Sangamon County, Illinois - City of Springfield 563, 1881 (part 18 of 25)

"There was doabt and question then as to wijether a praine country was inhabitable. The means and modes of access to the country were slow and difficult, and only those were tempted to come who were already frontier men, or who for some exceptional reason preferred the free life of a wilderness to the comforts of the older settled parts of the country. There was at that day no rushing tide of emigration from all parts of the world. There were no speculators, land grant railroad companies, and newspapers engaged in 'whooping up' the country. There were many discomforts and deprivations which the early settler had to undergo; but there were compensations also. The early settler was almost 'monarch of all he surveyed.' He could enjoy the great natural beauty of the primitive scenery of the country, before it was broken and profaned by roads, buildings and fences. He had no disagreeable neighbors to fret or annoy him. With his gun and faithful dog for company, and the wild game all around him, he cared nothing for the society of men. Of course only a class of men who had long habituated themselves to a life on the outer borders of civilization could enjoy such a life in its full perfection.

these men began the work. Not content with building for themselves the cabin to live in, they built the early log school houses and churches. They began the work of cultivating the soil for something more than their own personal wants; of opening farms and laying out roads. Then began the location of trading points and towns, and traders and mechanics came in to supply the wants of population. And so, step by step, population and improvement slowly increased. All this, however, had progressed under circumstances in which the primitive condition, habits and usages still largely prevailed. Our trading was mostly a system of barter; an exchange of one article of produce for another; of corn for cattle, or cattle for horses, and of the produce of the farm for labor, manufactures or merchandise. Money as a medium of exchange was scarcely to be had, and hence but little was used. All this belonged to the period anterior to the introduction of railroads. With the facilities afforded by railroads for reaching quickly the great markets, came cash buyers and ready sales. These iron rails not only connected us with the commercial world, but along them came the quickened pulsations of a more commercial life. This quick and ready intercourse with the commercial world, soon affected our old habits and usages, our fashions and modes of doing business. ^Ye set about to adapt ourselves to a changed condition of affairs.

" We were somewhat unconscious of the extent of these changes as they occurred, but in the course of a few years, we opened our eyes widely to the fact. Then we began sadly to recall the old days and the old times. Then we began to look around for the remnant of that pioneer band of 'early settlers,' whose experience and memory of a far different condition of things would prove interesting to a generation which knew nothing of that by-gone time, but from tradition. It was then the idea was conceived of bringing those 'old settlers' together once a year, to talk over the old times, and refresh each others' memories with the old time experiences and incidents.

"As before remarked, our changed life and habits was the result of many causes operating through a space of years; yet some of these causes were so powerful and direct in their operation as work material changes in a very short period.

"If the speaker were going to fix a period or dividing line in point of time between the new and the old, so far as this region of the countrjwas concerned, it would be at the introduction

"The effect was marked and direct upon almost every pursuit and calling of life. Old habits and old industries to a great extent disappeared on the appearance of the locomotive. Some were dropped and lost sight of; others greatly changed in the manner of pursuit or performance. Not only our home-made manufactures, but our home-made life and habits in a great measure disappeared. The ox and the Carey plow, the spinning wheel and the loom, disappeared together. We began to build houses of a different style and with different materials. We farmed not only with different implements but in a different mode. Then we began to inquire what the markets were, and what product of the farm we could raise and sell to the best advantage. The farmer enlarged his farm, and no longer contented himself with the land that himself or his boys could cultivate, but he must have hired hands and hired help to cultivate his enlarged possessions.

"Then it was our families discovereil their inability to do the housework of the family, and required hired assistance. Customs in religious exercises even underwent a change. The ' fortyminute' sermon began to be preached; men and women no longer divided off on each side of the church; the minister ceased to line off the hymn for the congregation, and the congregation quit singing. 'Choirs' and fiddles made their first appearance in the churches.

"Almost concurrently with the introduction of railroads, it was discovered that the schoolmaster was abroad in the land. Our free common school system had its origin about the same period. Along with the new impetus given to the material condition of the country, and, as it were, hand in hand with it, came the free common school system, to give new development and growth to the mental and intellectual life of the country.

"The old schoolmaster and the old school books were either discarded or put under new regulations, so that a new generation was rapidly growing up that had learned to scout at Webster's spelling book and Daboll's arithmetic.

"Very few of the boys of this generation know anything of that bad boy who was found in the apple tree stealing apples, as told in Webster, and none of them would pay any attention to the excellent 'moral' with which the story concluded.

"But the common school system, enlisting, as it did, in its organization and machinery, a large portion of the adult population, as well as teachers and children, wonderfully increased the mental activity of the country.

" Turning to the characteristics of the early settlers, the speaker said it was a mistake to characterize them as containing all the virtues enjoined in the decalogue. There were good men and bad men amongst them. So far as morals were concerned, they might be described as an average lot of humanity, but they were mostly men of sti'ong and marked traits of character. They had the vices and virtues peculiar to men whose lives had been spent upon the frontiers. Self-reliance, bravery, fortitude and shrewdness of judgment were striking characteristics. With these there was a general kindliness of disposition, which the necessities of their situation called into frequent exercise. Notwithstanding all this, however, the inherent meanness and vice of the human character frequently manifested itself. Some were given to brawls and violence; some were malicious, and would vent their malice in slandering a neighbor or injuring his property. The early records of our courts show that much of the litigation of that early period arose from these causes. This was the character of litigation in which our early lawyers won their renown. In case of victory the fee was not great, but the glory was. Still it was true that there were better types of old settlers - men whose lives were blameless, and who furnished no grists to the lawyers or the courts ixnless in self protection. These were the men who were laying well the foundations of a future orderly and peaceable community; whilst others might be engaged in brawls, these were engaged in founding the church and the school house. In any reflections cast upon any portion of the early settlers, it must be understood that this did not include the women of that day. There is great concurrence in all the testimony we have of that period that the patient, untiring devotion of the women of that day, to all the duties of their situation, was without exception; and that the failings and shortcomings of many a trifling husband were more than supplied by a patient and industrious wife and mother.

"The speaker discussed the useful as well as pleasureable purposes that the Old Settlers' Society could accomplish, and argued that the society should perpetuate itself and become permanent.

ine 'early settlers' were living, these annual meetings should be held, and be the occasion for the meeting and commingling of all those men and women, yet upon the stage, whose bravery, fortitude, patience and industry, and whose trials, hardships and virtues, had laid iirmly the foundations of society here. Let those who have come after, meet with them on these occasions, and let this latter generation see with their own eyes these early pioneers, and hear with their own ears the experiences of these men and women, to the end that the memory of those early days might be handed down to posterity." "At the conclusion of Mr. Hay's address, which was listened to with the closest attention by a large proportion of the assembly. Acting President Irwin announced that a recess would be taken for dinner, and then the contents of sundry huge baskets and boxes were dragged to light, a number of tables were improvised, and these were filled with almost everything that good Sangamon county farmers' wives could prepare with which to tempt the human appetite. At one of these, that prepared by the family of Uncle Pres. Breckinridge, of Cotton Hill, the Register representative and his 'better half were fortunate enough to be entertained. It was a right royal feast and no mistake - chickens, sliced ham, choice bread and butter, jellies, preserves, pickles, everything, in fact, that could be desired, and while the ladies were preparing the feast the jovial, whole-souled Uncle I'res. was scouring the grounds in search of hungry people to feed. Nobody declined an invitation from such a source, ot course, and his spread was speedily surrounded. His daughter, Mrs. Lucy D. Hunter, and his daughters-in-law, Mesdames Lillie and Hugh Breckenridge, assisted by other members of the family, gracefully dispensed the hospitalities, and succeeded admirably in their very evident determination to make their guests feel 'at home.' Uncle Pres. presided with his usual urbanity, and all satisfied the cravings of their appetites to the fullest extent. There were at the table Mrs. Louisa Stokes, Mrs. Bashaw, Mrs. Sophia Thomas, Miss Elizabeth Evert, two daughters of Mr. Samuel Johnson, Mr. Will Berry, Mr. Ben AYaters, Mr. I. Stokes, Mr. William Stoneberger, Mr. Samuel Williams, Mr. S. P. Mathews, Mr. William D. Hunter, Dr. Abel. Roland Thomas, Alex. Breckinridge, Harder Breckinridge, Cleophus Breckinridge, Masters Arthur Abel, Taylorville, ]3urtie Breckinjidge, Ida and Inez Breckinridge, and other grandchildren too numerous to mention. There were many other fine spreads by

" The place selected for this year's meeting was the grove back of the residence of Mr. Daniel Jones, in Cotton Hill township, five miles southeast of Crow's Mill. Mr. Jones and his family had done all that was possible to provide for the comfort and convenience of those attending, and they are deserving of the highest praise for the generous hospitality extended to all comers. But it was impossible to render the place selected a satisfactory one, in such a dry season and upon such a hot day. It must be admitted that the old settlers are relieved of many annoyances by holding their re-unions at some distance away from town and from a railroad, so that no one ought to grumble at the inconvenience necessitated in reaching the location chosen. Of course, all the roads were terribly dusty, but a refreshing breeze afforded compensation for all annoyances. Upon the roads leading to and through the grounds, however, the dust was much worse than upon any of the roads outside, and, the grove being situated down in a hollow, the heat was insufferable. Owing to the unusual drouth, the water supply was cut off, and the management were only able, by making great exertions, to supply the throng of suffering humanity Avith an occasional drink of water. As a result, everybody was decidedly uncomfortable throughout the day, and. felt much more as if they had become for the time being veritable pioneers than as if they were enjoying a social holiday. But it must not be imagined from what has been said that the affair was not a success, for it certainly was a decided success, despite all these drawbacks and others that could be mentioned. The attendance was very large, but there was no opportunity of fairly estimating the number present. The woods were literally full of horses and vehicles of every description, and this made it very evident that a very large number of persons M^ere present. But at no time was the crowed about the speaking stand particularly large, the visitors being scattered all over the grounds, wherever shady nooks could be found, enjoying themselves socially. As usual, the affair partook largely of a social character, although the programme at the stand was carried out successfully and very satisfactorily. But the real attraction of the gathering, to rao8t of the attendants, was the opportunities it afforded of renewing old acquaintances, and of rehearsing again and again with them the oft-told, but ever interesting, stories of trials encountered and difficulties overcome by the sturdy pioneers of Sangamon county. Hot as it was in the shady grove, the veterans could remember almost innumerable occasions when they suffered much more, and the frequent mention of the ever-memorable 'deep snow' seemed to occasionally impart a rather refreshing frigidity to the atmosphere,

"Springdeld was not as well represented as usual, though quite a good delegation was present. The gathering was largely composed of the farmers of the county, who were accompanied by their families, to whom the occasion afforded a well-earned and well-deserved day of recreation. Among the old settlers in attendance, were noticed the following, the figures indicating the time of their arrival.

"The public exercises took place at the stand constructed for the purpose, which had been placed in a good position in a shady grove. This temporary structure was occupied by the band, the singers and several of the older persons present. At the back was displayed a banner bearing the words, 'Welcome Old Settlers.' Evergreens were wreathed above and about the stand, and the whole was surmounted by a large fiag. This platform was surrounded during the exercises by an intensely interested gathering, conspicuous among whom were a number of the oldest settlers in the county.

" The exercises of the day began with music by the band, after which Mr. John B. Weber of Pawnee, delivered the reception address, appropriately welcoming the members of the society, their families and friends, and members present. 'Brookfield' was well rendered by the choir, and prayer was offered by Rev. Josiah Porter.

"The exercises were conducted under the efficient management of the President of the society, Mr. R. W. Diller, of thi.s city, who next delivered the President's address. A synopsis would fail to do justice to this address, which was given in happy, conversational style, and was replete with entertaining reminiscences and sensible suggestions.

"After singing by the choir, Mr. John Harrison, of Pleasant Plains, made a brief address. Mr. Harrison has lived upon the same farm for fifty-seven years, and knows all about the trials and experiences of Sangamon county's early pioneers. The county was almost a wilderness when he first arrived, and six months before that time those residing in his neighborhood were obliged to go eighty miles to mill. He related several interesting stories about the mills of those early days, and told how the pioneers were obliged to carry scythes, with which to cut grass for temporary bridges across the numerous sloughs that were not bridged. Mr. Harrison concluded by extolling the advantages now possessed by Illinois and especially by Sangamon county, saying that he was unable to see why any farmer should desire to go West after gold, because the products of the farms of this country were much more valuable than all the gold and silver in all the hills of the Rocky Mountains, and were easier to get at.

"Judge H. M. Vandever, of Christian county, then gave the audience one of the most unique specimens of oratory, if such it can be called, which the writer has ever listened to. He speaks forcibly, though with considerable effort, and seemed determined to convince his hearers that he was an ardent admirer of the 'good old times,' and customs of the past. In fact, he seemed to be rather indignant because people lived more comfortably in these days than did the early pioneers. The object of his remarks, so far as they could be understood, seemed to be to impress his hearers with the thought that the early pioneei'S Avent forth animated by a determination to conquer all the earth, fearing neither man, ffesh or the devil; and that their descendents ought to be inspired by the same feelings. They heard too much of the great achievements of great men which were not possible to ordi- uary people, and thought too little of the practical benefits to be derived from the early experiences of their own ancestors. The Judge's address seemed iu please the audience.

" The election of officers being next in order, was disposed of by re-electing the present efficient President and Secretary, Mr. Diller and Judge Matheny, on motion of Mr. Weber. After more music, 'the best of all,' the dinner hour, was announced, and soon all were engaged in supplying the wants of the inner man. None were allowed to go hungry, and those who had not provided themselves with baskets were hospitably and bountifully cared for by the generous farmers, whose picnic dinners are always remembered with pleasant recollections by those who partake of them. At two o'clock a larger audience than before assembled to listen to Hon. Jas. C. Robinson, of this city.

"After the usual musical inti'oductory, Mr. Robinson made a rather brief address, which proved very entertaining, being interspersed with characteristic anecdotes. He reviewed the great changes that had taken place since the day when the early pioneers settled in the county, and eulogized the moral character, integrity and industry of the early settlers, in whose footsteps the rising generation could follow with profit.

" Mr. Robinson's remarks closed the regular programme, but the audience were not ready to disperse, and willingly listened to brief recitals of their early experiences by Mr. Van Deren, of Chatham, and Mr. Baker, of Christian county. The choir was then called upon for several songs, which were enjoyed more than any other feature of the programme, and President Diller was at last reluctantly compelled to declare the exercises of the day ended.

"Many of those in attendance immediately made a break for their homes, while others remained to indulge in social converse with neighbors and friends, preferring to drive home after sundown, by which time the grove was deserted, and the hundreds who had participated in the reunion had separated, to await the coming of the next reunion."

A two days' session was decided upon for the meeting, and Wednesday and Thursday, August 24th and 25th, the time, and Salisbury the place, for the Fourteenth Annual Re-union.

The accommodations in the way of tents for those who wished to sleep upon the grounds the first night, were ample. The tents, which were of the regular army make, water-proof, were erected on the outskirts of the grounds, and all were occupied with as jolly and happy a class of people as has been seen in many a year. It was no camp-meeting crowd, if we may judge by the music, sentiment of songs, and the local speeches heard from the occupants up to the small hours of the morning. Everything was orderly during the night, but simply a little jolly. "Uncle Joe" seemed to be popular upon the grounds, judging from the loud calls made for him during the night.

The speaker's stand was erected in a small depression and slope, with plenty of shade, the seats being after the usual style on such occasions - planks laid upon logs. The stand was prettily ornamented with colored paper in lace patterns, and in front bore the inscription: "Welcome to the Old Settlers," surrounded with a very neat design. The young ladies of Salisbury probably had a hand in the decoration of the stand. Several large and beautiful bouquets graced the table in front of the stand

At about eight o'clock Wednesday evening, the first exercises of the Old Settlers' Meeting for 1881, were held by the few who were present. The audience numbered about one hundred and fifty or two hundred The exercises were somewhat informal, as they were intended to be, and consisted of some fine singing by a company of young ladies and gentlemen from Pleasant Plains, under the leadership of Professor W. B. Griffin, all doing credit to themselves and their teacher. Several amusing stories were told by Rev. Mr. Clark, Squire Parkinson and R. W. Diller, of Springfield, all illustrating some incident in their early life and the customs and habits of the people of the country some forty or fifty years ago. Those who know the speakers can appreciate somewhat the amusement affoi'ded the crowd on the occasion. The meeting adjourned bj'^ singing the Doxology, " Praise God," etc.

Mr. Diller announced a prayer meeting for the morning, at seven o'clock, after which the audience dispersed to their respective tents, but probably not to sleep until towards morning.

On the morning of the second day the overcast sky and the mutterings of the distant thunder and flashes of lightning, gave indications of rain at an early hour, but none came 3.S expected. At 9 o'clock the sun showed itself through the clouds. At an early hour the people began to arrive. The old settlers were, of course, important personages; you could tell one as far as you could see him, by his dignified bearing and apparent good feeling which lighted up his countenance. Their comely wives shared in the general good feeling which prevailed, and without them the interest would vanish Most of the early settlers came to the gathering in their carriages, drawn by a pair of over-fed horses, a striking contrast to the mode of traveling sixty years ago, when the conveyance was on horseback, with saddle and pillion. Tliey have a right to be proud of their success in life, which they suffered so much to attain.

The meeting was called to order by John H. Harrison, and Elder Stevens made a prayer appropriate for the occasion. Singing was furnished by a choir led by Professor Griffin.

Mr. John B. Miller made the address of welcome, but would not, he said, make a speech. He asked the question, "Why have we come here - why leave our homes and gather under this shade? We have come to meet each other - to see and be seen. But we should have this in moderation. This is an Old Settlers' meeting, of Sangamon county." He spoke of the astonishment of an Englishman who should meet us here for the first time; we should have to explain the matter to him. In this connection he referred to the changes that had occurred in the last two hundred years. The red man had changed; the canoe had given place to the steamboat. And this change had changed the whole world, in an important sense. Who has made this change? It had been caused by the old settlers; but they will soon pass away. We have some of them hei'e to-day, and give them a cordial welcome, and will give them that reverence which we should do under the circumstances. We say again, we give you all a cordial welcome to Salisbury."

Response

Mr. R. W. Diller made the response in behalf of the old settlers. He thanked the gentleman for the kind words of welcome. He was not an old settler, but he had drifted into it; he had been here only thirty-two years, but Mr. Harrison, who is here, had been here sixty-two years. He here referred in an interesting manner to the improvements - railroads, sewing machines, and all kinds of machinery. All these changes had been made in about thirty years, and perhaps in thirty years from this we may be going to Philadelphia in a balloon. We cannot tt'U what may come. He then referred to the last night's meeting. He then said that of the twenty-five vice-presidents of the society, ail are alive - not one has been taken, and most of them are here, for which he was most thankful. After some remarks about how the meeting happened to be changed, etc., he spoke in complimentary terras of the forthcoming History of Sangamon County, and advised all the people to have one of them when published. He closed with wishing that all might have a good time, and bid all good-bye.

Mr. Harrison then came forward and said he was an old settler. His father moved to Kentucky, and he came here on the 4th of November, 1S22, and had lived at the same spot since that time. He lived in a log house of one room, 18 by 22. We entered the loft by a ladder, which was placed outside. The number of persons that lived in that room the first winter, was ten grown persons and six children. We live a little better now, and have grown some since that time. Mr. Harrison then introduced Mr. Jacob Hinkle, the oldest settler of Sangamon county. He came here with his father in 1818, and is the youngest of eleven children, and is the only one living. He lives on the same place where he came to first, and had it not been for the old settlers' meeting he would never have have seen this portion of Sangamon county, and was surprised to know there wag such land in this section.

President^ Ladies and Gentlemen. - I am with you to-day in response to an invitation to attend the annual reunion of the old settlers of Sangamon and Menard counties. It is the first time in my life that I have appeared before an audience of old settlers to make an old settlers' speech. I was informed that I was invited to be present, not as governor, but as Shelby M. Cullom. I thank my old friends for the complment of the invitation and the manner of giving it.

" This is an old settlers' meeting. What kind of a meeting could be more enjoyable if we enter into the true spirit of it as we may. Such occasions should be entirely fi*ee from unnecessary restraints and conventionalities; every man, woman and child should feel at home. Let the old fashioned hearty friendship be stirred up to-day. Let a spirit of good will be rekindled upon the altar of our hearts.

civilization as it grows older, to some extent smothers out that warm-hearted, active sympathizing spirit for our neighbors and friends that used to burn brightly in the hearts of the people of this country. We go along now a days and meet our neighbors, and under the pressure of business and money making and fashion, we scarcely speak to our best friends. The country people are not quite so indifferent. You cherish the habits and friendships of your fathers, but not so to the same extent in our cities. There is not enough of hearty social feeling among the people of these days of high pressure, any where. The result is the very fountains of our better natures are in danger of being dried up. Unless we keep alive our friendships and attachmients we will scarcely know after a while whether we have any friends we care for, and when people get to that point they will surely have no friends who will care for them.

" If there is anything which makes life worth the struggle, it is the sympathetic, the social part of our natures, the feeling that all the world is akin, the feeling that there are warm hearts in the breasts of God's noble men and women beating in sympithy with our own. Smother out this part of our natures and the world would be cold and gloomy, and humanity would dwarf into littleness, and soon become utterly selfish and mean. Then, fellow-citizens, old settlers and young, let us renew our friendships to-day, and we will leave here better men and women, feeling better satisfied with ourselves and the world around us.

"What is the significance of the term, an old settlers' meeting? It does not mean simply a gathering of persons who have lived to a good old age in the community, though many of you who bear the distinction of being an old settler, are now bending beneath the weight of many yeai's, and your ranks, as you have heard to-day, are being thinned each year by the SilentReaper. In the sense in which the term is used to-day, it means more - it means a gathering of pioneers in the community. Many of you may justly be called pioneers in this region of country. Pioneers cannot be found in the older States of the East. There the proverbial oldest inhabitants came into the world and passed his life amid scenes of advanced civilization and crowded population. He sees about him, in his old age, the same familiar objects that crowd the recollection of his youthful days; the home his father lived in he perhaps lives in. The farm where his father, and possibly his grandfather, passed their lives, he is laboring on and getting a scanty reward for his toil. The stories of hardships endured by the pioneer settlers of those old States live in history and in family tradition, but the men and women enduring the hardships are gone; they are not there to tell the story. Not so in our State. Some of the gray-haired men before me to-day have seen this county, now smiling with civilization, in which only bold, hardy spirits, men wnth brave hearts and strong arms ventured to make a home. When we listen to the statements of these men and women, who have lived in Illinois and Sij.ngamon and Menard counties forty, and fifty, and some of them nearly sixty years, who came when, in a large part of the State, the red man made his home, when on our prairies there could scarcely be found the footprints of civilization, and then look about us and see our State vast as an empire, filled with populous cities, covered with fruitful farms, its territoi-y crossed and re-crossed by thousands of miles of railroads, and reflect, that the span of a single life has marked all these vast changes, what a suggestion, yes, what an exhibiliun of rapid growth and progress. Some of you oldest people have seen it all. It has been the growth of fifty years.

"I know that much has been said about our rapid growth, but I fancy it is a subject which never ceases to be of interest, and we cannot study it without profit. One of the chief objects of these gatherings is to keep alive the memories of the primitive days of our State and to impress their lessons upon those who are to come after us. I do not think I am a very old man and technically I am not an old settler of Sangamon or Menard county, though when ray father and mother came to this State with their family, now nearly fifty-one years ago, and settled in Tazewell county, it was only three years after it was taken off of Sangamon and made a county of itself. So you see, my friends, I am a tolerable old settler after all."

"The first men who ever resigned oflSice in this county were Matheny, Kelly and Latham. The first election ever held in the county was in 1821, at John Kelly's house. The first road located was from Springfield to Jacksonville. The first bridge was over the Sangamon. In 1829, the State made an appropriation of $1,000 to improve the navigation of the Sangamon. One steamboat got to Springfield, or as near as the river runs to it, but had to back out in order to get away, which ended the business of navigating the Sangamon.

"But I was talking about the changed condition and the growth in this country. ' When you and I were young' we found our pastime in hunting and fishing, in log rollings in corn huskiugs and quilting bees. When the young people forty or fifty years ago danced, they danced, not in a stiff, delicate sort of a way, but they danced in earnest. Do you remember how long it took the old fiddler to tune up and how^ impatient you were to begin. In those days everybody's house was open to all and all were welcome, and when we went visiting we went in earnest, taking along the whole family. I think the dinners our mothers used to get up when the friends would come in were better than we often see in these days. Everything cooked was set on the table at once, and everybody helped themselves. In those days when anybody got religion and joined the church, you could hear him tell about it a mile off. The preachers of those days were their own educators and they were mightily in earnest. They meant what they said and said what they meant. The late Peter Cartwright, for example, whose old home in which he lived for more than a half century, is near by. They belonged to the church militant and were as ready for a fight, if that was required to keep down the unruly, as they were for a sermon. They were full of zeal and served the Lord fervently, and helped to sow the seeds of temperance and truth, which are bearing good fruit to-day.

"Illinois became a Sovereign State in 1818, with a population of fifty thousand, nine hundred souls. It is now the fourth state in the Nation and the census of 1880 shows a population of over three millions. But its present proud position has not been reached unhindered by serious obstacles.

" Early in its history, financial troubles encumbered its progress and tested to the utmost the wisdom and sagacity of the statesmen of that day. Many of you older men remember well the dark days when a cloud of debt hung over ns that for a time seemed as though it would break in an overwhelming storm, when muttered talk of repudiation became almost outspoken. ]^ut you remember how those mutterings were smothered, how the legislature and the people declared in favor of the honest discharge of all just obligations. And to-day, as a State, we may proudly look the world in the face, for we owe no man.

" The vast system of internal improvements which involved the State so deeply in debt, the digging of the canal and the attempt at building railroads has been looked upon as a great error on the part of the statesmen of those days, and while it is true they undertook enterprises out of all proportion to their resources, time has, in a measure, vindicated the far reaching wisdom of their acts, for our rapid growth and development are, in no small degree, due to these improvements.

"The privations which the early settlers in eastern states endured and which are recorded in history, were repeated in the experience of those who ventured to make a home in Illinois in its earliest days. But the Jesuit missionaries who came first to Illinois with the purpose of Christianizing the Indians, and the traders and adventurers who soon followed them, reported a land fairer and more blessed in soil and climate than any under the sun, and soon, bold hardy men were willing to brave the dangers and hardships of a frontier life in order to live in and develop a land so fair. It was not, however, until the twenties and thirties that the development of Illinois fairly began. By that time the hunter's suit and coon-skin cap had given away to the home-spun garments; villages and soon cities had taken the place of the Indian camp. A few school houses were built which supplied the bare necessities of the people. In 1825 the State first undertook the establishment of common schools by apj)ropriating |2 out of every hundred of State revenue for school purposes, which was divided pro I'ata between the counties as now. The free school system amounted to very little, however, until in 1855 when a new start was taken. We have a grand system now. W^e have forty one thousand nine hundred and sixty-four public schools in the State, over twenty-two thousand teachers, and seven hundred and four thousand one hundred and four pupils. Up to the year 1850, Illinois had only one railroad, fifty-five miles long. In 1823 Chicago was a village of about one hundred and sixty-four people. Governor Reynolds, I believe, described it as a little village on Lake Michigan, in Pike county.

"A story is told of Governor Reynolds, that when he opened the first circuit court as judge in his county, the sheriff went into the court yard and said: 'Boys, come in, our John is going to hold court.' I believe it is related of him also that when he had to pronounce a sentence of death upon a man found guilty of murder, he said to him, 'Mr. Green, the jury in their verdict say you are guilty of murder, and the law says you are to be hung. Now, I want you and your friends down on Indian creek to know that it is not I, but the jury and the law who condemn you. When would you like to be hung?'

"My friends, this section of the State has long been noted for its fertility and attractiveness. As early as the war of 1812, the troops and rangers in their expeditions against the Indians on Peoria Lake, noted the country of Sangamon as one of great fertility. The Indians appreciated this, for, in the Pottawattamie tongue, Sangamo means 'the country where there is plenty to eat.' Tlie 'St. Gamo Kedentry,' as it was called, became famous, and in the autumn of 1819, Mr. Kelly, with his family, camped on Spring creek, near the present location of Springfield. In May, 1821, a term of court was held in his cabin. In 1823, the public lands having been surveyed, a town was laid out and called Calhoun, but as the settlers came in that name - was dropped and the name of Springfield adopted.

"Fellow citizens, you have lived in the w^orld's greatest period of advancement, you have seen the transformation produced by the engine and the iron wheel over iron roads; the invention of the telegraph and its controlling power in business and commerce, so that at any time during the day we may know the markets of London, Paris and New York, the three great centers of the world. By the telephone, friends may hold cjmmunion with friends miles apart in their own voice. By rail w^e may travel at any speed up to sixty miles an hour. All these discoveries and improvements you have witnessed.

"In the political world you have seen vast changes, a great civil war, a country saved, slavery abolished, the Constitution amended, ar^d one of your own old settlers of Sangamon, whom you all knew, elected President of the United States. You have seen the capital of our own State removed from Vandalia to Sj^ringfield, you have seen the states grow from twenty to thirty eight, and you have seen great improvement in agriculture. The improvement in agricultural implements is wonderful. You ride and cut and bind your grain, you ride and cut your grass, you ride and plow, and three men with your present advantages can do more than a dozen forty years ago.

"The world, my friends, has made its greatest leap of progress within the last forty or fifty years. It is as if some magician's hand had cast a spell of improvement over the age in

" Illinois has been peculiarly fortunate in the possession of a class of pioneer citizens and statesmen far above the average of men. The first settlers of this country were remarkable men, strong in intellect, strong in will, and upright in character. The State has been greatly favored and honored by the men who have been prominent as its lawyers and statesmen. With such men as Edwards, Cook, Bond, Coles, Pope, Breese, Duncan, Thomas, and Lockwood, and Lincoln, Logan, Douglas, Browning, Hardin, Bissell, Yates, Stuart, Harris, Shields, Dement, and a host of others I might name, the prosperity and greatness of our State was firmly secure.

"They all helped to mould our early institutions. They left the impress of their thoughts and lives, not only to adorn the annals of our own State, but to add new luster to the historic page of the Nation and the world.

" But, fellow-citizens, I must close. We have a great county. State, and country. It is our duty to take care of the inheritance handed down to us, for those who are to come after us.

"Our State and Nation have a grand future. I have briefly referred to the growth and progress of our State, but it has only fairly entered upon its career of prosperity. Soon we shall pass off the stage, our children Avill take our places. When fifty years more shall have passed away, may it be truly said of us, as we say of our fathers and mothers who have gone, that we were worthy of our time and country."

At the conclusion of the Governor's speech, the meeting adjourned until two o'clock for dinner, after singing the Doxology, " Praise God, from whom all blessings flow."

After dinner, the meeting was again called to order, when the election of officers took place R. W. Diller and James H. Matheny were each re-elected President and Secretary, together with the following-named Vice Presidents:

Mr. Kennedy, of Springfield, was then introduced and proceeded to address the meeting, and we regret we can only give a very imperfect synopsis of it.

The address carried the old settlers back two hundred years ago, when Marquette explored the Mississippi and Illinois rivers, and interviewed the Indian savages living on their borders. He then portrayed the saintly character of the Jesuit missionary - the first to plant the cross on the wilderness of the northwest, and elevating the mind to the noblest conceptions of the future life. Allusion was made to the stand taken by the French settlers of Kaskaskia, who, under the direction of Father Gibault, welcomed with hospitable hearts. General Clark and his distressed regiment, and rendered valuable assistance in the colonial struggle for freedom. These were worthy of the highest gratitude - first to the pioneer missionary, and second to the French settlers, closely allying them with the Illinois settlers of the present.

Mr. M. A. Stevens, of Salisbury, was next introduced and addressed the people briefly upon matters of interest to the old settlers present. He was happy to see so many present, both old and young. The young to honor the old settlers, and the old to see and greet each other as old friends. He referred to the land marks of the old settlers on every hand - schools, churches and other institutions. He closed with words of welcome to the old settlers to Salisbury.

James H. Matheny then came forward and made a characteristic speech. We can only give a brief synopsis: He said he did not know as he could be heard, as he was not in a very good condition, as they could all see that he had more cheek than the government alloM'ed. He was proud of Salisbury, for in this meeting they had done honor to themselves. He spoke of the time when be and others of his friends were boys, and related some amusing anecdotes that set the audience in roars of laughter. He also told of how the boys obtained money to go to shows; they dug 'ginseng' to the amount of twenty-five cents, and then they were sure of the show, particularly if it was in summer - if in the winter, it was not so sure. He then spoke of the advances that had been made in all afi'airs of domestic life - and cited as illustrations the food seen on the tables, etc., set upon the grounds today. He related, with inimitable humor, his first visit to St. Louis, and his experience at the Planters' House with a bill of fare, and the mistakes he made in calling for food by the aid of this bill of fare. He then spoke eloquently of the advancement of our country and the people, making it one of the grandest and most glorious lands in the world. None could compare with it in all that made a people happy. He was glad to be here once more, and to meet old friends; it was to him the happiest day of the year; but he understood well that the time was not far distant when he would not be here. He had a list of the names of the old settlers who had gone to the other country, and soon others would follow, and the band of old settlers would be thinned one by one.

Maxwell Campbell; born in Cobarrus county, North Carolina, October 29, ITOS; departed this life August 10, 1881; aged about eighty-six years.

Thomas Mostiller; born October 8, 180*7, in Butler county, Ohio; married in Franklin county, Indiana; came to Sangamon county, Illinois, in 1830; died February 22, 1881; aged seventy-tour y.ears.

Mark A. Mowrey; born July 12, 1815, in Smithfield, Rhode Island; married August 13, 1840; settled in Sangamon county in 1849; died April 24, 1881; aged sixty-five years, nine months and eighteen days.

Mrs. Anna M. Johnson; born in Champaign county, Ohio, June 6, 1830; departed this life April 9, 1881; aged forty-four years, ten months and three days.

After reading the list he made a humorous but brief speech about our country, which was well received by the audience, but for want of space we must omit even a synopsis.

a speech, and he would not do it. He would say that he had been here over fifty years, and had seen all incidents to a settler's life. He borrowed money to purchase his first eighty acres. He gave an interesting account of how he was obliged to do in early days, and closed with giving some good advice to the young people present, and closed by thanking all for their attention.

Whereas, The President of the United States has been shot down by the hand of a cowardly assassin, and now lies in a critical condition at the Executive Mansion,

Resolved, That the old settlers and friends assembled deeply deplore the calamitj^ which seems about to befall the country - a calamity which would be none the less deplorable than the assassination of our old friend and pioneer settler, Abraham Lincoln.

At this stage of the proceedings Mr. L. Huber, of Cartwright township, exhibited an instrument little known at the present day, called a " hackle," which he found here when he came in 1855. The instrument was used in preparing flax and hemp. It excited considerable attention.

President Diller then made some complimentary remarks in relation to the meeting in Salisbury. He had not seen a drunken man during the meeting, which had not occurred at any other meeting, and he was proud of Salisbury, and her citizens had reason to be proud of the meeting. In conclusion he told the people that they could go home, as the old settlers' meeting for 1881 was closed, or in other words was adjourned.

The old settlers, after a general handshaking, left for their respective homes with pleasant thoughts of the old settlers' meeting for 1881.

Educational

Few even of the older States of the Union have an educational history more rich, varied and instructive than that of Illinois. When that history shall be written and due honor shall be given to those who have raised the State to the high position which she now holds, wortliy mention shall be made of that association of young men, who, early in 1829, while pursuing their studies in Y^ale College, devoted themselves to a life-work in the cause of education and religion in the then new State of Illinois. The names of those seven men wei'e Mason Grosvenor, Theron Baldwin, John F. Brooks, Elisha Jenney, William Kirby, Asa Turner and Julian M. Sturtevant. The first fruits of their exertions was the establishment of Illinois College at Jacksonville. The after fruits of their united and individual action, both general and special, cannot be estimated.

The first educational convention in the State, was held at Vandalia, February 13,1833, by gentlemen from different parts of the State, desirous of encouraging education and especially common schools. After an address on education by James Hall, an association was organized under the title of the " Illinois Institiite of Education.* An effort was made to procure statistics and information in regard to schools and the condition of education, but with little success.

A second convention was held at V.andalia, December 5 and 6, 1834, at which sixty delegates were present from over thirty counties of the State, principally members of the General Assembly, then in session, among whom were Abraham Lincoln, Stephen A. Douglas and others, whose names became well known in the State. Hon. Cyrus Edwards was chosen President, and Stephen A. Douglas, Secretary. Through the influences of this convention some important changes were effected in the previous school laws of the State, of 1825, 1829 and 1833.

In February, 1841, was formed the "Illinois State Education Society " at Springfield, " to promote by all laudable means, the diffusion of knowledge in regard to education; and especially to render the system of common schools throughout the State^as perfect as possible." Its first officers vere Hon. Cyrus Edwards, President; Col. Thomas Mather, Hon. William Thomas, Hon. S. H. Treat, Dr. W. B. Eagan and Onslow Peters, Vice-Presidents; A. T. Bledsoe and C. R. Wells, Secretaries; and P. C. Canedy, Treasurer. A memorial was prepared and presented to the legislature then in session, urging the appointment of a State School Superintendent, and other amendments to the school system. A new school law was passed, which, however, embraced but few of the desired improvements.

Another effort was made by the friends of popular education to secure through the legislature of 1843, the establishment of the office of Superintendent of Schools, which was now regarded as essential to a comprehensive system of public instruction. Petitions in this behalf were widely circulated for signatures, but it was found that the people generally were themselves opposed to the change, chiefly on the ground of supposed expense, and consequently nothing was done by the legislature. Notwithstanding this ill success, it was believed by many that the time was ripe for the proposed measure, and that a general convention should be called together, of the right men, not for investigation and discussion merely, but to devise a system of common schools that might be recommended with confidence to the succeeding legislature.. The proposition was very favorably received, and an appointment was made for a convention of delegates, teachers and friends of education, to meet at Peoria, October 9, 1844.

teiideucy, and taxation for the suppoi't of schools. A plan of school system was drawn up and a long and able memorial to the legislature prepared by a committee. The proposed bill was explained and sustained by J. S. Wright before the legislative committee. The result was a general revision of the school laws, and the passage of an act making the Secretary of State ex-ojficio Superintendent of Schools, authorizing special taxation for school purposes, and introducing other decided improvements upon the former system.

An educational convention met in Springfield, December 16th, 17th, 19th and 23d, 1846. Various topics of educational interest were discussed and a committee instructed to memorialize the legislature for amendments to the school law, especially in making the school superintendency a distinct oftice to be filled by the legislature.

A convention met at Springfield January 15th to 18th, during the session of the legislature. A committee was appointed to prepare a memorial to the legislature and draft a bill for a school law that should embrace the following principles: That the property of the State should be taxed to educate the children of the State; that the office of State Superintendent of Public Instruction should be separate and distinct from every other office; that the County Commissioners should receive reasonable compensation for their services as ex-officio County Superintendents of Schools; and that a portion of the college and seminary funds should be devoted to aid in the education of common school teachers. These several principles were now for the first time pressed upon the attention of the legislature, but, though the school law was revised at this session, the system was left essentially as it was before.

On the 26th of December, 18-)3, there was convened at Bloomington an educational convention, composed more strictly of teachers, superintendents and commissioners of schools and other friends of popular education. Committees were appointed to petition the legislature for a State Superintendent of Schools, for the establishment and support of a Normal School, and a school system without taxation.

The petition was at last favorably received by the General Assembly, and a separate department of education was created, and Hon. Ninian W. Edwards, of Springfield, was appointed the first State Superintendent of Public Instruction, by whom a free school law was prepared, which, in its main features, is in force to-day. Thus, a

The present Superintendent of Public Schools is James P. Slade. Shortly after his election to the position, a teacher wrote the New England Journal of Education of him as follows:

''We have a new State Superintendent - a teacher, and the choice of the teachers. We are so elated at this victory of the profession over politicians, that I want to tell you something of our new chi^f.

"James P. Slade has long been a familiar name upon the rolls of our State Teachers' Association and of our State Association of County Superintendents. Always present at their meetings, always performing with marked ability every duty assigned, he has long been accounted one of the ' stand-bys;' executive committees knew that when they placed his name upon the programme they were sure of a good exercise. His business capacities were so generally recognized, that since a time to which the memory of man (or Avoman) runneth not to the contrary, he has been treasurer of both these State Assoc'ations. He has also filled acceptably other offices, usually those requiring much hard work and making very little show; and this is characteristic of the man. He is a quiet, diffident man, never putting himself forward, unless there is some hard work to be done which nobody else is ready to undertake. He is not a college-bred man; but so far from boasting of it, as some so-called selfmade men do, he feels it to be a disadvantage, and all his life has regretted that the circumstance of his early years forbade his receiving that thorough mental training which a good college can give. But he is a born student, and his whole life has been given to study, - the study of books, of nature, and of men. Thus, outside of college walls, he has gained that mental discipline which some fail to gain even within them. That he has gained this is attested by the fact that he holds a State certificate for Illinois, and that the honorary degree of A. M. was conferred upon him in 187:3 by Shurtleff College.

" Mr. Slade was born in Westerlo, Albany county. New York, February 9, 1837. His father was a farmer in very moderate circumstances. The story of his boyhood, is the familiar one of the struggle between an intense desire for an education and hard, unrelenting poverty. Only a few months each year could he go to school; the rest of the time was spent in work upon the farm. The spring he was seventeen his schooltime was extended two months, during which time he attended the Chesterville Academy, two miles from home, boarding at home and doing chores nights and mornings. That summer, while helping to gatber the scanty harvest from the not over-generous soil of a small farm, he persuaded his father to send him to school the following winter. The necessary money must be borrowed; but the boy, who had already determined what should be his life-work, promised to repay all with interest as soon as he could earn enough, by teaching to do so. As a result, he spent six months (1854-5) as a student in Fairfield Seminary, Herkimer county. New York. In the spring, being now eighteen years old he commenced teaching; for his first five months of pedagogic labor he received ^80 and ' boarded round.' The following winter was spent in teaching, and the spring found him a student in Hudson River Institute, at Claverack.

"The summer vacation was spent, as usual, in the harvest field. In September, 1856, anticipating Greeley's advice, he went west to Belleville, St. Clair county, Illinois, which has ever since been his home. In less than a month he secured a country school for nine months, receiving a salary of $35 per month. The next fall, being then but twenty years of age, he was made teacher of the grammar school of Belleville. From that time to this he has been constantly and closely connected with these schools, rising by sheer force of merit to the highest educational positions in his city and county, as now he has risen to the highest in his adopted State.

"The circumstances connected with his election as Principal of the High School are suggestive. By agreement, each member of the Board made out a list showing his choice of teachers. On comparing these lists, made without any consultation together, it was found that each had the name of James P. Slade as Principal of the High School. This result was a complete surprise to Mr. Slade, who thus, at twenty -four, was put in this responsible j^osition. He filled it with marked success. Before me, as I write, lie letters from some of his old pupils, and these give, perhaps unconsciously to their writers, a better idea of Mr. Slade as a teacher than any words of mine can do. Says one: ' He honestly and conscientiously dealt with his pupils, with a view, not only to their intellectual, but also to their moral, advancement.' Under date of July 19, 1866, one, just entering upon a university course, says: 'I think the principle he inculcated of knowing the why and the wherefore of things, and of getting, not so much what the hook said, but the sense, the root of a thing, will be of great use to me at the university. Among the most important things learned, or partially learned, while in his school, is the science of study, the manner of getting lessons, or, rather, the science of applying one's mind to the investigation of a subject.'

" Mr. Slade continued principal of the High School for six years; then (1867) he was appointed County Superintendent to fill a vacancy. At the expiration of this term, 1869, he was elected for the full four years' term, by a majority of more than 1,200 votes over two competitors. These six years were devoted to the supervision and visitation of the schools of St. Clair county, and they wrought wonders in those schools. He was re-appointed principal of Belleville High School, and continued to hold this position until after his nomination for the oftice to which he has just been elected.

"But the county could not spare his services. The County Superintendent died about a year after his election, and the Board of Supervisors persuaded Mr. Slade to take that position again; he did so, served out that term, and at the two elections since he has been re-elected by overwhelming majorities.

"This is his record since, as a boy of nineteen, he came into our State: One year's teaching in a country school; fifteen years in the Belleville schools, eleven of them as Principal of High School; ten years County Superintendent, six of these years devoting his whole time to the supervision of county schools, four of them serving both as Principal of High School and as County Superintendent. That he is a faithful and successful worker is proved by the fact that he was retained in the same schools so long, never leaving one situation except for one higher.

" From the time he first commenced teaching, Mr. Slade has been a constant subscriber, and of late years a valued contributor, to one or more educational journals. Of his work in State and county educational gatherings I have before spoken. He has also attended several meetings of the National Association, and counts it as one of his greatest privileges that at the meeting at St. Louis he saw and heard Horace Mann. He is one of the leading spirits in the Southern Illinois Educational Association, which has done so much for the cause of education in our ' Egypt.' He has attended each of its three annual meet.

" His personal characteristics command the respect of all, and the tender devotion of those who know him best. He is a man of fine presence, and impresses you at once as a gentleman and a scholar. So modest is he that he says, ' Of three things I am certain: 1. I am not a great scholar; 2. I am neither a rapid nor a skillful writer; 3. I am neither fluent or eloquent in speech.' But we, looking upon his work with unprejudiced eyes, know that he underrates his own abilities, and feel sure that, as Dr. Bateman predicts, 'he will justify the reasonable expectations of the many good men who are looking to him with confidence and hope.' "

Progress in this county is nowhere better illustrated than in connection with our Public Schools. In the early day good schools were like "angel visits, few and far between," and it was considered very fortunate indeed if an opportunity was offered for obtaining even the rudiments of a common school education. A person competent to teach the three branches, commonly and sarcastically spoken of as the three " Rs," "Reading, 'Riting and 'Rithmetic," could seldom be obtained. Some of the few scattered settlements could not afi^ord to employ a teacher, and were therefore compelled to do without, or send their children through the timber or across the prairie to some more fortunate settlement where a school was in operation. Some were sent a distance of six to nine miles, walking the entire distance morning and night of each day, in order that they might avail themselves of the opportunity of acquiring a little knowledge of their mother tongue, and thus fit themselves for the duties of life. How different now! In every township there are from seven to eleven schools in successful operation. Competent teachei's are employed, many of whom have spent years in fitting themselves for their vocation, and who make teaching a profession, by preparing themselves as thoroughly for this work as the lawyer, doctor, or divine are presumed to do.

The description given elsewhere of the old log houses will answer for the old-fashioned school house. The school furniture was slab seats for the scholars, a three-legged stool and a hazel or birch rod for the teacher. As for books, but few were needed, the less the better, as the teacher could get along the more readily. The walls of the school room were decorated by the artistic hands of the scholars, with drawings of the teacher, instead of being hung with such beautiful and instructive maps as are now found in all our school buildings. Instead of the beautiful specimens of penmanship now-a-days set for our children to copy, teachers were then employed who, in many cases could scarcely write their own names. Altogether, in the light of today, the schools of forty and fifty years ago were very dreary affairs.

By law, the sixteenth section of every township was to be used for school purposes, but there being little or no sale for land, and the government price of $1.25 per acre being all that could be realized from its sale, the income to be derived from it could amount to but little. Subscription schools, therefore, had to be depended upon.

It was not until after the passage of the law framed by Hon. Ninian W. Edwards, that much w^as done in behalf of the free common schools. The various townships in the county were at once re-districted, and a thorough system of popular education was undertaken. In the quarter of a century that has past, much has been done. School houses have been erected at almost every cross-road, and the advantages of the common school system are now appreciated by all.

For the year ending June, 1881, as gleaned from the report of the County Superintendent of Public Schools, there were twenly-seven thousand, three hundred and thirty-eight persons under twenty-one years of age; between six and twenty-one, there were eighteen thousand, eight hundred and sixty. There were enrolled in the public schools, eleven thousand, one hundred and forty-one pupils. There were one hundred and fifty-two male and one hundred and eighty-five female teachers employed. Of brick school houses, there were thirty-four; of frame, one hundred and fifty. The highest monthly wages paid male teacher, was *;i50 per month; highest paid female teacher, $80; lowest paid male, |25; lowest paid female, $20. The estimated value of the school property outside of Springfield was $196,440. Estimated value of school property in Springfield, $120,000.

Illinois State University

The Literary and Theological Institute of the Evangelical Lutheran Chiirch at Hillsboro, was incorporated by an act of the legislature of Illinois, January, 184*7, and immediately went into operation. The institution was divided into two separate departments, the one collegiate, and the other theological, and so independent of each other, that donations could be made to either department, and the donors have assurance t^.at their gifts would be appropriated to the object designated. While the theological seminary was designated for the special benefit of young men who were desirous of qualifying themselves for the ministry in the Lutheran Church, the collegiate department was open to all alike, without any discrimination as to religious profession, provided only that their deportment be conformable to the moral principles and precepts which are universally acknowledged by Christians of all denominations.

The college began operation in 1849, and issued its first annual catalogue August, 1850. It had fair success during its existence in Hillsboro, but believing a better field to be open in Springfield, those most interested in its pros- ]>erity secured the passage of an amendment to the charter, permitting its removal to the latter place and changing its name to Illinois State University. Among those instrumental in its i-emoval, living in Springfield, and who became members of its first Board of Trustees, were James C. Conkling, John T. Stuart, Eljah lies, John M. Burkhardt, E. R. Wiley, Thomas Lewis, Jacob Divelbiss, David Miller, John B. Weber, Revs. James Smith, Albert Hale, R. V. Dodge, Francis Springer, Edmund Miller, S. W, Harkey, and C. B. Thumrael. John T. Stuart was elected President of the Board; Rev. A. A. Trimper, Secretary; Thomas Lewis, Treasurer.

The following named constituted the faculty as first organized: Rev. Francis Springer, M.A., President and Professor of Political and Moral Science; Rev. S. W. Harkey, D.D., Professor of Christian Theology and Natural Science; Rev. Edmund Miller, M.A., Professor of Mathematics and Principal of the Preparatory Department; Rev. C. B. Thummel, M. A., Professor of Ancient and Modern Languages.

The college commenced operations April, 1852, in the building formerly occupied by the Mechanics' Union, and now used as a church by the German Lutherian Church. A new edifice was at once placed in process of construction, occupying a beautiful and commanding site about one mile northeast of the public square. The spot selected is high and healthy, having an elevation of twenty feet above that of the old State House. The edifice as originally designed was to be of brick, four stories in height, the main centre being 70x65 feet, with wings on each side 41 feet wide, or a total frontage of 1 52 feet, the whole to cost 135,000. Only the main centre was ever completed.

" The trustees, animated by a patriotic desire to render the institution to which their cases are devoted, alike the honest pride of the State, and honorable to themselves, are resolved to do all in their power, not only to furnish suitable buildings, but also to supply the most accomplished and experienced instructors, and the best means for the literary and scientific improvement of the students. It is designed to carry into effect, as soon as possible, that provision of the charter which authorizes the trustees to establish separate departments of the learned professions, the science and arts, including, besides the usual departments of Theology, Medicine and Law, a department of Mechanical Philosophy, and also of Agriculture. The object to be attained is the establishment of a University fully capable of furnishing to all the great interests and pursuits of man, the rich blessings which learning, science and skill can impart. But the trustees do not venture to make this statement of their purposes and wishes for the sake of conveying an impression that they are already in possession of the pecuniary means which such an enterprise requires. On the contrary, they desire to be understood rather as making an appeal to the public for liberal and generous donations to enable them to carry forward to successful completion an undertaking which necessities of an intelligent and rapidly increasing community urgently demand. It will be perceived, also, that the trustees have a just appreciation of their responsibilities, and of the wants which the piiblic mind expect them to supply. In order to fulfill their mission by a proper discharge of their legal incorporation, they must rely on the intelligence and philanthrophy of their fellow man for the requisite funds and other needful co-operation."

The first session of the college occupied but a part of the year. Seventy-nine students were enrolled. The second year, ending June 29, 1853, witnessed an enrollment of one hundred and forty-four students, a gratifying increase. The Mechanics' Union Building was still occupied, the new edifice not being completed. During the summer of 1853, President Springer and Professor Harkey were engaged in collecting funds to finish the building.

For the coming year the faculty were the same as the year previous, save Rev. Daniel Garber, A. B.. was substituted for Rev, C. B, Thummel, as Professor of Latin and Greek Languages.

The summer of 1854. found the college building still uncompleted, but it was finished in time for occupancy that .fall. The number of the students for the year 1853-4 was one hundred an(i sixty.

In the year 1855, on account of a disagreement in some matters. President Springer resigned, and Rev. S. W. Harkey performed the duties of President. In the fall of 1 856, the faculty M'as composed of the following named: Rev. S. W, Ilarkey, D. D., President, ])ro tern. Professor of Theology, Mental and Moral Science, Belles Lettres and the German Languages; Rev. Edmund Miller, A. M., Professor of Mathematics; Rev. Benjamin C. Suesserott, A. M., Professor of Latin and Greek Languages; Alexander Pollack, Professor of History, and Principal of the English and Business Departments.

In the summer of 1858, the Faculty elected Rev. William M. Reynolds, D. D., President, and he was inaugurated and delivered an excellent address July 29, 1858. The faculty was then composed as follows: Rev. W. M. Reynolds, President, Professor of Intellectual and moral Philosophy; S. W. Harkey, D. D., Professor of Belles Lettres and German Language and Literature; Rev. B. C. Suesserott, A. M., Professor of Ancient Languages; Rev. L. P. Esbiorn, Professor of Scandinavian Languages and Literature, Chemistry; H. Croll, A. M., Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy; Alexander Pollock, Principal of the English Department and Assistant Professor of Mathematics; J. G. Auglade, Professor of French and Spanish.

After this time the University did not seem to prosper so well, but it continued to struggle along until 1867, when it ceased to be run as a University. But there has never been a time when a school of some kind has not been in existence in the building. The deed conveying the land requires that a school shall be maintained, or the title to the property shall revert to the original heirs of the donor, Pascal P. Enos.

Between 1867 and 1874 the title in the property was vested in Rev. Mr. Passavant, of the Pittsburg Synod, and by him transferred to the Missouri Synod of the German Evangelical Lutheran Church.

Rev. Francis Springer, D.D., the first President of the Illinois State University, was born March 19, 1810, at Roxbury, Franklin county, Pennsylvania. When a young man he learned the business of sign and ornamental painting. He received his literary education in Pennsylvania College, and his theological studies weie pursued at the Theological Seminary of the Lutheran Church, both located at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. He also studied under two distinguished ministers, one at Otsego, and the other at Schohaire, New York. He paid his expenses by occasionally working at his trade and teaching school. He was licensed to preach by the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Maryland, October 18, 1836, and was ordained by the same body, October 17, 1837. He was married April 11, 1837, to Mary Kriegh, at Clear Springs, Washington county, Maryland. He taught school and preached in that vicinity from October, 1836, for about two and a half years. They moved to Springfield, Illinois, arriving May, 1839. In 1847 he moved to Hillsboro, Illinois, and in 1855 moved back to Springfield.

Rev. Francis Springer commenced teaching soon after his arrival in Springfield, and continued to teach and preach until 1847, when he moved to Hillsboro, Illinois, as President of Hillsboro College. That institution was moved to Springfield in 1852, as Illinois State University. These were both under the direction and patronage of the Lutheran church. He resigned in 1855. He was afterwards school commissioner of Sangamon county, and was Superintendent of Schools for the city of Springfield, which position he resigned, and became chaplain of the Tenth Illinois Cavalry, soon after the beginning of the rebellion in 1861. A short time after the battle of Prairie Grove, Arkansas - December 7, 1862 - he united with Dr. James Johnson in raising a loyal regiment in Arkansas, of which he became chaplain. It was the First Arkansas Infantry. He was appointed in 1863 post chaplain at Fort Smith, which he held until 1867, when he resigned, and returned to his family, at Springfield. In 1870 he moved to Irving, Montgomery county, Illinois, and continued preaching until the fall of 1873, when he was elected superintendent of schools for Montgomery county, with his ofiice at Hillsboro, Illinois.

In the summer of 1881, Mr. Springer returned to Springfield. He continues to preach as opportunity offers, believing the minister of God should always be faithfully employed. Rev. Francis Springer is a man of lively sympathy with the rest of mankind, without regard to race, color, nationality or religion. He has large faith in the perfectability of the human race by means of the labors and experiences of the life that now is, and the hereafter. His orthodoxy, as a religious man, does not descend to the min- ute particulars of a creed, but confides mainly in the cardinal fact of Christianity, that the only true enobling of the race must be wrought out under the recognized leadership of the world's Redeemer "the Christ of God."

German Evangelical Lutheran Concordia Seminary

This institution of learning, the successor of the Illinois State University, is the outgrowth of a similar institution started in Fort Wayne many years ago.

In 1838 Wyneken came from Germany to America and settled in Fort Wayne, Indiana, where he was subsequently ordained a minister in the German Evangelical Lutheran Church, and as such for several years acted as a missionary in Ohio, Indiana, and the southern part of Michigan, traveling almost constantly, preaching the word wherever he went.

In 1844 he put in practical operation a scheme he had for the education of young men and ^:)reparing them for the sacred ministry. Two young men placed themselves under his instruction that year, and traveled with him wherever called, studying as the opportunity was afforded them, and receiving the instruction of the zealous missionary. This was the beginning of the flourishing Concordia University now in existence in Fort Wayne. The two young men thus instructed became zealous and efficient workers in the Master's cause. One of them died a few years since, the other yet labors "in season and out of season" in preaching the "glad tidings of salvation."

In 1845 Mr. Wyneken was called to the pastorate of a church in Baltimore, where he remained five years. In 1850 he was called to St. Louis, and soon after elected President of the Joint Missouri Evangelical Lutheran Synod, and as such removed to Fort Wayne, a more central location, from which place he visited the churches throughout the bounds of the Synod, and where good could be accomplished. In this oflice he seived for several years with profit to the people and churches within his charge. In 1864 he accepted a call from a church in Cleveland, Ohio, where he labored for eleven years. On account of failing health the congregation sent him to California in 18'75, where it was thought he might be restored to health and future usefulness. Early in May, 1876, he made all arrangements to return home, and on the morning of the 4th, while dressing himself, he fell over on the bed and soon expired. His last work on earth was done, and he was called to his reward.

In addition to the institution of learning in Fort Wayne, which grew from the humble beginning as stated to the rank of a university, the Missouri Synod opened a school in the interior of Missouri, which was subsequently moved to St. Louis, a'ld became the present German Evangelical Lutheran College. Students in both these institutions became so numerous they could not be accommodated, and the property of the old Illinois State University being for sale it was thought advisable to purchase it. Preparatory to this end, early in January, 1874, about seventy-five pupils were transferred to this place, under charge of Professor Kroening. In October, 1874, the deed to the property was transfei'- red to the Missouri Synod, under whose charge the three institutions are conducted. Professor Kroening remained in charge until the fall of 1875, when all needful preparations had been made to carry on a successful school. The faculty as organized at this time consisted of Professor A. Cramer, Director, who for twenty-five years previous had been connected either at Fort Wayne or St. Louis; Professor H. C. Wyniken, second theological Professor, and Professor G. Kroening, in the Preparatory Department. These gentleman yet remain in the institution, and in addition in the fall of 1881, J. S. Simon, for twenty-eight years teacher in the senior class of the parochial school of the Evangelical Lutheran Congregation at Monroe, Michigan, was called as assistant Professor in the Preparatory Department, and entered upon the discharge of his duties, November 1.

Since the property passed into the hands of the present operators, the buildings and grounds have been greatly improved, four new residences for the faculty have been built, and other good work accomplished. As fast as means are secured other improvements will be made.

The college is supported by donation through various German Evangelical Lutheran Churches throughout the United States, and a student upon entering must state his firm determination to become an espouser of the doctrines to which the church adheres, and must have had a three years' course in a preparatory college situated at Fort Wayne, Ind. Its future is easily to be seen, with an attendance of nearly one hundred and tAventy-five students, and yearly growing in proportion, it promises in the near future to rank among the first of its kind in the State, and it is, in reality, to be hoped that these most sanguine expectations will be verified. Let the good work commenced proceed and bear its fruit.

Rev. H. C. Wyneken was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana, December 15, 1844. lie is the son of Rev. Mr. Wyneken, a sketch of whom has already been given in connection with this article. The younger Wyneken went with his parents to the various places already mentioned, save California. While living in St. Louis, he attended the German Lutheran Parochial School, and also the English High School. He entered Concordia College, in St. Louis, in 1858, and subsequently was transferred to Fort Wayne, Indiana, where he graduated in 1865. He then entered the Theological Seminary of the German Evangelical Lutheran Church in St. Louis, and pursued a three years' course, graduating in 1868. He was prepared to accept a call from some congregation, but on account of ill health was sent to Europe, in January, 1869, where he remained nearly two years. On his return he was called as an assistant pastor to his father, from the church in Cleveland Ohio, and was duly ordained December 18, 18*70. He remained at Cleveland until his removal here in January, 1S76.

Professor Wyneken was united in marriage with Miss Couradine Schilling, of Bremen, Europe, June 29, 1871, by whom he has had five children, four of whom are now living.

Like his father, Professor Wyneken is a thorough worker, and in addition to his labors in the school room, acts as a missionary among the Germans in the neighborhood of Springfield, and among the colored people of the city. He has managed for some time a Sunday School for the latter in the College chapel, having some thirty to forty pupils in attendance

Professor G. Kroening was born in Martinville, Niagara county. New York, March 3, 1851. He is of German descent, his parents emigrating from the latter country, and settling in Martinsville, in 1845, When ten years of age, he commenced attending the common schools of Martinsville, where he continued for five years, and then spent three years in assisting his father in agriculture and other pursuits, at the expiration of which time he entered Concordia Seminary, in Fort Wayne, Indiana, where he remained six years, and entered the Concordia College at St. Louis, and studied theology for two years. In January, 1874, he accepted the professorship in

Bettie Stuart Instiiute, Springfield

This institution, though drawing pupils from all parts of the Union, may from its influence be emphatically called a home school, was organized by Mrs. M. McKee Homes, a lady well and favorably known throughout the West as a successful instructor of young girls. The building that she first occupied being inadequate to her wants, and a number of her patrons recognizing her executive ability and superior fitness for conducting a Young Ladies' Seminary, made arrangements to provide for her a suitable building. To accomplish this, in 1879, a Board of Trustees was incorporated under the general State law for academies. The names of the incorporators were: Hon. John T. Stuart, J. Bunn, Hon. J. C. Conkling, Hon. John A. Chestnut, John Williams, and C. C. Brown.

The residence of Mr. C. C. Brown was purchased, added to and remodled. The institution was named "Bettie Stuart Institute," in honor of the memory of the late Mrs. C. C. Brown, the lovely and accomplished daughter of the Hon. John T. Stuart. So far as the educational work of the school is concerned, it has been under the sole control of Mrs. Homes, who has done her work faithfully and thoroughly. She has called to her aid the best teachers in every department of study. Some of the most efticient she found in Springfield, others have come from the best schools of this country and Europe. A characteristic feature of the Board of Instruction is a union of feeling, and a concentration of interest in the work they have undertaken to accomplish.

A high grade of scholarship has been established and maintained in evei'y department. A diploma from this school entitles the holder to a high degree of respect. It signifies that she has attained, in all the varied studies of a four years' course, a satisfactory proficiency; that her attendance during that time has averaged well, and that her deportment has been above reproach. Considering the fact that the institution has been, thus far, self-supporting, its success and efticiency are wonderful. The annual average attendance has been over a hundred, and it has already graduated sixty-four young ladies, several of Avhom are sustaining a high reputation as teachers, while many more are presiriing with dignity over their own households. To show how important a factor this school is in educational matters, we quote (from memory) the words of a distinguished divine, formerly of Springfield, uttered in a sermon preached to his people: "Few realize how much Springfield owes to Mrs. Homes' school. It has raised the standard of scholarship and laid the foundations for a broad culture, and where it has taken one pupil out of the Public Schools, it has put twenty in, by awakening a more wide-spread interest in the subject of education. Among the graduates are the daughters of many whose names are indissolubly connected with the history of the State in its various interests, military, political, financial and religious. Indeed, the school represents in its patronage, all the professions and industries. Its founders and supporters are a class of people calculated to give added tone and dignity to its character, and it will doubtless be cherished with pride by the State, as it is now, by its capital city - Springfield.

The following-named compose ihe present Board of Trustees: Hon. John T. Stuart, John A. Chestnut, Colonel John Williams, Hon. Shelby M. Cullom, Hon. J. C. Conkling, Dr. A. W. French, Jacob Bunn, Hon. Milton Hay.

The Bettie Stuart Institute is situated on Fourth street, near the Executive Mansion, and in the most beautiful and eligible part of the city. The grounds are ample, and the building is large, commodious and well ventilated.

No better recommendation of the school can be desired than the record of the past thirteen years. In this time it has graduated more than sixty young ladies, whose symmetrical development of intellectual and moral character fits them equally for society and the responsibilities of life. While aiuiing at thoroughnesss, the personal peculiarities of pupils are also studied, and the course of instruction adapted to individual needs. The highest advancement of scholars must ever be dependent upon an intelligent and sympathetic analysis of individual character.

All the pupils of this school have written examinations the first Wednesday of each month, and oral at the close of each term. The pupils are not only made familiar with the contents of their text books, but are taught to apply the principles there learned and to reason independently. A special advantage of the Bettie Stuart Institute over boarding schools in general, is its home-like character. Not content with mere intellectual development, special attention is given to the social and moral culture of the pupils. A symmetrical Christian womanhood is the end desired in the system of education pursued. Parents may feel in leaving their daughters at the Bettie Stuart, that none of the home comforts will be missed by them; that their health will be carefully watched over, and that loving interest will be given them. ST. Agatha's school.

This institution ot learning commenced operations in 1881, and is under the supervision of Rt. Rev. George F. Seymour, D. D., L. L. A., Bishop of the Diocese.

St. Agatha's School is admirably situated in the central part of the city. It is on the same street with the State House, and is in the midst of a beautiful lawn and garden of over three acres in extent, affording the advantages of the country in the very heart of the city, secxxring the best air and opportunities for exercise for the pupils.^ The house is large, dry, well ventilated, and every attention paid to the health and comfort of the pupils. Misses Murdoch and Dusinberre give careful attention to the thorough education of those confided to their care; and the discipline firm, though gentle. All the usual branches are taught, and it will be the constant aim of the Principals to sustain a high standard of scholarship. The Primary Department receives careful attention; and in it, French and drawing are taught without extra charge. Unusual advantages are enjoyed for the study of Natural Sciences, and an experienced and accomplished teacher has been secured for that department. St. Agatha's School will not only afford its pupils a thorough course in the ordinary branches of education under experienced and efficient teachers, but it will do this under the eye of the Church, and in connection with that moral and religious training which is of the very first importance in the formation of a true and lofty womanhood. The school will embrace three courses - Primary, Academic and Collegiate.

Illustrious And Prominent Dead

" Earth to earth and dust to dust" is the common lot of all men. Neither rank nor station in life will exempt one from a call from that grim monster, Death. His calls are made to suit the pleasure of none. He comes unbidden, and often chooses the fairest and the best. In this chapter are given a few, and but a few, of the illustrious and prominent men of Sangamon county who have been summoned to a brighter world, and whose memories are cherished by those who remain this side the "valley and shadow of death."

Abraham Lincoln, the great and the good, the martyr President. The historian, in the necessarily short sketches given, can but feel his inability to do justice to so worthy a name. The following is a copy of a letter written by Mr. Lincoln in December, 1850, to Jesse W. Fell, of Bloomington, Illinois. The letter was not written for publication, but, containing the only words ever written by Mr. Lincoln of himself and family, are worthy of preservation:

"I was born February 12,1 809, in Hardin county, Kentucky. My parents were both born in Virginia, of undistinguished families - second families - perhaps I should say. My mother, who died in my tenth year, was of a family of the name of Hanks, some of whom now reside in Adams, and others in Macon counties, Illinois. My paternal grandfather, Abraham Lincoln, emigrated from Rockingham county, Virginia, about 1781 or '82, where, a year or two later, he was killed by Indians, not in battle, but by stealth, when he was laboring to open up a farm in the forest. His ancestors, who were Quakers, went to Virginia from Berks county, Pennsylvania. An effort to identify them with the New England family of the same name ended in nothing more definite than a similarity of Christian names in both families, such as Enoch, Levi, Mordecai, Solomon, Abraham, and the like.

" My father, at the death of his father, was but six years of age, and he grew up literally without education. He removed from Kentucky to what is now Spencer county, Indiana, in my eighth year. We reached our new home about the time the State came into the Union. It was a wild region, with many bears and other wild animals still in the woods. There I grew up. There were some schools, so called, but no qualification was ever required of a teacher beyond "readin'j 'ritin', and cipherin" to the rule of three. If a straggler, supposed to understand Latin happened to sojourn in the neighborhood, he was looked upon as a wizard. There was absolutely nothing to excite ambition for education. Of course, when I came of age, I did not know much; still, somehow I could read, write, and cipher to the rule of three, but that was all. I have not been to school since. The little advance I now have upon this store of education, I have picked up from time to time, under the pressure of necessity.

" I was raised to farm work, which I continued till I was twenty-two. At twenty-one I came to Illinois, and passed the first year in Macon county. Then I got to New Salem, at that time in Sangamon, now in Menard county, where I remained a year, as a sort of clerk in a store. Then came the Black Hawk war, and I was elected Captain of Volunteers, a success which gave me more pleasure than any I have had since. I went the campaign, was elated; ran for the legislature the same year - 1832 - and was beaten, the only time I ever have been beaten by the people. The next, and three succeeding biennial elections, I was elected to the legislature. I was not a candidate afterwards. During this legislative period I had studied law, and removed to Springfield to practice it. In 184G, I was once elected to the lower house of Congress; was not a candidate for re-election. From 18 49 to 1854, both inclusive, practiced law more assiduously than ever before. Always a Whig in politics, and generally on Whig electoral tickets, making active canvasses;! was losing interest in politics, when the repeal of the Missouri Compromise aroused me again. What I have done since then is pretty well known.

"If any personal description of me is thought desirable, it may be said, I am in height, six feet four inches, nearly, lean in flesh, weighing on an average one hundred and eighty pounds, dark complexion, with coarse black hair and gray eyes; no other marks or brands recollected. "Yours, very truly,