Kosciusko County, Indiana - The whole text, 1887 (part 19 of 21)

" To Mus-qua-buck four sections were reserved, including his village and Bone Prairie. To Mo-no-quet, four sections, including his village, and extending south to Warsaw. To Mo-ta, four sections on the river near Atwood. To Benack, eight sections in Kosciusko and Marshall counties. To Mary Ann Benack, three sections on Big Prairie. To Checose, four sections near "Warsaw." " December 13, 1834, Mota, with seventeen of his tribe, by special treaty with the United States, ceded four sections to the Government and agreed to remove his tribe west of the Mississippi River by October 27, 1835. The Miami Indians ceded several large tracts situated on the Wabash, Eel and Salamonie rivers to the Government October 23, 1831, in which the thirty-six sections belonging to Flatbelly was included. Seventy-two noted chieftains participated. Flatbelly's name heading the list, and Wa-wa-see's was fourth on the roster. John B. Richardville, a noted chief of St. Mary's River, was the seventy-second and last chief to attach his signature. Chief Monoquet died at his village in the spring of 1836. Half a mile south of his village there was a deep shade and a secluded spot in the woods, and thither from his wigwam the Indians took their dead chief, and performed his funeral rites, after the manner of their tribe. In a crib or pen (about six feet long, four feet wide and four feet high, carried up square, built of round logs of the size of large rails, top covered with the same material, the long way of the pen north and south), they placed his remains. He was fixed in a sitting posture, with his blanket over his shoulders, his face toward the south, and was held in position by two poles across the inner part of the crib, one of which was under the chin, keeping the head in an upright jwsition, and one lower down preserved the position of his hands. It is believed by those personally acquainted with all the chiefs mentioned, that they were engaged in the Indian war of 1812, and Monoquet himself told W. C. Graves (now deceased) that he was in the battle of Tippecanoe November 7, 1811. All the Indians were under the control of the noted chief Tecuinseh. Musquabuck died about the same date as did Monoquet. The Miami chiefs, Waw-wa-esse and Flat-l)eliy, were thought to be brothers. The latter was the owner of a brick house, which was erected for him by the Government, and was situated in the southeast corner of his village. W. C. Graves and Metcalf Beck, the latter a resident of Warsaw, were better acquainted with the Indians than any men ever living in the county. To the latter gentleman we are indebted for many favors. Tiiey were both here when the last of the tribes left for the West, and Mr. Beck was an eye-watness of their evident dislike to leave a country which was theirs by inheritance, and which for many years were their favorite hunting grounds. The entire Indian population did not exceed 500 when the whites began their settlements.

Peter Warner, the first white settler south of the prairie lands, built a cabin upon the reservation given Checose near Warsaw. Learning later that he was upon the domain of that chief, he paid him $600 for a deed to a quarter section, but this sale was declared

Dominique Rousseau and Henry Ossem were the first white men living in this countv, but they could hardly be denominated settlers, as they were merely Indian traders; neither were the lands then open for settlement.

Rousseau resided at the lower end of Little Prairie, and Ossem on the north side of Bone Prairie. From the fact that when this county was open for settlement many who were in waiting in the nearest organized counties came flocking in - and many of them the same day - makes it impossible to state absolutely who the first actual settler was.

AV. B. & I. R. Blain established a store on the north side of Bone Prairie in 1834. They subsequently leased of Levi Lee a tract of ground, and removed their 8tore,thus making it more central in the settlement. Leesburgh was afterward laid out by Levi- Lee in 1835, and Blain's store was included in its limits. Among the first actual settlers of whom we have absolute knowledge may be mentioned: John Powell, who settled in Prairie Township March 81, 1833; James H. Bishop, April 3, 1833; William Felkner, of Van Buren Township, March 4, 1833; Thomas and Isaac Moore, with their families, March 4, 1883. The same year came " Elijah Harlan, Samuel Stookey, John Shelly, Charles Ervin, John B. Chapman, Ichabod Colyar and Jacob Kirkendall," all of whom settled in Plain Township. Leesburgh was the nucleus around which quite a thriving settlement was made the first two years in the history of this county, and in Plain Townsliip the first white child was born, Peter, son of John Wiramers, December, 1833. Henry, son of Jolin Ruby, died April 18, 1888, and Malinda Harland the next day. These were the first deaths in the county.

The first religious meeting in the county was held at the cabin of Charles Ervin, in 1834, by Rev. Richard R. Robinson, a circuit preacher of the Methodist faith. From an historical standpoint most of the first things of this county originated in and about this village. Samuel Johnston was the first tailor, and Drs. Z. C. Johnson and N. A. Chamberlaiu were the first physicians, locating in Leesburgh in 1838, and for two years were in partnership.

The Turkey Creek postoflice was established on section 4 in 1884, and in the autumn of 1835 was removed to Leesburgh. Jacob Rannells was appointed postmaster, John Chapman resigning. The first steam flouringm ill was erected in 1857 by David Roudabush.

The first general election was held in Leesburgh April 4, 1836, for the purpose of electing county oflicers. Samuel Stookey, G. W. Royce, Elisha Bogges, judges; Benjamin Johnson, John G. Woods, clerks. Two hundred and nineteen votes were polled. The officers elect were: S. C. Sample, Circuit Judge; James Comstock and Henry Ward, Associate and Probate Judges; R. H. Lansdale. Clerk and Auditor; Arnold L. Fairbrother, Recorder; John Blain, Treasurer; Isaac Kirkendall, Sheriff; Joseph L. Jernegan, Prosecuting Attorney of Circuit Court and Court of Common Pleas; C. D. Lightfoot, Surveyor; T. W. Kirkpatrick, Coroner; William Felkner, David Rippey and William Kelly, County Commissioners. Prior to this date Kosciusko had been attached to Elkhart County for judicial purposes, and was known as Turkey Creek Township.

The first term of court was held in Leesburgh, at the house of Levi Lee, October 31, 1836. The petit jurors for that term were: John R. Blain, Christopher Lightfoot, P. L. Runyan, Charles Sleeper, Matthew D. Springer, John Ervin. Elijah Harlan,

A petition was sent from Leesburgh in December, 1835, to Indianapolis, in care ot Hon. E. M. Chamberlain, who was at that time Representative of this district, instructing him to use his endeavors to have the State Legislature detach six miles in width from the southern part of the county, which would have made Leesburgh " the hub." At that date the commissioners had not located tlie county seat, and this was in anticipation of that event. The petition was sent by mail to Lidianapolis, but Leesburgh paid no further attention to the matter, deeming their location and business prospects would carry with them great weight. The petition was read and referred, and that practically ended the matter so far as Leesburgh was concerned, although she joined with Oswego in a bitter fight later to accomplish the same result in favor of Leesburgh.

It was thought by many that Leesburgh would not onlj- be the county seat, but the coming metropolis of the West. AV^ursaw had already been surveyed, and the commissioners appointed to locate the county seat decided that Warsaw possessed more advantages, and the records were removed to that place in March, 1837. Court convened in that month at the iiouse of Jacob Losure, from which an adjournment was taken to the court-house, a temporary structure located on lot 101, northeast corner of Center and Indiana streets. The building was a onestor}' frame, 20 x 30 feet - court-room twenty feet square, and two rooms ten feet square for jury-rooms. The same summerafire destroyed the building, and a two-story frame was erected on tlie site of the first during the fall of 1837. The feeling regarding the location of the county seat was intense among both the citizens of Leesburgh and Oswego, and the matter was not settled satisfactorily until 1843.

Hon. John B. Chapman (deceased) was the first postmaster in the territory now embraced within the limits of this county, and held the office at his cabin near Leesburgh, then a part of Elkhart County.

March 24, 1840, George Moon, a native of Londonderry, Ireland, was granted naturalization papers, and was the first foreigner to become a citizen of Kosciusko County.

'HERE is notliingwliicli so vividly brings back memories of early days as the rendition of incidents illustrating the hardships and in some cases pleasures of pioneer days. The old folks relate with gi-eat glee the lack of comfortable surroundings, as well as the need of money necessary to purchase many articles which were almost indisi)ensal)Ie. Notwithstand- KJ%\^ ing all this, they lived, pros- ' prred, and many of them are

Mrs. Horace Tucker, wife of one of the wealthy men of Franklin Township, says that she "brought with them from Ohio $2 worth of ])alm-leaf, which she manufactured into hats, the sale of which entered largely into the purchase of breadstnffs during their lii'st year's residence." Their elegant surroundings makes this seem almost improbable, yet Horace Tucker was a very poor man when he settled in this county.

good wife had no lard to make the corn bread. She was an expert at willow-basket making, and while Samuel went to mill busied herself in making little baskets, which he carried from cabin to cabin in the thiidy populated country, and succeeded in exchanging them for lard enough to last during the winter. Both himself and wife are yet hale, and live in a manner befitting those whose life has been well spent.

In that neighborhood "fulling bees" were common. The good housewife sheared the few sheep possessed, while iier husband was busily engaged in clearing ground for planting. She afterward carded with her hands and spun the wool, then with dextrous lingers wove it into cloth, which when completed was ready to be "fulled" or shrunk. Neighbors were invited in for the evening; the roll of cloth having been immersed in soap-suds, was Uiirolled, and the guests and members of the family were seated on two benches facing each other. A rope was passed around the outside; all were encircled and the rope secured, that it might keep the parties from kicking away from each other. The cloth was slowly pas.sed between the persons, who to some livelj' song kept time with their feet, kicking the cloth as it was slowly uni'ollcd until the reipiisite dogree of "fullness" was obtained.

Tlie iirst weddinjj in Van Buren Township was the grandest aflair ever held in tliis county. All the settlers witliin twenty miles were invited to be present at the marriage of Miss Adeline Trimble and Fred Summy. The father of the bride determined to make this event one of historical importance, and well did he sncceed. A large pound was built to secure the stock of all wiio came, and guards were placed about the enclosure for further safety.

The ladies of the neighborhood were busily engaged the week prior to the wedding preparing the feast, and on that October day, in 1837, the young couple were married in the presence of fully one hundred people. The ladies looked lovely in gowns of linsey woolsey, and many of tiie gentlemen wore hunting shirts, instead of the conventional "Prince Albert," for sundiy reasons; moccasins of tiieir own manufacture encased feet that kept lively time to the merry musiclater in the evening; it was an occasion of general rejoicing, and the ieast lasted all the afternoon and evening, the wliole concluding with a dance, enjoyed by both young and old. The "infare" given next day by the father of the groom was a repetition of the preceding festivities, and the affair was related by William Felkner to the historian only a short time ago. Both himself and wife were present, and are perhaps the only couple living who were in attendance. Mr. Felkner is also the only living resident of this county that was present at tiie Indian treaty near Rochester in 1832.

In 1837 much suffering prevailed, in consequence of eating bread made from wheat grown on the new land, which was known as " sick wheat." "Whole families subsisted on roots dug in the woods, wild onions, sassafras tea and wild meats, for weeks, during that eventful year.

Some of the more fortunate ones had dried a large number of pumpkins the fall before, and that not to be despised article was considered quite a delicacy. Among tliis fortunate few was the family of Dr. Isaac Jennings, who nobly stood at his post during that season of desolation and death. He afterward became a member of the General Assembly, and one of the most prominent men of this county.

The doctor's father paid him a visit, but tarried only a short time, remarking when he left that " a continued diet of dried pumpkin pie and sassafras tea was too light for him." Some of the early settlers were forced to subsist upon it, however, with the addition of wild game.

The first in<]uest held in the county was upon the body of an Indian, who was accidentall}' shot by William Anderson while hunting in Seward Township. The wounded Indian was taken to the cabin of James Garvin, Esq., who took his ante-mortem statement. By sunrise the next morning a number of white men and Indians (among whom was the noted chief Mo-no-quet), were notified, and early in the forenoon put in an appearance.

After hearing Anderson's testimony, and explaining to the chief what the Indian had told him, Mr. Garvin, then acting-justice of the peace, decided that the cause of death was accidental on the part of Andej'son, and tliat he should give the squaw a '- fat hog and sack of corn meal." The decision was in every way satisfactory to the Indians, and especially so to xVnderson.

^Numerous religious denominations early organized churches in this county, and one, which had a large following for a short time at Oswego, was the " Millerite's." Services were regularly held, and some of the leading citizens of Oswego became infatuated with the doctrine.

The date for the world to coine to an end was by tliem set for June 8, 18-13, and so firmly did some of the farmers believe in their approaching transfiguration, that they refused to plant crops, and in some instances gave away property. Dr. Miller and a number of the James' and French families prepared shrouds, and on the morning of June 8 assembled at French's house, donned their robes, and in company with all those who were " firm in the faith," began their song and prayer service at sunrise.

During the forenoon a dark cloud rolled up from the west; the lightning and thunder became tei'rific, and rain fell in torrents. The people wept, prayed and shouted themselves into a perfect frenzy, and implored divine power to finish speedily the annihilation of this goodly land. During the afternoon the rain ceased, the clouds rolled away, and the bright sun never shone with greater grandeur than on that lovely afternoon in June. This was an \inexpected surprise to the "Millerites," and those clad in " ascension robes " pulled them off and started for home to get something to eat.

The failure of the prophecy caused murmuring among the brethren and sisters and the society disbanded. These facts were furnished by Mrs. Lydia Shaffer, whose father, Bolser Hess, went over to Oswego to see the performance.

Isaac Kirkendall was born in Culpeper County, Virginia, January 15, 1787, and, strange as it may seem, never boasted of the grand old State which gave him birth, neither claimed honor from the place of his nativity. He served as sheriff from 1836 to 1840; at the time of his election ho was about fortynine ypars old, stood six feet high, had one crooked eye, and was entirely bald except a thin fringe of gray hair around the lower and bflck ]iart of his iipad. His voicf. when exerted, was a loud-sounding, asthmatic treble, and when he called he was generally heard, for he was always in earnest. His home was on the farm with his brother Jacob, on the east side of Little Turkey Creek Prairie, and from thence, passing through Leesburgh, on a large dapple gray horse, might often be seen our first sheriff on his wa}' to Warsaw, the county seat.

"Gentlemen: I am a candidate for sheriff, and if you elect me, and any of you need lianging while I am in office, I will hang you dead as h - 1." He was elected, and, although some of his voters may have deserved it, yet none of them were ever hanged during his term of office.

The first sheriff' was not of a literary cast of mind; had a great dislike for letter-writing, and when he did write was very laconic; he used to relate the following: Some time after his settlement in this county, his folks in Ohio used to write to him often, " and tease him like li - 1" to write them a letter; he delayed a long time; at length, finding Jake's folks abroad one Sunday, and the noisy children out of the way, he was alone; he drew out the kitchen table, got paper, ink and quill pen, and seated himself to begin. He wrote the name of the county and State, and the year and the month and the day, and then began his letter

" Dear Brother, I am well." Here he came to a stop, and scratched his head to think what next, and recollecting tliat he lived at Jake's, he put down, " Jake's folks are well." Here he came to another stop, and a longer stop than before; still no words came to his relief, and he ended his letter by saying, "and if you are well, then, by G- - d. all's well. Yours trnlv, 1. K."

Incidents Of Pioneer Life

The brevity of Grant and the profanity of Greeley are both apparent in the sheriff's letter. In jiolities lie was an Old-Line Whig, and afterward a Republican, but never quarreled with men for difference of opinion. He was an efficient officer, faithful friend and kind neighbor; he died of lung disease March 17, 1S63, aged seventj^-six years.

Van Buren Township was decidedly Democratic in an early day, and in 1846 a great mass-meeting was held at Goshen. Mrs. Lydia Shaffer (then Lydia Hess) drove a team of four of the best horses to be found in the county. The wagon was gayly bedecked with banners, and carried thirty-six young ladies dressed in white. The way Miss Hess handled the team, and the line singing of the ladies, elicited much applause. Mrs. Shaffer is the only one living in the county of those who were in the wagon on that memorable day.

Solomon Klingerman was an early settler of Etna Township, and erected a cabin in the dense woods. A terrific wind-storm one night in 1845 blew a large tree across his cabin, which was completely wrecked. Klingerman was immovably pinned in his bed by the fallen tree, but his wife escaped uninjured, and ran to the cabin of Robert Reed, some distance away, for aid. Mr. Reed returned with her, chopping away the tree, released the prisoner, who was only slightly injured.

Ludlow Creek, which empties into Eagle Lake, near the city of Warsaw, received its name from the following circumstances. Ludlow Nye (afterward sheriff of this county) was one of the early settlers, and when strangers came into the country looking for land, they found in him a thorough and pleasant guide. Nye was acquainted with every trail through the forests, and knew every tract for sale and its price. He, like many other good fellows, was inclined to bibulous habits, and was pretty well "corned" when a party of land hunters from New Yorkcame into the neighborhood one bright June day in 1835. They secured the services of Mr. Nye, and started on foot to look at a tract not far from Warsaw, but in reaching it they were obliged to cross this creek. The water being low at that time, the other members of the party jumped across, but Ludlow, being considerably under the influence of " Thistle Dew," tumbled headlong into the water. He was easily rescued, however, but to this day the stream has borne his name, given it by the exploring party mentioned.

The greatest "boom" Kosciusko County ever experienced was in 1836. Nearly everybody that came had money, and real estate rapidly rose in value. Fairly good quarter sections without any improvements ranged from §1,000 to $1,200. The greatest difficulty lay in procuring something to eat. At that time scarcely anything had been grown, and what was raised was of poor quality. Money was plenty, but it would not purchase bread, for liread could not be (.)btaine(l. Li 1838 an epidemic of remittent fever made its appearance, and in some instances whole families died. There was not a cabin in the county which did not contain helpless invalids. Dr. Andrew R. Willis, a " Thompsonian " doctor, and Mrs. John W.Morris, were the only well people in the central part of the county, and their services were required day and night for weeks. Many left as soon as they had sufficiently recovered from their illness, and the prices of real estate declined rapidly. Immigration to the county almost entirely ceased. The news spread far and wide that to locate in Kosciusko County meant almost certain death. Monev became scarce, and hardly enough could be secured to pay taxes. The skins of animals, furs and pelts of mink, raccoon, beaver and inuski-at were legal-tender for ever^'thing else. J. .1. Morris is responsible for the story that John Kimes, a settler with whom many of the older people were acquainted, came into Warsaw one day bringing with him several mink and raccoon skins, hoping to dispose of them and get enough money to pay his tax that amounted to a couple of dollars. Failing in this, he carried them to the treasurer's office, presided over at that time by Mahlon Davis. Kimes stated to him that he was unaljle to raise the money, and proffered his pelts in payment. Mahlon looked thein over, estimated their value, and gave Mr. Kimes ])is tax receipt, and as there were a few cents due Kimes, gave him as change a -- muskrat pelt " to balance the account. This was perfectly satisfactory to both parties. Kimes then adjourned to a grocer}' and e.\changed tlie pelt for a gallon of whisky, and carried it home to make '- bitters " for the family.

Spelling matches in an early day was a favorite pastime in this county, and ])oys and girls for miles would attend. In 1852 scholars attending the " Ryerson school " issued a challenge to the neighborhood to send in a delegation of " spellers " if they desired to test their merits in that particular line. William J. and J. P. Chaplin (both well-known residents of this county at that time), were among the number that harnessed to a sled five yoke of cattle, each one of which wore a bell. Di-iving from house to house they selected a number of young men and misses eager to engage in the contest. It is needless to say that this delegation came off victorious and carried away the prize.

on foot, with ox teams, or in any kind of vehicle that could be secured. It was a I'egular basket picnic. Roast spring chicken, roast potatoes, corn bread, wild onions, etc., formed the basis of family dinners, while those having cash enough, and who wished to "cut a swell," took dinner at " Los u re's Hotel." No Imnd of music was heard, but the notes of the " Star Spangled Banner " floated joyfully upon the air, and the firing of anvils added enthusiasm to the occasion. C. B. Simonson, the first attorney to locate in Warsaw, delivered the oration, which was followed by a speech from Michael Burge an old Revolutionary soldier. Not a score of persons are now living that attended that of our natal day, but they are yet as loyal to the old flag and as cordial in their greeting as when the hand of friendship was given to the new comer fifty-five years ago.

We are indebted to Mrs. Nancy Royce, one of the pioneer ladies who came to this county in 1835, for the following: Tlnj people felt very greatly in need of a newspaper, but neither printing press nor material were to be had nearer than Fort Wayne. To overcome this difficulty Dr. Richard Lansdale, the county clerk; Dr. Lupe and Mr. G. W. A. Royce concluded to xvinte a paper. Dr. Lupe was editor, Lansdale and Royce acted as managers and occasional contributors. The title page bore the euphonious name Warm'w Clarion, and the paper consisted of ten pages of foolscap closely written in distinct script. It was a spicy sheet, but had only one edition, which was read by one family then passed to another, until all the people in the neighborhood had read the local items. For several weeks its appearance was regularly made, and it was a most welcome visitor. It came to an untimeh' end, however, in this wise: A party of gentlemen while fishing in the lake caught something which was neither fisli nor alligator, neither had any person ever seen anj-- thing like it. The editor of the paper wrote quite a spioy article regarding the strange catch, which greatly incensed one of the parties, who declared his intention of "paralyzing" the whole concern, editors and all. Thinking that what was intended only as a joke should be better received even by the victims, the trio concluded to retire the " Clarion," as it had well fulfilled its mission.

John Kimes, mentioned elsewhere, was one of the most jolly fellows alive, and was also noted as a hunter. Returning one evening after a long and somewhat unsuccessful hunt (having only captured two ducks), he met Robert Graves, another well-known man of early days, who proposed to play a "game of euchre" to see which man should have the ducks. Finding a convenient log, they sat down and the game commenced. Kimes lost steadily until bis opponent only had to score another point to secure the game. At this juncture it suddenly flashed upon the mind of Kimes that Graves had risked nothing against his ducks. Jumping up and shouldering his game, Kimes remarked that he "had often been accused of being a d - d fool, and he now intended to retrieve his reputation." The "game "supper fiiiled to come ofl" at the Graves residence, as was expected by the almost winner.

David Rondebush, e.\-County Commissioner of Plain Township, related jocosely how his first pair of shoes was obtained. His father, George Roudebush, in an early day operated a tannery near Leesburgh. The spoiled hides were made into shoes by a cobbler employed for that purpose. On Saturday noon the latter gentleman alwaj's returned home (as he lived several miles away), and the shop was locked up nntil his arrival the followini; Mondav. David was a lad twelve years of age and had for some time taken great interest in watching the cobbler "fit up a shoe," and feeling concerned about the unusual development of his pedal extremities, which it seemed to him were of unusual size for a lad of his years, he determined to do for himself what his father had disi-egarded, to encase them in a pair of new shoes. The desire was father to the action, and raising the window he crept inside, and in a couple of hours had fashioned something which, considering his years and that this was his "maiden effort," very nearly resembled a pair of cowhide shoes. Putting them upon his feet, David walked about the horse-pasture to allow his nerves to become settled and accustom his feet to their new attire before facing his paternal ancestor, when that worthy espied the youth and called him to account. Upon being questioned, David owned up that he felt entitled to a pair of shoes, and hardly thought it was an extravagance since the leather was manufactured at home and he had made them himself. This conciliated his father, who compromised by having him learn the trade and do shoemaking for the family from that date.

Eli Summy was a practical joker, and his penchant for such business never deserted him. He was an acknowledged leader in everything which promised a bit of sport at the expense of some one else, and a couple of incidents will illustrate his character in this regard, and will be remembered by many readers of this liistorv. While a resident of Leesburgh, he, in company with John Guy, perpetrated the following upon an unsuspecting clerk who had been reared, and until that date had lived in Fort Wayne. The fellow had gone to Leesburgh to do some insurance business, and hearing Summy relate so many tales of his success in bunting, begged the privilege of accompanying him tlie next time lie went out. Summy acquiesced and promised liim some rare sport at "sniping" the next day. The trio started in tlie afternoon, Summy having previously secured a large bag, and matured his plans. Near the village was a large marsh that narrowed to a small neck in one place. Here they stationed the insurance man with the bag, telling him to hold the mouth wide open while they went above the marsh and drove a covey of snipe into it. As soon as they were out of his sight, both made tracks for liome. leaving the stranger anxiously awaiting his game. Bravely he watched until darkness came on, yet not a snipe had he "baerged." To increase his vexation, he became bewildered and for some time was lost in the marsh. AVhen he reached home a pitiable sight was presented, his clothes being almost ruined with mud and water. Summy told Mr. and Mrs. Roudebush about the fun they had on the previous afternoon, and while yet talking the stranger knocked at the door. Mrs. E. invited him to enter, but no sooner was he seated than Eli began telling again the adventure recently engaged in. When he had finished she berated him soundly for his actions in tiius imposing upon a stranger, to all of which Summy (juietly listened. Leaning toward the strange gentleman, Snmmy whispered in his ear, "Pay no attention to what she said, as she is somewhat looney." The real joke came out when, after they had quitted the house, the stranger said, "Poor woman; she is such a nice lady. Do they entertain hopes for her recovery ? 'Tis a sad, sad thing to be so crazy."

About the time that wholesale firms began to start men upon the road, and before railroads had given such an impetus to trade, Eli Summy removed to Warsaw and was employed by Chapman I'ros., dealers in hardware. Warsaw at that time had no railroad.

and but very few commercial men had visited the village, her merchants being in the habit semi-annually of visiting the Eastern cities and making purchases.

One evening late in the autumn a gentleman representing a Toledo hardware firm drove up to Jo Popham's hotel and ordered his horse taken care of. The drummer inquired for a hardware store, and was directed to Chapman's.

Entering the store, he was met by the obliging Summy, who, after learning the gentleman's business, informed him that the senior pi-oprietor was in the rear, but tliat his deafness would necessitate an eflbrt upon the part of the commercial man to make himself heard. AVilliam Chapman was not only a mild-mannered man, but could hear as distinctly as any person. He was somewhat surprised when the gentleman opened up his " grip," and at the top of his voice gave the prices of diflerent articles of merchandise.

The vociferous language of the drummer attracted quite a large crowd, among whom was Popham, the landlord; taking in the situation at a glance, he took the traveler by the arm, and asking him to step outside, explained that some one had " sold him " in the store, as Mr. Chapman was not deaf. Entering the room, the mistake \vas explained and Summy acknowledged himself the instigator.

Mounting his sulky the next morning, the drummer started for Leesburgh, but noted another hardware sign as he drove along the street. Not wishing to miss any one in his line, he stopped his horse and alighted. The store was owned by Isaac Whitehead, a worthy man, but extremely hard of hearing. Whitehead was sweeping the room when the salesman walked in and introduced himself. Not understanding the name, the proprietor put his hand to his ear, as is the habit of tliose whose hearing is imperfect, aud answered, '-Hey I'* "Go to h - 1," vociferated the salesin;in, wlio turned on his heel and hurriedly mounting his sulky drove out of the village, imagining that Whiteliead had heard of the evening performance and was " guying " him still furtlier. A future visit acquainted the salesman with the latter mistake, and none more heartily enjoyed the joke than himself.

John Brower was a bachelor who in 1838 resided in a shanty standing inside the present limits of Xorth AVebster. lie was a noted bee-iiunter, and shipped the first cargo of honey aud beeswax that ever left the county, in the autumn of that year.

P'elling a huge poplar tree on the banks of the Tippecanoe River, he hollowed it out and launched it below Ephraim Muirhead's mill. George Middleton, yet a resident of Webster, carted with his oxen two barrels of honey and one of beeswax, and helping launch the " dug-out," loaded her, and Brower safely made tiie journey down the river to LaFayette, where he disposed of his honey to good advantage.

Old Dr. Burt, a pioneer physician of Oswego, was noted for eccentricity, as well as his inability in diagnosing certain forms of disease. One day he came rapidly down the road, and hitcliing his horse in front of one of the log cabins near Webster, went inside to see his patient. Thomas K. Warner had noted his I'apid ride, and as the doctor passed him on his return home, Mr. Warner hailed him, desiring to ascertain the nature of the malady from which his neighbors daughter was suffering. "Very ill, very ill indeed," said the doctor, and was moving on, hoping to escape further questioning. " Hold on, doctor, what is the matter," quoth Warner. "What is her disease?" "Homeliness, ray dear sir," said the pill man, "and if it strikes in, she is as dead as n doornail; there

The lirst load of wheat ever marketed from Tippecanoe Township was raised by- Henry Warner in 1839. It was threshed by " tramping it " with horses, and the grain was cleaned in the primitive way, by fastening one end of a wagon cover to the side of the log barn, and by a man taking hold of the other end and giving it such a shaking as is usually done in dusting carpets, the chaff was blown from the grain. It was a tedious process, but there was no other way of cleaning it. Thomas K. Warner, with a six-horse team, hauled this wheat to Michigan City, the journey occupying a whole week. The wheat brought 60 cents per bushel, and with the proceeds and other money he purchased eight barrels of salt at §10 per barrel. The market price of wheat at that time, in this county, was only 30 cents per bushel.

When William Williams, who afterward served this district two terms in Congress, was a young man, he was a wild, happy-golucky, free and easy fellow, everybody's friend, and an especial favorite of the girl whom he afterward married. Her sisters thought William not the proper kind of a man to court their sister Eliza, and tried in every way to prevent his coming, lioping to break off the match which it was evident would soon be consummated. Their cabin door in Harrison Township had no lock, but anticipating his coming, the elder sisters " pulled in the latch string " as evidence that no one was at home. William arrived as per appointment, knocked at the door, once, twice, thrice, before his girl came to the door. Opening it, she noticed what had been done: she apologized by saying: "Mr. Williams, my sisters have done this, come in.

you are welcomed heartily by myself." William went in, and ere long carried Eliza -T. Young from the old cabin, theirs being the first marriage celebrated in the township. His life of honor and usefulness has long ago dispelled in the minds of his wife's people their fears of his inability to support a wife, and the story was told by Thomas K. Warner to a party of friends, among whom was Congressman Williams himself, and none better enjoyed it.

to Leesburgh. The first melodeon was the property of David Hattell, a musician well known to early Leesburgh people. A concert was advertised at one time to be given by a blind man at the Methodist Episcopal church, and the only instrument in the village was the old melodeon, whose usefulness had long since ceased. The blind man being an expert at repairing instruments, gave it an overhauling in the evening, and although he could not see anything, Hattell patiently held a candle for an hour, forgetting the misfortune of the operator.

Tiiis country did not believe tliat the States which claimed the right of peaceable secession from the union would proceed to extreniities. In the supposition that such might be the case, men's minds became confused and the thoughts of what ought to be done under the circumstances liad nut taken tangible shape. The air was full of rumors; anxieties, fears and discordant counsels everywhere prevailed. The few, by intuition, comprehended the great cahimity threatening the nation, but time was required to develop its magnitude and create a common sentiment.

country, and to bring men together to consult as to tlie common welfare. Tiie secession of South Carolina was tlie tocsin which brought men together for thought - the sliot at Fort Sumter urged them to action. Kosciusko County was not lacking in patriotism, as shown by the number of her gallant sons who participated in the war of the Rebellion. xVt the first call for troops a ready response was made, the roll of lionor belonging to Coi'poral George A. IJashford, the first soldier to enlist from this county, April 20, 1861; Ambrose G. Beirce, Isaac Barr, John Fin ton, William II. Henry and Martin L. Stewart, all of whom enlisted in Company E, Ninth Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry, except Bierce, who became a member of Company C, of the same regiment.

was mustered into service at Indianapolis April 25, 1861, Robert H. Milroy, Colonel. This was the first regiment leaving the State for Western Virginia, leaving Indianapolis May 29, and June 3 participating in the surprise of the rebel camji at Grafton. The Xinth Regiment was reorganized at LaPorte

The reg-inient participated in tlie battles of kSiiiloli, Corinth, Stone River, Chickamauga, Mission Kidge, Lookout Mountain, and took a prominent jiart in the Atlanta campaign.

\v;is reorganized after its tliree-months' service, August :J1, ISIil, with Lewis Wallace as Colonel. His promotion to Brigadier- General placed Lieutenant-Colonel George F. McGinnis as Colonel. He was promoted and Daniel McAuley succeeded him. The Eleventh was engaged in the battles of Champion Hill, where 167 men were killed, wounded and missing; throughout the siege of Vicksburg, and later, under General Sheridan, took part in his memorable campaign. Three from this county were members.

The Twelfth Kegiment

was organized for three-jcars' service August 17, lSt)2. August 30 they participated in the battle of Richmond, Kentucky, where the Colonel, William H. Link, was wounded. Subsequently his wounds proved mortal, and Lieutenant-Colonel Williams (an honored son of Kosciusko County) was promoted Colonel of the regiment. The regiment was assigned to (Teneral Logan's Fifteenth Army Corps. Army of the Tennessee, in which it served during the remainder of the war. It took a prominent part at tlie battle of Mission Ridge, losing 110 men and officers, in killed and wounded. They also assisted in the pursuit of the fleeing enemy, in the middle of winter, many of the men barefoot, but their loyalty never wavered, despite the innumerable hartlships. During the Atlanta campaign the Twelfth Regiment participated in the battles of Resaca, New Hope

Church, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta and many severe engagements, losing 240 men killed and wounded during the campaign. This regiment was mustered out of service June 8, 1865, and was considered one of the best drilled and most effective regiments that Indiana furnished. The first reunion of the regiment was held at AVarsaw, November 25, 1886, in which sixty-two warscarred veterans piarticipated. The meeting was called to order by the president. General Reuben Williams, at 10 :30 a. m., in the hall of Henry Chipman Post, No. 414, G. A. R. Their flghting chaplain, M. D. Gage, was present from California, coming on purpose to attend the reunion. The meeting was a success and reflects much credit upon General Reuben Williams, Captain John N. Runyan, Joseph S. Baker, A. S. Milice, F. M. Jaques, Marsh H. Parks, Sylvester Barber and others who were active in the management. Three hundred and thirty-two brave lads from this county were members of this regiment.

The Tuikteentii Regiment

was originally accepted for State service for one year, but subsequently organized for three years' service. It was one of four regiments that flrst entered service for a term of three years from Indiana, and was mustered into service at Indianapolis, June 19, 1861, J. C. Sullivan, Colonel. Under command of General Rosecraus it participated, July 11, in the battle of Rich Mountain, having eight killed and nine wounded. May 2, 1862, Colonel Sullivan was promoted, and Robert S. Foster was commissioned Colonel. He in turn was promoted, and June 16 Lieutenant-Colonel Cyrus J. Dobbs was commissioned Colonel. September 7, at the assault and capture of Fort Wagner, this was the flrst regiment to make an entrance. The

Mi Lit As Y History

Thirteenth Regiment took part in all the operations of General Butler's army south of Richmond, and was conspicuous in the engagements at White Hall Junction, Chester Station and Foster's Farm. At the latter engagement, May 20, 1863, they lost nearly two hundred men. Before Petersburg, at Chapiii's Bluft", at Fort Gilmore, and at the front before Richmond, as well as other noted skirmishes, did this brave regiment show its valor. They were mustered out of service September 5, 1S65.

The Sixteenth Regiment

was mustered into service in May, 1861, to serve for one year in the limits of the State, but later its services were offered to and accepted by the General Government. It did good service at tlie battle of Ball's Blulf, and was afterward attached to General Banks' command. Pleasant A. Hackleman, the Colonel, was promoted to Brigadier-General, and was succeeded by Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas J. Lucas. General Hackleman fell mortally wounded while leading a charge at luka, Mississippi.

The Seventeenth Regiment

was mustered into service June 12, 1861, for three years. They participated in the memorable battles of Shiloh and Corinth, routed General Forrest's command at McMinnville, Tennessee, and otherwise distinguished themselves as infantry. February 12, 1862, the i-egiment received orders to forage for horses and mount themselves, which was done inside of thirty' days. Armed with Spencer rifles, they did brilliant work at Hoover's Gap, Chickamauga, captured the colors of the Second Kentucky Cavalry and almost destroyed a rebel brigade, captured 300 prisoners, three pieces of artillery and other stores at Fariuington, and mounted or unmounted were most effective soldiers. During the term of service this regiment captured upward of 5,000 prisoners, 6,000 stand of arms, seventy pieces of artillery, more than 8,000 horses and mules, marched over 4,000 miles, with a loss of 258 men killed and wounded. They were mustered out of service August 8, 1865.

The Twentieth Regiment

was mustered into service July 22, 1861, to serve three years. It assisted in the capture of Norfolk, covered the retreat of the Third Army Corps after the seven days' fight at "The Orchards," lost their brave Colonel Brown at Manassas, participated in the second day's battle at Gettysburg, where the Colonel, John Wheeler, fell and 150 men and officers were killed and wounded. Fredericksburg and Chancellorsvilie were great battles in which the Twentieth covered themselves with glory. At the latter they captured the Twenty-third Georgia Regiment entire. It passed through the noted battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, and at Hatcher's Run took a leading part, being in advance in pursuit of Lee's army, and taking part in the last I)attle fought with him at Clover Hill, April 9, 1865. When mustered out of service, July 12, 1865, the Twentieth had only twentj'-three officers and 390 men.

The Twenty-First Regiment

was mustered into the service for three years July 24, 1861, James W. McMillan, Colonel. It joined General Butler's expedition to New Orleans, and was the first of his command to enter that city. Lieutenant-Colonel John A. Keith was commissioned Colonel November 29, 1862, Colonel MclVLillan having been promoted Brigadier-General. The regiment was changed by order of General Banks in February, 1863, and was from that date known as the First Heavy Artillery. They ; took part in the forty-two days" siege of Port ; Hudson, and in April. 1865, six batteries ! from the Twenty-iirst, under the comiuaud of Major Roy. participated in the capture of ^Mobile, the reduction of Forts Morgan, Gaines, and the Spanish Fort. The regiment was mustered out of service January was mustered into service August 15, 1J^61. with Jeff. C. Davis (of the regular army) as Colonel. This regiment lost heavily at the battles of Pea Eidge and Perryville. at the latter losing half of its effective force. Seventy-live more of her brave men fell at Stone River, and from this date its history is identified with the Army of the Cumberland, sharing in all its battles. This was one of the most efficient regiments furnished by the State. Sixty-three men enlisted from Kosciusko County.

The Twenty-Sixth Kegimext

Colonel William M. Wheatley. was mustered into service August 31. 1861. H did much garrison duty, and also saw considerable ' service at the front, engaging at Vicksburg and at the Spanish Fort. September 20, 1S63. they were badly defeated, and almost half the regiment captured, by a superior force of the enemy at Morganza. It was mustered out of service Januar}' 15, 1866.

was mustered into the service August 27, ' 1861, John F. Miller, Colonel. The boys gained an enviable record at Shiloh, Corinth, Stone River and other engagements. Mustered out December 2, 1865.

The Thirtieth Regiment

battle of Shiloh the Colonel was mortally wounded, and Lieutenant-Colonel J. B. Dodge was promoted Colonel. The Thirtieth engaged at Corinth, took a prominent part at the battle of Stone River, and upon the field at Chickaraauga many of its brave men fell. The regiment re-enlisted as veterans in January, 1864, and later were attached to the Fourth Army Corps. Xoveinbcr 25, 1865, the regiment was mustered out of service with twenty-two officers and 180 men, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel H. W. Lawton. It saw a hard term, and probably did as much duty and lost as many men as any regiment leaving the State. Two hundred and sixty-six men volunteered from this county. Dr, Francis M. Pearman, of Palestine, was Surgeon of the regiment.

The Thirty-Fifth Regiment

contained only a half dozen men from Kosciusko. H was dubbed the " First L-ish " after its muster into service December 11, 1861. Later this was consolidated witli the Sixty-second, and did much hard fighting. September, 1865, it was discharged from service.

The Thirty-ninth and Forty-first (Cavalry), and the Forty-second (Infantry), had but few men from this county enrolled. All were on the famous " march to the sea," and in many hard fought battles.

The Forty-Fourth Eegi.Men'T

had upon its muster roll 147 men from tliis county. The organization was completed October 24, 1861, Hugh B. Reed, Colonel. Three hundred and fifty were killed and wounded, and fifty-eight men died from disease during the three-years' term of service. Their war cry was heard at the front at Fort Donelson. Pittsburg Landing, Corinth. Murfreesboro. Chickamauga and Mission Ridge.

Military Histohy

September li, 1S65, the battle-scarred veterans I'emainiug were mustered out of service. The Forty-sixth, Forty-seventii, Fortyeighth, Fifty-tirst, Fifty-eighth, Fifty-ninth and Sixty-eighth Regiments contained a few men from this county. All these regiments saw hard service.

The Skvexty-Koirth Keuimext

was recruited in the Tenth Congressional District, companies A. F, I. and K from this county. Charles W. Chapman was Colonel when mustered into service August 21, 1862. Companies C and K were captured by the rebels at Munfordville, Kentucky. After their exchange tliey rejoined the regiment at I Castilian Springs, Tennessee. Many of the Kosciusko County boys distinguished themselves at Chickainauga, Mission Ridge, on 1 the Atlanta campaign, and at the battle of [ Jonesboro. Georgia, c<irried (with its brigade) the enemy's works, capturing four pieces of artillery and over 700 men.

Captain Jeremiah Kuder, of Warsaw {then Lieutenant), was rewarded by the Congress of the United States with a bronze medal for bravery displayed at that battle. May 19. 1865, it was discharged from service.

The Seventy-Seventh

contained a large number of men from this county. It was mustered into the cavalry service August 22, 1862, and four days later engaged in a battle at Madisonville. losing a number in killed and wounded. This regiment was known as the Fourth Cavalry, and did brilliant service at TuUahoma, Chattanooga, and at Fair Garden, January 27, 1864, they made a saber charge upon a rebel battery, capturing it, and more prisoners than there were men engaged in the charge. The gallant Lieutenant-Colonel Leslie was killed in this charge. Company C was detailed for escort duty fit the headquarters of General A. J. Smith, and was present at Vicksburi.r, and accompanied the ill-fated Red River expedition. The regiment was discharged J une 29, 1865.

The Eighty-third. Eighty-eighth Infantry and Ninetieth (Fifth Cavalry) regiments contained bnt few men from Kosciusko County. The tirst, during tiieir term of service, marched nearly 7,000 miles, and were 200 days under the enemy's fire. Tlie second distinguished itself at Perryville and Stone River, and took part in all subsequent movements of the Army of the Cumberland. The Fifth Cavalry engaged in twenty-two hard fought battles, captured from the enemy 640 prisoners and numerous pieces of artillery.

The One Hundred And Eighteenth Regiment

was organized for six nu>nths' service, and mustered into service September 16, 1863. Company A was from this county. Captain Henry A. White> commanding. The regiment was assigned to General Wilcox's command, and participated in the battle of Walker's Ford, December 2, 1863, and covered the retreat of the Fifth Indiana Cavalry in a most effective manner.

known as the Seventh Cavalry, mustered October 1, 1S63. Near Okolona, Mississippi. February 22, 1864, it made a saber charge upon the enemy, saved a battery, but left eighty-four of her brave men upon the field. At Egypt Station, December 21, they captured and destroyed a railroad train loaded with stores. At the close of the war, some that had been captured and confined in rebel pi'isons, and were returning home, were killed by the explosion of the steamer Sultana, at

The One Hundred and Tweiit^'-seventh (Twelfth Cavalry), and One Hundred and Twenty-ninth Infantry regiments were actively engaged during their term of service. Both were mustered in, in 1864, and the latter regiment contained a large number of men from this county. Their heaviest loss was at the battle of Wise's Forks, in March, 1865. August 27, 1865, they were mustered out of service.

The One Hundred And Thirty-Eighth Infantry

were one hundred day men, and entered the service May 27, 1864. They did guard duty during their term of service, along the lines of the Nash\ille & Chattanooga, Tennessee & Alabama, and Memphis & Charleston railroads, I'elieving the older regiments,which were sent to the front.

The One Hundred and Fifty-first enlisted for one year. March 3, 1865, it was mustered in, and performed post and garrison duty during the entire period of service.

Tiie Fifteenth, Twentieth and Twenty-third Batteries of Light Artillery were recruited in 1862, in which a number were enrolled from this county. They did hard fighting throughout the war. They participated in the Atlanta campaign, and followed the route taken by Sherman's army later.

Indiana sent many gallant soldiers to the field, but none were braver, better, or won greater renown, than did the regiments briefly mentioned, in all of which were men bred and born on the soil of Kosciusko County.

She sent over 2,000 of her patriotic sons to the front during the war, and her loyalty was further demonstrated by her liberal bounties paid enlisted men, and the care guaranteed the families of those who did enlist. The county commissioners met February 11, 1864, and authorized the appointment of Joseph A. Funk, as treasurer and payee of a monthly allowance of $5 to each wife, widow or widowed mother of every volunteer soldier enlisting subsequent to that date, and $1 per mouth for each child under twelve years of age. As a bounty $20 was oflered, to which, at a subsequent meeting held March 21, 1864, was offered $100 additional bounty. The auditor was instructed to draw ordei-s on the treasurer for the above amounts, when proper evidence was furnished of enlistment.

Brevet-Brigadier General Reub Williams, formerly Colonel Twelfth Regiment Indiana Infantry Volunteers, and member of the military commission which tried the Indiana treason conspirators in time of rebellion.

Colonel tToseph B. Dodge, Thirtieth Indiana Infantry Volunteers, and Commander of the famous Second Brigade, Second Division, Twentieth Army Corps, nearly two years, and President of General Court-Martial for the District of Tennessee.

Military History

liOM the first organizaf tioii of this county until the fonnation of tlie Republican party in 1856, the Whig and Democratic parties polled almost the same number of votes, with almost equal chances for their respective candidates. The tirst Democratic otticial ever elected in this county was Alfred Wilcox, who in IS-il was elected auditor, and served a seven years' term. He was followed by Jeremiah Burns, another Democrat of the Jacksonian type. In 185U the whigs gained in numbers and all the county ottices were tilled by members of that party. In 1864 the Republican majority was considerably lessened, but after the war closed the increased majority was marked and the State vote has steadily' grown, while the county majority fluctuates by reason of the formation of the Prohibition and Gi'eenback parties.

1852 was the Whig candidate for Lieutenant- Governor, and in a buggy, with his opponent, Ashbcl P. Willard, stumped the entire State, holding a joint discussion in every countv seat. Both were noted orators, but in that contest Williams was defeated, Indiana being a hopelessly Democratic State, but Williams ran 6,000 votes ahead of his ticket.

Plis turn came in 1866, when he was elected to Congress in the old Tenth District, defeating Robert Lowery, present Congressman of the Twelfth District.

Although a prominent Democratic politician, he was so popular that he was elected his own successor in 1874, and served in that position until the expiration of his term, when he was re-elected, serving until 1885, when he was appointed bj' President Cleveland Chief Justice of New Mexico.

The majority of the townships are Democratic on a strict party vote, and as the trustees elect the county superintendent of schools, occasionally a Democrat fills that postion. The Proliibition party had no county ticket in the field until 1SS6, and the vote ranged from 180 to 220. The Greenback party polled seventy-five votes for their State ticket in 1880, but that vote was reduced in 1884. In the county are some men who entertain the " greenback theory," but retain a membership with one or the otlier of the older parties. At the November election of 1886, 6,274 votes were cast in Kosciusko County, but the poll-books show 7,500 votes; a few of the legal voters will not exercise their right to the ballot, and consequently' are an unknown quantity in political matters.

The following official table gives the county oificers elect to date, except the county superintendent of schools, for which see under head " Education." That official is not elected by the people, but by the township trustees.

Distinguished Civilians

Hon. James S. Frazer was Member of the Mixed Commission between Great Britain and the United States; and was also Government Counsel in settlement of " Southern Claims," and Judge of the Supreme Court of the State of Indiana from January, 1865, to January, 1871.

Iiakles L. Mueiiay

made the first attempt to publish a paper within the borders of Kosciusko County; it was called the Kosciusko Republican, and published at the then flourishing lage of Monoquet, three miles nortli of Warsaw. Its first number was issued in 1845, and in politics it was Whig of the strictest kind - political parties being then divided under Whig and Democrat. At that time the strength of those parties was very nearly equal, and it took hard work for the Whigs to carry the day by more than a hundred votes. It will, therefore, be readily perceived that a newspaper representing the majority must necessarily be strongly partisan. At the time the Republican was projected the Harrises were striving, and at one time with good prospects of success, to make the town of Monoquet (named after the Indian village of that name in its vicinity) a manufacturing point, and an eye was also kept open for the purpose of securing the county seat. In the autumn of 1846 Mr. Murray sold the Kosciusko Republican to Messrs. Bair and Runyan, who removed it to Warsaw, continuing its publication under the same name, and advocating the same principles as their predecessor. Mr. Runyan soon retired, and the publication of the paper was continued under the supervision of Mr. Bair, often under very discouraging circumstances. The paper was successively conducted by A. J. & II. P. Bair, then H. P. Bair alone, till the time of his death. Billy Williams and G. W. Fairbrother then became proprietors, and conducted it for a year, when it passed into the hands of John Rogers and Reub Williams. The paper was then published by the firm of Rogers & Williams, the latter officiating as publisher and Rogers as editor. The junior member of this firm, Reub Williams, fulfilled his part of the contract until starvation stared both in the face, when he retired, leaving Rogers to battle with " nothing to eat '' ns best he could, he being the oldest and consiilered the best qnalitied to struggle with the grim, gaunt monster. Rogers conducted the paper by issuing two or three weeks in succession, getting out a half-sheet now and then, and often missing a week, until he got into difficulty with the Odd Fellows. He pitched into the lodge with a will, and they retaliated by withdrawing their support from him, causing a suspension of the Rejyuhlican altogether.

In the year 1848 T. L. Graves purchased from the Goshen Democrat a press known at the time as the "old sea serpent" - called so from the fact that every ornament connected with the castings was in the shape of a serpent. Mr. Graves brought the '-sea serpent" to Warsaw, and a paper called the Warsaw Democrat was soon after issued, with D. R. Pershing and Dr. A. B. Crihiield as editors. At the time that Rogers and the Odd Fellows were having their dispute, Renb Williams and George W. Fairbrother started the Northern lyidianian, with George W. Copeland as political editor and George R. Thralls as local editor. The original cost of the entire office, including type, presses, etc., with a keg of ink and two bundles of paper, was just $428, and from this small beginning has grown the present well-equipped, extensive steam printing establishment of that name. During the lirst year of its existence it did not miss a single number, and although its publishers were ofttimes put to " their wits' ends" to lay it before its readers regularly each week, they succeeded, it being the first paper which had ever started in the county that accomplished this feat. At the close of the first volume Mr. Fairbrother decided to remove to the West, and with many doubts and misgivings Reub Williams became proprietor, Copeland removed to Goshen, and George R. Thralls became editor. From that time until the T iidlanuni was sold to C. G. Mugg it was a success. After that Reub Williams, its present editor, was prevailed upon to start another paper, and in December, 1859, the Lake City Commercial was started by Reub AVilliams and G. W. Elliott, and at once a bitter personal warfare sprang up between the two papers, which lasted until their consolidation in September, 1860, under the supervision of Mr. Williams. Upon the breaking out of the war of the Rebellion, Reub Williams relinquished his connection with the Indlaniaii.. and was succeeded by Messrs. Carpenter it Funk, who sold the establishment to F. T. Luse, who publislied it until 1864, when II. C. Rippey became its proprietor, and early in 1866 it again passed into the hands of its present editor, Reub Williams. In July, 1868, a partnership was formed betw'een Reub Williams and Quincy A. Hossler, which continued until 1875. During the latter portion of this time they purchased the Fort Wayne daily and weekly Gazette, which they conducted until July, 1876.

founded by Quincy A. Hossler in January, 1877, was consolidated September 1, 1882, with the Indiaiiian, and the publication has been a success in every respect. The Indianian-RejJuhlican is the official Republican organ in a Republican county; General Reub Williams, editor; Q. A. Hossler, business manager. A fine gas engine furnishes the motive power to run the extensive machinery of their printing establishment. The Daily Indianian was started as an experiment by Mr. Williams September 1, 1880. and after the consolidation, was continued, the name being changed to the Warsaw Daily Times. This is now in its sixth year, and has long jiassed the experimental problem.

January 1, 1885, Messrs. AVilliains & Hossler coirmienced the publication of the Intel' Mountain, a literary and story paper which meets with much favor.

The Warsaw National Union

The Warsaw Experiment was started in the early part of 1859, by C. G. Mugg. Henry C. Rippey purchased the office and changed it to the Warsaw Union in 1860, and continued the publication of the Union for nearly a j'ear, when his course was deemed unsatisfactory to the Democracy of Kosciusko County, and the office passed into the hands of E. V. Long and Dr. T. Davenport, the former becoming its editor, and John Foulke, publisher. Under this management the Union was conducted until May, 1864, at which time Y. J. Zimmerman became proprietor and publisher, with E. V. Long as political editor. The office was situated in the third story of Thrall's brick building, on Center street, and consisted of one Washington hand-press and a small assortment of type and other material, the whole valued at $650. F. J. Zimmerman published it until January, 1866, when he sold it to A. G. Wood, who subsequently leased the office to two printers. Young and Capp; it, however, reverted to Mr. Wood, when S. S. Baker and M. L. Crawford became publishers, during 1867, Mr. Wood being editor, and continued under this management until April, 1868, when it was purchased by the present proprietor and editor. At this time the Union was a seven-column folio sheet, unattractive and meagerly sustained, the office having been removed to the third atory of White's brick, opposite the Wright House, where it continued until May, 1870, when it took up the line of march to the third story of Haymond's building (the present postoffice building). The paper had now grown in size and iinproved in appearance, and settled to a solid basis.

In May, 1874, the office was removed to its present home on Buffalo street, opposite the County Office Building. Here it is issued every Friday.

The y^^v&iiW National Union is the organ of the Democratic party of Kosciusko County, is now in its twenty-sixth volume - a handsome six-colun)n quarto, with greatly increased facilities. Its editor and proprietor, F. J. Zimmerman, is noted for untiring industry, and is ambitious to make his paper a necessity in every household; himself a practical printer and self-made, everything about him has the air of utility.

The Reveille

made its appearance in January, 1867, at Pierceton, published by the Pierceton Press Association, and was edited by Messrs. Beck, Jamison, Perkins and Galleher, successively. Beck brought the press from Bourbon, Marshall County, Indiana, where it had been used in the publication of a paper (name unknown), and sold to W. B. Galleher in 1868, who made it a Republican paper and published it for a few months, when, failing to make the required payments, the association took it back and sold it to W. M. Kist, who changed the name to the Independent, made it neutral in politics, subsequently failed and sold the press and material to S. S. Baker, of Warsaw, who removed it to Wabash County and used it in the publication of a Democratic paper, entitled the Wabash Democrat.

September 12, 1885, Mr. Baker brought his material, formerly the stock of the Bourbon Democrat, to Warsaw, and commenced the publication of the Hoosier Democrat. The paper, true to name, is an e.xponent of Democratic doctrine, is fairly patronized in spite of strenuous opposition and bids fair to sustain itself S. S. Baker is not only a concise writer, but is a practical printer and his family are all familiar with the " Art Preservative.'' published by J. A. Wertz, was started as an independent paper, but in November, 1886, was consolidated with a prohibition paper established at Leesburgh a short time before; under the present management the paper will advocate tlie Prohibition policy.

After the lieveille was removed, Piercetou was without a paper for one year, when the PdUadium was started, under tiie management of the Foster brothers; but this gave way in a short time.

matter was printed at the othce of the Nartherii Indianian, Warsaw. This ran until September, 1878, when he removed to Decatur, Adams County, Indiana, where he published the Adams Cov.nty Union, a Democratic journal.

January 8, 1879, the Independent, a tivecolumu paper, published by Foster k Brother, Pierceton, made its appearance. It was neutral in politics and religion, and was conducted with profit for five years, when L. W. Eyerie purchased the material, and two years later moved it to Goshen, Indiana.

Pierceton has not been without a home paper for many years, but the enterprise of the Messrs. Hiram F. Smith and E. C. Ryerson deserves especial mention.

These gentlemen ei-ected, in the summer of 1886, a new and commodious printing office, and fitted it with steam power, which operates their press . and other machinery. The first number of the Pierceton Record was issued by them August 26, 1886, and as noted by the press of the county, is a model of neatness. It is independent in all things, a livecolumn quarto and a credit to the publishers and to Pierceton.

The Bar

!^0 the Hon. James S. Frazer the historian is under obligations for ^ most ot" the data from wliich this chapter is compiled. The bar of Kosciusko County has alw^ajs contained men noted for scholarly attainments, and some of them have attained an enviable judicial position. 8hoiild Ikp important omissions have oc- H^" curred, the difficulty in obf4$^ taining absolute data must be taken into consideration, a half century having elapsed since the opening of this chapter.

The following is believed to embrace all of the regular attorneys at any time residents of the county, and strictly engaged in the practice of the profession.

John B. Chapman was oni^ of the earliest white residents of the county: he became prosecuting attorney, and later a member of the Legislature. Partial deafness compelled

Clement B. Simonson was the tirst resident lawyer in Warsaw, establishing himself here in 1836. He removed to Gibson County in 1848, and died there.

Arnold S. Fairbeothkk was the iirst county recorder, and continued in that office, also in the practice of his profession, until his death, which occurred in 1846.

Wm. C. Graves was elected clerk of the Circuit Court in 1836, and was admitted to the bar in 1836. He was continued in office until 1847, when he declined to serve longer. Subsequently he retired from practice, and engaged in banking and mercantile pursuits. He was several times a member of the Legislature, both as Senator and Representative. His death occurred in December, 1884, at his home in Warsaw.

Andrew J. Baie located in Warsaw in 1844, and became a partner of Arnold Fairbrother. After a few years he retired from the profession and began a mercantile busi-

Professional

David S. Snydee located in Warsaw in 1845. One year later he removed to Rensselaer, Indiana, where he became a prominent lawyer, and later a member of the State Legislature.

James S. P'razee came to Warsaw in 1845. Judge Frazer has been three times a member of the State Legislature; served as prosecuting attorney, Judge of the Supreme Court of the State, member of the American and British mixed commission under the treaty of 1871, commissionei' to revise the laws of the State, and has held various other places of public trust. He labored effectively to secure a State system of free schools; was the author of the school law of 1855, the first successful legislation of the State upon that subject. Nearly all of its provisions yet remain in full force. It was strongly opposed at the time, and only by the most strenuous and untiring efforts, during an entire session, was its yjassage secured. He is still pi-acticing his ]>rofession in Warsaw.

William Williams studied law in Warsaw, and came to the bar in 1845. After ten years of practice he retired from the profession and engaged for several years in trade and banking. He served two terms as county treasurer, and in 1852 was the Whig candidate for Lieutenant- Cxovernor. In 1866 he was elected to Congress, serving six years. He represented the Government of the L^nited States as "Charge D' Affaires," at Monte Video, from 1881 to 1885. He is yet living, and as a public speaker is highly gifted.

Emanuel Harmon caine to the county in 1840. Eight years later he went to London, England, and for many years no tidings have been lieard of him.

George W. Caenlis came to Warsaw in 1847, remained two years, and removed to Randolph County, where he died, having previously abandoned the profession.

Andrew J. Power studied with Judge Frazer, and came to the bar in 1854. His practice was successful until his death, which occurred in April, 1860, at his home in Warsaw. He served one term as a member of the State Legislature.

James H. Carpenter was a student in Judge Frazer's office, and was admitted ti^ the bar in 1853. He had been a physician, and served as Major of cavalry during the war of the Rebellion, and served a term as judge of tlie Court of Common Pleas. He removed to Garrett, DeKalb County, Indiana, in 1880, and was employed as attorney for the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company until his death in 1882. Judge Carpenter was a man of great energy, and a most formidable legal adversary.

Geoege W. Frasier located in Warsaw in 1852, having been engaged previously in practice at Lagrange, Indiana. He was an able advocate and prominent politician, but never sought official honors. He served one term in the State Legislature, and died at Warsaw in 1872.

Elisha V. Long was a student of .ludge Stanfield, of South Bend, Indiana; came to Warsaw and began practice in 1858. He was an active and prominent Democratic politician. In 1872 he was appointed judge of the Circuit Court, to which position he was afterward twice elected by the people. He is now Chief Justice of the Territory of New Mexico.

practice in Wai'suw in 1S5S. lie was a brilliant man and had many friends. Failing health caused his retirement from the profession in 1874. His death occurred at his home in Silver Lake.

Edgar Haymond studied law with George Holland, of Brookville, Indiana. He located ill Warsaw in 1859, where he has since resided, and has achieved an excellent reputation as an attorney. He was once an unsuccessful candidate for circuit judge, but has often served upon the bench by special appointment.

JoHX F. Caples, of Ohio, located in Warsaw in 1859, renuiined three years and removed to Portland, Oregon, where he has attained a high rank as an attorney.

Hiram S. Biggs was a student witli Judge Frazer, and came to the bar in 1864. Several times he has been elected mayor of Warsaw. He was an unsuccessful candidate for circuit judge, and has served one term in the State Legislature. Mr. Biggs was the hi-st native of this count}' to enter the legal profession.

Charles W. Chapman was a student under Judge Frazer in 1847. but later turned his attention to mercantile pursuits. He paid little attention to the practice of law until 18fi5, and has never devoted his whole attention to it. lie has served in both houses of the Legislature and was Colonel of the Seventh Indiana Regiment during the war of the Rebellion.

Woodson S. Marshall was a student of Judge David Turpie, of Monticello. He was a Lieutenant during the late civil war, and in 1865 located in Warsaw.

Haymond, and came to the bar in 1868. He was a private soldier during the war of the Rebellion. He served as prosecuting attorney from 1868 until his death in 1872.

Andrew G. Wood was First Lieutenant of Company H, One Hundred and Twenty-third Indiana Yoluuteer Infantry, during the war; studied law in Marysville, Union County, Ohio, and located in Warsaw in 1865. Attorney Wood was for a short time connected with the press of this city, and for a brief period acted as postmaster, receiving the appointment from President Johnson. He has also been a member of the city council, and is an able and energetic lawyer.

Leigh H. Haymond studied law with Thomas B. Adams, and made a location in Warsaw in 1870. He has held the office of justice of the peace, and was prosecnting attorney from 1872 until 1876. He was deputy revenue collector in 1871-'72.

Sampson J. North resides in Milford, where he made a location in 1860. He served as Captain of a company during the war, and has been a candidate for Legislative honors.

Joseph H. Taylor took his degree in law at the Michigan State University in 1868, and located at Pierceton the following year. In that village he served as justice of the peace from thatdate until his election as county (derk in 1878. His re-election occurred at the expiration of his first term, which office he holds until November 1, 1887.

Robert B. Encell was a student of Lion. Columbus Delano, of Mount Vernon, Ohio. After practicing ten years at Van Wert, Ohio, Mr. Encell located at AVarsaw in 1869. He is an active and able politician, but thus far

Lemuel W. Royce, a native of this connty, came to the bar in 1874 and has since practiced in partnership with Edgar Haymond. Has been prosecuting attorney, and is now mayor of the city of Warsaw.

Commodore Clemans came to the bar in 1862; without preliminary study, but with great industry, notwithstanding great physical infirmity, he has acquired a fine standing professionally and has quite an extensive practice. His residence has always been at Pierceton.

Edwin S. Higbee is a native of Milford, where he has alwaj's resided. In 1876 he was admitted to the bar, and has since been a partner of Captain Korth, with whom he studied law.

WiiiLiAM D. Frazer is a native of Warsaw and a graduate of AVabash College. His law studies were completed with his father, Judge Frazer, M'hose partner he became and which has been continued to date. He came to the bar in 1875, and has been twice a member of the Legislature.

James W. Cook is a graduate of De Pauw University; studied law with Judge Carpenter, and came to the bar in 1875. Is a partner of Hiram S. Biggs; has been twice elected prosecuting attorney, which office he now holds.

John D. Widaman studied law one year in Pennsylvania, and completed his reading with Woodson S. Marshall. He came to the bar in 1875, and was prosecuting attorney in 1880.

Francis E. Bowser, a native of this county, studied law with W. S. Marshall. Mr. Bowser came to the bar in November, 1885, and has since May, 1886, been a partner of A. G. Wood.

There are other lawyers residing in the connty who practice in the courts and are known as "constitutional" lawyers, but do not belong to the bar in a regular sense of the term.

Pursuant to previous notice, a meeting of the members of the medical profession residing in the county, who, previous to this, were members of the "Union Medical Society of Northern Indiana," was held at the court-house in Warsaw, at 2 o'clock v. m., for the purpose of organizing the " Kosciusko County Medical Society," agreeable to the provisions of the charter granted by the General Assembly of this State at their last session.

On motion, the society proceeded to elect permanent officers for the ensuing year, which resulted as follows: President, Dr. liowland Willard; Recording Secretary, Dr. George W. Stacey; Treasurer, Dr. Andrew B. Crihfield; Committee to draft a Constitution and By-Laws, Drs. Jackson, Fosdick and Will- iani Parks; Committee to draw bill of prices and code of ethics, Drs. Stacey, Crihtield and E. It. Parks; Board of Censors, Drs. John Jackson, G. W. Fosdick and Rowland Willard.

The next meeting was held at Leesburgh, where a constitntion and by-laws were adopted. The following became members: A. C. Jackson, W. S. McBride, W. W. Martin, Daniel Whitinger, William E. Sarber, E. S. Higbee, Russell Brace, Matthew Roche, J. K. Leedy, G. W. Parks, Theodore Davenport, D. Bowman, S. C Gray, L. B. Boggs, J. A. Chandler, L. E. Terry and Henry Gilbert.

A seal was adopted, and license was given, after passing satisfactory examination, to practice medicine in tiiis State. The records of the society show the names of a number of talented physicians who have, and many are yet, practicing this noble profession in the county. Some of the most renowned have passed away, but their places were promptly mied by men of equal talent, but who require time to demonstrate the fact and fill with the same degree of popularity' the places of their predecessors.

One of the old residents of the county, and a physician of merit, died November 27, 1886, at his home in Sevastopol. To the memory of Dr. A. M. Towle the physicians of Kosciusko owe reverence.

For thirty-five consecutive years he practiced medicine and surgery in this county, and his quiet, unassuming manners won for him the respect of the whole people as well as the profession of which he was an honored member.

Dr. A. M. Towle was the father of the "eclectic practice" in this county, and despite the fact that the " regular code " made no recognition of that system of practice, yet his abilities as a physician met with such recognition by both the public and the grand body of professional gentlemen, that to consult with him was accorded both an honor and pleasure. The memories of such men will live forever.

The present otficers of the society are: I. B. Webber, President; C. R. Long, Vice- President; T. J. Shackleford, Secretary; J. H. Davisson, Treasurer; Drs. F. Moro, F. M. Pearman, J. B. Hazel, Censors.

The membership is composed of young and earnest men, all of whom are having a good practice. Of these, Drs. Joseph M. Bash, Benjamin Burket, Calvin Burket, J. H. Davisson, Francis Moro, T. J. Shackleford and I. B. Webber are i-esidents of Warsaw; Dr. L. B. Bacon, of Packerton; Irvin J. Becknell, of Milford; Geo. W. Brown and J. B. Hazel, of Claypool; li. O. King, Charles R. Long and T. F. Moody, of Pierceton; Francis M. Pearman, of Palestine, and H. M. Swygart, of Atwood. There are many other physicians residing in the county who are not members of this society, but share alike with them in practice. Among those might be mentioned Drs. George Ketchum, of Claypool ; John Heffly, of Mentone; Thomas Cammack, of Milford, whose diploma antedates that of any physician practicing in the county; Drs. P. E. Terry and James M. Amiss, of Silver Lake; Dr. F. S. Williams, of Burkett, and many others.

Dr. William Hayes, of Pierceton, is the oldest practicing physician in the county. Although seventy-three years of age, he still rides in consultation, and has quite an extensive ofiSce practice. He has spent his income with a lavish hand, and Pierceton owes to his liberality much of her business prosil

Among the noted physicians, who, while living, enjoyed an enviable place in the profession, was Dr. Isaac Jennings, of Franklin Towiiship,who was further distinguished by his services in the General Assembly in 1853-'54.

Dr. Ed Parks and Dr. Gray, of Warsaw, and Dr. Davenport, of Leesburgh, were men of such character as deserve perpetuation of memory by the physicians of Kosciusko County. Their integrity, enterprise and virtues will live even unto the remotest gen eration.

Miscellaneous County Buildings

HE grandeur of the new court-house building is surpassed l)y few in the west. It stantls in the center of the block \fi bounded by Main, Buftalo, Center and Lake streets, and was completed in 1884. All the county officers have elegant oflices in the building, which is furnished througliout in modern style. The whole width, exclusive of steps, is 99 feet 10 inches; length, 159 feet 6 inches; height to top of tower, 162 feet 3 inches, building is of stone, three stories, without the basement, which contains the janitor's apartments, apparatus for heating, etc.

Filling, grading and preparing grnnnds for buildings, $576.90; printing specitications, advertising for bids, etc., $380.80; analyzing stone, $20; steam heating, $7,- 228.75; service pipe for gas, $55.45; bell and clock, $2,300; gas fi.Ktures, chandeliers for court-room, halls and offices, $1,049; changes made and addition to building on special iMutract. $2,105.31; frescoing courtroom, halls, rotunda, etc., $1,667.81 ; architect's commission on contract, including pa}' for local superintendents, $7,445.90; county commissioners, for time in session, and including traveling expenses, visiting stone quarries and court-houses to perfect plans, $2,730.25; furniture, desks, counters, chairs.

sum total of expenditures in its erection and completion, covering time from April 1, 1880, to June 1, 1884, and a brief sketch of former county buildings shows unmistakably the rapid growth of business and demands of the carpets of court-room, and linoleum oil-cloth for offices, $4,382.95; attorneys' allowance for advice in matters pertaining to contract, $208.10; cistern and cess-pool, $198.43; Hiniin Iddinsrs. contractor and builder, $161.-

121.81; t(jtal amount paid out to date, $191,- 421.4:6; balance j'et due contractor held for final settlement, and tiling sub-contractors' vouchers, $6,378.19; makes total cost of building and furnishinc; complete, $197,- 799.65.^

The records of the tirst court show that an adjournment M'as taken from Leesbiirgli to Warsaw, and convened the second term of court at the house of Jacob Losier, from which an adjournment was taken to the courthouse. This was a temporary structure located on lot 101, northeast corner of Center and Indiana streets, built in the winter and spring of 1837 - a one-story frame, 20 X 30 feet - court-room divided off twenty feet square, leaving two rooms ten feet square each, for jury-rooms. The first term of court was held here in March, 1837, Judge Samuel C. Sample presiding; Judges Comstock and Perrine, Associate Judges; Itichard II. Lansdale. Clerk; Isaac Kirkendall, Sheriff. The attorneys present were G. A. Everts, of La Porte, E. M. Chamberlain and John B. Chapman, of (tosIicu, Kosciusko County.

During the summer of 1837 a tire caught in the leaves of the redbrush and burnt down the court-house, to the relief of the citizens generally. During the summer and fall of the same year (1837) a two-story house was built on the same ground, and continued in use until 1848, when a court-house, in the center of court-house square, was completed. This building was of wood, and cost $4,200. The county offices were in a substantial twostory brick building, north of the courthouse, built at a cost of about $4,500. The first jail was built shortly after the first courthouse (that burned). It was of logs about fourteen inches square; the lower story was "double-thick," the upper single. The only entrance to the lower part was through a trap-door in the floor of the upi)er story, through which prisoners were let down by a ladder, which was then pulled up and the door shut down. The building was about sixteen feet square, and situated near the center of the court-house square. This subsequently gave way to a brick structure in one corner of the court-house square, and this in turn to the spacious, substantial stone building, including the sheriff's residence, overlooking the lake from Indiana street. The building is one of the most tasteful in architectural unity in the State; it was cotnpletcd in 1870, at a cost of $48,000.

The infirmary of Kosciusko County is a large, fine brick building, 40 x 80 feet square, two stories high. It is situated on a slight elevation near the Peru road, on tli(! county farm, about one and a half miles south of Warsaw, and was built in 1874. Hi'adfoi'd (t. Cosgrovo was th(^ architect, and Charli'S W. Chapman, contractor. The cost, completed, was $7,400. It is well managed by the superintendent, William Lyons. The farm consisted of 115 acres of excellent, ti ickly timbered land, nearly 100 of which are now under a fine state of cultivation. The unfortunates that are compelled, by accident or misfortune, to subsist on the charities of the public, are well cared for, and all their actual wants are supplied.

Geological

Dr. F. Moro has from his explorations and scientific analysis furnished very valuable proofs regarding the geological and drift formation of the soil in this county. From the farm of Metcalf Peck he obtained specimens of ore and soil, which, after being analyzed, furnished the following, which was copied from a letter from the doctoi' t(; Mr. Beck: soil wliicli I obtained from the iield upon your farm. * * * As 3'ou may not be able to make out the symbols, I will here explain: No. A is terras sulphate, or green vitriol, chemically pure. I obtained it from those chunks of ore brought to the city with tis. B was obtained by washing the earth and allowing the finer portions to precipitate, drying, etc. This is a very line mineral paint, yielding nearly tifty pounds to every one hundred pounds. Chemically, red oxide of iron. * * * U is a pure oxide of iron - the finest paint, and is used by workers in gold and silver for polishing, called in commerce " Colcothar," or jeweler's rouge. It is absolutely free from vegetable matter. I find in tliat Soil 25 per cent, of vegetable matter, which would make it produce fair, and in favorable seasons, good crops."

Kosciusko County lies within the drift formation of the Bowlder Ejioch, the Upper Silurian being covered with transported material to a depth probably of 150 feet on the southeast, to 200 feet on the northwest of the county, the range of stratification being from southeast to northwest with a dip of 10°. The bowlder drift over Kosciusko County is seventy feet in depth, a stiff tenacious clay, with an occasional parting of sand, transient rock and pebbles. At some parts this clay is termed " hard-pan," is impervious to water, and serves as the bottom for many lakes in this county. These deposits extend over the whole of Northern Indiana, and were brought from the great lakes by glacial agency - great fields of ice floating in a sea which then covered the whole Mississippi Valley, and from the Polar Sea to the Gulf of Mexico. They deposited their loads of granite, basalt, spar, iron and clay over this jwrtion of the State. Attrition, erosion and atmospheric agencies have decomposed these formations, and the homogeneous

Almost every township has a body of fine lacustral clay well adapted to the manufacture of tile, brick, and in some localities the finer grades of stoneware. Various compounds of iron, red, yellow, brown, buff and dark red, are found in large quantities in the townships of Seward, Clay and Jackson. The course of the Tippecanoe River is marked with deposits of bog iron, and its presence is discovered in many of the marshes and bogs of the county. Some of the ore of this section was smelted in the furnaces at Rochester and other places, proving that the iron, while not in paying quantities, was of superior quality.

There are extensive peat beds in many portions of the county which will jii'oduce abundant fuel for an unlimited time. Where the Pittsburg, Fort AVayne & Chicago Railroad crosses the marsh east of Warsaw, a considerable portion of the track sank out of sight, which is proof positive that sunken lakes exist. When this portion of the road disappeared, clear water filled with fish covered the space.

The well of Henry D. Geiger, at Silver Lake, shows a temperature of 54:°, and by analysis gives slight acid reaction. The waters afford a mild chalybeate tonic, and show eighteen grains of solid matter to the gallon, with traces of carbonic acid gas, silicic acid, lime, magnesia, soda, potash, sulphur and iron.

While digging a well on the high ridge west of Warsaw, Mr. H. Smith found a bone from the foot of a mastadon twenty-six feet below the surface in coarse gravel.

A six-pronged elk's horn was found in Harrison Township two feet below the surface, and in A\^ishington Township petrified moss. A few tribolites and crinoids have been found, and these fossils and petrifactions have been sent to the State Geologist and Franklin College. Liberal appropriations should be made by the State for a proper geological survey.

Much of the early school liistorj will be perused in the condensed township history. The first schools, and in fact until 1850 almost every school in the county, was taught upon the " subscription " plan.

As early as 1843, Dr. G. W. Stacy was appointed by the county commissioners as " school examiner." His duties consisted in granting a certificate, or " license " to teachers making application. In early days a "license" was granted after an examination in the four fundamental branches, viz., orthography, reading, writing and arithmetic. English grammar was not considered an essential feature, and in most instances the teacher knew nothing al)out grammar, ami mathematics jiuzzled them after the pupil had passed long division. One of the best teachers this county produced, at an early day, was Joseph A. Funk, a man who has always done much to advance the educational interests of the whole country. George R. Thralls succeeded Dr. Stacy as examiner, and was followed by Joseph Funk, from 1848 to 1855. The school law of 1853 authorized the commissioners to appoint three men as examiners, which resulted in choosing Messrs. L. D. Barnett and S. R. Gordon to aid Mr. Funk, who had been retained for several years. In 1861 an act was passed by the State Legislature empowering the commissioners to appoint an examiner for three years. James H. Carpenter was one of the first under that act, and his resignation was followed by the ajjpointment of Walter Scott, who also resigned in 1869. W. L. Matthews filled his unexpired term, when, by reason of another act providing for this official, the trustees of the diftorent townships elected a county superintendent of schools, W. L. Matthews being chosen to that position, which was retained until 1872, when E. J. McAlpine was elected and served two terms of three years each. Professor S. D. Anglin was his successor in 1880, whose second term expires in June of this year. The schools of this county have, of late years, reached a high state of perfection, which may be largely attributed to the painstaking efforts upon the part of the county superintendent, S. D. Anglin, who has perhaps done more than any other man to perfect the present educational system. The co-operation of the teachers has likewise given the cause of education an impetus that is truly encouraging, and the foundation has been laid for the rapid advancement that the future will surely bring.

From age to age the methods of teaching have been changed or modified to meet the new wants of each new generation, occasioned by successive advances in civilization. The children we teach are ever variable factors in the school system.

This is an age of marvelous develo])meut, and the schools are the organic growth of our society. They represent the spirit of the atre, and those who desii-e to be of any use therein must come to the front, burn the bridges behind and get ready for the fight. The true teacher must e.xercise the true faith of a martyr. The question is asked, What do the common schools yield on the investment?" The return from the mine and the factory is estimated monthly, the school returns must be made in the great future, and cannot be expressed in dollars and cents. The primary object of education is the perfection of the individual, and this is attained only by the harmonious action and full developments of all his powers. Every step we take, every year that passes over our heads, only tends to show that to teach well, to elevate the minds of children, to implant in them .good and moral principles, to send them from school in a tit state to take their part in the community, in whatever portion of the business life may be intrusted to them, is one of the most important and difficult tasks which any man can undertake.