Cumberland, R. I.. December, 17S4, and died at the residence of his nephew, D. G. Brown, in Kenwood, December 79, 1883 ; at the unusual age of ninety-nine years and thirteen days, In the fall of 1832 Mr. Brown left Massachusetts for Chicago, being sent by the Government to take charge of the firearms of Fort Dearborn. He was delayed at Cleveland, Ohio, and made his way to Chicago by team during the winter. He arrived in Chicago in the spring of 1X33, and with the exception of brief intervals, has resided here since that time. He resided in Hyde Park for the last six years, and voted at every village and school election during his residence. He voted for every President but two, voting for the first time, though under age, by virtue of the ancient law providing that each free-holder to the extent of four hundred dollars was entitled to vote He was a consistent W hig, and since the day of the present political parties, a stanch Republican. He was an expert steel temperer by trade, and worked at the forge until past eighty years of age. "

In 1832 a number of saw-mills were built along Hickory Creek, and one at the mouth of the slough which then emptied itself into the river just south of Division Street, Chicago. The mill was burned in 1834, and refitted in 1835. During the summer it was mostly engaged in sawing out three-inch plank, which were used in covering the North Pier. Colonel G. S, Hubbard and Captain Bemsley Huntoon were, successively, proprietors. The latter operated it for five or six years, adding to the saw-mill a shingle machine. Captain Huntoon 's mill and the water-power establishment of John Miller, fourteen miles up the North Branch, sawed out such timber as grew adjoining, consisting of oak, elm, poplar, white ash, etc. Of such --lumber." in its green state, most of the houses were built, and the reader can easily imagine what these structures must have looked like' after the summer's heat had warped and twisted the material.

In the spring of 1833. Tyler K, lllodgett established a brick-yard, on the North Side, not far from the river bank, between Dearborn ami Clark streets. He engaged Henry S. Lamptnan, then of Ann Arbor, as a workman. As Mr. Blodgett operated the first brick-yard in the city, so Mr. Lampman was undoubtedly the first brickmaker. If any brick were manufactured in Cook County before then it is not known. From this yard came the brick for the first building constructed of this material - the dwelling house of Mr. Blodgett, afterward occupied and added to by Colonel M. E. Stearns. The structure was located across the river. Opposite this yard, and was originally a one-and-a-half story building, twenty feet square! It was upon the eighth day of October. 1833. that a young man named Asahel Pierce arrived in Chicago from Vermont, and commenced the erection of a blacksmith shop, on Lake Street, corner of Canal. Being unable to find suitable lumber in Chicago, he was obliged to haul his material from I'lainfield, forty miles,* and, after he had purchased Rev. Mr. See's old set of tools, he had a money capital of only a few dollars with which to establish himself in business. But Mr. Pierce set out with such a determination to succeed that he was soon obliged to enlarge his shop. He obtained from John T. Temple & Co., an order for doing the ironing for the first stage line between Chicago and St. Louis, This was in January, 1834. In the spring of that year he commenced the' manufacture of the old-fashioned " Bull " plow, with wooden mould board. This was certainly the first agricultural implement manufactured in Chicago, and the first one made in the State north of Springfield. Mr. Pierce afterward devised many improvements in plows, manufacturing the first steel, or self-scoui ing plow in the West. In the fall of 1835 David Bradley came from Syracuse, N. Y., in the employ of William H. Stow, to assist in the erection of the first foundry. Ircated on Polk Street, on the west side of the South Branch. 'The money for the constuetion of the so-called "Chicago Furnace," was furnished by I ones, King & Co., who, at this time, employed William H. Stow &- Co. 'The old hardware firm of Jones W illiam iS: King (Byran had been formed in 1834. The next year W.

B. Clarke was admitted to the partnership, forming the " Co.*' It was this management which furnished the money referred to. The first castings were made as early as December, 1835. In March, 1837, Stow & Co., formed a partnership with King. Walker (f. H.i & Co., fE. Peck), the old firm of Jones, King & Co. having been dissolved, and commenced the operation of a foundry, under the firm name of William H. Stow ft Co. They continued to operate it until about 1842.

In the spring of 1834 Briggs & Humphrey inaugurated the business of manufacturing wagons and carriages by starting a small shop on Randolph Street. They Continued in partnership for some six or seven years. Soon afterward, Peter Schuttler, who. by 1857, had one of the largest establishments of the kind in the West, also started a small wagon shop.

Charles Morgan commenced the manufacture of furniture in the spring of 1837. His large factory on Lake Street was burned in 1852,1)111 was rebuilt. In 1857 he occupied a five-story building and had invested $60,000 in the business.

Among the first sash, door and blind factories, if not the first, was that established in 1S37 or 1838 by Ira Miltimore, on the South Branch. It was purchased by David Scott in 1838 and was burned in |ulv. 1842. '

One of the earliest machinists and found rymcn of Chicago, and among her prominent citizens was Elilui Granger, Alderman for a number of years and later Superintendent of Public Works. Although a 'native of New Hampshire, he became a resident of New York when a young man, following in various localities his vocation of mechanic and millwright. He came to Chicago in the winter of 1836 for the purpose of building l.yman \- Cage's flour mill, the first one erected in Chicago. It was situated on the west bank of the Chicago River, at what is now the west end of Yan Burenstreet bridge. The machinery was furnished bv the Auburn NY. State Prison. In February. ,837, having completed Ins contract with Lyman & Cage, Mr. Granger became a heavy canal contractor, and like all others of that class, became financially embarrassed, being paid in State scr.p and bonds upon which he was able to realize but comparatively a small amount. In i8jo Mr -ranger pre-empted Block 4. of the original town, on the north side of Chicago River, which was canal land, and established thereon a small foundry and finishing shop I le made a specialty of manufacturing machinery or elevating grain. The locality of Mr. Granger's first foundry was North Water Street, west of Clfrk-stree!

SJrfSSlI"8 "reVTS t",*4°' which af'«ward developed ,nto magnitude, v«., the manufacture of iron and wood ,n its various forms. The full list manufact i res of Chicago in 1839 compiled from Fergus's director)- for that year, the files of the Daily American and r. \V Gates, machinist. No. 42 Canal Street - Win ,m' and John Rankin, brass founders No 5f Clark S eet \N.l ham H. Mow foundry. West Randolph Street

'Wagon and Carriage Makers.-R iggs T Humphrey, Randolph Street, near Franklin ; John Lar* North State Street and Kinzie; John Burgess Ran dolph. east of Wells ; Henry Bower, Wabash Avenue near Randolph.

"Brewers and Distillers. - William Haas, brewer corner of Chicago Avenue and Pine Street ; William Lill, brewer, same location; Edward Nicholson, distiller, Illinois Street, near the lake.

"Sash and Door Factories - Francis McFall, Market Street ; Ira Miltimore, South Branch ; Edwin B Colvin, corner North Water and Dearborn streets.

"Miscellaneous. - Charles M. dray, grain cradle factory. No. 78 Dearborn Street : Hay ward & Co., buhr mill-stone manufactory, Kinzie Street ; Noah Scrantnn, block and pump-maker, corner North State and North Water; V. Detrich, match-maker, corner Division and North State; John Penny, brick-maker. North Branch."

Among the earliest of the metal workers who commenced business about the time that William H. Sum & Co. assumed charge of the "Chicago Furnace " in 1839, were the brothers William and J. Rankin. They established a brass foundry, on the corner of Clark anil Illinois streets. Hiram P. Moses. Mr. Stow's successor in 1S42, owned a shop at this time on the South Branch, at the Polk-street crossing. The firm, at first B. P. Andrews & Co., became afterward Moses & Ayres, and then Hiram P. Moses. The latter was a brass founder and steam-engine and boiler builder. Mr. Moses was perhaps the first manufacturer in Chicago to make a specialty of steam-engine building. In later days bis foundry was known as the "Chicago Steam- Engine Works." At this establishment, in 1S4S, the engines and Ixnlcr of the propeller, " A. Rossetter" were made. The "Chicago Eagle Foundry." also operated a similar concern in 1840.

It will Ik; remembered that, in 1839, Elilui Granger established his iron foundry on North Water Street, upon canal land. On account of a decision of the court against his claim, in 1842 he was obliged to chBBg* his location to the corner of Franklin and Indiana streets, where for many years he did a large and successful business, adding good facilities for iron ami brass castings. In 1853 Mr. Granger sold out to his sons, and they conducted the business until the panic of 1857, when they were obliged to make an assignment to their father and George W. Dole, as trustees.

In 1842 Philetus W. Gates formed a partnership with his father-in-law, Hiram H. Scoville, and opened a small blacksmith and wagon shop on Randolph Street. Mr. Scoville had been engaged in contracting on the canal and had met with serious reverses. Mr Gates was also without capital. To show the financial condition of the new firm it is only necessary to state that they were obliged to buy one thousand feet of lumber on credit, with which to 'erect their building, which was situated near the bridge. At the end of the year I foundry and machine shop was built, on the corner ol Washington and West Water streets. The firm conducted the business for about five years, when Mr Gates purchased Mr. Scoville's interest. In 1848, after being alone one year, Mr. Gates admitted A. H. Hoge into partnership. Before the end of the year George i

Mcknight had purchased Mr. Hoge's interest, the firm becoming P. VV. dates & Co. Soon afterward K. S. and A. G. Warner. Thomas Chalmers, and Andrew and David Frascr became associated with Mr. Gates, adding to their already extensive business the manufacture of cars. The panic of 1S57 found them encumbered with debts amounting to §350,000 ; but. although the affairs at the firm were placed in the hands of an assignee, by iKfto, every dollar of this indebtedness was paid off.

In 1848, soon after Mr. Scoville severed his business relations with Mr. Gates, he, with his sons, Adison, W illiam and Ives, established a foundry on the corner of ( anal and Adams streets. About this time the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad Company commenced laying iron, and Scoville iV Sons contracted for building a number of freight and passenger cars. They also built the first locomotive manufactured west of the Allegheny Mountains, called the " Enterprise." The formation of this firm of Scoville \- Sons, in 1848, was the origin of the present 1883 Scoville Iron Works, Nos. 51-53 Like Street.

In 1846 another branch of iron manufacturing was established in Chicago. During that year C. R. Vanilcrcook & Co. commenced to operate the " Phrrnix Potmory," on the south side of the river, near the lake shore. The firm made a specialty of manufacturing " Queen of the Prairies," a new hot-air cooking stove, and also turned out furnaces, grates, etc. I bis was the first stove foundry in Chicago.

Street, was not only one of the oldest of the brass founders, but the most extensive. Nugent & Owens established their works on Market Street in 1848, but they were burned out in 1854, and afterward the foundry was operated by M. Nugent alone. IL W. Rincker was proprietor of the first bell-foundry on Canal Street near Adams, and in 1848 cast probably the largest 1h;II in the city, for St. Peter's church. In 1854 he also cast the large alarm bell for the court-house. In those clays F, l.etz's Chicago Iron Works on Wells Street, and James Hannah \- Co.'s foundry in Wabansia's addition. West Side, were turning out considerable work. Letz's works had been established some years, and in 1853 he purchased lsnd on Franklin Street, between Washington and Madison, where he erected a Substantial cutstone and brick building of three stories.

In 1851 Charles Reissig established the "Chicago Steam Boiler Works " on Jackson Street, west side of the river. He constructed the large mains for the water works in 1854.

Mason & McArthur commenced to manufacture purifiers and various wrought-iron work for the gas works in 1852, in a small wooden shop on Randolph Street. A removal was afterward made to the corner of Canal and Carroll streets, and in 1S55 the facilities of the establishment were greatly increased. Hy 1857 the " Excelsior Iron Works " were among the leading iron manufactories of the city.

The year 1852 marks an epoch in the history of Chicago anil Cook County manufactories. It was then evident that the city was to become a great railroad center, and all branches of manufactures were fostered. The building of cars and locomotives, especially, grew into large proportions. As has previously been staled P. W. Gates and Hiram H. Scoville engaged in the manufacture of cars on a small scale, when the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad first commenced to call for rolling stock in 1848. Stone & Boomer, in February of that year, began the construction of wooden bridges on the Howe principle. In November, 1852, they completed the " Union Car Works," on South Clark Street, which were destroyed by fire in September, 1855. In February, 1S53, they turned out the first car, and during 1854 four hundred cars were completed. The linn had the contract for equipping the Western Division of the Chicago. Rock Island .V Pacific Railroad, and the Ohio & Mississippi Company. At the time of the destruction of the works they were the most extensive of the kind in the West, the gross annual earnings of the firm in the building of bridges being $800,000. They had contracts with twenty-four different railroads in Illinois. Missouri and Wisconsin. After the fire, the firm purchased the " American Car Works," on the lake shore, in the southern jwrt of the city, awl associated with themselves N. S Bouton. Mr. Bouton had purchased the works of G. W. Sizer \- Co. This manufactory was completed in the fall of 1852, but did not fairly commence business until March, 1853. When Messrs. Stone, Boomer & Bouton assumed charge in [855, everything was in fine working order, the buildings anil necessary yard-room covering thirteen acres of ground. The Michigan Central and the Illinois Central roads passed by the manufactory, so that every transportation facility was at hand. The works consisted of a foundry.' blacksmith shop, engine house, machine shop, paint shop and two passenger-car shops, and were known as the " Union Car and Bridge Works." In addition to these buildings the new firm continued to use their old foundry on South Clark Street. It should be remarked, however, that before the American Car Company's works came into their |>ossesston. they did a very extensive business under the former management anil under the superintendency of D. H. Lyman. During the first year 1853: seven hundred cars were constructed, mostly freight. The passenger coaches of the Illinois Central Company were also built by the American Car Company. The value of the finished work amounted to §450,000. In 1S54 the company manufactured thirty-nine first-class passenger cars and two hundred and thirty platform cars. This work, with the railroad castings, brought the value of manufactures up to $600,000 in the year 1855. In December, 1856, the car works were bought by the Illinois Central Company. The partnership was dissolved. Mr. Stone went into business as a contractor. Mr. Boomer as a bridge builder, and Mr. Bouton started a foundry on Clark Street, being appointed, soon after, to the position of Citv Superintendent of Public Works.

In September, 1853, the attention of business men was called to the importance of establishing, at this point, a locomotive manufactory. A company was therefore formed, in 1854. of which William H. Brown was president. The works of H. H. Scoville & Sons, corner of Adams and Canal streets, being adapted to the wants of the locomotive company, were purchased by the new organization. The Messrs. Scoville had already commenced the construction of a locomotive, which was placed upon the track soon after the organization of the company. It was the first locomotive built in Chicago - the " Enterprise " - and entered the services of the Galena \* Chicago Union Railroad Company. Afterward the locomotive company built the " Falcon" for the same road, and during the year of its existence turned out some ten locomotives, when its works and " good will " passed into the hands of the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad Company.

In 1854 the Galena it Chicago Union Railroad Company established a machine and repairing shop on West Kinzie Street. Locomotives were also built there, the -- Black Hawk " being one of its productions. The next year 1855 the Illinois Central followed the example of the Galena road and established shops on the lake shore, south of Twelfth Street. As stated, in 1X56, the company purchased the American Car Works, at Carville. In 1855 the Chicago, Roc k Island \- Pacific Company erected machine and repair works on Buffalo Street, and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Company put up similar shops on West Kinzie. The Chicago. St. Paul ,V- Fond du I-ac Company also established works on the North Branch of the river. Consequently 1I1 ere was little need tor private assistance in the manufacturing of cars ami locomotives,

Within the five years succeeding 1853, a numl>er of new iron manufactories started into life. " In June, 1S53, the "Chicago Iron Railing Manufactory," A. F.Stoddard, proprietor, commences business on Randolph Street. Vincent, Himrod & Company's stove foundry was built the same year, being located on the South Branch. John Pcat'tic's steam engine, works were located the same year on North Water Street. In 1S54, Stephens & Brother established a steam-engine manufactory, and J. W. Cobb's establishment on the corner of Kmzie ami Desplaiiics streets, devoted to the same objects, was burned. The "Chicago Lead Pipe and Sheet Iron Works," comer of Clinton and Fulton streets, were established the same year by Collins & Blatchford, on the corner of Clinton and Fulton streets. Pressed bar lead was also made. The parent house for lead manufacture was located in St. Louis. M. C. Barrel established a foundry corner of Canal ami Adams, in 1X55; and during the same year Russe" kV Angel commenced biistiu-ss on the comer of Kinrieami

In April of this year, Perkins \ Rrause began to manufacture steam engines and Hour and saw mills, their works being situated on the corner of Canal and Washington.

In July. 1857, Captain H, B. Ward established his mills for the re-rolling of in,,, rails. Thev were situated on the North Branch, three miles from Lake-street bridge. I lie buddings covered fifteen acres. The machinery was made in Detroit.

But few manufactories of any kind were established >» '«S7, those already in existence feeling satisfied if they could tide over the hard times.

By the year .857 the l:apitai investwl in iron works, car manufactories, etc., exceeded $1,700,000, s!l 7 V "nanufactures over twice that amount. Some two thousand eight hundred workmen were employed an, eight thousand tons of wrought and fourteen thousand tons of cast iron were consumed In the manulacture ... stoves a capital of about $.85,000 was name of McCormick, Ogden & Co. The contract embraced the supplying of Illinois , except four counties lennessec. Kentucky, Indiana and Michigan rangements were also made to enlarge the manufactory on the north side of the river, near the mouth of the harbor. During this year 1848. Mr. McCormick\ brother, I. cander, was taken into the business, and in 1849 William S. McCormick was associated. Thev afterward 1859 became partners in the manufactory. By 1857 the establishment was turning out over four thousand reapers annually, a capital of about §360,000 being invested.

In 1853 J. S. Wright commenced manufacturing the Atkin's self-raking reaper and mower, his building living on Peyton Street, North Side. The next )ear three hundred reapers were turned ont from this factor)'. In 1855 Mr. Wright changed his location, In iS;; lawas manufacturing one thousand eight hundred" machines.

In 1854. as stated, Asahel Pierce turned over the manufacture of plows to David Bradlcv, his brotherin-law, Mr. Bradley associated with himself Conrad Furst.and the foundation of the present extensive establishment of the " Furst i\: Bradley Manufacturing Company " was laid.

H. A. Pitts, manufacturer of threshing machines and horse powers, was also prominent in this branch nl industry. His factory, corner of West Randolph and Jefferson streets, was burned in September, 1855. but re-built on a greatly extended scale. In October, "tfl^. H. D. Kmerv & Co. established the "Chicago Agricultural Works."

An idea of the growth of this class of manufacturing may be obtained from the statement that in 1S56 the capital invested amounted to $597,000. and the tOUl value of the production was §1,134.300.

Among the pioneers in planing and the manufacture of builders' materials - sash, doors, blinds, etc., - after Ira Miltimore were Foss &: Brothers and L Vi. Mobfe, who established themselves in 1848; also F. McFall & Co. and Ooss iV Phillips, successors to Goss& Abbott. Mr. Goss commenced the business in 1848, and the firm of Goss \ Phillips was formed in 1850. Goss & Phillips' factory was consumed by fire in August, 1856, hut suspended business only a few weeks, and even then showed the enterprise which the "Goss \- Phillips Manufacturing Company " possess to the present day. B)T 1857 there were gome twenty planing mills and sash, door and blind factories, in which establishments W* invested a capital of $445,000. The value of manufactures turned out during the year 1856 was over fl,- 000,000.

From the most reliable accounts, as stated. Briggs & Humphrey were the first regular wagon and carriage makers, with Peter Schuttler a "good second." In November. 1837, J. C. Outhet started a wagon nunufactory, and continued in business many years, his location l>eing on Randolph Street, between Franklin and Wells streets. B. C. Welch established the tirst omnibus factory in the city in 1846. The firm name was at fust B. C. Welch & Co., then Welch & Mensden. and after Mr. Welch's death in 1856, J. T, Mensden & Co. The factory was situated on Randolph, belike" LaSalle and Clark streets, and the business had wide!) extendeil by 1857. F. Busch commenced to manufacture wagons on Washington Street in 1847- M Witbeck was one of Hie largest and best known wagon manufacturers in Chicago for many vears. His manufactory, which he greatly enlarged in 1853, was situate* on the corner of West Randolph and Jefferson streets

In 1854 Mr. Pierce, after having conducted the business of manufacturing wagons and plows for twenty years until it had grown into immense proportions, gave up the latter branch of the industry to his brother-inlaw, David Bradley, and established the " Chicago Carriage and Wagon Factory " at Holstein. three miles northwest of the city, on Milwaukee Avenue, being the largest and best known house of the kind in the city. Mr. Pierce carried on the business up to September, 1856, when the management was assumed by Tucker & Steinhousc. Mr. Bradley, in the meantime, had associated himself with Conrad Furst, an experienced carriage anil wagon maker, and thus was laid the basis of the '- Furst & Bradley Manufacturing Company," still alive and wonderfully prosperous.

Among the prominent wagon and carriage manufacturers of early days may also be mentioned Kllithorpe & Kline. John H. Kline went into business for himself in 1856.

By 1S57 the total capital invested in the business was $356,000, and the value of the manufactures $948.- i(>o. Over seven thousand wagons and carriages were manufactured in 1856.

Charles Morgan has the reputation of being the earliest furniture manufacturer in Chicago. John Phillips commenced to make chairs in 1845. His factory was on the corner of (ireen and Third streets, and was the first establishment devoted exclusively to the manufacture of chairs. Both were in business in 1857. Furniture making took a fresh start in 1855 ; such new firms as Jacob Strebl and Hutchings & Brown going into the business. The capital invested in this branch of industry in 1S57 was §354,000, and during 1856 the manufactures were valued at $543,000. Among the most extensive then doing business were D. L. Jacobus & Bro., on Randolph Street, and John Finerty, on the same thoroughfare, the latter of whom confined himself to the manufacture of fine goods.

The sub-soil of Chicago and vicinity is a blue clay, underlying the surface from three to six feet. This material is found in great abundance on the South Branch of the River, in Green's addition. Next to Mr. Bludgelt, among the first of Chicago's citizens to fairly establish this branch of manufacture was John Penny. Other Pcnnys followed, and in the forties John Penny was re-enforced by A. J., and G. W., his sons. Penny & Mcacham, Penny, Mcacham & Harvey, etc., were all in the same business up to 1857. In 1S53 the total manufacture of bricks had reached only twenty million, but the entire product was used at home, Milwaukee also furnishing this city a portion of her cream colored articles. By 1854 there were five brick-yards in operation, that of Daniel Elston being the largest. P. T. & E. Sherman had also obtained a reputation for the excellence of their manufacture. In 1857 there were fifteen yards and they turned out about ninety-one million of brick, valued at over $700,000.

About eighteen miles southwest from Chicago, are situated the famous " Athens Quarries," near Lcmont. In 1S46 the stone was discovered by some workman while they were excavating for the Illinois & Michigan Canal, but was not then considered of superior quality. It was, at first, used merely for foundation stone. In 1851 the " Illinois Stone Company " opened a quarry there, but even then no one thought of using the stone for facing purposes, or of calling it "marble." In 1S52. however, the Merchant's & Mechanic's Bank of Chicago was faced with the Athens stone, the first useil for this purpose in the city. P. C Sherman and William B. Ogden then used it in their buildings, next to the Sher- man House, and on the corner of Lake and Clark streets. Several large marble yards started up in Chicago during the year 1852, several of them drawing their supply from the Athens quarries. H. & O. Wilson had extensive yards, on the corner of State and Washington streets, established in the summer of 1853. John Shumer & Co., successors to A. S. Sherman, on Water Street, also were actively engaged in that business. The " Illinois Stone & Lime Company " was organized in December, 1853, purchasing A. S. & O. Sherman's interest in the quarry at Letnont. and also the lime kiln near Bridgeport. The organization consisted of W. S. Gumee. president ; M. C. Steams, secretary and treasurer; A. S. & O. Sherman, superintendents. The reputation of the Athens stone extended until it became the favorite building material in the city. Professor Hitchcock while on a visit to Chicago, during the winter of 1855-56, examined and analyzed it, and called it "Athens Marble." Although really a magnesian limestone, it has since been known by that name.

In 1857 the amount of capital employed in the stone business of Chicago was fully $1,500,000. During that year the six thousand tuns of Athens marble, shipped mostly from Chicago, found its way to all the important cities in the Northwest, and became a serious competitor in the market with the products of the Lockport quarries, in New York,

In 1838 S. B. Collins iV Co. began the manufacture of boots and shoes, in a small way. It increased yearly until 1855, at which time the business passed into the hands of Pearson & Dana. In 1854 E. S. Wells opened the Metropolitan Boot and Shoe Store, and commenced the manufacture on an extensive scale.