Allen County, Indiana - The whole text, 1889 (part 7 of 17)

the proposed Maumee river bridge, ran about 200 yards from the present Main street bridge, west to the gas factory. On the northwest corner of Barr and Columbia, Samuel Hanna and James Barnett kept a general store, and Mr. Hanna's residence adjoined this. Squire Dubois and Samuel Stophlet had a tailor shop adjoining in a frame building. Capt. Bourie and mother lived on the adjoining lot. Capt. Brackenridge was next, in a hewn log building, where he conducted the land office. Tom Forsythe built a hewn log house next, which was afterward occupied by Brackenridge as a residence. Adjoining was a log house occupied by a shoe-maker named Halkins. Next was a frame house built by Mrs. Turner; next to that another frame house in which lived Mrs. William Ewing, which was occupied later by Bellamy, a shoe-maker. Adjoining that, where Schwieter's bakery now stands, James Barnett built a residence which was among the first brick houses in Fort Wayne. He also erected a building (frame) on the northeast corner for business purposes. On the northwest corner Allen Hamilton erected a frame building; adjoining which Tom Daniels put up a frame, in which he had a saloon. Next Chief Richardville kept a dry goods store, with John Fors3-the as his clerk, and also Mr. Bruno. Benjamin Archer built a two-story brick next for a residence. William Henderson had a tailor shop in the adjoining building, which was frame; Henry Sharp had a hat store next; Zenas Henderson had a two-story brick building in which he had a hotel, baker}- and saloon combined. As it had an ornamental front, Tom Swinney, the fancy painter of those days, spread a representation of two large eagles on the gable end of the house. On the northwest corner of Calhoun and Columbia streets was situated a story and a half brick house, with a log house adjoining, which was occupied by Robert Hood, justice of the peace. On the next lot was Hugh Hanna's carpenter shop, a frame building, with residence adjoining. Mr. Douglas, teamster, lived next. Conrad Nill had a shoemaker shop next to that. Then came the Free Mason hall, where the canal basin was. Opposite to this was the first tanner}', a log structure. A brick hotel building stood next, built by Joseph Holman, who conducted the tavern. Oliver Morgan, sr., was next with a hardware store, and near there was Squire Comparet's frame two-story residence; then came Alexander Chapman, a carpenter, in a frame building; then the frame house of Aveline, the tailor, who was a bachelor uncle of Frank Aveline, who built the Aveline House.

At the southwest corner of Calhoun and Columbia was a one-story frame building, built b}- Mr. Ewing, and on the southeast was the dwelling of Mr. Bruno. East of that was Lillie's hotel, a two-story brick; then came the residence of Dr. Thompson, a one-story brick; the residence of Comparet, one-stor}- and a half brick; Squire Comparet's residence adjoined his father's residence, adjoining which was Comparet's store. The first house on the west side of Clinton street was a frame, occupied b}- Baptiste Becquette, silver-smith, adjoining which was his residence, a rude log house. On Clinton street at the corner of Main,

The Village At The Fort. 1 93

Allen Hamilton occupied a two-stor}' frame house built b\' Hugh Hanna; at the corner of Berry, Abner Gerard lived in a two-storj- hewn log house; at the corner of Waj'ne, a one-story frame was occupied by Mr. Comey; at the corner of Lewis, a one-story frame was occupied fifty years ago by Father Miller; at the corner of Berrj-, northeast, Messrs. Rue & Crane kept a bakerv shop sixt}' years ago ; and on the southeast Madore Katchee had a dwelling house fifty-five yeafs ago. Mrs. Turner's one-storv frame house stood on the corner of Clinton and Wayne streets; on the north side of Wa\'ne street, between Calhoun and Clinton streets, a brewery was kept by Henr}' Engle, fifty-four years ago. East of this lived a teamster named Strong.

At the northeast corner of Clinton and Wayne, where the Masonic Temple now stands, lived Zenas Henderson, who built a brick house; next to that was a frame house occupied by Mr. Whiteside, and at the northeast corner of Wayne and Clay streets lived Mr. Damen. On the second lot from Clay street on the south side, was a one-story frame house occupied by Ta3-lor Frank fift3'-four years ago, and at the corner of Barr and Wayne, was then a one-story frame owned by Mr. Weller. On the second lot south on Barr street, stood a one-story frame house occupied by Martin Noll.

The first hat shop was on Spy Run avenue, on Wells' reserve. It was owned by the Scotts, and was a one-story log structure, standing on the west side of the road, their residence being on the east side. North of Scott's was the residence of Mrs. Wells, a double log house, in which also lived Squire William Rockhill. From this place Mr. Rockhill moved to near what now is the McCulloch homestead, about fifty-five years ago; his house still stands on Greeley street. Colonel Wines, contractor, when he first came to Fort Wayne, also Hved on the Wells' homestead. Adjoining the Wells' farm was that of Capt. Hackley, who married a Miss Wells. North of that some distance, Rudisill built the mill and also his residence.

Where the Foster block now stands was a two-story frame occupied by Col. Spencer, who had his land otHce on Main street in the public square.

On Court street, adjoining Spencer's residence, was a blacksmith shop, owned by Mr. Holloway. On the corner of Court and Berry streets was a log house which was bought by Grandma Anderson. On the corner of Berry and Calhoun stood a one-story frame house, owned by Mrs. Francis Minie, and aunt of Louis Peltier; the lot was 50x60 feet, and was bought by her for $500. Adjoining her lot on Berry street was a frame house in which the first gunsmith shop in Fort Wayne was established by Mosean, who also was a bell-maker. Next to that was the one-story frame residence of John Majors, a millwright by occupation. East from the government building was a one-storj' frame house built by Stophlet, and sold to Mrs. Peltier for $600, the lot being 60x150 feet. Next to that was a one-story frame where Madame Hinton resided. The corner of Barr and Berry streets was owned by Daniel Kiser.

Opposite Hon. F. P. Randall's residence of the present day, was in 1S35, a frame house owned by Patrick Ryan, who was a shoemaker. East of Ryan lived Dr. Thompson in a brick house. On Main street at the corner of Clay, was Cyrus Fairfield's blacksmith shop, and at the corner of Barr was a two-stor}^ frame house occupied by Hugh McCulloch,. in which place the first Mrs. McCuUoch died. A two-story log house, on the corner of Calhoun and Berry streets, was owned by John P. Hedges. On the next two lots were two one-stor}^ houses, in one of which Squire Barnett and wife lived and died. Forty-five years ago Mr. Tinkham lived in a one-story frame house on Washington street, near Ewing. In 1S42, an orphan asylum was built by Bernard Rekers, on the site where now stands August Trentman's residence, northwest corner of Wayne and Webster streets. Where now stands the Brunswick hotel was a sand bluff, and here the first garden stuff was raised and peddled by Grandma Morell, as she was then called. She also owned three lots where Jack Read's liver}- stable and Charles A. Munson's residence now are.

Forty-three j'ears ago, the Hedekin house was built, and in 1842, Calvin Anderson, still hving, became the first landlord. Betset Godfrey, of Detroit, had a baker}- where the gas factory now stands. East of the bakery, Mrs. Charles Peltier lived over fifty-five years ago. On Superior street, at the corner of Barr, fifty-two years ago, stood a one story frame building, occupied by George Fallow, as a brewery; opposite," northwest corner, in 1834, was a blacksmith shop owned by Phillip Cook, and most of this was the fur packing establishment of Mr. Schovat about 1829; at the corner of Calhoun was a two-story log house in which Samuel Edsall's mother resided; and on the southwest corner, was a two- story frame house, built by Hugh Hanna and occupied by Capt. Bourie, in which Bourie and his wife both died; to the west of the latter was a cooper shop, owned by Gus Buerett, who made whisky kegs over fifty years ago. On Wells street, near the bridge, was a trading post keptbv a man named Douglas. The first farm in Bloomingdale, in 1837, was owned by Hinton, who was Thomas Tigar's father-in-law. Another farm, opposite Swinney's, was owned by a man named Beeson. ' Joseph Holman, a Methodist preacher, lived on a farm north of the river, near Lindenwood cemetery. Near John Orff's homestead was a onestory building, which was the first distillery; it was owned by Squire Rockhill and brother. The first batch of liquor made by them attracted the Indians, forty or fifty in number, who began drinking with tin cups while it was still hot and finally got so hilarious that the proprietors had to send to town for Col. Tipton and James Peltier, who worked a night and day before they could leave the riotous crew. Where Eckarts' packing house now stands. Squire Rockhill built the first saw-mill, fiftyfour or fifty-five years ago. The next saw-mill was built by Anthony Davis, Abel Beeson, Mr. Douglass and Peter Duprez. Duprez and his wife were both buried in the little orchard where Beaver's mill \Aas afterward established. Before the saw-mill was completed, the owners became discouraged and were going to abandon the idea of corn-cracking, etc., when old Chief Richardville made them a present of $500, which encouraged them. He thought it might at some future date, keep his people from starving. On the opposite side of the river lived a Mr. Compton, who once became drunk and forced his son to go into a pen to unfasten a dog which he knew to be mad. The dog bit the boy, who afterward died of hj'drophobia, which so enraged the Indians that they sought to shoot Compton, but were driven away-

Francis Comparet, mentioned above as one of the well-known early settlers of the cit}^ was born at Monroe, Mich., October 12, 179S. That was then an Indian trading post, and his parents were engaged in that business. He was raised as a trader, and learned the Indian languages. In 1S19 he was married to Eleanor Gvvoin, a native of that post, and in March, 1820, they came to Fort Waj-ne, where he at once began to establish himself as a trader, and traveled extensivel}^ through the Indian territory. His trading house stood east of the alley on the south side of Columbia street between Clinton and Calhoun. He was agent for a number of years of the North American Fur Company, and had Henr\- Colerick as a partner in 1832-33, and subsequently Peter Kiser. The latter firm built a distillerv on the south bank of the canal, east of Comparet's residence, and Mr. Comparet built a flouring mill which was very important at that day. He was active and energetic in business, and rendered efficient service in advancing the interests of the city. From 1824 to 1829 he served as county commissioner, forming with William Rockhill and James Wyman the first board. He took part in the building of several saw- and flouring-mills, and constructed the dam which forms the reservoir at Rome City, now famous as -a summer resort. He had six children, all born in this city: Joseph, born in 1S25, now resident of Washington territory; David, born in 1831; Alexander, born in 1833, now of Hicksville, Ohio; Theodore, born in 1835, now of Washington, D. C; John M., born m 1837, now living at Blanco, Texas, and Louis, born in 1840, a resident of Des Moines, Iowa. In 1845 the successful career of Francis Comparet was cut short by death. David, the only one of his sons now residing here, was married at Fort Wayne in 1846, to Sarah Columbia, who was born in New York, in 1S37. He was for many years identified with many of the leading interests of Fort Wayne. His son, Charles M. Comparet, was born in this cit}' in 185 1, and was educated in the city schools. He first engaged in the grain business with his father, and was bailiff of the criminal court six years under Judge Borden. In 1882 he engaged in the manufacture of shirts at 47 Hanna street, at which he is still engaged, doing a prosperous business, and giving employment to twentyseven people. He was married in 1882 to Emma Shell, who was born in Clark county, Ind., and they have one child, Charles W. He is a member of the I. O. O. F., the K. of P., and the Patriarchal circle, and is in p(5litics a democrat.

a son of Richard Kiser, who was born in Rockingham county, Va. Rebecca Mossland, his mother, was from Cape Ma}-, N. J. They emigrated to Montgomery count)-, Ohio, where the}' were married in the year iSoo. Peter was born in that county in August, 1805, or in 1810, as stated by some of the relatives, the family record having been destroved by fire at an early day. Richard was a soldier in the war of 181 2, and was at Detroit at the surrender of Gen. Hull, at that place, in August of that year. In 1822 the family removed to Shane's prairie, in Mercer county, Ohio, then a frontier setdement. Having no schools to attend, the youthful Peter engaged as a hand on the fiat-boats, which at that time conveyed the products of the northwest to New Orleans. As early as 1825, Mr. Kiser was employed by Gen. Tipton, then Indian agent at Fort Wayne, to furnish the meat rations for the Indians during treaties and other councils with them, which employment was continued b}' other agents, until 1S46. In the early years of the emigrants' Indian mission at Niles, in the territory of Michigan, Mr. Kiser assisted in conveying provisions to that station. For several years subsequent to 183S, he was associated with Francis Comparet, and then, having worked in the pork and provision business, he erected the first market-house at Fort Wayne, in 1835, and was the only butcher in the town. Mr. Kiser was married in January, 1842, to Rebecca Snyder, of Wells county, Ind., and they had eight children, all boys. In 1844, he commenced the mercantile business on Calhoun street. In 1828 he joined Wayne lodge of Masons, and has been a worthy member to this day. He has twice represented Allen county in the state legislature. He is still able, though feeble with the weight of years, to tread the streets of the city that has replaced the village at the fort, and he is esteemed as one whose business life has been characterized by honesty and integrity, whose relations toward his fellow men have been distinguished by unfailing kindness and benevolence, from whom the poor and needy have never gone emptyhanded, as long as he had to give.

Co/d and Drought. - There were two periods in the early days when the settlement experienced remarkable extremes of climate. The winter of 1 83 1 was a most remarkable one. As early as the latter part of November, snow began to fall, and continued to lie upon the ground until the middle of March following; and the settlers, during this long season of snow, had a surfeit of sledding with their roughly-constructed pole "jumpers," and by frolics upon the ice of the rivers sought to enjoy the " long and dreary winter." So intense, much of the time, was the cold and great the depth of the snow during this long winter, that - though the settlers suffered but little from lack of food - the animals of the forest were unable to find any prey, and the wolves, of which there were still vast numbers throughout the northwest, were brought to such a state of hunger, that their fierce bowlings were nightly heard at Fort Wayne, and it was unsafe for the settlers to venture far beyond the limits of the town. But even in this condition, the wolves would never make an attack upon a man unless their numbers were sufficient to insure success. The Indians' stores gave out during the winter and the\' suffered much from hunger. Some of them, it is said, were reduced to such a state that the}' devoured carrion. Several of them were killed and eaten by the wolves.

The summer and autumn of 1S38 were signalized by a drought of longer duration and greater geographical extent than had been experienced since the first settlement of the countrj-. On the estuary of the Mauniee no rain fell from the 3rd of July to the 15th of October, and at Fort Wayne there was no rain-fall of any consequence from Juh^ to Christmas. The St. Mary's was so low that no provisions could be brought down from Ohio, and the suppl}- of provisions in town was finally reduced to two barrels of flour. It was not until the next March that three flat-boats came down, laden with flour and bacon and whisky, and the arrival of these necessities was duly celebrated. During this drought all the smaller streams throughout the region were exhausted and their beds became dust3\ The wild animals of eveiy kind found in the forests collected on the banks of the rivers, and even approached the town. The wet prairies became dry, the wells failed and even the bogs of the Black Swamp below, dried and showed great cracks in the muck. The excavation of the canal was then going on in the lower vallej- and the mortality among the laborers was frightful.

Treaties zuttk the Miami's. - The first land in the valley of the upper Maumee ceded to the United States by the Indians was a " piece six miles square, at or near the confluence of the rivers St. Joseph and St. Mary's," and a piece two miles square at the portage to the Little river. To these tracts the Indians relinquished their rights at the treaty they made with Gen. Anthony Wayne, at Greenville, Ohio, August 3, 1795.

On October i.6, 1818, a treat}- was concluded at St. Mary's, Ohio, by which the Miamis ceded the region thus bounded : Beginning at the Wabash river, near the mouth of Raccoon creek, thence up the Wabash to the reserve at its head near Fort Wayne; thence to the reserve at Fort Wayne; thence with the lines thereof to the St. Mary's river; thence up the St. Mary's to the reservation at the portage; thence with the line of the Wyandot session on 181 7, to the reservation at Loramie's store, thence to Fort Recovery; thence to the place of beginning. There were reservations to Richardville of nine sections, with the right to convey; to Francois and Louis Godfrey twelve sections, and so on, in all forty-eight sections. For this cession the government agreed to pay a perpetual annuity of $15,000, build a grist-mill and saw-mill, and furnish a gunsmith and blacksmith for the Indians, and give them annually t6o bushels of salt. On October 23,

1826, a treaty was concluded at Mississinewa, by which the Miamis ceded all their claim to land in Indiana north and west of the Wabash, and of the cession just mentioned, and they were to receive for the latter $31,040.53 in goods, and cash $26,259.47, and annuities of $35,000 in one agreed upon, of $25,000, as long as the tribe existed. There were various other smaller considerations and annuities. At the forks of the Wabash, October 23, 1834, another treaty was made convej-ing much of the reservations, and at the same place, November 6, 1838, the IMiamis ceded nearl}- all that was left of the reservations for $335,680, and the government stipulated to possess the IMiamis of, and guarantee to them forever, a countr}- west of the Missouri river, to remove to, and settle on, whenever said tribe may be disposed to emigrate, and " this guarantee is hereby pledged. Said countr}^ to be sufficient in extent and suited to their wants and condition." The 'treaty sets out that whereas John B. Richardville is very old and infirm, his annuity shall be paid him without his removal. The latter received title again to several reservations and $6,800 in money. At the same place, November 28, 1840, the residue of the " big reserve," on the south side of the Wabash, was ceded, for $550,000 and other consideration, and there was an agreement to paj^ Richardville $25,000, and Francois Godfroy $15,000 for claims they had against the tribe. B}- the treatv of 1854, we learn that the Miamis ceded 500,000 acres set off to theni by act of congress, February 25, 1841, west of Missouri (Kansas), on condition that thej' were to each take 200 acres, and near their reserves to have 70,000 acres in a bod}' in common and a section for school purposes. There is a lengthy settlement of previous transactions; the $25,000 annuit}' is to cease in 1855, and an annuit}' of $7,500 is to be paid for twenty vears, and $50,000 invested for the tribe. Finally, in 1868, the unfortunate Miamis, in spite of all the " forevers " and " pledges" theretofore made, are required to make a treaty by which they are removed to the Indian territory, and confederated with the Peorias, Kaskaskias, Weas, Piankeshaws, and from this last refuge, if an}- of them remain, no one can sav how soon they will be called on to depart.

In the spring of 1828, the Indian agency at Fort Wa3-ne was removed from Fort Wa3-ne to Logansport, at the suggestion of Gen. John Tipton. This distinguished man had up to that time served as agent at Fort Waj-ne, with the Miami and Pottawatomie Indians, from March, 1S23, and in the fall of 1S26, he secured valuable concessions from the Indians. John Tipton was born in Sevier count}-, Tenn., August 14, 1786. When seven years old, he was orphaned by the murder of his father by the Cherokees. In 1807, he moved with his mother to the Indiana side of the Ohio. He served under Harrison before and during the battle of Tippecanoe, became a captain and advanced to the rank of brigadiergeneral. He served as sheriff, legislator, was one of the commissioners whe selected Indianapolis as the capital, was one to adjust the Indiana and Illinois boundary, and served as United States senator from 1832 to April 5, 1839, when he died at Logansport.

Opening of Land to Settlement. - After the treaty of St. Mary's congress passed an act, approved May 8, 1822, which provided that this new domain " lying east of the range line separating the first and second ranges east of the second principal meridian extended north to the present Indian boundary, and north of a hne to be run, separating the tiers of townships numbered twenty' and twenty-one, commencing on the old Indian boundary, in range thirteen east of the said principal meridian, in Randolph count}', and the said district be bounded on the east by the line dividing the states of Ohio and Indiana, shall form a district, for which a land office shall be established at Fort Wayne." One of the provisions of that act was, that until the lands embraced in the specified limits had been surveyed, or a sufficient quantity thereof " in the opinion of the president, to authorize a public sale of lands within the same," a register of the land office and a receiver of public monej'S should not be appointed. Consequently those offices were not filled until the year following, when President Monroe appointed Joseph Holman, of Wayne countj-, receiver of public moneys, and Samuel C. Vance, of Dearborn count}-, register. The necessary proclamation having been issued the land office was opened for the sale of lands to the highest bidder, on the 2 2d of October, 1823, the office being located in the old fort. At this first sale, John T. Barr, of Baltimore, Md., and John McCorkle, Piqua, Ohio, were the most extensive purchasers, the principal tract being described as "the north fraction ol the southeast quarter of section 2, township 30 north, of range 12 east," upon which they subsequently laid out the original town of Fort Wayne, embracing 118 lots. The "Old Fort" grounds were not then subject to sale, having been reserved for the use of the Indian agency, including some forty acres.

Alexander Ewing was also a principal purchaser at this first sale, entering the east half of the southwest quarter of section 2, which lies immediately west of the Barr and McCorkle tract, and upon which Ewing's and Rockhill's additions were afterward laid out. The tract known as the "Wells' pre-emption," lying in the forks of the St. Joseph's and St. Mary's rivers, having been by act of congress, May 18, 180S, set apart to Capt. Wells, who was authorized to enter it, when adjacent lands should be subject to sale, at $1.25 per acre - was purchased by his heirs. The offices were continued here during a period of twentyone years.

On the inauguration of President Jackson, in 1829, Capt. Robert Brackenridge succeeded Capt. Vance, and Gen. Jonathan McCarty, of Fayette county, became receiver. On the election of the latter to congress, he was succeeded by Col. John Spencer, who served until 1837. The officers after that date were: Receivers - 1837, Daniel Reid, of Wayne; 1841, Samuel Lewis, of Allen; 1841, 1. D. G. Nelson, of Allen. Registers - 1S37, James W. Borden, of Wayne county; 1841, William Polke, La Porte county; 1843, William S. Edsall, of Allen county.

At the time of Col. Spencer's taking the office, there were but 222 entries of sales of land on the books, and the receipts amounted to only about $100,000. The country around for a great distance, was then still an almost unbroken wilderness. Under the impulse given to speculation and emigration in the years 1835 and 1837, the sales increased to an enormous extent, so much so, that in the short period of eight months the}^ reached the sum of JfJi, 620,637, and in a single year to over $2,000,000. Col. John Spencer, who held the receivership at Fort Waj'ne for a longer period than an}- other man, incurred, on account of the large amounts of money he had to handle and the dangers of communication with other towns, extraordinar}- expenses in the administration of his office, and in the auditing of his accounts a deficit was found against him. His propert}- was taken to meet this, and he was subjected to expensive and tedious litigation. He persistently contested the matter, and finally an accounting made under a special act of congress of 1847 showed that instead of a deficit, there was a balance due him of over $500. His property was returned to him. In a pamphlet he published to enforce his subsequent claim for damages, he gives the following facts regarding his history: He was born in Kentuck}^, and emigrated to Dearborn county, Ind., in 1797. At the age of twenty he became an ensign in the Indiana militia and was soon afterward captain. At the age of twenty-five he was elected sheriff of Dearborn county, served two terms, and after an interval of one term by another, he was elected again and re-elected. In 1822, he was made adjutant of the Fifteenth militia, and two years later, major. In 1825 he organized the Fiftv-fifth regiment and served as its colonel six years.

Joseph Holman, first receiver of the land office, represer.tative and treasurer of Allen county, was a prominent figure in the early da_ys. He was born near Versailles, Ky., and was married November 22, iSio, and went to housekeeping two days afterward in a house built b}' himself of logs. He came to Wayne county, Ind., in 1805, one of the very first settlers there. In the war of 181 2 he was a soldier, and built a "blockhouse on his farm for the protection of the neighbors. He was a member of the convention which framed the constitution of the state of Indiana in 1816. His father, George Holman, when a j-oung man was captured by the Indians and ran the gauntlet at Wapakoneta, and was sentenced to death at the stake; but after witnessing the burning of a companion, was saved b)' a Shawnee who had taken a fancy to him. Joseph Holman first became conspicuous in 1807 when he was selected by an anti-slaverj- "log-convention" to confer with the settlers at Clark's grant, concerning the nomination of a delegate to congress in opposition to the choice of the southern towns. He was instrumental in securing the election of Jonathan Jennings to that office. His brother William was a pioneer Methodist preacher.

In 1827, congress by an act approved March 2, granted to the state of Indiana, "for the purpose of constructing a canal from the head of navigation on the Wabash to the foot of the Maumee rapids," ever}^ alternate section of land equal to five miles in width on both sides of the line to be fixed for the canal. Consequently, the line not being yet known, the sale and entr}' of land was stopped for the time, and settlement considerably retarded within the supposed limits of the canal grant, and it was not until 1830 that an office for the sale of canal lands was opened at Logansport, and not until October, 1832, that the Fort Wayne office did business. The minimum price of these lands was $2.50 per acre, but so long credit was given the purchasers that the proceeds availed little for the prosecution of the work.

In the winter of 1830-31, Major Samuel Lewis was appointed commissioner of the Wabash and Erie canal and the canal land office, just referred to, a position he held for ten years. Major Lewis was one of the pioneers of Allen county, and a very prominent man in the early history of northeastern Indiana. He was a native of Mason county, Va., son of Col. Lewis, who was an officer in the war of the revolution. Major Lewis removed to Cincinnati in 181 1, where he remained some time, and then at the age of twenty-one, went to Brookville, Ind., and engaged in business. He was elected to represent his county in the general assembty, and subsequentl}' was appointed by President J. Q. Adams, Indian sub-agent, to fill which position he removed to Fort Wayne in 1827. By President William H. Harrison he was appointed receiver at this place, an office he held until the official revolution following the president's death. His various official functions, and natural ability, made him one of the foremost men of the embryo citj'. While at Brookville, he was married to Katherine Wallace, the sister'of ex-governor David Wallace, of Indiana, and aunt of the distinguished soldier and author. Gen. Lew Wallace. Their daughter, Frances, born at this city, was in 1S75, married to John F. Curtice, of Fort Wayne. He is a native of Indiana, ,born at Dublin, Wayne county, February 28, 1S50, and is the elder of two living children of Dr. Solon Curtice, who was born in Clark county, Ohio, in 1820, and his wife, Marv Hazzard, born on the eastern shore o*f Maryland in 1820. He received his collegiate education at the Ohio Wesleyan universit}- at Delaware, Ohio, which he entered in 1866, and was graduated in 1868. In 1869, he came to Fort Waj-ne, and after reading law in the office of Coombs & Miller, was admitted to the Allen county bar in 1871, but never practiced, the profession of the law not being to his taste. For several years he has been largely engaged in the real estate and loan business, and has been highly successful.

About 1823,- the farm settlement in the valley of the upper Maumee began, though "squatters" had previously made them homes at various remote places. In 1S19, four j^ears previous, the nearest habitation of a white man on the Wayne trace was that of George Ayres, near Willshire, Ohio; on the St. Joseph trace, toward Lake Michigan, the nearest house was that of Col. Jackson, on Elkhart prairie; about the time of the opening of land for settlement, the house of Joel Bristol was erected near Wolf lake, in what is now Noble county; to the south and southwest the nearest habitations of white men were the house of one Robinson, distant thirty miles on the Wabash, and the mission station of a few Quakers, at the forks of the Wabash, where the}- gave the Indians instruction in agriculture. John Stratton, coming up from Richmond in 1824-5, mainh' by the Robinson trace, found not more than six or eight houses between Richmond and Fort Wayne, the best one a hewn log house, used as a tavern. With the opening of the lands immigration began at once to set in, mostly from the state of Ohio, where the pioneers already began to feel crowded, and where the price of land had advanced considerably. Many from the southeast came down the St. Mary's with their goods in pirogues, which was the name for the hollowed sycamore logs, sometimes from trees of large size and made forty feet in length, capable of carrying five or six tons. The propelling power consisted of a man in each end who stood and with long poles pushed the boat against the current. It was customary to charge $3.00 per ton for freight from Toledo on these crafts. Some pioneers journeyed b\' wagon, finding, when they entered the Maumee valley, that it was a hard road to travel, up and down the sides of steep ravines, and guided b}^ traces that were appropriately so called, for they were not roads. They found the land heavily wooded, in places covered with luxuriant vines, which in some instances the pioneer did not attempt at first to eradicate, but pushed aside as he planted the corn to find its way up from beneath them. The forest tangles were difficult to penetrate, and when the chosen spot was found then harder work followed with the axe, before a habitation could be made ready and the life of the settler be said really to begin. There was abundant supply of food ready for those who were ready with the rifle, and hardl}' any were not. Deer abounded. An old settler, Mr. Castleman, counted fort3'-five at one time in one drove on Little prairie, and for several years it was great sport to hunt deer on the Maumee. The hunter floating down silently in his pirogue, would find the animals in considerable numbers in the water to escape the mosquitoes, with only their heads protruding above the surface to furnish a mark for his unerring rifle. There was a profusion of smaller game, and the hunting of bears was a common thing. Daniel Notestine, an earl}' settler in the Cedar creek district, tomahawked two in the forests, besides killing three with his rifle. The Indians were yet numerous and remained man}- j^ears on their reservations, but in the days of settlement they were peaceable and kind to their pale-faced neighbors. With meat in abundance, and corn, potatoes and wheat from the little "deadenings," the settler had few wants to be supplied b}' the use of monej-, and it was well that it was so, for money was very scarce. The only things that would at all times command money were the pelts of the deer, mink and coon, and they almost attained the dignit}' of currenc}'. Every spring, the settler's cabin would be well covered with coonskins, the reward of vigorous hunting, and each representing about $1.00. At weddings, corn bread served instead of cake, and venison took the place of the daintier modern dishes, but the marriage vows were not more lightl}- heeded.

Ear]\ Enterfrises. - The early settlers suffered their main inconvenience on account of their distance from grist-mills. They must either make a wearisome journe\' into Ohio for a small grist, or by the use of a wooden mortar and pestle, crack corn into a coarse sort of meal, from which " johnny-cake " could be made, for the manufacture of which a '-johnny-cake " board hung in ever}- cabin. Or corn and pork could be boiled together, forming the favorite dish known as "hog and homin}^" A primitive grist-mill, called the " corn-cracker," was a great convenience to a wide region about it, although the grinding was of a very imperfect sort. Such a mill was put in operation in 1828 on Six-mile creek in Adams township, by Joseph Tbwnsend, who also used the water power to propel a saw-mill. Famous grist-mills in those days were that built by James Barnett and Samuel Hanna at the site of the later Esmond mills; Wines' mill, which was buih on the south bank of the Maumee by one Coles, and sold in 1838 to Marshall Wines; and the mill built by Henry Rudisill and Henry Johns on the west bank of the St. Joseph, the water power being gained by a dam about 300 feet above the mill. When this mill was built in 1S30, it was hailed with gratitude by the settlers to the north of Fort Wayne, who had been traveling many miles to mill, and they all joined heartily in the work of constructing the dam. The demand for lumber on the part of the early settler was very limited. He busied himself at first in felling the trees to make an opening, and to obtain logs for his cabin, and while this was being done, he, and ofttimes his wife and children also, slept in " God's first temples," the forests, under the shelter of a tree, or under a temporary hut of bark, raised on poles. The logs being cut into lengths, with the help of the other members of the little colony or the "neighbors " gathered from a wide territory, some logs without trimming or hewing other than the necessarj- notches at the ends, were laid as the foundation, and on these by means of skid-poles and forked sticks in the hands of the men, other similar rough logs were laid. The roof was made of rude clapboards, about tliree feet long, and six inches wide, called "shakes," laid somewhat as shingles are, and weighted with poles. The huge slab doors were pinned together with wooden pins, hung on wooden hinges, and from the wooden latch passed a buckskin " latch-string " to the outside. The fight came through the door and down the chimney of mud and sticks or through a hole in the side covered by a greased cloth or paper. The stove or fire place was a sort of crib addition, with back walls and jams of clay. The floor was made of rough slabs or " puncheons," over which many a pioneer baby learned to walk, with many a bump. All that was needed for these buildings, or for the furniture, was made by the settler himself, with maul and wedge and axe, and clapboards and puncheons were the only lumber known at first.

But the settlers who came in after the opening of the lands in regular form, soon demanded better accommodation, and hewn log houses began to appear, which were a great advance over the previous rough structures, often not even chinked with mud. It was not long until the saw-mill began to supply lumber for the settlers' wants, for none of these primitive structures were adopted with any other motive than to provide temporarily for the necessities of life. Those who loved the unhewn log house went further west to keep on the edge of civilization.

In 1S35 the first steam saw-mill in northern Indiana was built b}- Benjamin Archer and his sons, on the land of David Archer, on the St. Joseph river, two and a half miles north of the present city Hmits. David Archer and his son John went to Daj'ton, Ohio, for the boiler and other machinery, and it was hauled through the woods to the site of the mill from that distant point, the boiler being drawn by six yoke of oxen, and the rest of the machinery by horses. The magnitude of this operation, and its extreme tediousness, can hardly be imagined b}- one in this day of " fast freights." When the machine caravan reached Shane's prairie, bad roads were encountered, and young Archer was compelled to return home for another team of oxen before the journey could be completed. Unfortunately this mill was soon afterward destroyed by fire, and enterprise in this direction received a decided check in the upper Maumee valley. The mill was operated for three years by Benjamin Sunderland. The next steam saw-mill was that of Henrj' Rudisill, on the St. Joseph river, erected in 1841. He added an upper story and in that operated a carding m.ill also. In the same year that the Archers built their steam mill, Klinger & Comparet built a saw-mill on Beckett's run, which was operated by water power.

Clearings were not made by the early settlers until a considerable period after the opening of the land, except by cutting away the undergrowth of briers, grapes, haws, spice, gooseberries, pawpaws and the like. The bushes were cut down or grubbed out; the smaller trees were chopped down, and their bodies cut into lengths of twelve to fifteen feet, and the brush piled in heaps. The large trees were left standing, but "deadened" by girdhng. In a dry time the brush heaps were burned over; a large area was scorched by the burning of the leaves, and the soil underneath would then be especially fertile. Sometimes the brush would be piled about the larger trees, which were easily killed in the same operation that removed the undergrowth. To get the logs out of the way, there would be a "log-rolHng," to which the neighbors were invited, who came with wooden hand-spikes, and put all the logs in heaps, to be burned. The trees that did not fall were gradually cut down, and so the clearing proceeded hand in hand with tillage of the fields.

The best plow at first was the bar-share, the iron part of which was a bar of iron about two feet long, with a broad share of iron welded to it. At the extreme point was a coulter that passed through a beam six or seven feet long, to which were attached handles of corresponding length. The mold-board was of wood, split out of winding timber, or hewed into a winding sliape. Some used on new ground only a shovel plow. Sown seed was brushed in with a sapling with a bush}- top, dragged butt forward. The harrow or drag was of primitive construction, and was sometimes made of a crotched tree. The grain was harvested with the sickle until the trees were out of the road, and the threshing was done with the flail, two sticks of unequal length fastened together with a thong, wdth which the inexperienced were in more danger than the wheat piled on the floor.

In an account of the settlement of those portions of the valley of the upper Maumee without the limits of the city of Fort Wayne, reference will of necessit}- be frequently made to the townships as they are now limited, all being with slight exceptions bounded by the township and range lines of the government survey. In the days when the settlements were made however, these township divisions were mainly unknown. At the first session of the county board. May 31, 1S24, Wayne township was defined as embracing the whole of Allen county. So it remained until January, 1826, when all that portion east of the line between ranges 12 and 13, or broadly, that part east of the juncture of the rivers, was formed into Adams township. In 1828, the northern halves of these townships were set apart as St. Joseph township, and this was four }-ears later di\-ided into Washington and St. Joseph.

The first division of Adams township was in September, 1834, when Root township was set off, including Marion and part of Adams county. Marion was given its present limits in August, 1S35. Jackson was set off Ma}', 1837; Jefferson and Madison, March, 1S40; Monroe in March, 1841. From the original Washington township. Perry was set off in September, 1835, then embracing all township 32, range 12, the east half of range 11, and the territory north. Then Eel River was set apart, and Lake in Ma}^ 1837. Out of the former comprehensive St. Joseph township, Maumee was setoff in March, 1836; Cedar Creek and Springfield in September, 1837; the latter at first included Scipio, which was established in 1S43. Milan township was created in March, 1838, with irregular boundaries, and was given its present hmits in September, 1840. From old Wayne township, Aboit was partitioned in May, 1836; Pleasant in June, 1842, and Lafayette in 1846. The boundary lines of these three townships were afterward adjusted somewhat to the courses of Little river and one of its tributaries.

These four townships which are now limited to the district twelve miles square, near the. center of which the city lies, were the only townships known to the earhest settlers. Within their present limits, however, the first rural homes of Allen county were made. The history of the earU' settlement of Wayne township is so intimatel}' connected with that of the city of Fort Wavne, that no attempt will be made to treat upon it further. No villages have been established in it except that of Lewisburg, which was platted by Lewis Mason, on section 30, January 2, 1837.

let Edmunds, Charles Weeks, sr., Charles Weeks, jr., Martin Weeks, Israel Taylor, Philip Fall and Capt. Hurst, began to make them homes, at first "deadening," and in later years clearing away and ruthlessly destroying the heav}^ timber which encumbered the land, and was then of little value. Mr. Adams, who came from Rochester, N. Y., and settled near New Haven, was a man of much ability, and gave the township subsequentl}' formed his name, not in his own honor, he declared, but in memory of John Quincy Adams. The closing years of his life were spent in Jefferson township. A daughter of this pioneer died in 1825, and was buried upon his farm, where a second interment, the bodv of Mrs. James Thatcher, was made in 1828. The spot became the cemetery for a large district, but the established cemetery afterward was upon land donated by D. W. Miller, in 1830, which is now included in the beautiful cemetery maintained by the Odd Fellows since 1875. In 1830 Caswell and the senior Weeks removed and became the firstsettlers of Perry township. Henry Cooper and Judge Wolcott settled in Adams township in 1824, and in December of the following jear John and Jabez Rogers took possession of land in the woods. They were all of true pioneer stock, hardy, industrious and good citizens. Henry Cooper here laid the foundation of his fame as a lawyer by studying by the light of the log heaps. John Rogers came from Ohio, with a large family, and the survivors and their children are now among the best people of the count_y. In that year, 1825, a son was born to Mr. Rogers and wife, named John S., who was the first white child born within Adams township. He died at Fort Wayne at the age of twenty 3'ears. The first hewn-log house was erected this 3'ear by Mr. Rogers, and it was an architectural triumph for the locality in those daj-s. This prominent old settler lived in the township twenty-five years, and then moved to the city, where he died in 1S77. I" 1826, Samuel Brown, from Ohio, settled, and in the following year John Mcintosh, who entered land in 1823, was married to Ruth, a daughter of his neighbor Brown, the ceremonjbeing performed by Squire Jesse Adams, who had been elected at the first election, held on the second Monday of March of the previous year, at the home of Eliphalet Edmunds. Two years elapsed before the next marriage, of David Miller to Rachel Townsend. In 1S27 Henry Cooper sowed the first wheat, at a rather late season, November 15, but it turned out well, according to the tradition. In this year a number of good men were added to the population : John Blakel}', John K. Senseny, Joseph Townsend, David W. and Abraham Miller, Thomas Daniels, John Troutner and Judge Nathan Coleman. The year 1827 is also memorable as the date of the survey of the first road, from Fort Wayne to a point just east of the site of New Haven. It was afterward extended as a stage line to Defiance, Ohio, and " the river road " became a popular thoroughfare. Henr}' Tilburj- came in 1826 and Jeremiah Bateman in 1828, and in 1829 the Smith brothers, William, John, Thomas and Joseph, began clearing their farms. In this year immigration began to increase so rapidly as to make an accurate record almost impossible. Neighbors, before so scattered, began to touch elbow in the march of civilization, and the smoke from many stick chimne3's told of happy families at home in rude cabins which were for all their rudeness the shrines of peace, religion and industrj-. The tide of immigrants led John Rogers, in 1832, to establish an inn on his farm, convenient to the river road and the Maumee, and many an immigrant's wagon stopped there, or pirogue hauled up to the bank to enjo)' the hospitahty of the " Hoosier Nest," as it was called. About the same time Rufus McDonald opened the " New York " inn on his farm, and in 1S37 the postoffice was established there, and was kept by Mr. McDonald until 1842. During that period the mail was carried between Defiance and Fort Wa3-ne, on horseback, by John Omans.

jYciv Haven. - The land embraced in the original plat of New Haven was entered by one Gundy, who deadened the timber after the usual manner of the first settlers, and it was known as " Gundy's Deadening." The land passed from him to Samuel Hanna, then to Eben Burgess, who with his son, Henry, made the town plat March 16, 1839. Henry Burgess opened up the first store, and Elias Shafer kept a hotel near b}'. The expectations of prosperity from the canal traffic were not justified, but the building of the Wabash railway and the "Nickle-plate " through the town have made it an excellent railwa)' point. In June, 1S66, a petition was presented to the county commissioners by John Begue and others asking the incorporation of the town, and an election was ordered, which took place on June 7th, and resulted favorably to incorporation. In December, of the following year, upon the petition of A. H. Dougall and others, the corporation was made a voting precinct. Additions to the original plat were made b}' J. K. Edgerton in 1S54, by Reuben Powers in May, 1853, and Nicholas Shookman in 1S63. During the war, and for ten years later, there was extensive manufacture of staves, hoops, etc. Money was plentiful, and the town flourished as it has not since. But it is handsomely situated, and has manv beautiful and well-kept residences. The population as taken by Trustee O. D. Rogers, in 1885, was 1,211. A pioneer industry of the town was the the New Haven flouring mill, which was erected in 1856 by Amasa Volne}^ and John A. Powers, in the hands of one or more of whom it remained in whole or in part for many j^ears. An interest was owned at one time by Allen H. Dougall. While owned by Volne}' Powers, it was destroyed b}' fire, January 7, 1884. L. M. Rogers, in partnership with John Begue and Levi Hartzell, founded the Maumee Valley flouring mill in 1864, an extensive establishment. Amasa Rogers owned an interest subsequently, and for several years, up to 1871, it was managed by Louis and Charles Lepper. In the latter year a terrific explosion was caused by lack of water in the boiler, the proprietors and engineer were instantly killed, and the miller and two boys dangerously injured, and the building ruined. In 1875, the propert}' was purchased by Joseph Brudi & Co., who are still operating it with full roller process. In 1854, John Begue started a cooper shop, to which stave manufacture was added

In 1S63 the planing mill was erected by Gustav Gothe and Carl and Joseph Brudi at the east end of town, which is now operated by Gothe & Co. A stave factor}^ of considerable importance was founded in 1864 by B. Schnelker and J. E. McKendr}^ which in May, 1876, went into the hands of H. Schnelker & Co., they then employing ninety-five hands, and consuming in their manufacture, 12,000 cords of wood annualh-. It is now owned by H. F. Schnelker & Co., and is an extensive manufactory. In 1 88 1, F. H. Bueter and A. R. Schnitker founded a handle factor}-, which is operated at present by Schnitker & Fischer. A large wood working factory is now in erection b}' M. S. Flowers. The more prominent business men at this time are : L. M. and W. S. Rogers, dry goods and groceries; Frank H. Bueter, general store and postmaster; G. Adolph Foellinger, druggist; Bartholomew Dowling, hardware; Henr}- Hager and Salvador Peltier, groceries; Rogers & Tustison, agricultural implements: O. D. Rogers, notary; Edward Harper, furniture; Mack & Gabet, brewers; x^mos Miller, watchmaker; Henry Blaising, Hudson & Butler, meat markets; Chas. W. Cook, New Haven hotel; W. Zeddis, harness; George C. Hathaway & Co., lumber; Jacob Scheeler, tile manufacturer. The first ph3'sicians were distinguished more for natural talent than for college diplomas. Jesse Adams practiced for some time, administering relief to those who were sick, and Dr. Barnwell, a botanical doctor, and Opp, a physician of more skill, followed him in this work. Dr. Philip H. Clark came in 1840, but after six years, removed to Ashland county, Ohio, where he is still living. Dr. W. W. Martin, who became a surgeon of the Forty-fourth Indiana, and afterward committed suicide, practiced some time in New Haven, and was followed by Drs. Ross, Mitten and Diggens. The physicians at present are Drs. John W. Bilderbach, August G. Brudi, Charles J. Gilbert, Lycurgus S. Null. The societies of the town are Newman lodge, No. 376, F. & A. M., instituted February 3, 1868; New Haven lodge. No. 253, I. O. O. P., instituted March 6, 1S66, which is distinguished for its work in establishing the famous cemetery; Jesse Adams post, G. A. R., No. 493, organized March 12, 1887.

In 1858, the trustees of Adams township erected a school building with two rooms, in which a district school was held. After the incorporation, the town added two rooms to this structure, and in December, 1866, Dr. James Anderson was emplo3'ed as principal and authorized to grade the school by the school board of the town, L. M. Rogers, C. E. Bryant and John i3egae. In 1885 this building was torn away, and a handsome brick building was erected, through the efforts of Trustee O. D. Rogers. The building contains four rooms besides an office, and is two stories high. The school board now consists of H. F. Schnelker, C. A. Miller and Joseph Brudi. The town officers are: Trustees, Dr. L. S. Null, D. H. F. Barbrick, J. J. Lee; marshal, Charles Bell; treas- urer, B. Dovvling; clerk,' H. H. Schnelker. The newspaper of the town, the iVeiv Ha-cen Palladiuin, was founded October 25, 1872, by Thomas J. Foster, who continued to pubhsh it until June 5, 1S79, when it was rented by Orrin D. Rogers, who conducted it one year when the paper was suspended. Subsequently H. L. Williamson established the Ec/h\ which had a short existence.

]Vashi)igioii Tozunship. - The next township after Wayne and Adams in order of settlement was Washington. Immediately following the beginning of the sale of lands, Reinhard Cripe, a Pennsylvania- German, settled on Spy run, with his family. He was one of those who enjoyed the sport of hunting, and his good nature made him popular, but he left little to show for his residence when he removed a few years later, to Elkhart county. The first real beginning at the settlement and improvement of the township was made by the Archer family, which consisted of Benjamin Archer and wife, then past middle life, their three sons, David, John S., Benjamin, a daughter Susan and her husband Alexander Ballard, their daughter Elizabeth, who was the wife of Thomas Hatfield, also one of the party, and the daughter Sarah, with her husband, Edward Campbell, a French-Canadian. Andrew J. Moore was also a member of the party, and Adam Petit, who in 1828 married the daughter of David Archer. Thomas Hatfield had visited the township in the spring, and entered land, and in November, 1825, accompanied by the Archers, who had removed from Philadelphia to Dayton, the}^ set out, and traveled thither b}- the Wayne trail, tiirough the boundless forests, camping out by the way during the nights, which were made musical by the howling of wolves and screeching of wildcats. Benjamin Archer was well-to-do for those days, and his sons being grown men, were given tracts which he purchased, to improve. David settled on the St. Joseph, two and a half miles from the fort; John S. was given a quarter section near the site of th& Catholic orphan as3-lum; and Benjamin went three miles to the northwest, upon land recently owned by Alexander McKinley. Mrs. Ballard was given a tract just east of the Wells reserve, but she and her husband, who worked as a brickmaker in the village, did not go upon it until 1830. The heirs of Thomas Hatfield, who was for many years a justice of the peace, and a minister of the gospel, still rtjtain the lands the parents settled upon at that time. Near the^ same locality lay the lands allotted to the Campbells. All of the family were stalwart and healthful, and the}' have sub- ' dued hundreds of acres of forests and changed the somber hue of green to the golden gleam of ripening grain on many a landscape. In the year of his settlement Benjamin Archer established a brick kiln on section 35, where his sons, principally John S., engaged in making brick, supplying the demand in the town until 1830. In this family occurred the first birth, of David, son of David and Anna Archer, born Januarv I, 1827, and the first marriage, of Franklin Sunderland to Rebecca Archer, in 1828. In 1826 Isaac Klinger entered a tract near the site of Bloomingdale, and took possession in the following 3'ear, when Jona- than Cook arrived with his family and settled on section 34. His brother, Philip Cook, came with him, but in 1828 married Isabel Archer and removed to town. His latter years were spent upon the farm he took in 1S27.

Late in the year 1827, two Virginians, Lovell Yates and Richard Shaw, settled, but their land transactions were confined to renting and tilling a small field. Their main occupation was hunting, and when the settlers became more numerous they went further west. James Sanders settled in the same year. He had been a minister of the Methodist church, and conducted meetings occasionally at the neighbors'. A Mr. Hudson and family settled in 1828, and Joseph Goins in 1830. In that year Col. John Spencer located roads through the township, one of which became the highwa}- to Goshen, the other to Lima, Ind., the latter subsequendy made a plank road (1839-40). Next 3'ear the same engineer located the Leesburg and Yellow river roads, so that the early settlers in Washington township were especially favored with primitive highways. The Lima road becoming a favorite thoroughfare, Mr. Poirson opened the first hotel upon it in a log building. About the year 1828, Jonathan Chapman, or "Daddy Appleseed," established a nursery and sold fruit trees. In 1829, David Archer brought a number of apple trees from Ohio, and these were set out in the pioneer orchards. In 1832, Joseph Gill came in from Pickaway county, Ohio, and soon after his settlement on section 15 his wife Mary died and was buried in the pioneer graveyard, which, one acre in extent, was donated by Thomas Hatfield, in 1830. It is still in use. Among the subsequent early settlers were Joshua and George Butler, Gavin Pe3-ton and Babel Wainwright in 1S32, Elias Walters, John B. Grosjean and Charles Schwab, the blacksmith, in 1834; Benjamin Sunderland in 1836. Earl}^ in the thirties Thomas Hinton, an Englishman, settled in the southeast, and he afterward kept an inn at the place where the Goshen road crosses the feeder canal, called the "Bullshead Tavern." His son, Samuel Hinton, is now an aged resident of Fort Wayne. In 1840 the population began to increase rapidly. The first election in the township was held in April, 1832, and John S. Archer was elected justice. In 1856, a tannery was established b}- Mr. Gray near the site of Centlivre's brewery, which became for a time a prosperous estabhshment, with stores in Fort Wayne, St. Louis, and elsewhere, but it finalU' failed.

The village of Wallen was founded in 1870, upon lands owned by J. K. Edgerton, adjoining the Grand Rapids & Indiana railroad, and the name was bestowed in honor of the then superintendent of the road. Additions were subsequently made b}' James P. Ross, who was the first postmaster, appointed in 1871. Important interests here are the sawmill of Grosjean Bros., established in 1872, and their tile manufactory established in 1882. This, and the branch at Areola, manufacture about 3,000 tile annually, to the amount of $8,000, and give steady employment to about twenty-five men.

Sf. "Joseph Tozfiiskip, when first created, embraced all the territory in northeastern Indiana north of the township line north of Fort Waj-ne, and west to the western extremity of the jurisdiction of Allen count}'. Within its present limits, to which it was reduced in 1S40, the first settler was Jeremiah Hudson, of Delaware, who established himself in the fall of 1S28, and cleared a farm on the land afterward known as the " Ogle half-section." Charles H. De Rome, a native of Canada, who had marr ried a half-breed Miami maiden at Vincennes, came to the township in 1829, and lived on the reserve which was granted his wife, Marie Christine. He was well educated, knew the English, French and Indian languages, and held positions in business houses in Fort Wayne. Jesse Klinger, a native of Pennsylvania, who settled on the Richardville reserve in 1S29, and became a great favorite, and conspicuous for those kindly acts of neighborl}' kindness pecuhar to the early days, was fairly embarked in making his farm, when he died in 1835, ^"d was one of the first of those to be buried in the cemetery he had donated. His son, Samuel, born in 1830, was the iirst white native of the township. Thomas Griffis was another 1829 settler, and was unfortunate in losing the land he purchased of De Rome, on account of the president not giving his consent to the transfer. Another who lost his labor in the same way was John Klinger, a settler of 1829, who afterward improved a farm on the west side of the river. Other comers in this year were WiUiam Sturms, a famous hunter, but also an industrious farmer; Moses Sivotts, a good Pennsylvanian, who remained but a few3'ears; and Martin Weeks, who settled on the ridge road. The latter was devoted to the chase, and was also a turbulent citizen, so amply endowed by nature that his neighbors were no match for him, and he was consequenth^ avoided. Later, however, he underwent a remarkable change and became a popular minister of the Baptist church. In 1S30, Abraham Dingman and William Butt came in from Ohio, and settled down to clearing and farming with such industry and obliviousness to,ever3'thing else, that they became famous as workers in a community of forestfellers. John Tilbury, another man of great energy, began work in 1832, on a farm on the ridge road three miles east of Fort Wayne, still owned by his descendants. The list of new people in 1833 includes James A. Royce, an industrious and popular man, who was one of the earliest school teachers; James Porter, who subsequently removed to Washington township; and Christian Parker, grandson of a revolutionary hero, who cleared a farm of 160 acres, and subsequently became the first justice, then county commissioner, and member of the state assembly for four successive terms.

In 1836, Job Lee, a quiet and pious man who had been in the war of 181 2, came here. Others this year were True Pattee, who held religious meetings as a minister of the Methodist church; James Ma} hew, John Harver, Silas, Charles and John La Vanvvay, and the Goodale brothers. In the list of pioneers should also be included Uriah J. Rock, Jeremiah Whitesides, Jedediah Hallida}^ William Matthews, Benjamin Coleman and Peter Parker. "Jerry" Whitesides was a conspicuous figure of those da3's. He was tall and slim, and had lost his right arm, it having been amputated half way above the elbow, leaving just enough to serve as a rest for a rifle, which was his inseparable companion. Throughout the valley of the upper Maumee he was known as Jerry Whitesides, the one-armed hunter. The first marriage in the township was performed by Justice Parker in 1835, Isaac Bush to Sarah Madden; and the first death was that of William Matthews, who died in 1834 and was buried at the Maumee settlement. In 1834, at the instance of Christian Parker, the road which was subsequently extended as the St. Joseph state road, was established from town to Jacob Notestine's farm, and in 1836 the Ridge road was surveyed. On this highwa}', in 1838-9, Mr. Rossington opened a small tavern, which became well known. Previously, the private hospitality of Christian Parker, for which he would accept no recompense, such was the courtesy of the good pioneer, was the main resource of travelers on that road.

On a beautiful and historic tract of land, four and a half miles from Fort Wayne, on the St. Mary's river, now reside the descendants of distinguished men whose names are frequently met in the annals of the upper Maumee valley, Richardville and Godefroi.

Francis Godfroy, or Godefroi, which is the old French form of the name, was a war chief of the Miamis of great power and influence, succeeding Little Turtle in 181 2. His father was a Frenchman who took to wife a Miami maiden. Francis married Soc-a-jag-wa, a Miami girl, and the^' made their home on the Wabash, near Peru, about four miles east of the site of which town their son, James R. Godfrey, who is still living, was born in July, 1810. The latter came to Allen county about 1844 and was married to Montosoqua, daughter of La Blonde, the daughter of the famous civil chief of the Miamis, John Baptiste Richardville. She was born near Fort Wayne, in 1835, and died in March, 1885. They had twelve children, James, now deceased; Mary, now deceased; Louisa, wife of George Neid, residing on the reserve; John, who lives with four children on the reserve; Annie, wife of William Stuck; George L., and six who died in childhood. James, the oldest son, was born on the reserve in 1846. At the outbreak of war in 1861, he enlisted in the Eleventh Indiana battery, but contracting disease, was discharged on account of disability at Corinth, June 5, 1S62. On the same day that he reached home his life ended.

George Lewis Godfre}', the youngest son of James R. Godfrey, was born at the family residence on the reservation, October 2, 1850. There he was reared and was given a good practical education in the public schools. He has followed farming as an avocation, residing on the reservation all his life. He is one of the very few Indians in Indiana or the countr}- who are members of secret societies, and is the highest in Masonr}' of any Indian in Indiana and the world. He became a

Mason several years ago, joining Home lodge, No. 342. Since then he has become a member of the Fort Wayne chapter, No. 19; Fort Wayne council. No. 4, R. S. & M. ; Fort Wayne commandery. No. 4, K. T. ; Fort Wayne grand lodge of perfection, 14th degree; Urias council, i6th degree, and consistory S. P. R. S. of IndianapoHs. He is also a member of the Phoenix lodge. No. loi, K. of P., and division No. 12, uniform rank, and was at one time a member of the United Order of Foresters, passing through all the chairs of the same, and was also a member of the Patriarchal Circle. He is a member of Wayne Street Methodist Episcopal church. There are now sevent)'- two residents of the reserve, embracing James R. Godfrey', his children and grandchildren.

Charles W. Fairfield, a prominent farmer of Wayne township, was born June 6, 1842, in a frame house which was built in the country, but now stands on Broadway street. Fort Wa3-ne, south of the Wabash railroad tracks. His father, Charles Fairfield, one of the pioneers of Allen county, was born in Kennebunk Port, Maine, Februar}' 14, 1S09, son of Capt. William Fairfield, a sea captain of Kennebunk Port, who was one of Gen. Washington's aides-de-camp during the revolutionarj^ war. All the sons followed in the footsteps of their father and became sailors^ two of them, Oliver and Asa, rising to the position of captains. They participated in the war of 1S12, and were both captured on the sea by English men-of-war, and confined in English prisons, the former at Halifax, N. S., for sixteen months, and the latter at Dartmouth, England, for six months. When Charles Fairfield was fifteen years of age he went to sea, and continued for thirteen j'ears, during the latter part of that time being in command of a vessel. In 1S35, the three brothers, Oliver, Asa and Charles, came to Indiana. The brothers located first in Fort Wayne, Oliver engaging in the bakery business, while Asa and Charles began farming. Asa died October 4, 1868; Oliver, March 24, 1883, leaving Charles the oldest representative of the family in the west. About 1843, Mr. Fairfield removed to a farm on the St. Joseph road in St. Joseph township, and from there removed to Wayne township where he purchased over 400 acres of land on the Bluffton road. In 1862, he traded with the county commissioners for a farm of 290 acres, where his son now resides, three and one-half miles southwest from Fort Wayne. In May, 1889, he removed to his present home two miles from the cit}'. He has been a worthy citizen throughout his residence in Allen county, but though he has accepted with reluctance various public trusts, he has always lived a quiet life. Being a careful business man he has been successful financially, owning 515 acres of improved farm land and city propert}-. Known all over Allen count}', he is everywhere esteemed. He was married December 4, 1837, to Sarah A. Browning, who was born near Marietta, Ohio, Januarj- 18, 1815, and is the daughter of Bazalia Browning, a native of New Jersey, who was an early settler of Ohio, a soldier of 1812, and a pioneer of Allen county, coming here as early as 1832. In 1887, Mr. and Mrs. Fairfield celebrated their golden wedding. To their union four sons and three daughters were born: George N., enlisted in iS6i, while attending Lawrence university at Appleton, Wis., in the Fourth Wisconsin regiment; was transferred in 1S63 to Company E, Sixteenth Indiana, of which he became captain, and died at Stonj- Point, near Vicksburg, Miss., in the fall of 1863; Olive A., now the wife of W. R. H. Edwards, an old citizen of Fort Wa3'ne, now of Deer Lodge count}-, Mont.; Charles W.; Mary F., now the Avife of Harry Davis of Washington territor}-; Edward B., of Montana; Frances, deceased wife of Cornelius Miller; Willard A., of Wayne township. Charles W. Fairtield was reared in Wayne township, and was educated in the log school-houses of that day. On April 19, 1S61, he enlisted in Company E, Ninth Indiana infantr}-, for ninety da3'S, and participated in the campaigns in West Virginia, in Gen. Morris' brigade, Eleventh corps, Armj' of the Potomac. Returning to Allen count}-, he engaged in saw-milling for two years. During the gold excitement in Idaho in 1864, he joined a party of thirty-five who made the entire trip there by ox teams in six months. This part}^ was among the very first in the gold regions of southern Idaho, and they opened up the first road from North Platte Bridge, Neb., 400 miles to Virginia City, through the center of the Sioux country. The trip was a most perilous one. They were piloted by Bozeman, a scout, who founded Bozeman City, Mont. Two years later Mr. Fairfield returned to Allen county for a year, then going back to the mining regions, at that time only fourteen miles from the Union Pacific railroad. He located at Laramie City, Wy., where he was engaged on a contract on the Union Pacific railroad. While residing in Beaver Head county, Idaho, he served as sheriff for about one year. In the fall of 1868 he returned to Allen county, and began farming, his present occupation. JHe manages one of his father's farms and owns a good farm of 100 acres in the same township. He was married in Montana, November 22, 1S64, to Emma Toothill, born in Pennsylvania, March 26, 1842, the daughter of Joseph Toothill, an Englishman, who died when she was in her fourth year. His wife was Hannah Smith, born in New York state, and died in Chicago, April 20, 1886, in her eighty-sixth year. Mr. and Mrs. Fairfield have had nine children, five of whom survive: Hattie M., wife of George M. Trick, of Pleasant township; George M., of the Indiana Machine Works, Fort Wavne; Charles E., Oliver Perry, and Ida. Mr. Fairfield is a member of Sion S. Bass post, G. A. R., and of Harmony lodge, I. O. O. F.

Henry C. McMaken, a well-known farmer of Wayne township, was born near New Haven, Adams township, June 15, 1844. His father, Joseph G. McMaken, who was born near Hamilton, Ohio, February 8, 1814, came to Allen county in the spring of 1832, with his father, Joseph H. McMaken, who settled at Fort Wayne, and kept for many years one of the first taverns, the Washington hotel, which stood on the corner of Calhoun and Columbia streets, the mammoth dry goods house of De Wald & Co. now occupying the site. In 183S, he removed to a farm in Adams township, and in 1847, purchased a farm on the Maysville pike, about three and one-half miles from the city. He was one of the best known citizens during his life, and after farming for years, died December 13, 1864. His widow, Dorothy Ruch, was born in Alsace-Loraine, France, about 1818, and came at about eleven 3'ears of age to America with her parents, who located in Pittsburg, then removed to Starke county, Ohio, and in 1837, came to Fort Wayne. In 1889, she removed to Fort Wayne. There were twelve children born, ten of whom are living: Henry C; William B., farmer in Wayne township; Joseph H., on the homestead farm in Adams township: Sarah J., wife of S. S. Coleman, of Wayne township; Anna M. ; Adelia C; J. C. F., farmer of Lake township; Franklin A., residing in Fort Wayne; Elizabeth, and Lottie M., wife of Elmer Banks, of St. Joe township. Henry C. finished his education at the Methodist Episcopal coUege in Fort Wayne in 1857, and then worked on the farm until June, 1S6 2, when he enlisted in Company E, Fifty-fifth Indiana regiment, and served three months. He was captured at Richmond, Ky., August 30, 1S62, and four days later paroled. He was discharged at Indianapolis, September 9, 1862. Returning to the home farm, he worked until 1S68, and then rented a farm. In 1874, ^^ purchased sixty-two acres in Wayne township, his present farm. In 1874, he erected a two-story frame residence, and in 1885, a la:-ge and substantial barn. April 9, 1868, he was married to Frances J., daughter of Adam Link, born at Newark, Ohio, December 8, 1840. They have had seven children : Lottie May (deceased), Lucie L., Dora G., William H., Helen J., Adam J. (deceased), Ehzabeth. Mr. McMaken is a member of Sion S. Bass post. No. 40, G. A. R.

Peter Wagner, a venerable farmer of Wayne township, residing one mile and a quarter south of the city limits, was born near the river Rhine, Germany, February 17, 1814. He left his home at Zweibrucken, April 6, 1S33, with his parents, Peter and Anna Maria (Gross) Wagner, and arriving at New York in June, 1833, they reached Alban}', N. Y., July 4th. Going to Buffalo on a canal boat, the family remained there about three months, and Peter crossed over to Canada, where he worked on a farm for John Forsythe, a wealthj- citizen. Returning to Buffalo, he joined the family and the}- reached Detroit, after a voyage of two weeks. They came to the Maumee river b}' wagon, being two weeks on the way, having to cut their way through the woods, and on reaching the Maumee, they completed the journey to Ft. Wayne in pirogues. In the spring of 1834, ^^^ father entered eighty acres of canal land, where he farmed until his death, about 1S54, his wife dying six weeks later. The}' were members of the Catholic church, and were well known and highly esteemed, liked by all who knew them. Of their ten children, three survived. Their son Peter Wagner, was married in 1839, *° Mary Magdalene Baker, a sister of Jacob, Killian and John Baker, of Fort Wayne. Her death occurred December 31, 1887. They had ten children > John, Catherine, Magdalene (deceased), Mary, Jacob, George (deceased), Elizabeth, Henry, Agnes and JuHan. When Mr. Wagner was married, he began farming on eighty acres of land in section 24, and he next purchased forty acres adjoining, in Adams township, then eighty acres more, making a farm of 200 acres, one of the finest in Wayne township. In 1867, he erected a two-story brick residence at a cost of $3,000. He also has fine houses and out buildings. Mr. Wagner has held various township offices, and was supervisor for seven j'ears. He is a member of the Cathedral Catholic church. He has lived an upright fife and is generally respected.

John Wilkinson, superintendent of the Allen county asvlum and poor farm, was born in Washington township, February 26, 1S44. His father, William Wilkinson, was born' in County Cork, Ireland, about 1S02. He married in Ireland Johanna Quinlan, who was born about 1S04, and they immigrated in 1833 and located at Troy, N. Y., where the father was employed in Burden's iron works. In 1835 they located on a farm in Washington township, where the father farmed until his death in 1849. He was one of the worthy pioneers of Allen county. His W'idow died in 1876. They had seven children, five sons and two daughters, of whom one son is deceased. John Wilkinson attended the common schools and finished his education in the schools of Plymouth, Ind. He remained on the farm until 187 1, and then hved at Alexandria, Va., about one year. Returning to Allen county, and locating at Fort Waj-ne in 1876, he was elected a member of the city council from the ninth ward, and was re-elected in 1878, and again in 1880, when he resigned. In 1S79, while a member of the council, he was also appointed deput}^ clerk of the circuit court, holding that position until 1880, when he was appointed by the count}' commissioners superintendent of the Allen county asylum and poor farm, which position he has held for nine years with ability and to the general satisfaction. Mr. Wilkinson was married August 12, 1863, to Annie Maloney, who was born in Whitley county, Ind., the daughter of Patrick Maloney, a native of Ireland. They have three sons and four daughters. Mr. Wilkinson and wife are members of the Catholic cathedral. In politics he is a democrat. Capt. Francis Wilkinson, chief of police of Fort Waj-ne, is a brother to our subject.

Joshua Holmes, assistant assessor of Wayne township, one of the pioneers of Allen count}', was born in Licking count}-, Ohio, October 13, 1813. His parents Joseph and Sarah (Haver) Holmes, natives of Pennsylvania, went to Ohio in early fife and were there married; the father being of English and Scotch, and the mother of German and Welsh, descent. The father, a farmer, and soldier in the war of 1812, lived to be sixty -three years old His father was a soldier in the revolution. The mother was fifty-one years of age when she died. Of their ten children only four survive, of whom the second born was Joshua. He was reared in Fairfield county, Ohio. In 1835, he visited Allen county, and came with his wife in 1836, arriving here September 7. In 1834 his father came to Allen county and entered 120 acres of land in his son's name, and 118 for himself. The land is situated on the Illinois road, four miles west of the city. Erecting a tent, he and wife lived in it until he could build a log cabin. In 1870, he removed to Fort Wa}-ne, where he has since resided. In May, 18S5, he sold' the old homestead, retaining 80 acres he had purchased. Mr. Holmes was married March 8, 1836, to Mary M. Fountain, who was born in New Jersey, and reared in Guernsey county, Ohio. Her death occurred March 8, 1881. They had twelve children, six of whom survive: Sarah A., now Mrs. Thomas Donall}', of Pittsburg; Bayliss, now of Mississippi; George, of Huntington county, Ind.; Clara, now Mrs. Tarn, of Mississippi; John W., of Eel River township, and Roland. Mr. Holmes has served as assessor of Wayne township for a number of years, and for the past four years has been assistant under John Slater. He is a member of the Second Presb3'terian church.

Roland Holmes, son of the above, was born on the old homestead, February 2, 1S57. He was educated in the city and district schools, and for the last ten years has been follo\\-ing fanping. He was married on August 18, 1875, to Ida Donley, who was born in Ohio, and they have two children : Nora and Willie.

Joseph H. Grier, a worthy and substantial citizen of Fort Wayne, residing at the corner of Pontiac and Oliver streets, was born in Williamsport, Penn., March 16, 1838. His father, Samuel Grier, was a native of Williamsport. The grandfather immigrated from Ireland to Philadelphia when a young man, and later became a pioneer of L3'coming county, Penn. He was a surveyor and laid out the plat of Williamsport, and also did most of the surveys for the count}- during the earl}- dajs. Later in life he engaged in mercantile pursuits, and was the first postmaster of Williamsport. About 1837 Samuel Grier settled in Allen county, purchasing 200 acres of land in Marion township, on the Piqua road. He resided there until about 1852, when he removed to Michigan and purchased a farm in St. Joseph count}'. Later in life he retired from farming, and resided at Constantine, Mich., until his death, in 18S3, in his seventy-fourth year. His wife, Elizabeth Hetner, was born in Lycoming county, Penn., the daughter of an early settler. She resides at Constantine,- in her sixty-ninth year. Their only child, Joseph H., was reared in Allen county until his fifteenth year, and then finished his education in the schools of Florence, Mich. At twenty-four years of age he was married to Ellen B., daughter of B. F. Rice, a well-known citizen of South Wayne. She was born near Decatur, Ind. Mr. Grier began farming in St. Joseph county, Mich. In 1884 he removed to Constantine, and in March, 18S6, to Fort Wayne. Mr. Grier owns a fine farm of 145 acres within sight of White Pigeon, Mich., also over 100 acres in the southeastern suburbs of Fort Wayne, and six lots within the city limits. In 1887 he erected his residence just across the city limits, a large two-story brick structure, built in modern style, surrounded by a beautiful lawn, decidedly the handsomest residence in southeast Fort Wayne. Mr. and Mrs. Grier are members of the Methodist church. They have two daughters, Viola and Edna. While residing in Michigan, Mr. Grier was supervisor of the township of Constantine, including the village, from 1878 to 1882. He was four years a director of the St. Joseph County Agricultural society, and for four years was a director in the Village insurance company. He was for several years a director of the St. Joseph County Horse-Thief association, a " regulator " society, and has acted as assignee in several important cases.

Charles F. Moellering, manager of the extensive brick-yards of William Moellering, in Wayne township, was born in Fort Wayne, December 5, 1858, son of Charles and Mary (Ehleid) Moellering, both natives of Germany. Charles, the father, came to America at an earl}' day, and to Fort Wayne during the '40's. He was a brick-mason by trade, and contractor, doing an extensive business for twenty-six years. He was for some time a partner of his brother, William Moellering. Later in life he removed to a farm in Wayne township, where he died in March, 1885, at the age of sixty-two years. His wife, Mary Ehleid, died in 1870, at the age of forty years. By an earlier marriage, Mr. Moellering had children, one of whom, Elizabeth Bradtmiller, survives. To the second marriage seven children were born. All of the children survive. The oldest, Charles F. Moellering, was reared in Fort Wajne and educated in the Lutheran schools. He was on the farm until 1882, when he took charge of William Moellering's business at the brick yard. He owns the old homestead of eighty acres, on the Bluffton road, but makes his home at the yards. He was married to Annie, daughter of William Schafer, who was born in Wa3'ne township in 1863. To this union one son, Frederick W., was born. Mr. and Mrs. Moellering are members of Emanuel Lutheran church.

J. H. Stellhorn, of Wayne township, a leading farmer and .lumberman, was born in Fort Wa3-ne, June 19, 1851. His father, Frederick Stellhorn, one of Allen countj^'s pioneers, was born in Hanover, Germany, in 1S18, and emigrated about 1S44, coming directly to Fort Wayne. He resided there until the spring of 1S61, when he purchased 100 acres in Wayne township. While in Fort Wayne he was engaged in the stone and lime business, but upon removing to the countr}-, he began farming and running the water-power saw-mill on the place. He is a prominent citizen, and for a number of years held the position of supervisor, and was frequently solicited to make the race for count}' commissioner, but always declined. His v/ife was Fredericka Moellering, who was born in Prussia in 1824, and is the sister of William Moellering, of Fort Wayne. To these parents ten children were born, six of whom survive. The third born, J. H. Stellhorn, when fifteen years of age began work in his father's saw-mill, and continued until about his twenty-fourth year, when he purchased a steam saw-mill which he has since operated. His mill on the St. Mary's river, three and one-half miles south of the city limits, has a capacity of about 4,000 feet per day. In 1885, Mr. Stellhorn added grist-mill machiner}-, which he operates during the winter months, and averages about 5,000 bushels of feed and cornmeal per year. He has been quite prominent in his township. He has been supervisor of his district, and in 1883, was elected superintendent of all the township roads, and served ten months until the repeal of the law. Since 1SS5, he has been superintendent of Simons' No. 5 pike, an extension of Fairfield avenue. He was married in 1874, to Eliza Kline, of Adams county, who died eighteen months later, leaving one child, who survived six weeks. He was again married in 1877, to Sophia Poehler, of Waj-ne township. Mr. Stellhorn and wife are membei^s of Lutheran Trinity church.

Conrad Tielker, a well-known farmer of Wayne township, was born in Westphalia, Prussia, November 24, 1S24. His father, Christian Tielker, was a native of Prussia, and a soldier in the Napoleonic wars. He and his wife died in Prussia. Conrad, in 1846, after a voyage of seventy-two days, landed at New York, and soon afterward arriving at Fort Wayne, went to work in a brick-yard at $12 per month. Three months later he began to work on the canal, hauling stone to the city. He worked in the stone quarries at Huntington during the winter, and in May, 1847, went to Toledo, and thence to Chicago, and worked on a farm two 3'ears at Yankee settlement, southwest of Chicago. He returned to Fort Wayne, and worked in a warehouse, and then bought a fourth share in a canal boat, and for three years was engaged iu boating, and then sold to his brother Henry. In 1852 he purchased school land in section sixteen, at $6 per acre. In 1853 he removed to the farm, and built a log house, 16x14, which he lived eighteen j-ears. In 1871, he erected a handsome dwelling, and in 1876, a large bank barn. In 1886, the latter was destroyed b}' fire, together with 800 bushels of grain and thirty-five tons of hay. His farm comprises eighty-six acres of first-class land. Mr. Tielker was married March 13, 1853, to Wilhelmina Baade, who was born in Westphalia, Prussia, May 19, 1834, and came to this countr}' when ten years of age. They have had eight children, five of whom survive : Wilhelmina, Lizzie (dead), Christ, (killed b}^ being kicked by a horse), Mary, wife of Elias Aumann, of St. Joseph township; Frederick, living in Bloomingdale; Sophia, William and Conrad (twins), Winiam(dead). Mr. and Mrs. Tielker and family are members of the Lutheran church. Mr. Tielker is a democrat. After the defeat of his part}^ in i860, Mr. Tielker resolved that he would not cut his hair until a democrat was elected president, and he kept his word for twenty-four years. Upon the election of Cleveland his hair was cut, which was the occasion of a grand frolic by a number of his old friends at his residence. In 1865, Mr. Tielker made a visit of seven weeks in Europe, with his parents.

George Rapp, of Wayne township, was born in Germany, May 6, 1825. His parents, Nicholas and Margaret (Hotz) Rapp, were natives of Germany, the father being a farmer by occupation. The father died in 1839, ^" hi^ forty-second year, and the mother in 1833, aged thirtyfive. Their only child, George, learned the blacksmith trade, and when twenty-one years of age he emigrated, landing at New York, September 16. Going to Lancaster county, Penn., he worked at his trade one and a half years, and then, in 1848, located at Fort Wa\ne. He opened a shop on Main street, and six months later removed to Huntertown, where he kept a shop until 1861. He then removed to a farm in Wayne township. His farm embraces eighty-six acres of good land, three miles west from Fort Wayne, through which passes the Wabash railroad. Mr. Rapp has always been regarded as one of the leading citizens of his township. In 1SS6 he was appointed supervisor of road district No. 3, and in 1887 was elected for two years. He is a member of St. John's Lutheran church of Fort Wa\-ne. January 4, 1848, Mr. Rapp was married to Elizabeth Saur, who was born in German}-, March 19, 1828, and immigrated in 1842 with her parents, who settled in Pennsylvania. Mrs. Rapp died January 29, 1882, leaving six children: Philip, born in 1850; Henry, 1S56; George, 1858, died 1874; Mar}^ 1861; Lizzie, 1864; Charlej-, 186S; John, 1871. Mr. Rapp is a member of St. John's Lutheran church of Fort Wa3-ne, as are all his children.

Oliver Lawrence, a well-known j'oung farmer of Wayne township, living three miles west from the cit}', was born in Wa3^ne county, Ohio, March 25, 1857. His father, George B. Lawrence,, was a native of Ohio, born in 1S34. He removed to Indiana in 1864, with his parents, and is at present a well-to-do farmer of Lafaj-ette township, and a member of the county board of equalization. His wife, Elizabeth Geitgey, was born in Waj'ne count}-, Ohio, in 1836. Of their children, three sons and two daughters, the oldest is Oliver Lawrence. He was reared in Lafayette township, and was educated in the district schools; also attending the Fort Wayne college two years. He was married November lb, 1 88 1, to Parynthia Pierce, who was born in Aboit township, the daughter of Ossa W. Pierce, now living in Washington territory. Mr. Lawrence removed to Wayne township April 2, 1882, and located on a farm of 102 acres, where he has a fine brick residence. He has one son, George Winslow, born May 19, 1885. Mr. Lawrence and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal church in Wayne township.

J. B. Downing, of Wayne township, residing two miles south of the city, was born in New York state. May 31, 1S35. His parents, David and Emily (Hotchkiss) Downing, natives of Connecticut, removed from that state to New York, and thence to Ohio, about 1845, and settled in» Oxford township, Erie county, near Sandusky city, where the father farmed until his death, about 1857. The mother died about 1882. Of their ten children, six survive. J. B. Downing, in 1865, came to Allen county and purchased his present farm of 120 acres. He was married March 4, 1858, to Cynthia L. Sexton, who was born in Erie county, Ohio, daughter of Myron Sexton, a native of Connecticut, who settled in Erie county in 1826. He is now at eighty-seven years of age, a retired farmer of Seneca county, Ohio. Mr. and Mrs. Downing have one son, Myron Sexton, born October 2, 1859. ^^ ^^ ^ resident of Fort Wayne, and a traveling salesman for the wholesale confectionery house of Louis Fox. He was married in October, 1883, to Gracie, daughter of Henry Mensch. Mr. and Mrs. Downing are members of the Third