Cook County, Illinois - The whole text, 1884 (part 6 of 61)

Caldwell did not long survive the removal, but died in his new home in Council Bluffs on the 2Sth of September. 1841. at ihe age of sixty-two. His most striking characteristic was his humanity. In this respect he resembled his great leader, Tccumseh. He did all in bis power 10 alleviate the horrors of the war and in lime of peace did all he could to promote the feeling of friendship between the Indians and w hites. By the first residents and settlers of ( Imago he was highly respected, an.l some are still surviving who esteemed it no small privilege to accompany him on a hunting excursion. The esteem in which he was generally held Is well reflected in the action of Mark lleaubien. when he' named his new tavern. It was suggested to Mark that he should name his house after some great man. He could think of no greater personage than Billy Caldwell and s,, his tavern became celebrated as the " Sauganash."

Siiaw.ihi.nfe-, whose name has been written in many ways, among others, as Chamblie, in Hilly Caldwell's certificate heretofore given, was the son of an Ottawa chief, and was born near the Matimec Kiver in Ohio about the year 1775. He married the daughter of a Pottawatomie, and lie wins thereafter lo have Ken more Identified with the Pottawatomics than with the ottawas. though these tribes were always more or less intimately associated. His village was on lhc Illinois near where lhe present city of Ottawa now stands.bul he subsequently removed it to what Is now known as Shabbona Grove in He Kalb County. Shawbonee btCBmc associated with Caldwell and Tecumsch about the year 1S07, and was their firm ally in all their enterprises, until the death of Tecumsch. Shawbonee was present at the bailie of the Thames, and was by the side of Tccumseh when he was kille-d. He always maintained' that it was Colonel klchard Johnson who lircd the fatal shot thai killed his chief. After the war was over he gave in his adherence to the United States Government, and from thai time forth until the end of his life he was a strong and eonstant friend lo the Americans, an.l on more than one ocxasjon risked his own life lo save his while friend. At the lime of lhc so-called Winnebago war, in 1827. there was no military force al Fori Dearborn, and it was greatly feared by the seillers in the neighborhood thai ihe Pottawatomie's would be led to join with the northern tribes in war against the whiles. After the annual payment was made in September of thai vear. rumors that Big Foot's kind, which had their villages on I.nke Geneva, would certainly join with the Winncbagor*. fell thick and fast upon the cars of the startled settlers. At this juncture Shawbonee and Caldwell used their influence to restrain their own funds, an.l also volunteered 10 find nut what were the plans of the Winnchagocs, and whether Big Foot's band really intended lo join wiih them. With this purpose in view they visited Big Fool's village, and by their astuteness and clever management, succeeded in preventing Big Foot's land from entering into the threatened alliance. The last attempt made lo engage the Pottawatomie* in war with the whites was that made by Black Hawk in 1832. That celebrates! warrior, emulating the example of Tccumseh a quarter of a century before, sought 10 emlist all the Indian tribes in a general war. A great council was held at Indiantown in February, 1832, and there with great eloquence and force Black Hawk enlarge! upon Ihe necessity nf co-operation in order to save their hunting grounds from the encroachments of the whites. "Ut all our tribes unite," the lawny orator, "anil we shall have an army of warriors equal in numlier to ihe tree* of the forest." The appeal was powerful and it icuuircd nil the influence of Shawbonee, Caldwell and Kobinson Ic overcome it. But these men well knew the power and military resources of the whites, anil how hopeless a war w ith them would be. Said Shawbonee in answer to Black Hawk's figure of speech as to their numbers, "Your army wotiM equal in number the trees of the forest, and you would encounter an armv of palefaces as numerous as the leaves on those trees.'' The council (ailed in uniting the Indians in a common cause and although Mack Hawk nude one more effort to gain Shawbonee in his cause, he utterly failed. Not only did Shawlionee repel all the efforts of Black llavvk. but when the war broke out, by his personal exertions, and al the risk of his life, he succeeded 'in warning some of (lie frontier settlers in lime to sue their lives. By the treaty of Prairie du t'hien two sections of land were granted I.. Shawbonee. I his was located by him at the place where (or many years his village had been situated in I 'e Kalb County. A survey and plat were made accordingly, anil here Shawbonee resided unli! his kind was removed to the West in 1*37. He accompanied them with his family, but unfortunately their reservation in the neighborhood of that of the Sacs and foxes. Hie feud which had arisen between the tribes on account of Shawlmncc's refusal to co-oiicratc with Hawk still existed, and culminated in the murder of Shawbonce's eldest son anil nephew by some of the revengeful Sacs and Foxes, shawlionee himself narrowly escaped and he was induced to return again with his family to his old home. He resided at his favorite gmve with hi* family, for a number of year., until Ivs tribe was removed to their new reservation in Kansas.' This induccd h.m to again join his red brethren, but he remained with them only for three years, when he again returned to his Illinois home Hut a change had now recurred. The Land l>cparlment had ordcrcd aiWw survey and ignored Shaw boner's claim, holding that he had forfeited ,1 by removal from it. It was entered ,.t the land-ofice at Dixon for sale, and when Shawbonee returned, he found his favorite home in the possession of strangers. |iis eminent servi.es in behalf of the whites in the early days were all forgotten and he was ruthlessly driven from the spot he so much loved and all. ut which clustered so many of his .leares. rerol lei, ions. A f,.» of hi, TslnT^ T?"K united in the purchase- of fie was one of a party consisting of thirteen clerks, and <*ie hundred ami twenty men liesidcs, the latter being all Canadians I he party traveled in thirteen kiltcaux. The destination was ih, head of navigation " on the lakes. The route was long and tljourney dangerous. I he party without accident ascended th» la t hien rapids and in due course of time reached Toronto then called Vorktown. Here some fifty of the party, nred of the arduous labor which to them had apjKirentlv iust begun, deserted \\ this point, as so many voyagers had left them, Mr. Matlhcws" who was with the party, determined to shorten his course to the upper l akes by a portage between Lake Ontario and (nrorgian llav an estuary of Lake Huron. The remaining jiartv. aci.*.iihglv changed their projiosed route at Toronto and moved across the country northwest ; first, g.,ing up what was then known as the \ oung.strcet road to Lake Simcoc. < i»asiing the lake ; thence by a weary portage, where not over nine miles a dav could he made to the mouth of the Saugu kiver, at the foot of (ieorgian Bav Vrom thence re -embarking in their kutcaux. thev coasted ah.ngt'he shores and among the islamls. to the straits of Mackinac which thev reached July 4, ts|S. ||m. young Hubkird remained, workingin the companv s warehouse, until the middle of September, when joining the Illinois Brigade, consisting of one hundred men", under the agent, Anioinc lies! hamps; he set out. via Uke Michigan, for the Illinois .oimtry. I he party had a full stock of supplies such as would be rcpiired in trade with the Indians, and the fleet consisted of twelve batteaux. I'assing through the straits, thev crept along the east shore of t-ake Michigan, stopping at various p. iints on their voyage, t >n the last .lav of t Moher or first of No. vemkr, isit., the p,.rty reached fort liearboni. then all there was ol Chicago, Mr. Ilubkird remained there three davs. being the guest (,f John Kinzie. at hjg house on the Nonh Side. He thrn, with the party, pushed into the interior country. Thev went, via the South Branch and through Mud I a kc (near Bridgeportl. ami from thence, carrying their goods upon their backs, and dragging their batteaux across the intervening land, came to the l>c?p]aines Kiver .which they dcsa^ndeil to the Kankakee, and thence down the Illinois Kiver, Mr. Hubbard was ordered to the trading-cost at the mouth of Bureau Kiver. then in charge of a Frenchman named BtbCM. who could neither read nor write. Young Hubbard was detailed to keep the accounts and assist in the detail* of the business of this post, by Mr. DesChamps. He reached his ap|«nnted post early in November, but was allowed bv the agent to proceed down the river to St. Louis, where he visited his father ami brother, who had removed to thai (ar western point from Montreal, tin the trip he saw no white men. except members of hi* own party, until he reached St. Louis, then a town of some six hundred inhabitants. About the middle of November he returned to Bcbeaus trading-post, where he remained performing his clerical duties untd spring. At that time, the trade with the Indians being over, he returned by the same wearv route, in the same batteaux, now ladened with furs, and manned bv many of his companions and voyagers of the downward trip, to Mackinac, the hcadi|.iartcrs ol the American Fur Company. There he mav be said to have made his home for the succeeding five years, lie became a clerk under \V. \\". Wallace, who had charge of the fur slore at that rendezvous. ||c acted as shipping-clerk, receiving the furs (mm the various trading p.«ts west, and the inland traders, and assortnig. packing, invoicing and shipping them to New York. John Jacob Astor of that city being the president of the company. He made trips to the interior nearly every winter, returning to Mackinac each summer. I luring the w fnter of iSiq-io. he was detailed tn a trading-postal the mouth ol Muskegon Kiver. The following « inter lie spent in charge of a post near the present site of Kalamaroo, Mich. In the late fall of 1S21 he again visited Chicago nn hi« way to Ihe Iradf - *- - -

..-post on Bureau Kiver, to w hich he had been re-assigned. I here. and on Cnxikcd Creek, a tributary of the Illinois Kiver. skirting the northern boundary of what is now Brown County, and emptying into the river a few miles below, the present tuwn of Lcardstovvn, he spent the succeeding three winters, in charge of the business of the company in that region.

<>n hi* second visit to Chicago he found the same inhabitants outside the fort as at his former visit viz.: John Kin- <ne and family, and Antoinc Onilmelte, his Indian' wife and half-breed children. From that time he became identified wiih the history of Chicago, although he did not become a permanent resident until manv years after. For the four succeeding years he passed through the region now known as Chicago, and then as a geographical point called Fori Dearborn, many imi-s each year. Ills supplies were all brought by wider navigation to that point, and nearly all his furs were shipped from there. Chi- ' '" ':" ' ve |> ..1 the Indian tradi during those years, ana v,ung Ilubkird. then the most active and vigorous agent ol DM company, became well known to every man. woman and child a;.._ ~J" whether American. French, half-breed, or puie In- Subsequent to 1S22, no person lived about the mouth of

Mr. Hubbard remained in the employ of the American Fur Company two year* beyond the term for which he was bound - seven years in all - during which time he had accumulated some wealth, and had acquired what was bettcT, the entire confidence of every man connected with the trade of the Northwest, both American and Indian. His wages, as has been stated, were, during the five years of his indenture only nominal - $t ji> per year* - but, for the succeeding two years, while he remained in the employ of the company, he received $1,300 per year and was, during the last year of hi> engagement a special partner. Hcsevercdhis connection with the American Kur Company in the spring of 1S27. During the last year of his envr.-igtmenl. »W ;'t his own solicitation, was allowed to open up an inland trade, fin the Iroquois, his station bring at the site of the present town of Watscca, While there he laid his plans, afterwards carried out. for an immense trade all along the line of what afterwards became famous as Hubbard's trail.

During the perioil of Mr. Hubbard's engagement with the American Fur Company, he made twenty-six voyages to and from his interior posts and via Chicago, to the headquarters at Mackinac. In 1837, having purchased of the company its franchises and good-will, he commenced business for himself. He no longer confined his trade to the watcr-wavs as had been formerly done, but. scuttling his boats for safety within the South branch of the Chicago Kiver. he fitted out what at thai time might be termed a most formidable caravan, consisting of nearly riftv heavilv-ladcn DMiMi which he h.^ bought of the Pottawatomie chief Hig Pool at his village fifty milcs'away. at the head of what is now known as Ccncva Lake. Wisconsin. With this outfit he moved s..uth toward the Wabash Kiver. and established trading-posts all along the line, nearly to the mouth ->( the Wabash, at intervals of thirtv to fifty miles. The trail thus tirst marked out by lliibU-ird's caravan, anil for years after traveled between his trailing posts, became familiarly known as " Hubbard's trail," and was for fifteen years the only well known and constantly traveled road between Chicago and the Wab.i-h country. Danville, now the shirctown of Vermillion County, was the principal inland depot of supplies, and there Mr. Hubbard made his home for sev eral years.although his business kept him mostly on the trail between his various posts. Thus it happened that, although not at the time a resident of Chicago, he was present at the partial burning of the fort in IS27; and, during the Winnebago scare " which succeeded, made his memorable ride from Chicago to the Wabash country for help, the particulars of which are related

As the settlements increased along the line of trading-posts established, the Indian trade gradually languished, and. one after another. Mr. Ilnbbaid abandoned them on the south, until, after the extinction of the Indian title in I is i A. and the certainty that his Indian customers would leave the country within two years, he abandoned the trade altogether, and became' a permanent resident of Chicago, transferring his wonderful energy to his new home. This incurred in 1834. The intimate connection of Mr. Hubbard with the history of Chicago since that date is apparent on nearly every |>age. ami in nearly every topic. It is unnecessary to repeat. He stands prominent as one of the foremost merchants for the succeeding twenty years, during which period, besides carrying on one of the largest shipping, commission, packing, ami forwarding trades in the city, he held nearly every olt'ue of trust and honor that his fellow. "citizens could thrust upon him. It mav be said here that he never violated any trust liestowcil. and, in his old age. he lives among the scenes of bis active and useful life, with a character above reproach and a reputation untarnished by the business vicissitudes of half a century.

In the spring of 1S31 Mr. Hubbard married Flcnora llerry. daughter of Judge Klisha Berry, of Crbana, Ohio. They had one child. Curdon S. Hubbard, Jr.. who was born in Chicago.' Fcbruary 22, 1S3S, and is now (1SS3). an honored citi/en of the town where he was born. Mrs. 1 1 ubbaird died Februarys'!, 1S3*.

In 1843 Mr. Hubbard married Miss Mary Ann Hubbard, daughter of Alhira Hubbard, Chicago, who, with her honored husband Mill lives after forty years of married life, the worthy w ife of the oldest and one of the worthiest of Chicago's ill ill III,

Prior to 1830 there was no town of Chicago. The region round-about, and the embryo settlement outside Fort Dearborn, had been known bv that name,

. - fjuhrr died iti 18m. flat of the very #i>t> \»:r yejr, during lite y,-ar* f,f his inth ntere, he set Apart mother one-half of his earnings. A letter from the intern. January jS. ilrt. to ho mix her, thru at Middlcton, Conn, speak* in the highest lirms of Ivr faithful son, aiul ,hr inok.Mirr in here! $;s. which he had set apart fur her before, which had been applied since the time of the early French explorations quite indiscriminately to the Desplaines kiver. to all the marshy district lying about its source, and extending to and embracing 'the site of the present city.*

The canal commissioners f appointed by the Legislature of 1829 were empowered to locate the canal, to lay out towns, to sell lots, anil to apply the proceeds to the construction of the canal." The members of this board were Dr. Jayne of Springfield, Edmund Roberts of Kaskaskia, and Charles Dunn. These commissioners were the official fathers of the city. They employed James Thompson to survey and plat the town of Chicago on Section 9, Township 39. Range 14. The completion of this survey, and the filing of the plat bearing date August 4, 1830. marks the date of the geographical location of the town, now the great city of Chicago.

The part of Section 9, platted as above, was Iwntndetl as follows: Commencing at the corner of Madison and State streets, on the south by Madison Street to its intersection with Desplaines; on thi vest by Desplaines; on the north by Kinzie; and on the east by State Street. It embraced the little settlement at Wolf Point ami the lower village on the South Side, and comprised an area of about three-eighths of a square mile.

The population of the new town and suburbs, outside the fort where two companies of United States infantry, under command of Major Fowle, were stationed , numbered, including the white families, halfbreeds, and three or four French traders, not to exceed a hundred. Colbert's Chicago pp. 5 and 6 , gives the following regarding the residents of Chicago in 1S29 and 1S30.

" In l?Jo, the residents of the town besides the garrison were I he following: John Kirmc, } residing on the North Branch; l>r. Wolcott. Indian Agent, and son-in-law to Mr. Kinzie, residing near the site of the present ( ialcna freight depot, just east of Clark Street (he died in the fall of 1*301; John Miller, keeper of a log tavern, near the forks of the river, at Wolf I'oint. North Side; John It, Itcaubien, residing near the lake shore, a liltle south of the fort; three or four Indian traders whose names have not been preserved, residing in log cabins west of the river."

The more elaborate "directory," given by the same author at the tlate of the finishing of Thompson's plat of the town, shows considerable increase of the resident population, or that the "census" of the previous year was imperfectly taken. It reads as follows:

"Taverns - blijah Wcntwnrlh, north side of the river, near the fork; Samuel Miller, west side of the river, just north of the fork; Mark Ilcaubicn. east side of the river, jus! south of the fork.S

Chicago, a* "Chicagol!," while on the same map the river Desptainc* was designated as the Chicago*! River. It was also recognized as a locality under the name of Chicago in the official records of Fulton County, then rmor.u:ing the pre^rnl county of Cook. Concerning ihis. Htm. John Wrnlworth in a hi*- U»ric Iccluir published in Fergus's Historical Scrw*. No. 7, says ; " From St. Clair County, what is now Cook County was set off in the new cnxinly of Madison; Ibenre in (hr county of Crawford: in iHto, in tile urn county of Clark: and «o little wax then known of the northern cotlntty that ihe act (wain* CUik Ouinty extended it to the Canada line. In iln »r were set off in the new county of Pike; in iSav, in the new 1 minlv of Fitltiii; and in ilys, in the new county of Peoria. I have wA only <wiised* the lounty records of tarsr counties to he examined, but have also corresponded with their earliest settler.. amlleanfindnoofrW i.il recognition of Chicago until we reach Pultun County. The Clerk of that county write* me that the earliest mention of Chicago in lh«- recordx is the i»rder of an election at the tetm of the Fultnci County Commixsloners Court. September j, ttrx, to choo»c one major and company officers, polls at Chicago to be opened al Ihe house of John Kin/ie. The return* of litis election cannot be fosind, if they were ever made.'* Chicago was also a voting precinct of Peoria County, an election being held there a* early ax AargMt 7, 1*90.

'"James Kin/ic and family, William See and family, and Alexander Kohinson and family, resided near Wenlworth's tavern. The old Kinxic house, on the north side of the river and opposite the fort, was then unoccupied and in a dilapidated Mate. The (nivrrnment agency-house, known as 'Cobweb Castle." was left unociunicd h\- the ileal h of |)r. Wolcotl. In it* vicinity were small log buildings occupied by the blacksmith. Mr. Me Kef. and IUIK Calitwell. an Indian chief, who was alx. interpreter for the agency. At this lime, or soon after. (I. Kcrchev.il and f>r. K. 1 larmon' and lames llarringtim hail arrived, anil were making claims on the lake' shore in tin MKKdiBg spring."

The French names ;ire mostly of Indian traders who ever followed the Indian trilics with whom they had become allied, first in the interest of their trade, and later from family or tribal relations which bad come from Intermarriage. Most of them had Indian wives.

A few not shown in the foregoing list were, at that date, living in Chicago, Among them was Stephen Forties, who taught a private school in what was known as the "Dean house" during the spring months of 1830. He went to Ohio during the rammer of that year, returned with a wife in September, and they together re-opened his private school. The following sketch of the Forbes family is taken from Hurlbut's " Chicago Antiquities : "

*' STEPHEN F0MBS was bom in Wilmington, Vt., 26th July, 1797; his parents were John ami Anna (Sawyer! Forba*. He married in Newburgh, Ohio, 25th March, 1*30, Elvira (born in Moncton, Vt., 30th November, iftodl. daughter o( Noble anil Aurilla (lUxjthi liates. Mr. Forbes first came l<> Chicago in the summer of 1829, and returned to Ohio the ensuing (all ; came hack to Chicago in the spring of 1830, and taught school three months, and then went to Ohio again, anil returned here with Mrs. Port*) in the month nf September, of that year. They lived in the Dean house, so called, just by the nutlet of the river. The boats, which unloaded the vessels, turned in there just by lhi« house. The house was a block or timber-built one, being of logs hewed on two sides, with two main rooms, with an addition of one room. The school was kept in this house, Mrs. Forbes anil her clas- occupying one room, and Mr. K. and the boys the other. Of the children of this school, a boy and girl came from the garrison; the girl, whose name was Julia Shuttlewonh, was the daughter of an F.nglishman, a soldier in the fort. The other scholars were mostly- French or half-breeds. l-ale in tf>3i, Mr. F. removed to where RWuskJe is now, or near there, where the Laughlons lived, but returned to Chicago in 1832, in consequence of the Indian trouble*. David and Hernardus II. Laughton were Indian traders, and a few years before had a store at ManUcrabble, on the Chicago South iiraneh. The wife of the last-named gentleman was n sister of Mrs. Forbes. Mr. Forbes returned to live at l-aughlon's, and when both those gentlemen died within a few weeks of each other; he helped to bury them. Mr. F. was the first Sheriff of Cook County elected by the people, 1832. These items, with others, we received from Mr. F. at an interview on his eighty-first birthday, July 26, 1S7S. Tile above portraits were copied from photographs taken ahout 186-8 ; the autograph signature of Mr. V. is the same as the one which accompanies his letter ; that of Mrs. F. was written in her seventy-second year. Mr. K. had a paralytic attack some years since, but continued to walk out frequently in pleasant weather. He died suddenly of apoplexy, in Chicago, at the house of his son-in-law, Nathan S. feck, on Tuesday evening, nth February, 1 870, "

Religious Germs. - As a whole, the Chicago of 1831 could not have been considered a pious town.* There was no church edifice, and outside the fort, with the exceptions of the ministrations of the Jesuit priests among the Indians, and the visits of McCov, Scarrett, and Walker on the part of Protestant missions, it does not appear that the preaching of the gospel had been an clement in the life of the town. W'illiam See, a Methodist exhorter, occasionally essayed to preach. He was a blacksmith, and worked for Mr. McKee. zie heard him preach in the spring of preached in what she termed the " little schoothouse at Wolf Point. It does not appear, however, that his ministrations were rewarded with a religious awakenina sufficient to result in an organization of the few devout persons who heard him preach. He was a man of unblemished character, and, as a faithful servant of his Master, did what he could to prepare the way for the more efficient, though not more meritorious, work done by his immediate successors, with whom he continued to co-operate in religious labor after their arrival. He is entitled to the distinction of being the first ordained resident preacher of the modern Chicago- "Chicago Mission" was designated in 183J as a point in the Sangamon District nf the Methodist Kpiscopal Church, and the Kcv. Jew* Walker, then living at Plainficld. forty miles distant, was appointed to the charge. He paid his first visit after his appointment in company with Rev. Stephen K. Reggs. Mr. Ilcggs held his first meeting in Or. Harmon's room, in the fort, on the evening of June 15, 1831, <>n the following day he preached in the log school-house at Wolf Point, where William See had occasionally preached before. The meeting resulted in the formation at that time of a Methodist class, ami the permanent establishment of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Chicago. The venerable pioneer of Methodism, Mr. lleggs. in an address before the Calumet Club in Chicago. May 27, iK;o. forty-eight years after, spoke of the formation of the class anil its members as follows river, upon or near what is now Canal Street, and near Wfl > jjj I invited all to come forward who wished to enroll tMn.se. ^ the Methodist Church. Ten responded. Among iwm William Sec who was made class-leader, who moved N p( Wis., and died there ;* fclijah Wentwonh. Jr., the first cor<»

CM* County, who died at t.alesburg. III., on the iSth of November *8": h'=, n,',.hcr Lucy (Walker) Wcntwonh. who died It CMcago of cholera, July 22, ,«49, Md his two sL M Quuta Sweet, now ,, M. jotwph. Mich., and Mrs. El jahE«£"tf Milwaukee Wis., whose daughter is now the wife Isaac Lracbiirger. at Dixon, in this State. This same vh«J hoUSe afterwards served as chape! and parsonage ^Tthe'itberam clergyman. Here were h1S kitchen and parlor. At the \leth"hs ( on crence he d at Indianapol,, ,he 4.I. ,,} tletobcr. .S5t, I w Tap ftbrd. 2s.C,8sl } ' dicd Ut St Mich, No other efforts toestablish stated religious services m Chicago were made until the following year \s auxiliary to the religious movement above mentioned weekly prayer meetings were begun in the fall, at the house of Mark Noble. Sen. the old Kinzie house'. Mr Nob e his two daughters, and Mrs. R. J. Hamilton, all Methodists, were the originators and zealous support*!* of this first Christian prayer meeting of Chicago!

I he first Post-okkice was established at the town f CWcagO in the spring of ,83,, ;lnd Jonathan N. I a.ley appotnted Postmaster. He was, at that lime, ining in the old kmzie house, opposite the fort It is probable that the mails were first opened and distributed at his dwelling. The mail facilities at the time the post-office was established were not of the best There were no post-roads. The mail was received once in two weeks from Niles, that being the nearest distributing post-office.

The village did not grow rapidly during the first vear after the survey was made. A few men came in to swell the permanent population, but not sufficient to give it any decided certainty of being the leading city of the West hc f « of lot» hv the land commissioners was made largely to speculators or to the few residents who took a local interest in the embryo town. The prices realized were by no means extravagant when compared with those of to-day. As showing the first market value ot city lots in Chicago, the following partial list of purchasers of .830, and the prices paid or promised to be paid, is given :

1 he troops in garrison were removed in June to tiret-n Bay, and the Government property left in charge of Indian Agent Colonel T. j. V. Owen, assisted by his brother-in-law, Gholson Kercheval.

" When we chose the path across the prairie toward the south we generally passed a newcomer. Dr. Harmon, superinlendintr the construction of a sod fence, at a spol he had chosen, near the Shore i£ - " ,.h,S a- '»>«- Ka«>n advanced, he occupied himself .n planting fruit stones of all descriptions, to make rea.ly a KarrJen and orchard for future enjoyment. We usually su.ppcsl to have a little chat. The two favorite schemes of ihe t llicago""6 hortM::,l,urc and ,hc ccrtain f<«"".' importance of

The accounts are quite unanimous in the statement that many emigrants were temporary sojourners in the fort, and the buildings surrounding, during the summer ami fall, but it does not appear that manv of them remained permanently. Most of them went beyond to the Fox and Rock River countries and made settlements there.

Colbert, p. 5, states : " The same vessel 1 the ' Telegraph ' brought a number of families who, however, did not settle here. Emigration set in largely in the fall and by September the fort was filled with emigrant families, the occupants numbering some four hundred souls."

" The ' Telegraph, * which arrived in July, and Ihe " Marengo, were the only arrivals during the season, except the one that transported the troo|» to (Jrcen Hay.* The principal part of the population of Chicago during the winter of 1831-32 occupied the quarters in the garrison, and were ministered to," in the way of creature comforts, by our estimable citizen George W. Dole who was the only merchant then in Chicago, except Mr. R. A. Kinrie. at W oil 1 oint.

north, of range nine, east; then due north to the northern Ixiundary c. c-mll..i M,!!..,. f.-,r ftline of the Stale; thence east with laid line to the northeast corner */- »-» »-».""'<-' *UlM' }°T ,. . _ .

and the county seal thereof is hereby declared to lie permanently Ordered thai the following rales* lie allowed to tavern keepestablished at the town of Chicago, as the same has been laid out ers to wit; ferried at such rates as should be- reasonable and just. Action was had fur the establishment of a terry In March, 1X31, Cook Countv was organized. It across the branches of the Chicago River at the forks, then embraced, besides its present limits, all of what The people of Cook Countv, " with their traveling allure now the counties of Lake, Mc Henry, Dul'age, and ratus.'- were to be passed free ; all others were to be Will. The only voting place in the countv was Chi- charged for ferriage as per a schedule of rates then cago, at the first election. No general election was adopted. Whoever should be appointed ferryman would held until the following year, before which time the be required to file a bond in the sum of poo for the county had been divided into three precincts. The faithful performance of his duty, and to pay into the first commissioners were Samuel Miller, Cholson Kerche- county treasury the sum of $50. A ferry scow was val, and James Walker, who, on March 8, held their purchased of Samuel Miller for $65. At the next term first court in Chicago, and took the oath of office be- of court June 6, 1831 Mark Beaubien was duly apfore Justice of the Peace J. S. C Hogan. William See pointed ferryman of Chicago, having filed the required was appointed Clerk and Archibald Clyhournc, Treas- bond, with James Einzie as surety, and entered into an urer. \\ uh the exception of Walker, who lived on the agreement to pay into the countv treasury the required Dul'age River, the governing power of Cook County sum of $50.

At that session Mark Bcaubicn, O. Newberry,* and Joseph Leflenboys were licensed to sell goods in Cook County. Subsequent records show that, during 1831, in addition to those before mentioned, merchants' licenses were granted to Brewster. Uogan & Co.. Peck, Walker & Co., Joseph Naper, and Nicholas Boliveu.

First County Roads. - The initiatory steps were taken during this session for the establishment of two country roads. The first was to be located " from the town of Chicago to the house of li. I.awton, from thence to the house of James Walker, on the Dul'age River, and so on to the west line of the county." The viewers appointed were Elijah Wcntworth, R. E. Heacoek. and Timothy B. Clark. The second was to run " from the town of Chicago, the nearest and best way to the house of Widow brown, on Hickory Creek." James Kinzie, Archibald Clybourne, and R. E. Heacock were ap]x>intcd viewers. These two highways were intended to open communication with the southern and western parts of the county, and between the voting places in the three precincts established, The projected road to Widow Browns was laid out from the town of Chicago on what is now State Street and Archer Avenue. The Dul'age road ran essentially on the line of Madison Street to Ogden Avenue, thence on said avenue to l.awton's, near what is now Riverside.

The first report of the viewers of the last-named road docs not appear to have been satisfactory to the court as the record says: "the report is rejected and the viewers shall have no pay for their services." 'The court perhaps transcended its authority in thus cutting off the pay of the derelict viewers, but, as there is no record to die contrary, it is believed that the punishment was meekly borne by the luckless trio, and that no attempts were made on 'their part to obtain redress. Thus early in history did the county fathers frown upon undesirable practices in the civil service, whether corrupt or otherwise. Slight lapses from the inflexible integrity of the early court have since occurred, and the practice of depriving officials of the emoluments of office when under clouds of suspicion has long ago fallen into disuse.

First I'ciii.ic Land Sai.k. - 'The Canal Commissioner! deeded Cook County a tract of ten acres including what is now the court-house square.

It was decided by the commissioners to sell off by public auction a part of the land. The sale occurred July 1 83 1, James Kinzie being the auctioneer. The county records show that the rate of commissions allowed him were two and one-half per cent for the first S200, and one per cent for all over that sum. For his services he received a county order for the sum of Sm 5,?j4- Computing from the amount of the auctioneer's commissions, it would appear that the gross amount of sales was $1,153.75.

Ax Indian P.wmint. - The last occurrence worthy of note in the annals of Chicago for the year 1831, was the gathering of nearly 4,000 Indians to receive their annuities, which were disbursed by Colonel Owen, assisted by Kinzie and Gholson Kercheval. The payment occurred during the latter part of September.'and was the occasion of no little anxiety on the part of the whiles, as it was known that there were emissaries from the Sacs of Black Hawk's band, who had but recently reluctantly moved to the western hanks of the Mississippi, attempting to incite the tribes gathered to make common cause with them against the whites, and to inaugurate a general war for the extermination of the settlers and the repossession of their old hunting grounds. It was known that the counsels of the Pottawatomies were far from unanimous for peace. Black Foot, leader of a powerful band, having his home at the head of Big Foot, now Geneva l.ake, was ready to put on his war paint, as were most of his braves. His influence was, however, not sufficient, against the strenuous opposition of Billy Caldwell Sauganash who was the stanch friend of the whites, to carry the tribe into the proposed warlike alliance; and much to the relief of the whites the plot fell through, and the payment ended in a bloodless orgie of drunkenness, after which the various tribes returned to their villages, some evincing surly disappointment that blood had been averted. 'The sentiment of the tribes as a whole was not reassuring for a lasting peace. Although, through the firmness of Colonel Owen and the influence of the friendly chiefs, no hostile alliance had been effected, it was quite generally believed that in case of any attempt on the part of the Sacs to repossess their lands about Rock Island, the Pottawatomies would at best be only neutral as a tribe, while Big Foot's band might prove secret allies so far as to give aid and comfort to the enemy. -

Eariv A mi'skmf.nts, - 1 luring the winter of 1831-32 the settlement, almost shut out from the outside world, found amusement, pastime and profit within the narrow range of its own resources. 'There were dances at Mark Beaubien's. A "debating society " was organized at the fort, J. B. Beaubien being the president. A chronicler states that he presided with "much efficiency and dignity." Although not very conversant with Jefferson's Manual, he had no occasion to use it, as every member was disposed to be orderly and behave himself, and each and all seemed bound to contribute as much as possible to the general sum of knowledge and usefulness. Here Chicago oratory was first fledged, and the ever-recurring questions of debate on such occasions were for the first time debated, if not settled, on the western shore of Lake Michigan,

Mark Noble and family, Mrs. Hamilton, the Wentworths, Mr. See and wife. Rev. Stephen R. llcggs and family and other religious souls, if such they were, held weekly prayer meetings, either at Mr. Noble's house or at the fort. Thus, the grave, the gay and the intellectual found sources of enjoyment in this far-off hamlet of the West. 'The monotony of the short winter days was broken by an occasional scrub-race on the ice between one of Mark Beaubien's horses he had two and any other that could be found to score with him. An occasional wolf hunt within the present city limits also helped to while away the time until the warm spring should bring the expected arrival of more emigrants, and the Consequent renewal of business, which had been quite brisk with passing emigrants till cold weather set in.

An Unexpected Set Back. - The spring came, and with it came rumors which blighted all hopes of a renewal of the tide of emigration early in the season. They were to the effect that Black Hawk* with bis band, although unsuccessful in his attempts at an alliance with the Pottawatomies the fall before, had recrnsscd the Mississippi in violation of his treaty, and with the apparent intent of re-occupying his old village and the territory along the Rock River which he had so recently left. The alarming rumor was confirmed OR the arrival of Hon. Richard M. Young, at Fort Dearborn. He was at that time one of the circuit judges of the State. He was accompanied by Benjamin Mills, Esq., a lead- ing member of the Illinois Bar. and Colonel Strode. They had come from Galena, by way of Dixon, and reported that the Indians at the iatter point showed evident signs of their hostile intentions, later arrivals confirmed their statements. The aggressive march of the band up the Rock River, their meeting with Stillman's force, their subsequent breaking up into small bands to prey upon the defenseless settlers, tin- massacre at Indian ("reek, and the general panic which ensued, has all been told elsewhere. The tidings of the campaign as it progressed came daily to Chicago, and created, as may well be imagined, a consternation and excitement which overshadowed all other interests for the time. The nearest, and in fact the only place of refuge for the settlers on the Desplaines and vicinity, was Km Dearborn. The settlers were warned by Shawhonee, a friendly Pottawatomie chief, through scouts sent by him to the various settlements to inform them of the impending danger.* By the last week of May Fort Dearborn was a crowded caravansary of frightened fugitives numbering more than five hundred persons 1 he quarters were crowded, a single room often being occupied by two families. As the fort overflowed, the later comers made temporary homes in rude huts and shanties hastily and rudely put together for the emergency, from such materials as the place afforded Nothing was thought of or talked of except the war and the danger that menaced the whites. Although no great fear was cnteru.ned forthc safety of those with.., the garrison from Black Hawk s band, a vague fear, an undefinabh dread est other tribes might, at any time, without warn.ng take sides with the hostile band and join them in the,; murderous ra.d. gave the settlers a continued anxiety known only to those who have experienced it The anxiety was increased by information given to Colonel ( wen by Billy Caldwell that the hostile chiefs w£e

Chiefs had become exasperated at the conduct of Still mans men m needlessly beginning the war and had gamed courage, which gave then, hope of", " he subsequent victory of Black Hawks warriors he whites who first fired on them. To if Ssfcte aver ti c danger an informal council was called^ f ho chief

Owen, who represented the Government, decided the council in favor of peace, much to the chagrin of Big Foot and his immediate followers. Subsequent to this council many of the Pottawatomies did good and faithful service as spies and scouts, in watching and reporting the whereabouts of the enemy, and in protecting the growing crops which the fleeing settlers had left behind.

The few residents of Chicago labored to their utmost to feed and shelter the fugitives. Shelter, such as it was, was provided once for all, but the food had tube replenished daily. Archibald Clybourne. the only butcher, found it impossible to furnish the meat fork community suddenly increased five-fold beyond that usually looking to him for supplies. He did his best, but short rations on meat would have been declared, bad not the Noble boys (John and Mark have driven in their stock which they had been raising in the Sangamon district - some one hundred and fifty head. Their timely arrival averted a meat famine. An early chronicler says :

'* In (his emergency, it was fortunate llmt the Nobles had concluded to g,. into stock-raising. Archibald Clyhourne was the Government batcher lor .he PotUwrtlOwfal, and used to do a little in the same line for settlement, bu, he had no adequate supply f»r the population that he now found suddenly on his hands.* and. as soon as the one hundred and fifty head arrived from the south, the Nobles turned butchers and fed the population and the troops until the last steer had bil the dust,"

The following extracts from a letter, written by George \V. Hoffman, a member of the company of Michigan volunteers, gives some light on the subject :

" DtVaOIT, sth April, iSjg. " My Ditir Sistsr: I received your letter three nr four days MO and was real glad to hear troni you, as 1 always am. and I should Have answered sooner but I have been looking out torourAdjuiani- < knrr.it to get from him some dales relating to the Black Hawk War. and only me him yesterday and was surprised to find thai he has nothing in his office relating to the subject.

'* My recollection is that in Mav. I.*32, there was received at Mle« a letter from Major Owen (Indian Agent at Chicago whose name 1 cannot call to mind I, calling for help on account of .he approach tow ards Chicago of Black Hawk and his warriors, who were killing anil plum) cring all in the way of their march through Illinois and Michigan to Canada, lln-ir destination. As northern lr.diana and southwestern Michigan were then hut sparsely settled, there was great fear and a panic among the farmers and in the small villages along the supposed route of tin- Indians.

"Colonel llasion, of the regiment (24th, 1 think), including Itemin and Cass counties, immediately called them into service and in the course of two or three days had three or four hundred men at Niles, very poorly equipped for such an emergency. Indeed they had only such rifles and shotguns .is they happened to h.nc (or miming purposes, wilh but very little ammunition of any kind. Some had powder-horns with a few bullets, and some had neither.

" Volunteers were called for to \k hurried to Chicago, and after .1 day or two some liftv or sixty men. some on foot and some on horseback started, for Chicago, and got some five or six miles in the woods north from the I>nor 1'rairie, in Indiana, and toward Ifiiillcts (liaicl, who lived on the Calumet River on the route towards Lake Michigan, and the shore of which was the only road to Chicago. Early in the morning, when about to have a camp, a carrier from I hicago arrived announcing that no danger was now apprehended

»«« da>" had arrived at Teneconpc 1'rairie, about twelve miles from Niles, when we were again overtaken by a carrier, with more alarming reports ihan before, and the officers determined to mm and l« again toward the enemy ; but most of the men became mutinous, and we proceeded toward Niles. and when within four or five milts were met by an officer sent by tknerat I. K. Williams, who had arrived at Niles with a company of minute-men from Octroi!, with orders for us to turn back towards Chicago. Here again our men were disposed to disobey, but as General Williams had uuitealantc number of men at Niles. one or two other regiments from as far castas lecumschand other towns having arrived, our boys con- eluded at least to halt and wait further developments. One officer and myself rode on to Nilrs, and when we arrived at the river (St. Joseph! were confronted by a sentinel, who said he hail orders tO prevent any one from returning to the east side of the river. Wc said all right, and turned Kick anil rode down to the ford and crossed over and reported to General William?. The next day we again started for the scat of war. General Williams and his minute, men only going with us. The other militia were sent hack to iheir homes, When wc arrived at the Door Prairie, four miles west of the now city of LaPortc, we took possession of a stockade that the farmers had thrown up. and remained there a week or ten davs. but I cannot rcmcmt>er why. unless that we were waiting for further news from Chicago, the farmers about the region ,»f the Door had all left their homes and lied to the more southern settlements, l-'rom the Door we went to Chicago, in June * 1 1 think), ami took possession of old Fori Dearborn. The' few inhabitants oi Chicago had, before our arrival, felt their heads every morning to make sure that their scalp-locks were still there ; but there were not many there then, and the Indians would have obtained but few trophies of that kind, had thev taken them all. Besides the fort there were two frame houses on the North Side, and the old Kin/ic house, which stood close bv the river and almost directly opposite the fort. On the South Siile were two or three small farm houses ; and on the West, the Kimic store at the forks, as we then called the North and South brandies, and there was Mark Beauliicn's tavern on what is now Michigan Avenue, about where the Exposition building now stands. t There a few officers lived. I myself 1 put up with Mark, and some of the refugees from the country who were in the fort thought we were a reckless set of fellows who deserved to be scalped, Realise while there was so much danger from the dreadful Indians. Mark would play his fiddle and we boys would dance. One dav there came a report from Naper's settlement that the Indians hail been seen in that region, and the inhabitants were in great alarm, and wanted troops sent from Chicago to escort them safely from their homes to the fort. Volunteers were called for, and some sixtv or seventy of us, well mounted, left Chicago in the afternoon BAri rode night, arriving a: Naper's the next morning, and went into camp, as our commander, Colonel Edward Brooks I formerly of the annyl, had particular orders from General Williams not to look after the Indians, as our force was so small ; but to offer escort to all who were disposed to flee to Chicago. We remained in cam]) that day and night, and as there was no one needing our attention and the alarm of a dav or two previous having passed away, we started on our march lock to Chicago. On tin- afternoon of the day we left them, three men went out with a wagon and pair of horses to a grove of limber to get long shingles to cover a blockhouse, and as they entered the woods, Indians rose up and fired at them, killing two of the men. and taking with them the horses. One of the Men escaped, anil on his giving the alarm, the Indians were followed, but not seen nor overtaken. In the early morning before our arrival at Naper's. Robert Kinzie called the attention of Dr. Winslow. II. Redtield and myself to objects near this same grove, and said he believed thev were Indians ; and if wc stopped and turned our horses towaril them, if they were Indians they would disappear, as they were no doubt watching 11*. We dropped to the rear of the command, and were hardly separated from them before thev were gone out of sight; Rinnc reported to Colonel Brooks, and wc proposed to take ten or fifteen men and go to the grove to sec whether thev were Indians or not. but Ihe Colonel said he had strict orders not to leave the road i>r divide his small force. After hearing of the killing of the two men. we had no doubt the Indians had seen us and watched our return toward Chicago. We remained in the fort until the arrival of a part of the second division, under Colonel William Whistler, when your giKxl husband found me at battalion drill, to which duly I had been assigned, being the only one (except Colonel Brooks) who knew anything about such matters. You will very well remeinbcrthe arrival of General Scott, with troops, soon after (in July), on Ixiard of steamer Ix.als, when the startling news (much more alarming HIM Indian depredations) came on shore, that Ihe Asiatic cholera was aboard, when you and other ladies and children ran to the open prairie and at last found shelter under some boards in the fence corners, to get rid of exposure to that terrible disease.

"When in Chicago, now I can hardlv realize that my horse, with fifty or a hundred others, found wild, uncultivated [usturc where now stands the court-house: in the midst of a great am beautiful city, oner destroyed, but now more grand and beautiful than in its former greatness : when there was not a house between the fort and the woods, as we then said, a distance of three or four miles, except Mark llcaubien's tavern, where now are such splendid streets and magnificent buildings. So much for the Black ll iwk War. I have often wished I had kepi a diary of events then; with reference not only to the war but the Western country, as we then called it."

Mrs. Mary A. Penrose, wife of the then Second Lieutenant James W. l'enrose, to whom the above letter was written, was one of the women who came with Whistler's command with Iter husband. Her reminiscences ,.t those limes were given to Rev H. C Kenney, February 28, 1879, and are here published for the first time:

-' In the year lB-,2, probably in May. my husband, Lieutenant James W. l'enrose. who was then l ieutenant of the 2d Infantry Regular Army, was ordered from Sackctt's Harbor to Chicago, with several other companies of the same regiment, under Colonel Whistler. At what point we look the sailing vessel I do not remember, but it was probably at Buffalo. On arriving at Chicago, the troops were first landed in little boats. Then the officers' families were sent on shore. A storm having arisen, it was three days before Colonel Whistler's family and the wife of Major Kingsbury were able to land.

" There were in Chicago at that time about twelve houses. I think that all of these were made of lijgs. Our quarters were in Ihe fort. The troops took possession of the fort, relieving a company of militia from Michigan. About six weeks after our arrival, our little company was increased by the arrival, on a steamer, of General SCOtt, win several other companies. These had been sent to Chicago to proceed to Rock Island to tight the Indians there.

" The boat brought MM only ihe troops but also the cholera. At twelve o'clock a. m.. lieutenant Summer ( afterwards General Summer of the War of the Rebellion) came to the fort and ordered all the families in the fort to leave before sunrise, stating that at that time the troops down with the cholera would I* moved into the fortification.

" I remember the names of the memliers of the following families: Colonel Whistler, Major Kingsbury. Captain Johnson, Lieutenant Day. Lieutenant Long, and my own. In my own family was, besides the before-mentioned balx-. my husband's mother and two sisters. Four of these families, finding the house of Mark Beaubien vacant ) its owner having left an hour before, without taking anything with himl. with joy went into thai building. Mrs. Johnson and I, with my family were, however, not so fortunate, for even the four-roomed house of Mr. Beaubien could only hold four families. Going on about a mile we came to the house of a butcher, containing but one room. Exhausted, 1 threw myself on my mattress, which the soldiers had carried down from the fort, and there I laid during the night.

" The next morning in vain did we seek for a house. A rail fence was, however, in sifcht. Into one corner I moved. A fewboards made the floor. A Carpet kept off the wind from our heads and backs. Other boards formed a far from water-proof roof. Here we remained three days and three nights, cooking on the ground. My com|>anions in misery were Mrs. Johnson and family.

"' After three days Captain lohnson and my husband secured a lot of green lumber. In sight'of our fence stood the frame of a house. To this the gTcen boards were soon nailed and a temporary partition put in. Here our two families moved. Mr. Penrose's mother and sister nightly crawled up a ladder to their beds.

" General Scott, who from the steamer had gone In the hotel at the Point, after live days made his appearance. Every day he would ride up to our house and, looking up to the open end of the frame, would talk with the ladies, invariably dwelling upon the fact that thev were in more comfortable quarters than Mrs. General Scott, w ho was then at West Point. Our cooking had to be done in the open air Generally we got more sand than salt in our food.

" After remaining in these quarters, the house of ihe Indian Agent. Colonel Owen, having been vacated through fear of the before-mentioned disease, we obtained permission to move into it, on the condition of permitting the Colonel to remain with us. This house stood on the North Side, and contained four or live rooms 1111 a floor. The family of the Colonel had left even their dishes, and had gone to Springfield.

-' I should have stated that on the same night that General Scntt arrived, the troops that were in the fort before the arrival of the steamer were marched along the lake shore and were encamped in tents about eight miles from the fori. There they had remained from that lime. Several of their number, as well as many of the later arrived officers and soldiers, took the cholera and died. As soon as the disease abated the rest of the soldiers, excepting a small garrison, were ordered to Rock Island.

'1 remained II Ihe li «-*- »i the 1 n . - r- -1 A^nil, IMCfl Colooel Owen's family returned. I then had to seek for other quarters. My sister and myself got into a log Canoe and, paddling across the Chicago River, called on the officer in charge (Colonel Whistler) and requested from him permission to again take up our abode in the (on. After a Utile perseverance we succeeded in obtaining two moms Abtxit six week* afterward the troops that had been in Kock Island returned to Chicago, and from thence were sent the posts from which they had (>ccn collected. In all 1 renuined in

Under the protection of the fort and the militia, ami with the encouraging rumors that Black Hawk's bands were moving up the Rock River toward the \\irtnebago country, and away from Chicago and the outlying settlements, the panic abated somewhat although a wholesome fear still kept all non-combatants within the crowded prec incts of the fort, or within retreating distance of its protecting in closure. The men organized scouting parties,' composed in part of friendly -..ttawatom.es and made frequent tours of observat! on to the deserted settlements. No hostile Indtans were no direct orders from either General Scott or Major Whistler to make room in the garrison for the newly arrived troops. The sojourners who, a few weeks before, had fled from the Indians, now (led with more precipitate haste and terror from the deadly pestilence that had entered their place of refuge. The residents also, with few exceptions, left with their families Some went to l.aughton's. some to Orosse Point, some to Went worths place; anywhere to get away from the plague-stricken garrison. Hy the 12th the' village was virtually depopulated and given over to the sick the dying, the dead, and those whom duty compelled or humanity urged to remain to minister to them The garrison became a hospital. There was no thought on the part of General Scott to make anv aggressive move or to take any part in the campaign against lilack Hawk until the disease should cease its ravages. Fight days later July ,8 the steamer "William Penn" arrived with Government stores, and a further detachment of cholera-stricken soldiers. The flight of the inhabitants and sojourners confined the ravages of the pest to the soldiers and the officers with their families. It is impossible m words to depict the horror of the time. A lew old letters and reminiscences have preserved all that will ever be known of it.

A. Walker, captain of the '.'Sheldon Thompson," on which General Scott was embarked at Buffalo and arrived at Chicago, July 10, 1832, wrote a long account of the voyage and the ravages of the cholera during the passage. I he letter appears in Fergus's Historical -V-r.es No 16. Appendix L , pp. 72-76. The letter is .Khlressed to ( aptam R. C. Uristol.and is dated Buffalo. October 30, i860. Extract! relevant to the Chicago history are given below:

IHomps,,,,. and WiUtaB Penn.' were chartered bv the United m . 1 for the purpose of tfoops. eijuipmcts. ami |o Chicgo. during the lilack Hawk War, M . owing W the frarlul ravages, made bv the breaking out ol the Asiat.c ebolera among the troops and crews on board, two of those «m.s were compelled to abandon Ibcir voj-uge. proceeding no fur. her than Fori Wiot. The disease bc,-.Vmc- so violent ami alarm- "k on b,urd the - Henry Clay.' that nothing like discipline could ZLl X - rvcr>""nlf «he way of subordination ceased. As to the 1,?^ ",' resu,t in <,ca"'- or anv of the officers l*longing disease" ,' TS nCi'rl)' onL'-'ourth of the crew fell a prev I" the tnequeot trip, while on the passage from Jielroit to lion) on the evening nf the loth of July, 1B32. I sent the yawlboat cm shore soon after with General Scorn ami a number of the volunteer officers, who accompanied him on his expedition against the hostile tribes, who, with Ulack Hawk, had committee! many depredations (though, perhaps, not without some provocation). Compelling '"<-' whites to abandon their homes in the country and tier to Chicago, taking refuge in the fort for the lime lieing. Ilefore landing the troops nest morning, we were under the painful necessity of committing three mure to the deep, who died during the night, making, in all, sixteen w ho were thus consigned to a watery grave. Thcs<? three were anchored to the bottom in two. and-a-half fathoms, the water lieing su dear thai their forms could hi plainly seen from our decks. This unwelcome sight created such excitement, working upon the superstitious fears of some of the crew, that prudence dictated that we weigh anchor and move a distance sufficient to shut from sight a scene whiih seemed to haunt the imagination, and influence the mind with thoughts of some portentious evil.

" In the course of the day and night following, eighteen oihers died and were interred not far from the spot where the American Temperance House* has since been erected. The earth that was removed to cover one made a grave to receive the next that died. All were buried without eotlins or shrouds, except their blankets, which served for a winding sheet ; there left, as it were, without remembrance or a stone to mark their resting-place. During the four days we remained in Chicago, lifty-fotir more died, making an aggregate of eighty-eight who paid trie debt of nature.

"On approaching Chicago, I found <piile a fleet of sail vessels at anchor in ihc oiling, where we also came to, near them, As soon as it was ascertained that cholera was on hi>ard. no lime was lost in communicating from one vessel to ihe other the intelligence, which induced them !o weigh anchor at once, and stand out to sea, hoping to escape the pestilence, which, at that time, was considered contagious. In the morning some nf them were nearly lost in the distance, though in the course of the day they mostly returned and re-anchored near by. in hailing distance. Among the licet were some vessels belonging to Oliver Newberry, Kw|.. of Detroit, that were employed in transporting provisions and stores rfom the Government to that port.

" It is proper in this connection to stale that all the mattresses and liedding belonging to my boat, except sufficient for the crew, were taken by order of (.en. Scott for the use of the sick, giving his draft for the purchase of new bedding, which was not only a deed of mercy to those suffering ones, but a matter of favor to me, in procuring a fresh outtit, so necessary after that disastrous voyage. There was no hartxir accessible to any craft drawing more than two feel of water, hardly sufficient to admit the battenu in which the troops were landed. Hut little else was wn besides the broad expanse of prairie, with its gentle undulated surface, covered with grass and variegated flowers, stretching out far in the distance, resembling a great carpet interwoven with green, purple, and gold; in one direction bounded only by the blue horizon, with no intervening woodland to obstruct the vision. The view, in looking through the spy-glass from the upper deck of our steamer, while lying in I he offing, was 'a most pictures! |uc one, presenting a loodOCBDO interspersed with small groves of underwood, making I beyond anything I had before seen. The Chicago River, al Dial lime, was a mere creek, easily forded at ils mouth, while it wended its way along the beach, flowing into the lake a smnll distance south of the present locality of Lake Street. The provisions and stores brought by the sail.vcssels were landed on the beach of the lake, near the mouth of the river, where now arc seen the extensive railroad improvements.

'" We remained four days after boding the troops, procuring fuel for the homeward vuyage, etc. The only means of obtaining anything for fuel was to purchase Ihe roofless log-building used » a stable. That, together with the rail fence inclosing a field of some three aires near by, was sufficient to enable us to reach Mackinaw-, Being drawn to the beach and prepared for use, it was boated on board by the crew, which operation occupied the most of four days to accomplish. After getting the luel on hoard, I was detained some six hours, waiting the arrival of a gentleman whose name I think was Chamberlain. I had dispatched a messenger for him, he residing some fifteen miles in the country. At length he arrived, and engaged to accompany me as far as Detroit and act in the capacity of phvsician, having some knowledge in preparing medicine, lieing a druggist by profession. During this protracted slay, in waiting (or the doctor, the crew became quite uneasy to get under way, and leave behind them a scene fraught with associations of the dead and living, which ihev had witnessed so frequently, until they became almost mutinous. Hut an soon as orders were given in get under wav, the celerity with which the yawl was hoisted 10 the stem was a scene of exciting interest, as the duly - Northwest comer ol Uke Slrc« and Wahaih Avenue.

was performed with a will and a spirit of cheerfulness, accompanied with a hearty sung of ' Yo-heave-ho'. As they hove at the windlass, they seemed almost frantic with joy when the anchor came in sight and her prow turned homeward. Wc had no cases of cholera on our pas-sage to Detroit. The physician returned across the country, after receiving the stipulated sum for his services, which I think was some two hundred dollars, besides the stage-fare, which was one of the items in the stipulation."

During the ten days succeeding General Scott's arrival a hundred dead soldiers were silently carried without the gates of ihe garrison and hastily laid to their final rest, in a common grave, without coffin, or other shroud than the soldiers' blanket in which each had gone to his last sleep.

About the 20th of July, General Scott moved his soldiers, such as were able, out to the Desplaines River, and encamped at the present site of Riverside, where they remained ten days, their health rapidly improving meantime. Thence by easy stages they commenced their march toward the enemy's country. General Scott, with twelve men and two baggage wagons, were a few days in advance. The main body advanced under the command of Colonel Cummings. The train consisted of fifty baggage wagons, in which were carried the supplies and such sick or convalescent soldiers as were unable to march. Judge Robert N. Murray, then a lat! of seventeen, living with his parents, who had recently settled at Naperville, served as one of the teamsters Ihe route taken was through Gilbert's Grove on the DuPage River ; thence crossing the Fox River three miles below Elgin, and through the Pigeon woods lo the present site of llelvidere ; thence to an old Indian village near the present site of Beloit, Wis., where, perhaps owing to the fatigue of 'he inarch, the cholera again broke out with such virulence as to render it necessary to go into camp for rest. Here they remained fur a week, during which time several more deaths occurred. While still in camp at this place news was brought that the war was at an end. August 2, the final battle had been fought between Black Hawk's forces and the militia under General Dodge, assisted by a detachment of United States troops under Colonel Zachary Taylor, near the mouth of Had Axe River in what is now Vernon County, Wis. I he commanding officer was ordered to proceed with his force to Fort Armstrong Rock Island 1, and, on renewing the march, the train turned south over the prairies to the present site of Rockford, anil thence down the Rock River to Fort Armstrong, where the march ended. The unite took the troops through the most beautiful and fertile region of the then unknown Northwest, embracing the northern counties of the present State of Illinois, a part of southern Wisconsin, and the beautiful Rock River Valley from Rockford to its mouth. The campaign, although fruitless from a military point of view, was fraught with events of great importance, not only to Chicago, but to the whole region over which the soldiers marched.

On their return to the East their glowing accounts of the beauty and fertility of the hitherto unoccupied country, so soon as it was believed that it was open to pre-emption, created a perfect furor of emigration from the East to the lands described. Their first point of destination, prior to pushing beyond to the promised land, was Chicago. So it happened, that the tide of emigration which set in in the fall of 1832, and continued in increasing volume for the succeeding four years, brought to Chicago a floating population from which she constantly added to her permanent resident population, such as saw in her future brighter prospects than in the allurements of the country beyond.

The fall of 1832 saw peace restored and Chicago a busy mart of trade for immigrants that had begun to arrive in vast numbers. They came in every form and in all sorts of conveyance - in families and singly - on foot, on horseback, in carriages - with money or supplies - with neither. Many only stopped at Chicago temporarily, and pushed out further west for a settlement, while a few remained to swell the population of the embrvo city.

The picture of Chicago at the close of 1832 would have shown little outward improvement. A score of permanent residents had been added to the population, and a dozen new buildings, mostly of a very primitive kind, had been erected during the year. There was. however, a strong faith awakened that Chicago was, from its geographical position and its natural advantages as a harbor, destined to become the emporium of a yet undeveloped and uncivilized country ; and, inspired by this, manv of the new-comers remained to the close of life*

The fall witnessed quite an accession to the permanent settlers, among whom were |ohn Hates, Dr. Phillip Maxwell, G. W. Snow, Fhilo Carpenter, J. S. Wright, Dr. E. S. Kimberly.

I luring the summer George W. Dole built what was probably the first frame building used for business purposes in Chicago. It stood at the southeast comer of Water and Dearborn streets where it remained until 1855. Mr. Peck, during tilt- fall commented the erection of a frame building at the southeast corner of Water and LaSalle streets, which was completed and occupied the following May. The two above named were certainly the first frame business structures built in Chicago. Of the first named, the Democratic Press of April 23, 1855, said :

" The first (ramc building meted by George \V. Dole for a warehouse, in the summer nf lS.ll, and oceupied early in the bill of that year, which had stood for nearly twenty-three years on the southeast comer of Water and Dearborn streets, is being moved southward."

It is stated on reliable authority f that George W. Dole commenced the slaughtering ol beeves ami hogs and the packing for market of beef and pork, and that he slaughtered and packed during the fall of 1S32, in the rear of the building he had erected." close to the present site of the Fremont House," two hundred cattle and three hundred and fifty hogs." Clybourne, the Noble I irolhers, and Guidon S. Hubbard had driven in and slaughtered large droves of hogs and cattle before that time, but it is not believed that any provisions had been packed for the mercantile trade of the lakes prior to the fall of 1832, and the first so packed was by George W. Dole. J He was the father of the provision, the shipping, the warehouse, and the elevator business of Chicago.

The early spring brought a most tremendous tide of emigration. The town doubled its population during the spring and early summer months. The test of residence was not, however, severe. Any man who remained in l.htcago long enough to pay his board by the week , was considered a resident, and if, in addition, he had bought a lot, or put out his sign as a lawyer, doctor or a real estate dealer he was recognized as a permanent inhabitant. There were built during the spring and summer of 1833 nearly one hundred and fifty frame buildings, mostly on the north and south sides of the Chicago River lielow the forks.

The arrivals of emigrants who came to Chicago during the season and made the place their home were too numerous to be named in detail. Several events transpire;! during the year, which combined went far to increase the prosperity and brighten the future prospects of Chicago.

Chicago could not be said to have had a harbor. The l>ar across the mouth of the river, as it is now, made it impracticable for any laden vessel to enter it, and, except as a roadstead where ships might anchor off shore and be lightened of their cargoes, it had no claims to be called a harbor. The canal project, calculated to open a water-carriage from the lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, by wav of the projected Michigan & Illinois Canal had been already inaugurated by favorable Legislative grants, by the preliminary survey of some of the town sites, and by the sale of lots and lands sufficient to establish the belief that the work would be speedily begun and ultimately finished. Chicago, as the lake terminus of the proposed canal, must necessarily have a harbor, and Congress having already show n favor to the canal scheme, could do no less than to render it feasible by improving the harbor. An appropriation of §25.000 was accordingly made March 2, 1833, and work com menced on the improvement July 1. Major George Bender was the superintendent His subordinates were Henry S. Handy, assistant superintendent ; Samuel Jackson, foreman of const ruction ; A. V. Knickerbocker, clerk. Joseph Chandler and Morgan I.. Simpley had executive charge of the work, Jones & Mc- Gregory being contracters for the wood work. I'mler the direction of these men, and with a large force of laborers the building of the present magnificent harbor was begun.* During the summer and fall some five hundred feet of the south pier was finished, and in the stibmi spring the north pier was extended a like distance, cutting off the old tortuous channel to the south, and making a straight cut for the river across the bar into the lake. Little dredging was done, but a heavy freshet in the spring of 1834 cleared the new channel so that vessels of large burden came up the river for the first time during the summer of that year.f

Tin: Grkat Indian Treaty of 1833. - The close of the Plack Hawk War had resulted in the final extinguishment of the title of the Sac and Fox Indians to all their lands east of the Mississippi. September 15, 1832, a treaty was concluded at Fort Armstrong, whereby the Winnebago nation ceded all their lands to the United States " lying south and east of the Wisconsin River and the Fox River of Green Hay." The Chippewas, Ottawas, and Pottawatomies still held their title to the land of northeastern Illinois and southern Wisconsin, besides large tracts not verv definitely defined in Indiana and Michigan. It was necessary, in order to open up to civilization the lands ceded by the other tribes lying west and northwest, that the Indian title to this' vast tract of land lying aiong the western shore of l.ake Michigan should be extinguished. For Chicago, it was a vital necessity, as the town was girt on all sides and for many miles north and west by t On Saturday. July It, i»u, the schooner tbr run l"W that ever the over, sailed into the harbor amid grra Colberf. Hiwury. p. 46.

In September, 1833, a grand council of the chiefs and head men was called to meet at Chicago to negotiate a treaty whereby the lands might be peaceably ceded, and the Indians removed therefrom, to make way for the tide of white emigration which had begun to set irresistibly and with ever increasing volume to the coveted region. It wasa most important matter for both the Indians and the Covernment; but to the former most momentous, since it involved the extinction of not only their title to the land which had been their home during a period which only their traditions could dimly measure, but the obliteration of all associations dear to them in their tribal or family relations. Black Hawk's ill-starred campaign, followed by the subsequent treaty made by his tribe, showed them the inevitable result which must follow resistance. They knew quite well that they had no alternative. They must sell their lands for such sum and on such terms as the Covernment agents might deem it politic or just or generous to grant. The result of the treaty was what miKhthave been expected. The Indians gave up their lands and agreed for certain considerations, the most of which did not redound to their profit, to cede all their lands to the Covernment, and to leave forever their homes and the graves of their fathers for a land far toward the setting sun, which they had never seen and of which they knew nothing.

Charles J. Latrobe, an Knglish traveler, gave a very graphic description of the gathering of the Indians to the grand councd, how the negotiations were conducted to a conclusion, and a description of Chicago as it appeared to him, crowded with adventurers who had been drawn thither to prosecute their claims against the Indians, or to reap such harvest from them as duplicity and knavery might gather from the drunken orgies that were the inevitable concomitants of every gathering of Indians where they met the whites, whether in trade or Council. The account reads as follows:

" When within five miles of Chicago, we came to the lirst Indian encampment. Five thousand Indians were said to be collected around this little upstart village for the prosecution of the treaty, by which thev were It) cede their lands in .Michigan and Illinois.

-' I have DCCO in many odd assemblages of my species, but in few. if any, of an equally singular character as with that to thcmidst of which we spent I week at Chicago. This little mushroom town is situated upon the verge of a perfectly level tract of country, for the greater part consisting of ojien prairie lands, at a |>oinl where a small river (whose sources interlock in the wet season with those of the Illinois* enters Lake Michigan. It however forms no harbor, and vessels must anchor in the open lake, which spread* to the hori/on to the north and east in a sheet of unbroken extent. The river, after approaching nearly at right angles to within a few hundred yards of the lake, makes a short turn, and runs to the southward parallel to the beach. Fort Dearborn and the light-house arc placed at the angle thus formed. The former is a small stockaded inclosiire, with two block-houses, and is garrisoned bv two companies of infantrv. It had been nearly abandoned, till the late Indian war on the" frontier made its occupation necessary. The upstart village lies chiefly on the righl bank of the river, above the fort. When the proposed steamboat communication between Chicago and St. Joseph's River, which lies forty miles distant across the lake, is put into execution, the journey to Detroit may be effected in three days, whereas wc had been upwards of six on the road. We found the village, on our arrival, crowded to excess; and wc procured, witli great difficulty, a small abutment, comfortless and noisy from its close proximity to others, but ipiite as good as wc could have hoped for. The Pottnwatomies were encamped on all sides - on the wide, level prairie beyond he scattered village, beneath the shelter of the low woods which chequered them, on the side of the small river, or to the leeward of the sand hills near the lieach of the lake. They con- sistcd of three principal tribes, with certain adjuncts from smaller tribes. The main divisions are the Pottawatomies of the Prairie and those of the Forest, and these are subdivided into district villages under their several chiefs. The General Government of the United States, in pursuance ol the scheme of removing the whole Indian population westward of the Mississippi, had empowered certain gentlemen to frame a treaty w ith these tribes to settle the terms upon which the cession of their reservations in these states should be made. A preliminary council had been held with the chiefs some days before our arrival. The principal commissioner had opened it, as wc .learned, by stating that as their ( Ireat Father in Washington had heard that they wished to sell their land, he had sent commissioners to treat with them. The Indians promptly answered, by their organ. ' that their Great Father in Washington must have seen a bad bird which had told him a lie; for, that far from wishing to sell their land, ihev wished to keep it." The commissioner, nothing daunted, replied, ' that nevertheless, as they had come together for a council they must take the matter into consideration.' lie then explained to them promptly the w ishes and intentions of their Great Father, and asked their opinion thereon. Thus pressed, they looked at the sky, saw a few wandering clouds, and straightway adjourned tint «/»<", as the weather is not clear enough for so solemn a council. However, as the treaty had been opened, provision was supplied to them by regular rations; and the same night they had great rejoicings - danced the war dance, and kept the eyes and ears of all open by running, howling about the village. Such was the state of affairs on our arrival. Companies of old warriors might lie seen sitting smoking under every bush; arguing, palavering, or pow-wow-ing, with greal earnestness; but there seemed no possibility of bringing them to another council in a hurry.

" Meanwhile, the village ami its occupants presented a most motley scene. The fort contained within its palisades by far the most enlightened residents in the little knot of oit'.cers attached to the slender garrison. The quarters here, consequently, were too COn flOOd to afford place of residence for the Government Commissioners for whom, and a crowd of dependents, a temporary set of plank huts were erected on the north side of the river. To the latter gentlemen, we, as the only idle lookers on, were indebted for much friendlv attention: and in the frank and hospitable treatment we received from the inhabitants of Fort Dearborn, we had 3 fore-" taste of that which we subsequently nut with everywhere under like circumstances during our autumnal wanderings over the frontier. The officers of the United States Army have, perhaps less opportunities of becoming refined than those of the Navy. They are often, from the moment of their receiving commissions after the termination of their cadetship at West Point, and at an age when good society is of the utmost consequence to the young and ardent, exiled for long years to the posts on the Northern or Western frontier, far removed from cultivated female society, and in daily contact with the refuse of the human race. And this is their misfortune, not their fault; but wherever wc have met with them, and been thrown as strangers upon their good offices, we have found them the same good friends and good company. Hut I wax going to give you an inventory of the contents of Chicago, when the recollection of the warm-hearted intercourse we had enjoye-d with many fine fellows, whom probably we shall neither see nor hear of again, drew me aside. Next in rank to the officers and commissioners may be noticed Certain store-kecpers and merchants, residents here, looking cither to the influx of new settlers establishing themselves in the neighborhood, or those passing yet farther to the- westward, for custom and profit, not to forget the chance of extraordinary occasions like the present. Add to these a doctor or two, two or three lawyers, a land agent, and live or six hotel-keeper*. These may lie considered as stationary, and proprietors of file half hundred clapboard house* around you. Then for the birds of passage, exclusive of the Pottawatomie*, of whom more anon, ami emigrants and land speculators, as numerous as the sand, you will rind horse-dealers, ami horse stealers - rogues of every description - white, black, brown, and red ; half-breeds, quartcr-brei-ds, and men of no breed at all: dealers in pigs, poultry, and potatoes; men pursuing Indian claims, some for tracts of land, others like our friend ' Snipe.'* for pigs which the wolves had eaten; creditors of the trilw*. or of particular Indians, who know that they have 110 chance of getting their money if they do not gel it from the Goverment Agents; sharper* of every degree; pedlars, grog-sellers. Indian Agents and Indian traders of every description, and contractors to supply the Pottawatomies with food. The little village was in an uproar from morning to night, and from night to morning; for during the hours of darkness, when the housed portion of the population of Chicago strove to obtain repose in the crowded plank edifices of the village, the Indians howled, the (His. rnment commissioner l.o ihe loss of h.r*s, which. doubtless the wolves had ejten; but which. <>" milder, the Indians mi^hl be made to pay for."

pagan than the reil man. You will have understood that ihe large body of Indian* co lied cd in the vicinity consisted not merely of chiefs ami warrior-., but in fait the greater part of the wholr tribe were present ; lor where the warrior was invited to feast at the e*pen%e of the Covernmcnt, the squaw took care to accompany him; and where the squaw went, the children followed, or pa. (looses, the ponies, and the innumerable dogs followed, and here they all were living merrily at the cost of the liovernment.

"All was bustle and tumult, especially at the houses set apart for the distribution of the rations Manv were tin- scene*, which here presented themselves, portraying the habits of h.»th red men and the dcmi-civilired lietngs around them. I he interior ol the village was one chaos of mud. rubbish, and confusion. Kranic and clapboard houses were springing up daily under the active axe* and hammers of the speculators, and piles of lumber announced the preparation for yet other edifice* of an equally light character. Races occurred frequently on a piece of level sward without the village, on which temporary booths affordnl the motley multitude the means of 'stimulating,' and betting and gambling were the order of the day. Within the vile two-storied barrack, which, dignified as usual by thr title of hotel, afforded us quarters, all was in a state of most appalling confusion, filth, and racket. The public table was such a scene of confusion that wc avoided it from necessity. The French landlord was a sporting character, and everything was left to chance, who, in the shape of a fat housekeeper, fumed and toiled round the premises from morning to night.

"Within there was neither peace nor comfort, ami we spent much of our time in the open air. A visit to the gentlemen at the fort, or prairie, tilled up the intervals in our perturbed attempts at reading or writing indoors, while awaiting the progress of the treaty.

"I loved to stroll out, towards sunset, across the river, and gaze upon the level horizon, stretching to the northwest over the surface of the prairie, dotted with innumerable objects far and near. Not far from the river lay many groups of tents constructed of coarse canvas, blankets, and mats, and surmounted by poles sup- |H>rting various painted Indian figures dressed in the most gaudv attire. * ' '

" Far and wide the grassy prairie teemed with figures; warriors mounted or on foot, squaws, and horses. Merc a race between three or four Indian ponies, each earn ing a double ruler, whooping and yelling like fiends. There a solitary horseman with a bag spear, turbancd like an Arab, scouring along at full speed; groups of hobbled horses; Indian dogs and children; or a grave conclave of gray chiefs seated on the grass in consultation. It was amusing to wind silently from group to group, here noting the raised knife the sudilen drunken brawl quashed by the good-natured and evi-n playful interference of the neighbors; there a party breaking up their encampment, ami falling, with their little train of loaded pomes and wolfish dogs, into the deep, black, narrow trail running to the north *