Center Township (part 1 of 2)

Center Township

honest and industrious efforts of his manhood have been successful in gaining him a support in life, and established for himself a good name and character. He was married November 2, 1882, wedding Louisa Frolibieter, daughter of John H. and Ingel Frohbieter, both natives of German^'. She was born in Scott township, August 16, 1859. To this marriage have been born two children, John, born September 20, 1883, and Ola, born September 13, 1885. At the time of his marriage Mr. Schomburg settled down where he now lives and began farming for a life occupation. He began life with a limited capital, and now owns eighty-one acres of good land. In the summer of 1887, by accident he lost his right arm, and was thus disqualified for farm labor. In the spring election of 1888, his fellow-citizens called upon him to till the important position of township trustee, and to this position he was elected in April of the same year. He is a man of clear judgment, and is able to fill the office with credit. He has a fair German education, and although he attended the English schools but little, he reads and writes the English language, and is generally well informed. He is a warm friend to education and educational interests, as all intelligent citizens should be. In politics he is a democrat. He and his wife are members of the German Lutheran church. Center Township was organized September 6, 1843. Originall}' its territory was divided between the ancient townships of Pigeon and Armstrong, and later its northern part belonged to Scott township, and for three years its southern part to Knight township, as at first constructed. It is now bounded on the north by Scott township, on the east by Warrick county, on the south by Knight and Pigeon townships, and on the west by Perry and German townships. Its surface is hilly and the soil thin, though, by proper cultivation, productive. The southern border is swept by Pigeon creek, the largest stream traversing the interior of the count}' of Vanderburgh. Other smaller streams are found among its hills, chief of them being Blue Grass creek, so named by the earliest settlers, who found blue grass growing about its vicinity. To this da}' a considerable part of the township is called "blue grass country." Originally the entire township was heavily timbered.

Early Settlers. - In the spring of 1808, the progressive pioneer, James Anthony, while exploring Pigeon creek, discovered what he considered a good mill-seat, and believing in the early and rapid settlement of the country, proceeded to Vincennes, where, on July 28, he made the first entry of land in the township. His mill was not built until 1814, and whether or not he took up his residence here at an earlier date can not be determined. It was not until iSio or 181 1, that settlers came in with the intention of making this new country their homes or becoming freeholders, and of establishing a civilized community in forests where still lingered the smoke from the savage's wigwam, and the constant howl of the wolf.

Among the first, came John Sharer, Matthias Whetstone, George Linxweiler, Absalom Vann and Nathan Young. John Sharer, with rare good luck, discovered what was later known as the Ingle spring, and near there raised his rude cabin. He at once cleared a garden spot and cornfield, and planted a peach orchard, which in a few years bore e.xcellent fruit. He was a "good citizen, for some time a magistrate, and in the later years of his life a part owner of the Negley grist-mill. The Matthias Whetstone farm on the old Princeton road a short distance north of Mechanicsville, in section 32, wa§ a w'ell known locality in early times. For many years the residence there was kept as a public-house or tavernstand and became justly celebrated. There were three brothers of the elder Whetstones, David, Matthias and Henr^^ The Vanns and Youngs formed a part of the Whetstone settlement. They were all Kentuckians, and valuable pioneer citizens. Peter, a son of David Whetstone, fell into disgrace. He stole a horse, was apprehended, examined and held to bail, his father becoming his suret}^. When court met Peter did not appear, and the bond was forfeited. The payment of the forfeiture completely ruined David Whetstone.

George Linxweiler, the progenitor of the large and well-known family of that name, and one of the first Germans to migrate to this part of the great west, who landed in Indiana territory opposite the mouth of Green river, in March, 1806, and for a time lived on the widely known J. B. Stinson farm in Perr}- township, came to the Whetstone settlement in iSii and there founded his home. Industrious, economical, and honorable, he at once gained the respect of the settlers and through a long life of usefulness maintained a high position in popular esteem. His sons, William, Christ, and Isaac, and their descendants, have been conspicuous in developing the township and county.

To the south of this settlement, on the high hills near Pigeon creek, a few years later, Thomas Skelhorn settled; and soon afterward came Jonathan Goss. This place was long known as the Skelhorn hill. Between Skelhorn's and Whetstone's, Ashley Stanfield entered land and built his humble home. For some time his cabin stood solitary and alone in all that section. Then George France pushed his way into the wilderness and became Stanfield's neighbor. A dozen years or more passed, however,

From the oldest states, and from across the sea, came enterprising and intelligent men and women. Among the first of these were D. F. Goldsmith and Everton Kennerly, both useful and prominent men in their da}'^, each serving as county commissioner at different times, and being closely connected with the public affairs of the county. The former built the first court-house in Evansville, and the latter was well known as a faithful guardian of the public interests. In 1S18, Judge William Olmstead emigrated from New York, and David Negley from Pennsylvania. These men were intelligent citizens, and did nmch to give tone and sentiment to society. Judge Olmstead was early called to the bench as an associate justice, served acceptably as county commissioner, and by his pure and wise private and public life rose to a lofty place in the esteem of his countrymen. Deacon Negley, as he was called, soon became the proprietor of the well-known mill site on Pi<reon creek. Here with apparent fitness, a few words of description maj- be devoted to this useful institution of the olden times. The first mill was erected by James Anthony, as early as 1S14. This was a rude log structure about twent\-four feet square, with a clapboard roof, the boards being pinned on with wooden pegs - not a bit of iron being used in its construction. One side of the house rested on posts set far out in the stream, and the other on the edge of the bank. There was one run of buhrs driven by an undershot wheel of small dimensions, against which the ally in bad repair. The meal produced by this mill was of a very inferior quality. Deacon Negley paid $5,000 for the mill property, the favorable location being the onlv valuable part of the purchase. Joel Lambert, of Henderson, Ky., a man of means, associated himself with Mr. Negley, and they soon added improvements which became a great help to the surrounding countrv. The mill was the centre of attraction for all the settlers within a radius of forty miles. Previous to its operation, settlers had their grinding done at Red Banks, or resorted to the old-fashioned pestle and mortar to pulverize their corn. The Negley mill stood for many years, being at length destroyed by fire.

Most of those who came from the shires of England passed on to Scott township, but the good influence of their integrity and intelligence spread through all the settlements. For convenience sake most of the settlers occupied lands along the state road, running from Evansville to Princeton, then an established highwav, though but partially c\it out. The first to push to the eastward and open up the forests away from the road was Charles Mcjohnston, the elder, a progressive Irishman, who, in 1S19, floated his boat up Pigeon creek, and landed at the Skelhorn hill. There he unloaded his household goods and farm implements, among which were two wagons, the first brought to this part of the countrv. After looking about for a desirable location he settled in the northern part of the township, and very soon thereafter became a freeholder. He acted an honorable part in the early history of the county, and his children and his children's children have preserved in honor the ancestral name. Charles Mcjohnston, who as a boy, nine years of age, came with his father, still lives on the lands which in those early days, with many a sturdy blow, he helped to rescue from their wild state. Near Mcjohnston's, to the southward, was the honie of William Erskine, who reached the countv about Christmas,

About this time came Joshua Stephens, a tanner by trade, who afterward became well known in all parts of the county. In about two years thereafter a brother of this man, Silas Stephens, a saddler who had learned his trade as an apprenticed lad, also came into the neighborhood, and afterward the two were joined by their father, David. These were as honorable and clever men as could be found. They were men of principle, of integrity, and of considerable natural ability, but without the adornments of polite education. By industry and economy they rose rapidly; Silas to the bench as an associate justice, and Joshua to a high place in the affections of the people. At first Joshua conducted a tannery,, and Silas a saddlery, both on a small scale; they enlarged their business as the country grew and became leading citizens and wealthy men for their day. While working at his bench in a small shop, Silas won the affections of JuHa, the daughter of Gen. Evans, whom all were wont to praise as a sweet character. The marriage was solemnized in the good old-fashioned way, and the "infair" was attended by all the leading people of the day.

The first settlers in Blue Grass were Alanson Baldwin, William Patterson, Cyrus Paul, Gen. Ramsey, and others who came in about 1819. They were all from New England, and composed what was known as the Yankee settlement. They were intelligent, industrious people, all of them; knew how to make ax-handles, cradles, shingles, and all sorts of devices to add to the comfort of frontier life. The backwoodsmen had not been used to the many contrivances devised by these ingenious Yankees and looked with amazement at the results of their work. William Blevans, an old-time shoemaker, Davis Bullock, a grand railsplitter, Julius Gibson, a successful hunter, Parker Aydelotte, James Russell, Porter Fuller, Sylvester Boardman, W. C. Osborn, Benjamin F. Barker, Henry Wagoner, Daniel and Zera Fairchild, Thomas Ward, James Collins, E. Waters, S. M. Ross, Thomas Hooker, and Eli Higens were among the pioneers not elsewhere mentioned, who came in prior to 1825. What here appears shows that there was quite an influx of people, which reached its climax about 1819, and then subsided. There was a great run after land, and in a year or two buyers regretted their purchases. Hard times followed, and the era of cut money came on with that distress which forms a part of the general history of the county. Settlers poured in rapidly from all quarters soon after the general improvement plans of 1835-6. Land speculators bought large bodies of land, chief of these being Robert Barnes and Francis Amor}-. This inrushing of people was the final act in the complete settlement of Center township. Among those who came at an earl}- day, and yet not among the first, who have wielded an influence for good, and have occupied an honorable place in the community, are the McCutchans, Knowlses, Brodies, Mofflts and many others.

Early Industries, Gciiiics, etc. - Departures from primitive methods of husbandry were very slowly made during the first years of the new west's history. Up to 1830 the farmers of Center township sent to New Harmony to procure plows to break their lands. The establishment of Presley Pritchett's blacksmith shop in Evansville, and of Col. Seth Fairchild's in Mechanicsville, were great improvements in the county, but it was some time before all wants of this kind were conveniently suppHed. New Harmony was also the favorite resort for those who had wool to be carded. The German socialists there were progressive and ingenious enough to have these valuable improvements. There were no cotton gins in the country until Nicholas Robinson, of Big Creek in Gibson county, put up one. That of Saunders Hornbrook, in Scott township, w-as the first and perhaps the only one in this immediate vicinity. The first horse-mill was built by Charles Mcjohnston some time prior to 1830. In this township in early days there were no industries pursued aside from farming except a tannery, the Negley mill already described, and some still houses. The making of whiskey became quite an industry. The market for corn was limited, and the distillers offered better prices than the merchants and traders. Up to 1825 the woods of Center township were full of all kinds of game.

Chitrches. - In the early days the settlers of Center township attended divine worship in the log cabins of pioneers, or at the schoolhouses whenever a minister of the gospel pushed his way into the wilderness and announced his readiness to expound the' word of God. Annually they went to the camp-meetings held by the Presbyterians and Baptists. In early days the Baptists predominated in this locaHty. The Wheelers were about the first to preach the doctrines of Methodism in the township, though the gifted John Schraeder preceded them in the county. For a long time the house of John Ingle was the regular place for the assemblage of Methodists throughout the surrounding country.

Blue Grass Methodist Episcopal Church. - In his will, the pioneer, Charles Mcjohnston, made a valuable bequest " to help to build a house to worship God in." Mr. Mcjohnston was a Methodist in Ireland; there at his father's house he had seen John Wesley, and had heard the great man preach, but by the terms of his will this house was to be free to all Christian denominations. It has, however, been a distinctively Methodist church, because the church-going portion of this community is so largely of that denomination. The church was erected under the supervision of Charles Mcjohnston, the now aged son of the benefactor, in 1846. It was a neat frame structure, and when finished was dedicated by that illustrious pioneer preacher, Rev. Robert Parrett. The first preacher was Rev. Charles C. Danks, and the first class was composed of about tvvent}^ members. In 1882, on the site of the old church, a handsome, commodious brick edifice was erected, at a cost of $6,000, and was dedicated by that powerful and learned man. Rev. Joseph Wood. Charles Mcjohnston has ever been a devoted, faithful member, and much of the church's prosperity has been due to his great liberality. The church is now exceedingly prosperous, having about eighty active members. It has always been on the Blue Grass circuit. Rev. Samuel McNaughton is the pastor now in charge.

Gcnmin Methodist Church. - This denomination began to hold services about 1843, first at the houses of members, then at the Richter school-house, a rude log building, when finally in 1849 ^ church building was erected. This stood on the edge of German township; was a frame structure, all the material, e.xxept the flooring, being sawed by hand. In 1859 another building, also a frame, was erected near the site of the present church, at a cost of $1,000, which served the congregation until April 29, 1 888, when a handsome new brick church, costing $3,000, was dedicated to the service of God. Among the early ministers were Revs. Muth, Smoker and Wittenbach, and of later times Revs. Koerniger, Beer, Baker, Bruening, Lukenmeir and Speckman, now in charge. The first class was composed of but four families, the Gottschalks. Millers, Molls and Karts. The membership now numbers about seventyfive. Since 1847 Rev. Ulrich Schraeter, a local preacher, has been a true and faithful friend to the church, and by his many good deeds has won the love of all its people. The Sunda}^ school is very prosperous, with about eighty regular attendants. There is another church of the same denomination in the township near the Hooker school-house. It was built in 18S6, is a comfortable brick structure, and cost about $1,700. It has a good membership, is prosperous and belongs to the same circuit as the church last mentioned.

German Evangelical Church. - In late years this denomination has built a small, neat frame church on the Petersburgh road near Mechanicsville. The congregation is weak in numbers, but composed of highly respectable citizens. Among its early leading members were Jacob Kunz, Nicholas Keil, and Mrs. Rech.

Kratzville Methodist Episcopal Church. - - At least fifty years ago the Methodists had a preaching place at Samuel Kirkpatrick's, in German township, and frequently used for the purpose of divine service the Kirkpatrick school-house. When the Germans came in and changed the social aspect of that neighborhood, the preaching place was moved to the Kratzville road, and then, j about fifteen years ago, a neat church was I built and has been known generally as " the Ridge church." A class was organized in very earh- times. Among its members were Mother Grimes, Mrs. Robert Smith, Mother Short, and Henry Morgan. Among the oldtime preachers were Revs. J. N. Ryan, William Ingle, Isaac Owen, and some others. Among the earl}' members in the neighborhood of the new church were: Lewis Short, Webster Goldsmith, Oliver Goldsmith and Jackson Reed. The congregation is prosperous at present, though not large.

nine Grass Catholic Church. - Among the Irish settlers in the central part of the township were a few faithful followers of the Roman Catholic church. Under the leadership of Richard Raleigh, these people succeeded, about 1846, in building a frame church of comfortable size and neat appearance. The membership has always been small. Priests from Evansville occasionally hold service here.

Tozvns. - The principal village in the township is Mechanicsville, commonly called Stringtown, because its houses are strung along the road, and known officially as Zipp's postoffice. At a very early date, the point where the Petersburgh road left the State road was selected as a good place for a smithy and wagon shop. It was a busy place in early times, and when a postoffice was established, old man Zipp, then a resident of the town, was appointed postmaster, and thus gave the place its present official designation. At present there is a small general store, several blacksmith, wagon and carriage shops, but beyond this the place is unimportant. Mr. Ira Fairchild, a son of Col. Seth Fairchild, and grandson of Jonathan Fairchild, who came with his family from New York to Indiana in 1818, thus pictures the early days of this village: " In 1829 my father removed to Mechanicsville and opened a blacksmith's shop, which he carried on two or three years, when he purchased the old Hutson distillery, removed it to the State road and converted it into a smithy, which was a famous institution in its day. This house was built of heavy hewed logs, 30x40 feet square, had five forges and worked a force of seven or eight hands. All the livery horses of Evansville were brought there to be shod, and all sorts of iron work was done. At this time Mechanicsville seemed in a fair way to outstrip Evansville in the race for position. Thomas Smith had built a saw-mill on Pigeon creek, and on the hill where he afterward kept tavern he carried on a cabinet shop, working several hands, and supplied the demand for furniture for miles around. It was in this shop that that the distinguished John Ingle, jr., learned his trade, which he plied for several 3'ears industriously before he became an attorney at law. The village also boasted of a well-kept hotel, a wagon shop, and country store, and was withal a place of very considerable local importance."

JllcCiitchaiivillc, in the northern part of the township, was brought into existence about 1845 by the establishment of a postoffice and the appointment of Mr. McCutchan as postmaster. It is without present importance.

Biographical

John Alleon, of Center township, was born in Germany, February' 24, 1826. He is the son of Jacob and Elizabeth (Seeman) Alleon, who were both natives of Germany. They came to America about 1832, and settled in Marion county, Ohio, where they remained about nine 3'ears, after which the}' removed to Vanderburgh county, Ind., and settled on the farm where John Alleon now resides. The father died soon after reaching this county, but his wife survived until the fall of 1880. Our subject is the oldest son, and when the family came to this country was only a little over fifteen years of age. He has devoted his entire life to the farm and now owns 140 acres of good land. He was married to Miss Caroline Becker, who was born about

1839, in Germany, the daughter of John and Emma Becker. She died May 31, 1S80. Of their three children, two died when quite young. The other, John, was born February 14, i860, and married Miss CaroHne Ahles, daughter of John and Theresa Ahles, December 13, 1883. lie and wife Hve with his father. The}' have one child, Edwin, born October 25, 1SS4. Mr. Alleon is a member of the German Methodist church. In politics he is a republican. Gottlieb W. Baumann, a citizen of Center township, was born in Switzerland, May 18, 1849, the son of Rudolph and Susannah Baumann. They emigrated to the United States in 1853. They proceeded at once to Evansville, Ind., where the father became engaged at work as a carpenter. He remained but a few years in Evansville, and then removed to Posey county, Ind., where he continued until his death, about 1880, his wife dying about 1854. Gottlieb was educated in the schools of Evansville, both in English and German. At nineteen years of age he determined to learn a trade, and accordingly began life for himself in Posey county. He lirst worked on a farm for a time, and then learned the blacksmith's trade in St. Philips, that county. He worked there nearly three years, and then went to Henderson county, Ky., where he spent four years. He then removed to Evansville, and after ten years' work in Blount's plow factory, he came to his present home in Center township, where he has since been engaged in general blacksmithing. He was married January i, 1873, ,' to Miss Amelia Riechelt, who was born in Warrick county, Ind., April 16, 1852, the daughter of Gottlieb and Philipina Riechelt. Her father is still living in Evansville, and her mother died April i, 18S8. They are the parents of four children, viz. : William, born October 7, 1873; Julia, born October

Frederick; Brandenbergkr, a farmer of Center township, was born in Switzerland, October 3, 1846. He is the son of Ilenrjr and Magdalena (Schorri) Brandenberger. They came to Vanderburgh county in October, 1848, remained one year in the city of Evansville and then settled on a farm in the southwestern part of Center township, and remained until 1S65, when they removed to another farm, which the father occupied until his death, March 22, 1880. His wife survived him about two years, her death occurring November 16, 1882. Frederick attended the common schools and was emploj'ed chiefly in farm work until November 27, 1864, when he enlisted as a private in Company K, Tsventy-second Indiana Volunteer infantry, and served until August 4, 1865. During his term of service the only hard battle in which he participated was that of Bentonville, N. C. He wUs mustered out at Louisville, and received his discharge at Indianapolis. After returning home he went into the saw-mill and threshing-machine business, but was engaged in farming at the same time. This he followed for about ten years, since which time he has devoted his entire attention to farming. He was married November 7, 1867, to Miss Mary Schwartz, who was born in Scott township, this county, February 14, 1848, the daughter of Henry Schwartz. He owns a farm of eighty acres. He and his wife Mary were the parents of eight children: Amelia (deceased), Louisa, Martha, William W., Mary E., Bertha, John II. and Minnie M. Mrs. Brandenberger died August 14, 1885. He was married August 17, 1886, to Miss Mary Newmaster, who was bom in Louis- ville, Ky., in November, 1854, the daughter of Charles and Dorothy (Loudonberg) Newmaster. Mr. Brandenberger and part of of his family are members of the German Methodist church. In politics he is a republican.

Henry Brandenberger, farmer and dairyman in Center township, was born in this county December 7, 1848. He is the son of Henry and Magdalena Brandenberger, who are noticed in this volume in connection with Frederick Brandenberger. When he was about sixteen years of age his father removed to the farm, on a part of which he now resides. Here he and his brother John own 160 acres of good land, nearly all of which is in cultivation, and is well improved, and supplied with buildings for carrying on the dairy business. With the exception of a few summers spent in threshing wheat, he has given his entire attention to the farm and the dairy. He and his brother have built up a very extensive trade in the latter business, and supply their customers twice a day with the products of the dairy. Mr. Brandenberger was married October 24, 1875, to Miss Sarah Strobel, who was born in Center township, June 27, 1S55. She was the daughter of Jacob and Catherine Strobel, who were both natives of Germany, and are still livmg in this county. Mr. and Mrs. Brandenberger are the parents of three children: William H., George S., and Edward G. He and his wife are members of the German Methodist church. In politics Mr. Brandenberger is a republican.

John Brandenberger, a prominent citizen of Center township, was born in this county February 9, 1858. He is the son of Henry and Magdelena Brandenberger, elsewhere noticed in this volume. Our subject was educated in the common schools of Center township, where he obtained a good common school education. He has devoted his entire life to the dairy and farming. He and his brother Henry own 160 acres of good land, and are well established for carrying on the dair}' business on an extensive scale. He was married January 4, 1880, to Miss Rose Miller, w'ho was born in Switzerland, November 5, 1859. She is the daughter of John and Elizabeth Miller, who were both natives of Switzerland, and are now living in this county. They began married life at their present abode, the old Brandenberger homestead, and their happy home circle now includes six little ones, as follows: Charles, Rosalie, Frederick, John, Flora and an infant. Mr. Brandenberger is a member of the Methodist church, his wife of the Reformed Protestant church. In politics Mr. Brandenberger is a republican. He is a young man of energy and enterprise, and bids fair to b&come one of Center township's most substantial citizens.

Joseph Bultmann, a worthy and prosperous farmer of this township, was born in Prussia, December 15, 1817, the son of Adam and Francisca (Kruz) Bultmann. He spent his time from six to fourteen years of age in school, and after this time he learned the shoemaker's trade, at which he worked until he was about eighteen years of age, when he accompanied his parents to this county and settled on the farm where he still resides. The father bought eighty acres of land and settled down in the woods. Soon after settling on the farm Joseph went to New Orleans, where he spent about ten years in the boot and shoe business. At the end of that time he came back to this county, and here met Elizabeth Osterman, whom he married July 13, 1847. His wife was born in Germany, January 24, 1827, and is the daughter of Adam and Elizabeth (Floehr) Osterman. Mr. Bultmann owns 250 acres of good land, most of which is in cultivation and is well improved. He has risen from a small beginning to be one of the most prosperous and substantial men in this township. He is the father of si.x living children: Joseph, John, Elizabeth, Henry, Josephine, Frank. Mr. Bultmann and family are members of the Catholic church. In politics Mr. Bultmann is a liberal democrat.

James F. Crane was born in the state of New York, May 6, 1831, the son of Arza Lucy (Boynton) Crane, the former of whom was born in the state of New York, in 1800, and the latter in Vermont, in about 1803. When three years of age his parents removed to the state of Ohio. Here he attended school principall}' at Steubenville, and acquired a good common school education. At about twelve years of age he began river life as cabin boy, and since that time has served as cook, mate, pilot, and captain, almost continually to the present time. He has navigated the Ohio and Mississippi rivers and all their principal tributaries. He was married October 20, 1856, to Miss Urania A. Blake, who was born in the state of Ohio, September 17, 1834, the daughter of Simon and Hannah (Cunningham) Blake, both of whom were natives of Maine. Since 1865 or 1866 they have resided in this county, and for nearly four years have occupied their present comfortable home in Center township. Mr. Crane was steamboating during the war, and was in the service of the government the greater portion of the time, serving on the transports, and was frequently in greater danger than if he had been serving on the field, it being a frequent occurrence for the guerillas to fire upon them while navigating the Green and Cumberland rivers. Mr. Crane and wife are both members of Grace Presbyterian church of Evansville. Mr. Crane is a member of Crescent lodge,

Henry Eissler, a farmer of Center township, was born in Evansville, October 12, 1854, and is the son of Jacob and Anna Maria (Steiger) Eissler. His parents were born in Germany, and emigrated to the United States more than fort}' years ago, settling in Evansville. After spending several years in the city, the father began on rented land until he was able to buy the sixty-six acres where he still lives. He has risen to be a prosperous and substantial farmer by reason of his energy and enterprise. His wife died January 13, 1888. Henry is their oldest living child. He secured a good common school education, and also received instruction in German in the city of Evansville. He has devoted his entire life to farm work, and now owns 105 acres of good land, about seventy-five acres of which is in cultivation. Mr. Eissler has obtained this farm by his own industry and economy. He was married May 6, 1879, to Miss Johanna Happel, who was born in German township, this county, June 8, 1857, the daughter of John and Magdalena (Damm) Happel. Mr. and Mrs. Eissler have only one child, Harry, born March 23, 1888. They are members of the St. John's Reformed church in Evansville. Politically Mr. Eissler is independent, voting with whichever party best suits him, and taking but little interest in politics.

Levi Erskine, son of John Erskme, was born January 21, 1833, on the farm where his father first settled. His life, until he was twent}' years of age, was spent on the farm, where he worked during the summer, and then in the winter attended school. In this way he obtained a good knowledge of the common branches, and an introduction to some of the higher ones. At the ajje of twenty he entered college at Greencastle,

Early Settlement

Ind., where he remained about two years. After leaving college he divided his attention between farming and school-teachinnf, working the farm in summer and teaching school in winter, until he had tauirht six terms. In 1868 he busied himself as a railroad contractor and bridge builder, which he followed for five years. The latter part of 1S72, he became engaged in work for the count3% graveling and macadamizing the roads, which he followed for two or three years, during which time more than 100 miles of roads were thus improved in V^anderburgh county. Since then he has been in the employment of George P. Heilman as general sliipper and manager of the erection of buildings. He was married February- 22, i860, to Miss Sallie L. Benjamin, daughter of Elijah and Sarah (Waters') Benjamin, both of whom were natives of Connecticut. Mrs. Erskine was born December 31, 1838, in the city of Evansville. B\' this marriage were born five children : Lottie, born December 19, i860, died March 12, 18S3; Wilbur, born January 8, 1863; Erwin F., born October 5, died December 22, 1872; Annie L., born September 14, 1874, and Levi, born August 9, 1876. Mr. Erskine is a liberal republican, but has never sought nor held office, except one or two terms as township trustee. Mr. Erskine and family are members of the Methodist Episcopal church, and are highl}' respected citizens of Center township.

Jacob Euler, jr., was born March 9, 1845. He is the son of Henry Euler and his wife, Mary Ann Stein metz, both natives of Germany. They emigrated to the United States in 1836, and settled on land in Center township. .Henry Euler died in January, i860, his wife surviving until December, 1871. Our subject spent his early life on his father's farm, and attended school a few months each winter. In August, 1862, he enlisted as a private in Companv F, Fourth Indiana cavalry, and was mustered out July 9, 1865. During his term of service he was in the battles ot Chickamauga, Fayetteville, Mossy Creek, Talbot's, Dandridge, Fair Garden, in the Atlanta campaign, and Wilson's campaign in Alabama and Georgia. He was married December 22, 1871, to Miss Louisa Korb, who was born in this county, October 18, 1846, daughter of Adam and Catharine (Schmidt) Korb. Her parents were natives of Wachenheim-on-the- Hardt, Germany. Thev are the parents of six living children, viz.: Frank A., Ella N., Oscar, Florence, Louisa, and George J. Mr. and Mrs. Euler are miembers of St. Peter's Presbyterian church. In politics Mr. Euler is a republican, and is a member of Farragut Post, No. 27, G. A. R.

Oliver Goldsmith. - The ancestry of the subject of this sketch, as far as can be determined, is as follows: Zaccheus Goldsmith, of Wenham, Mass., was the father of Richard Goldsmith, who married Hannah Dodge. They were the parents of the following children, born between the years 1732 and 1747: Hannah, Abigail, Mary, Thomas, Richard, Lucy, Josiah, our subject's grandfather, born September 9, 1744, and Jeremiah. Josiah Goldsmith married Sarah Fox. They were the parents of the following children, born between the years 1768 and 1786: Thomas, Sally, Hannah, John, Luc}% Betsy, Daniel F., born May 22, 1784, and Roxanna. Daniel F. came to Vanderburgh county, Ind., locating at Evansville about the j'ear 1S18. Here he went to work at his trade, that of a mason, and was one of the contractors who built the first court-house in 1820, and afterward erected many other buildings of more or less importance. He was married March 27, 1823, to Miss Melissa Hopkins, of this countv, who was born in the state of Ver- mont February 3, 1804, the daughter of Stephen Hopkins and wife, the former of whom was born about 1766 and died in tliis county May 17, 1849. After their marriage Mr. and Mrs. Goldsmith made their home on the farm in Center township, but his engagements as a contractor claimed the greater portion of his attention. They were the parents of ten children: Mary Ann, Cordelia, Electa, Daniel Webster, Oliver, Elmira, Hester, Lucy Roxanna, Chaunce}', and John Henry. Mr. Goldsmith died December 5, 1855. His wife had preceded him a number of years, her death occurring April 27, 1844. Oliver Goldsmith was born on the old homestead April 8, 1834, and with the exception of fifteen months in California, has devoted his entire attention to farming. He was married November 18, 1858, to Miss Mary Smith, who was born in this county January 18, 1839, daughter of Robert and Mary (Skinner), both of whom were natives of England. They are the parents of eight children, as follows : Moses R., Hester, Katie, Walter C, Jessie Elmer, Cora, Bertha, and Oliver, all of whom are living except Hester and Oliver. Mr. Goldsmith and family are members of the Methodist Episcopal church. He is one of the most substantial citizens of the township, and he and family are highly respected. Moses Russell Goldsmith, the oldest son of Oliver Goldsmith above mentioned, was born on his father's farm in this township September 18, 1859. He was educated in the district schools. He has devoted his entire attention to agriculture, and, having been raised to the business, is ([uitc a successful J'oung farmer. He was married, December 18, 1883, to Miss Lena Hanning, who w'as born in Spencer county, Ind., June 29, 1859. ^^e is the daughter of John and Susan Hanning. Mr. and Mrs. Goldsmith spent the first few years of their married life on the Goldsmith homestead. In June, 1886, he bought a farm adjoining his father's, on which he erected a comfortable house, and has resided there since. Mr. Goldsmith is the father of two children : EmmaEstella, born December 20, 1884, and Fletcher Webster, March 6, 18S7. Mr. Goldsmith is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and his wife of the German Methodist church.

Theodore Hanninc;, of Center township, was born in Germantown, Ohio, June 22, 1841. He is the son of John D. and Dora Hanning, the former of whom was born near Bremen, Germany, on August 26, 1S06, where he grew to manhood, married, and in 1839 came to the United States. He removed to Spencer count}- in 1S47, and now resides with Theodore, the only child living. Our subject has spent the greater portion of his life in farming, but in connection with this has at times been encTfifed in commercial pursuits and milling, and since coming to Vanderburgh county has been in the dairy business. He was married December 24, 1866, to Mrs. Susan Hanning, his brother's widow. She is the daughter of Jacob and Susan Frj-hofer, both of whom were natives of Germany. Mrs. Hanning is a native of Jackson county, Ind., where she was born March 19, 1838. Mrs. Hanning had two children by her first husband, John and Lena. Mr. and Mrs. Hanning are the parents of seven children, viz. : Albert, May, Dania, Wesley, Addie, Edwin and Oscar W., all of whom arc living and unmarried. Mr. Hanning and family are members of the German Methodist church, and are as highl}- respected as an}' one in the county.

James Henry, of Center township, was born about the year 1S20, in Johnston, Scotland. He is the son of Robert and Margaret (Fyfe) Henrj-. He spent his early life in a cotton factory of his native country. About the year 1850 Mr. Henry came to America and settled in Center township. Two years after this he returned to Glasgow, and in July, 1854, he was married to Miss Margaret Brodie, daughter of David and Janet (Anderson) Brodie. After their marriage Mr. and Mrs. Henry remained five years in Glasgow, and then returned to America, about 1859, and settled on the farm where they now reside. From that time until the present he has given his entire attention to farming. He owns more than eighty acres of good land, nearly all of which is in cultivation. Mr. and Mrs. Henry are the parents of twelve children. They are members of the Methodist Episcopal church. He and his family have a large circle of acquaintances, b}' whom they are held in high esteem.

Robert R. Henry, a well-known school teacher and farmer of Center township, was born in Scotland, October 27, 1855, son of James and Margaret Henry, an account of whom is given above. Mr. Henry was reared on his father's farm in Center township, where he worked each summer and in the winter attended the schools of this township and gained a good education. He began teaching about 1876, and has continued in the same profession during the winter of each 3-ear until the present time, and is regarded as one of the most successful teachers of the count}'. During the summer he devotes his attention to farming. He was married September 15, 1886, to Miss Sarah McCutchan, who was born in this county, March 2, 1857. She is the daughter of Samuel and Isabella (Brown) McCutchan. His wife was also a school teacher, she having taught for seven or eight years before her marriage. They are the parents of one child, Isabella, born August 4, 1887. Mr. Henry and wife are members

Peter Heubner, deceased, was born in Germany, June 8, 1824, son of John G. and Anna Margaret Heubner. At fourteen }-ears of age he accompanied his parents to America, locating first in Posey county, Ind., and after a few years they came to Vanderburgh county, settling in Center township, on the farm where his widow now resides. He was married, June 16, 1847, to Miss Harriet H. In wood, who was born in this township October 20, 1828, the daughter of William and Hannah (Chester) Inwood, both of whom were natives of England. Mrs. Heubner's parents emigrated to America, arriving at Evansville in August, 1819. Here Mrs. Heubner was born. They are the parents of ten children, whose names are as follows: Hannah M., Annie E., George M., Sarah R., William W., Edward R., Lawrence, David, John H. and James C. Mr. Huebner died July 31, 1882, and in his death Center township lost one of its oldest and most highly respected citizens. His widow resides with her youngest son at the old homestead. Mrs. Huebner is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, of which her husband was also a member, and is loved and honored by all who know her.

William H. Hornby. - The great-grand- . father of the subject of this sketch was William Hornby, sr., a native of the north of England, and by occupation a sea captain. His grandfather, William Hornby, jr., was a native of Cerne, Dorsetshire, England, and married Sarah K. Ridout. Their family consisted of three sons: William, Charles, and Henry F. The latter, the father of William H. was born in Chickerell, near Weymouth, Dorchester, England, March 17, 1811. When he was eight years of age, he accompanied his parents to America, landing at Philadelphia, in April or Maj-, 1819. Thence they made their way to Pittsburgh, b}' wagon, and from the latter place by flat-boat down the Ohio river to Evansville, Ind. From Evansville they came to what is now Scott township, this county, where they settled on a farm and where their family grew to manhood. Here Henry F. Hornby was married March 10, 1 83 1, to Miss Caroline Mansell, daughter of Samuel Mansell, of Vanderburgh county. Her mother, whose maiden name was Sarah Bellamy, was born in London, England, December 29, 18 13, and came with her parents to Evansville, in 1819. Henry F. and wife had three sons and three daughters, of whom the sons only are living: William H., Charles J. and George W. William H. is the eldest son and was born April 10, 1836. His early life was spent on his father's farm in Scott township, where he worked and attended school, attaining both a thorough knowledge of farming and a common school education. He was married October 29, 1863 to Mary J., daughter of James Hayhurst, a pioneer of Vanderburgh who has lived in the count}^ since 1820. Mr. and Mrs. Hornby have only three children living: Oliver W., Cicero G., and Herbert F. Mr. Hornby served as justice of the peace from 1882 to 1886, giving entire satisfaction. He and wife are members of the Episcopal church.

Charles Kellaway Hornby was born in Dorsetshire, England, March 4, 1829. He is the son of WilHam and Mary (Burgh or Burch) Hornby, natives of the same county, the father born in 1800, and the mother about five vears later. At the ajre of nine or ten, Charles accompanied his parents to America, and came at once to Scott township. They settled on the farm where his father resided until his death. Here he passed his youth on his father's farm assisting in its culture. The opportunities for school being somewhat limited, he only succeeded in obtaining such essential instruction as was sufficient for transacting his own business. He was married February, 1863, to Miss Martha E. Paul, daughter of Cyrus and Ann (Hayhurst) Paul. They had four children: Charles E., Margaret, Anna E. and Martha E., the first two dying when quite 3-oung. When the youngest child was only two years of age Mrs. Hornby died. August 29, 1881, he was married a second time to Mrs. Harriet (Burtis) Brown, who had one daughter, Ada. He has resided in this township continuously, and three or four years on the farm where he now lives and owns about 200 acres of good land. Mr. Hornby is an Episcopalian in belief, and his wife is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church.

Philip Kaiser, ex-soldier and well-known citizen of Center township, was born near Frankfort, Germany, May 8, 1845, and is the son of Frederick and Mary (Binghemer) Kaiser. He remained in his native country- until he was nine years of age, and then accompanied his parents to the United States. They made their way at once to Vanderburgh county, and settled on the farm where the son now resides. Here the parents continued to reside. Mr. Kaiser procured the greater portion of his education in the schools of Center township. August, 1862, he enlisted as a private in Company H, Thirty-second volunteer infantry, and served until Februar}' 14, 1865, when he was mustered out as captain at Chattanooga, Tenn. While in the service, he was in the following battles: Perryville. Stone River, Chickamauga, Mission Ridge, and in the Athuita campaign, and then did guard duty mostly in the vicinity of Atlanta and Chattanooga until March 21, 1873, when he was mustered out of the ser- vice. In the battle of Chickamauga he was severely wounded in the leg. Since coming home, he has devoted his attention to the farm. He was married April 21, 1872, to Miss Mary J. Linxwiler, who was born in this county, May 25, 1845, the daughter of William and Jane Linxwiler. They are the parents of six children: William, Elizabeth, Letitia J., Erma, Clinton DeWitt, and Katie. Mr. and Mrs. Kaiser are members of the German Methodist church.

William H. Kirkpatrick is a native of Center township, born January 21, 184S. He is the son of Alfred and Hannah (Smith) Kirkpatrick. His mother's pareits were natives of England, coming to the United States and settling at Evansville in 1832. Our subject was raised in this county, and obtained his education in the public schools. He enlisted as a private in Companv F, One Hundred and Thirtv-sixth Indiana, under Capt. Hollingsworth, and served three months. He was engatjed mostlv in doinsr guard duty in the vicinity' of Murfreesboro, TuUahoma and other places. After remaining at home a short time, he re-enlisted as a private in Company A, One Hundred and Forty-third Indiana, under command of Capt. Kellogg. He was promoted to the rank of a corporal, which position he held imtil he was mustered out. He was married March 14, 1S67, to Miss Mary Jane Niehous, who was born in Allegheny, Penn., December 17, 1S47, and is the daughter of John H. and Catharine (Muntz) Niehous, both of whom were natives of German}'. They are the parents of eight children: Ella S., Edward, Katie S., Emma A., Mary J., Charles, William H., and Harry W., all of whom are living except Edward and William H., who both died in infancy. In March, 1871, he was employed as sexton of Locust Hill cemetery, which position he still holds. Mr. Kirkpatrick and wife are

John K. Knight was born in Center township, this count}', September 8, 1846. He is the son of William G. and Caroline (AUeon) Knight, the former of whom was born in this count}', November 18, 1822, and the latter in Germany, November 24, 1828. They were the parents of si.x children: John H., Elizabeth J., William L., Mary B., Caroline A. and Charles A., only two of whom are hving, John H. and William L. John H. Knight spent his early life on his father's farm. He managed to acquire a good education, and taught school from the time he w'as twenty until he was twenty-three. With this exception he has devoted his entire life to farm work. He was married February 25, 1875, to Lucy S. Troup, who was born in Vanderburgh county, February 19, 1854, and is the daughter of William and Jessie (Jarvis) Troup, both natives of Aberdeen, Scotland. Mr. and Mrs. Knight have three children living and have lost two. Their names are: John W. (deceased), James O., Jessie May, Charles Ira (deceased) and John H. Mr. Knight resides on the old homestead, forty acres of which he now owns.

John R. Kr.\tz, son of John and Louisa (Beauchle) Kratz, was born in this township July I, i860. He was educated in the schools of Center township, and was occupied on the farm for a few years afterward, and then learned the blacksmith's trade in his father's shop in Kratzville. In October, 1S83, he formed a partnership with his brother, and the following spring the two bought their father's shop and have since continued in partnership. He was married October 13, 18S6, to Miss Hannah Rhine, a native of this county, but who, when young, removed with her parents to Louisville, where she resided when married. She was. the daughter of Frederick and Frederica Rhine, both natives of Germany. Her father is deceased, but her mother still resides in Louisville. Mr. Kratz and wife went to housekeeping in Kratzville,where they still reside. They have one child, Viola, born July 26, 1S87. Mr. Kratz is an honest, industrious young man, and he and wife are highly respected. They are both members of the Presbyterian church. In politics Mr. Kratz is a republican. Christian W. Kratz, trustee of Center township, was born in this county, Jul}' 2, 1S55. He is the son of John and Louisa (Beauchle) Kratz, the former of whom was born May 31, 1S30, the latter July 3, 1S31, both natives of Germany- They came to the United States when quite young with their parents. Our subject's grandfather Kratz, settled first at Pittsburgii about 1S34. where he remained about four years, and then moved to this county. He settled in German township in the first place, and then in Center township in 1857 oriS58. The grandfather Beauchle came to this county about 1 84 1. Here the father and mother of Christian grew to manhood and womanhood, and were married August 10, 1854. They were the parents of eight children: Christian W., Elizabeth, Louisa, John R., Peter, Christiana, Karl and Martha, all of whom are living except Louisa and Peter, the former of whom died from the effects of a burn after she was about twenty-one years of age, and the latter died in childhood. Christian W. spent his early life, in good part, in school, and thus acquired a very good common school education. At the age of seventeen he entered his father's blacksmith shop, which was established in 1854, and learned that trade, and continued to work with his father until he was twentythree years of age, when he went into partnership with him. They remained in partnership until October, 1883, when he formed a partnership with his brother, John R., in the same business. In the following spring the two sons bought the shop from their father, and have continued the business to the present time. Christian W. Kratz was married November 3, 18S0, to Miss Minnie Schemet, who was born in this township January 14, i860, and is the daughter of Louis and Caroline (Stahl) Schemet. In April, 1888, Mr. Kratz was elected trustee of Center town.ship, and is filling the office to the entire satisfaction of his constituents. The Kratz family is one quite prominent in V^anderburgh count\', and is noted for its industry and enterprise. The late Christian Kratz, of Evansville, is an uncle of this subject. Mr. Kratz and wife are members of the Presbyterian church. In politics he is a republican.

Jacob Laubscher was born in Switzerland, November 4, 1832. He is the son of Jacob and Elizabeth (Gygi) Laubscher, both of whom died in Switzerland, the year of his father's decease being 1836. He was educated in his native countr}-, where he attended school until he was fourteen years of age. He then learned the watch-maker's trade, at which business he worked until he was twenty-three years of age, and then he emigrated to the L^nited States, arriving in Pennsylvania in 1855. There he did farm work for about one )-ear. He then spent six months in traveling, and settled down in Hamilton countv, Ind., where another year was spent in farm work. From there he came to this county in the fall of 1857-8. Here he did farm work for about two vears, then went to Spencer countv, Ind., and worked on a farm for another year. On July 21, 1861, he enlisted as a private in Company F, First Indiana cavalry, and served until September 12, 1864, when he was mustered out at Indianapolis. During his term of service he was in the following battles: Farmington, Mo., iS6i; Cotton Plant, in 1862; Yazoo Pass; Augusta, Ark., July 4, 1862, where he was struck in the left leg above the knee by a spent ball, causing a wound which though somewhat painful did not disable him from duty; Helena, Ark., July 4, 1863; Little Rock; Pine Bluff, and numerous other smaller engagements. At March's Mill, Ark., April 8, 1864, his command had a desperate encounter with an overwhelming force of the enemy, and he was severely wounded by being shot through the fleshy part of the left arm, also in the left elbow, his left thumb shot off, and he also received a scalp wound, which rendered him unconscious. He was taken prisoner, and was held until Jul}' of the same year, when he was paroled. He then returned to his regiment, but did not engage in any other battles until he was mustered out. Mr. Laubscher is grievously disabled by his wounds and exposure, and yet the pension he draws is only $12 per month. After the war he returned to Spencer county, where he remained until about 1876, engaged in farming. He then came to Center township, where he has since remained, with the exception of one year spent in Knight township. He was married in 1876, to Mrs. Emily Schide, who was born in French Switzerland, May 18, 1832. She was the mother of two daughters, Ida and Caroline, who still make their home with their stepfather. Mr. Laubscher is a member of Farragut post, G. A. R., and politically is a staunch republican. He was a brave and gallant soldier, who never faltered from duty, and is in civil life an upright and industrious man, and his family are highly thought of. John W. Laubscher, one of the leading men of Center township, was born March 31, 1838. He is the son of Christian and Mary Ann (Swahlen) Laubscher. The\' were both born in Canton Berne, Switzerland, in 181 2, and emigrated to the United States late in the year 1837. Thej' remained a short time in Pennsylvania, where John was born, and then settled in Ripley county, Ind., where they lived seven years, working on a farm. Coming to German township, this county, the father worked on a farm for two years, and then settled on the farm where his son now resides. The}' reached Evansville in 1846, and settled finally in 1848. Christian Laubscher died December 2, 18S5. His wife survives and resides with her daughter on a part of the old homestead. Mr. Laubscher's early life was spent on the farm, while in Center township. After coming to German township, he assisted in clearing the farm and burning lime for ten years. In about 1863 he and his father formed a partnership in the steam machine business, owning a threshing machine, saw-mill, etc. This partnership lasted until about 1867 or 1S68, when Christian S., another son, bought his father's interest, and the two brothers formed a partnership that has lasted to the present time. In 1876 they founded a grist-miU, with a saw-mill attached, and have since built up a splendid trade. In addition to the gnst-miil, the brothers still run a threshing machine every year, and each owns a small farm. The Laubscher brothers are among the most substantial citizens of Center township, and are known far and wide for their industry, enterprise and fair dealing with every one. John W. Laubscher was married October 6, 1861, to Miss Anna Kisling, who was born in Switzerland, June 10, 1834. Mr. and Mrs. Laubscher are the parents of seven children: Simon J., born July 22, 1863; William F.,

August 29, 1864; Edward C, July 6, 1866; Adolph, November, 1868, died when sixteen months old; Adolph L., April 26, 1S71; Andrew C, March 11, 1873; Samuel R., June 16, 1875, all of whom are engaged with their father in the business. Mr. Laubscher and family are members of the German Methodist church. In politics he is a republican. He was elected township trustee in April, 1884, and that he served the people well was proven by the fact that he was re-elected by a largely increased majority to the same office in 1886.

George Linxwiler, grandfather of Isaac W. Linxwiler, was born in the town of Two Bridges, Germany, April, 1768, and attended school in his native country from six to fourteen years of age, receiving a good common school education. Me then served an apprenticeship of three years, learning the miller's trade. lie emigrated to the United States, landing at New York in 1785, and going from there to Pennsylvania. He was married in 1790, to Miss Catherine Stull, a native of the same place in Germany, born June 5, 1767. After coming to New York in 1785, she worked three years in the citj' to pay her passage to America. They probably resided in Pennsylvania foi several years after their marriage, removing to Vanderburgh county previous to 1809. George Linxwiler died February 22, 1857, his wife early in November, 1858. William Linxwiler, father of Isaac, was born in this county February 12, 1809, being the third white child, and Xhejirst male white child born in the county. He was the j'oungest of thirteen children, one of his older brothers having been a soldier in the war of 181 2, and wounded during that war. William Linxwiler was a farmer, his father having been the first to locate a number of farms in different places in the county. He was married February

10, 1833, to Jane Clinton, who was born in Warren, Ohio, Januar\' 20, 18 15, the daughter of Jonathan and Letitia (McAlree) Clinton, both natives of Ireland, who came from that countrj' to Ohio and settled in Trumbull county. Thence they came to this county in 1S31. Mrs. Clinton died August 24, 1874, aged eighty-seven. They were the parents of seven children : Henderson, born March 12, 1835, died January 22, 1839; John D., born July 11, 1837; Margaret E., born September 10, 1839; George H., born Januar}- 21, 1842, died September 5, 1858; Mary J., born May 25, 1845; Isaac W., born September 14, 1847; Benjamin L., born October 7, 1849, died January 8, 1867. William Linxwiler died February 10, 1882, his wife March 13, 1888. WiUiam Linxwiler settled on the farm where his son resides, in 1833. Isaac W. Linxwiler was born and reared on this farm, and was educated in the schools of this township. He has devoted his entire life to farming, and now owns sixty-two acres of land, a part of the old homestead, nearly all in cultivation. He was married October 31, 1872, to Miss Cidney W. Hanson, who was born in Ohio, Januarj^ 20, 1S52, daughter of William and Joanna Hanson, both of whom were natives of Ohio, and came to this count}' in 1865. They went to housekeeping on the farm where they still reside. They are the parents of seven children living and one dead: Emma E., born Jul}- 25, 1874; D^i'sy L., June 28, 1876, died October 9, 1876; Charles E., March 14, 1878; James C, February 13, 18S0; William H., Jul}' 5, 1881; Laura B., July 17, 1S83; Jane J., April 28, 18S5; Isaac L., August 11, 1887. Mr. Linxwiler is a republican in politics. He is a member of the A. O. U. W., Vanderburgh lodge. No. 34. He is an honest, industrious man, and represents one of the oldest, if not the very oldest, families in the county.

Samuel C Longbine, a prominent citizen of Center township, was born in this township, December lo, 1849. He is the son of George and Catherine (Severe) Longbine. . The former is a native of Saxe- Coburg, Germany, and the latter of Virginia. After their marriage they resided in Vanderburgh county, where Mr. Longbine gave his attention to farming until his death, which occurred August 24, 1880, his wife having preceded him about twenty-five years, October 11, 1855. Samuel was educated in the schools of Center township, and worked on the farm with his father until he was fourteen, and the greater portion of the time until he w-as twenty-three. He was married May 24, 1873, to Miss Clarissa Brown, who was born in this township, November 20, 1849. '^^^ ^^^ ^^^ daughter of John M. and Clarissa (Linxwiler) Broun, the former of whom was born in the state of New York, and the latter on the farm where she and her husband now reside. After their marriage Mr. and Mrs. Longbine settled down to farm life, and have occupied their present home for seven years. He has devoted his time entirely to agriculture, except the time spent in filling various township offices, such as constable for six years, tax collector two years, and road supervisor, as which he is now serving his second term. They have no children of their own, but have an adopted daughter, Ida (Willis) Longbine, who was born Januar}^ 10, 1877. Mrs. Longbine is a member of the Methodist church. In politics Mr. Longbine is a republican. He and wife own a farm of fort}' acres, nearly all of which is in cultivation. He is an honest, industrious gentleman, and he and family are well-known and highl}- respected.

Mcjohnson, sr., who wa^ a native of the same county in Ireland, and was born in 17S1. He married and lived in his native country until he had seven children, three sons and four daughters, when his wife died. He then took his children and emigrated to America, and landed at Philadelphia in August, 1818. Here he left his children while he spent some time in looking for a location in New York and elsewhere. Failing in this he procured wagons and made the journey across the mountains to Pittsburgh, where he arrived at the end of four weeks. He then built a flat-boat and started with his family down the Ohio river, but, after reaching Beaver Dam, a short distance below Pittsburgh, he landed, sold his boat and spent the winter at that place. In the next spring, however, he built two other boats, on one of which he placed his family, and on the other his horses, and continued his journey down the Ohio to Evansville, which place was reached about March 25, 1819. Here he left his children on the boat, and went out into what is now Center township, this county, and entered 1,000 or more acres of land, his being the first land ever entered in that vicinit}-. He returned for his family, and took them onto his land, where he settled down in the wilderness. He, with the help of his sons, at once began to clear the land for farming. The remainder of his life was spent here, and his home soon became known as one from which no wayfarer would be turned away. In August, 1827, he was elected to represent the counties of Vanderburgh and Warrick, in the state legislature, but did not live to serve his term out. Nothing shows his popularitv at home more than the fact that in this election onl}- two votes were cast against him in his own township. He died May 3, 1828. Charles F. McJohnston spent but eight years of his life in Ireland, a part of which he attended school and then he accompanied his father to this county, where he assisted his father in clearingf the land, and he has lived up to the present time on some one of the farms he helped to make. He was married February 14, 1833, to Miss Mary Wasson, of Gibson county, who was born September 15, 1815, and was the daughter of Joseph and Jane (Adams) Wasson. Mr. Wasson was a Unitarian minister, and both he and his wife were natives of South Carolina. Mr. and Mrs. Mcjohnston are the parents of nine children, viz.: Catherine, born February' 6, 1834; Arthur F., born February 19, 1837; Joseph W., born February 18, 1839; ^^laria J., born February 24, 1841 ; James W., born May 30, 1843; Melissa, born October 16, 1S45; William H., born June 14, 1S48; Levi I., born April 5, 185 1, and Katie, born February 21, 1854. -^^ ^^^ living except the first two, Catherine, who died in her seventh year, and Arthur F., who died at the age of fifty, from the effects of exposure in the civil war, he having been a member of Company K, Sixty-fifth Indiana volunteers. Mr. and Mrs. Mcjohnston are now among the most venerable citizens of the county, and it is very interesting to hear them relate the many things of importance that have taken place within their recollection. They live all alone on the farm where they have been continuously for about forty j-ears, but Mr. Mcjohnston has divided the estate among his children, and four of them live in sight of their parents. For their advanced age thev are hale and heart}', and seem to bid fair to remain some time yet. They were present at the birth of the county, and have witnessed its growth and advancement through all its stages of progress, and have taken no small share in making their portion of the county what it is. Mr. Mcjohnston's father was a Wesleyan Methodist, and he has been a member of the Methodist church for more than si.xty years, and his wife for nearly as long. In politics he was a whig, and is now a republican.

John F. Moffett was born on the farm where he now resides, October 31, 1840, son of James and Wilhelmina (Mcjohnston) Moffett. The father was born in County Armagh, Ireland, March 10, 1805; the mother was born in Longford county, Ireland, June 14, 1814. Mr. Moffett's father settled on the farm where his son now resides, entering the land from the government. Here he lived until his death September 5, 1869. His wife survived until February 2, 1885. On this farm John Moffett passed his early life. In August, 1862, he enlisted in Company H, Sixty-fifth Indiana regiment, served three years, and was mustered out a corporal in July, 1865. While in the service he participated in the battles of Resaca, Nashville, of the Atlanta campaign, and various other engagements. March 19, 1868, he was married to Miss Janet Brodie, who was born April 3, 1844, in the city of Mexico, daughter of Andrew and Janet (Henry) Brodie, both natives of Scodand. The first seven years of their married life were spent at the home of Mr. Brodie in this township. They next removed to the farm where they now reside. He owns eighty acres of good land nearly all in cultivation. Mr. and Mrs. Moffett are the parents of two children : James B., born January i, 1869, and Mamie, born May 16, 1871; the latter died July 25, 1872. Mr. Moffett is a member of Farragut post. No. 27, G. A. R., and he and his entire family are members of the Methodist Episcopal church. In politics he is a republican.

war, and made his home in Virginia. Here he was married to a Miss Denton. They raised a family of eleven children, ten sons and one daughter. One of these sons, WiUiam D., was born March 30, 1760. He worked on a farm until he was sixteen j-ears of age, when he entered the revolutionary war, and served until independence was achieved. He then returned to Virginia, and afterward emigrated to Tennessee, where he was married to a Miss Shelton. They were the parents of twelve children; subsequently, this wife having died, he married in 1816, Mrs. Susanah Hudson, a widow with eight children. She was a native of North Carolina, born March 12, 1781, daughter of "William and Amelia (Retherford) McDonald. To this marriage these children were born: Calvin McDonald, born 1817; James L., born July i, 1819; Henry M.,born April 26, 1821; Rachel H. born September 16, 1823, and Isabel P., born January 29, 1826. Rachel H., was born in Butler county, Ky., and when four years of age she accompanied her parents to Warrick county, Ind. They settled in the vicinity of Boonville, in the fall of 1827. What litde schooling she obtained was in that count}', being often compelled to walk three miles or more to find a school of any kind. She was married in Warrick county to Richard Robeson Purdue, July 18, 1841. Prior to the revolutionary war, Richard Robeson Purdue, Louis Gregory Purdue, and another brother emigrated from France and settled in South Carolina. When the war broke out one of the brothers went with Washington and the other with Marion, and both fought until the close of the war. Richard was married before he entered the army and had three children. In all, he was the father of twent^'-two sons, when his wife die<i.. He was married the second time and had one son, Howell Gregory Purdue. His second wife d3ing, he was married again and had another son, Jarrett Purdue. He then died, and his widow married a Frenchman, Gabriel Visor. Howell Gregory, Richard Purdue's only son by his second wife, was married August 25, 1814, to Miss Nancy Jane Dixon, whose mother was Ellen (Evans) Dixon. She and her husband were both natives of South Carolina, where he was born October 21, 1790, and she December 30, 1795. They were married in Kentucky, but made their home in Tennessee. They were the parents of eleven children, viz. : Richard Robeson, born February 3, 1816, Jarrett G., Ellen E., William D., Andrew v., Howell G., Basil B., Susan, Oliver L., and Nancy J. They were born in Montgomery count}', Tenn., except the last four, natives of Warrick county. The parents emigrated from Tennessee to Kentucky in December, 1829, and the next fall reaching Warrick county. His death occurred July 5, 1850, and she passed away February 4, 1868. After their marriage, Mr. and Mrs. Richard R. Purdue resided in different parts of Warrick and Spencer counties until 1853, when they removed to Marion county. 111., in which place they resided until his death, October 2, 1858. They were the parents of nine children : Jarrett G., born June 10, 1842, who enlisted in 1861 as a private in the Twenty-fifth Indiana volunteer infantry, and after participating in the battle of Shiloh, died near Corinth, Miss., June 10, 1862; Susan M., born September 5, 1843, died November 2, 1844; William H., born August 30, 1846; Orrin C, born June 24, 1848; Richard H., born April 9, 1853; Samuel D., born March 13, 1856, and James B., born February 6, 1858. After her husband's death, she returned to Warrick county, where she was married to Rufus Roberts, the marriage taking place in April, 1S59.

Two sons resulted from this union : Rufus J., born October 12, i860, died in infancy, and Union B., born April 14, 1S62. When the latter was only a few weeks old, she and Mr. Roberts separated, since which time she has remained a widow, and made her home in Warrick county, until the summer of 1886, when she removed to the city of Evansville, where she still resides with her youngest child.

Dr. S. Ruark, an old and prominent physician of Center township, was born in Richland county. 111., July 17, 1825. He is the son of Reason and Mary J. (Banks) Ruark. The former was born in Maryland about 1800, and the latter in the south a few years later. In 1844 he left the farm and came to Evansville, where he remained a short time, and then went to Memphis, Tenn., and spent the winter. In the spring of 1845, he returned to Evansville, and entered upon the study of medicine, reading with Drs. Wilcox and Lane for two years, and then with Dr. Casselberry for one year. He graduated from the old Evansville Medical College about 1850, having practiced for two years before graduating. After graduating, he continued the practice of medicine in Evansville for two years, in Henderson county, Ky., for six years, m New Harmony for six years. He then returned to Evansville, and has remained in that city and vicinity until the present time. At present he resides four miles north of the city on the Fulton avenue road, where he owns a farm of over sixty acres of land, on which he has a pleasant, comfortable home, and an orchard containing a large variety of fruit grown in this vicinity. Dr. Ruark was married November 6, 1849, to Julia Ann Rogers, a native of this county, daughter of William and Elizabeth (Marquess) Rogers. Mrs. Ruark died May 3, 1869, aged fort}- years, nine months and eighteen days. On April 6, 1870, he was married to Miss Sophia Blakey, who was born in Virginia about 1848. They are the parents of a son, born May 19, 1888. They are both members of the Methodist Episcopal church. In politics the doctor is a republican.

Robert Ruston, a prominent citizen of Center township, was born in Chatteris, Cambridgeshire, England, April 6, 181 2, the son of Richard and Mary (Farmor) Ruston. He was married October 25, 1835, to Lydia Grant, born May 2, 181 2. On April 6, 1837, he left England, bringing with him liis wife and one son. He stopped en route at Cleveland, after which he came to this county and settled in Scott township, where he enfra<red in farmin<j. Here he remained about ten years and then removed to Campbell township, Warrick county, where he lived about thirty years, when he returned to Vanderburgh county, this time settling in Center township, where he now resides. Mr. Ruston is the father of six children by his first wife: Matthew, born July 26, 1836; Mary, December 30, 1838; Daniel, May 24, 1840; Henry, October 13, 1841; James C, March 10, 1843, and Andrew, July 22, 1844, all born in this county except Matthew, who is a native of England. Three are dead, Ephriam, Jane and Henrv, a member of the Sixty-fifth Indiana, died at Knoxville, Tenn., December 14, 1864. Mrs. Ruston died February 3, 1846. Mr. Ruston was a second time married August 26, 1846, to Mrs. Mary Dodd, a widow with three children. Mr. Ruston was the father of one child by his second wife, Ephriam, who was born August 31, 1850. Mr. Ruston was again left a widower April 29, 1880. September 25, 1881, he married Miss Maria Carr, born August 11, 1833, daughter of Henry and Mary (Toland) Carr, natives of the north of Ireland. Mr.

H. William Schnelle was born in Brunswick, German}^ December 2, 1840, the son of William and Hannah (Bertram) Schnelle. He accompanied his parents to the United States, landing at New Orleans in the spring of 1854. They settled first in German township and then removed to the farm in Center township, where the son now resides. Here his father died in March, 1 88 1, his wife having preceded him, February 20, 1879. I" August, 1862, Mr. Schnelle enlisted as a private in Company E, Thirtj'-second Indiana volunteer infantry, the first German regiment from Indiana. He was mustered out June, 1865. During his term of service he participated in some of the principal battles of the war. At Perryville he was taken prisoner, but was paroled the next day. At Chickamauga he was severely wounded in the left side of the head, which gives him a great deal of trouble yet, the bone pressing against the brain. This wound rendered him unfit for duty until the spring of 1864, when he returned to his regiment, then in east Tennessee, and was with Sherman in the Atlanta campaign, and after Sherman went on to the sea his regiment remained in the vicinity of Atlanta until he was mustered out. After he returned home he took a course in the Evansville Commercial College, kept books for nearly two j'ears, and was in the grocery business one year, and then came to the farm, where he has since resided. He was married in the spring of 1867 to Miss Margaret Soesser, daughter of Simon Soesser. He is the father of seven children, viz.: Henry W., William S., Minnie, Edward, August, Frederick and Simon. Mr. Schnelle and family are members of the Evangelical church. He is a republican politically. He owns a farm of about forty acres, nearh^ all in cultivation. He and family are among the best citizens of the township. His wound, received at Chickamauga, causes him to be subject to attacks of epileps}'. He draws a pension of $30 per month for this injury, which but slightly compensates for it.

Jacob Kunz, an old resident of Center township, was born in Germany May 19, 1828, son of Conrad and Elizabeth Kunz. His father died when he was only a few months old, and his mother ten years later. He emigrated to the United States in 1850, arriving at New York in January of that year, and in May reached Evansville. January 27, 1857, he was married to Mrs. Caroline L. Schlag, the widow of John Schlag. She was born in Germany Februarj' 2, 1822, daughter of John Haberer. Her parents both died in Germany. After their marriage Mr. and Mrs. Kunz settled on the farm where he still resides, where at first there was but little cleared land on the place of ninety-four acres. Now it is all cleared except twenty-five acres. He and his wife are the parents of three children : Elizabeth, born November 11, 1857, who died September, 1869; Anna, born 1864, who died in infancy, and David G., born September 16, 1859. Mrs. Kunz died October 12, 1884. Mr. Kunz and family are members of the Presbyterian church. In politics he is a republican. He is one of the well-to-do farmers, and has always been an honest, industrious man.

Christian F. Schlag, son of John Schlag and his wife Caroline (afterward Mrs. Kunz), is now a prominent farmer of this township, where he was born September 16, 1852. He was married November 19, 1879, ^^ Miss Anna Freyling, who was born in Warrick county, April 8, 1857, the daughter of Stephen and Anna (Pickett)

Freyling. They are the parents of two children: Louis S., born June 2, 1S82, and David G., born February 25, 1884. He and his wife are members of the Presbyterian church. In politics he is a republican.

Conrad Schmidt, a venerable farmer of this township, was born in Bavaria, February 15, 1810, the son of Andrew and Christina Schmidt. When he was fourteen his mother died and his father married again. After leaving school he was employed as a shoemaker. In 1832, he, together with his father, stepmother, four brothers, one sister and two step-sisters emigrated to the United States. After two years at New Orleans they came to this county in the spring of 1834, and settled in the woods on the farm where he now resides. Conrad's father died in 1839, and his stepmother lived until about ten years ago. Mr. Schmidt was married September 10, 1839, to Miss Mary Schwab, who was born in Switzerland, July 8,1822, daughter of Christian and Catherine Schwab. When about twelve years of age she accompanied her parents from Switzerland to this count}', spending four years at Pittsburgh, and arriving at Evansville in the spring of 1838. They remained about three years in Evansville, and then came to this township, where the father died about 1869, and the mother a year later. Mr. and Mrs. Schmidt have spent nearh" forty-nine years together on this farm. They raised a family of twelve children, seven of whom are still living, and the }oungest to die was seven years of age. The children's names are: Mary, deceased; Christina, deceased; Catherine, deceased; Elizabeth, Philip, Henry; Wilhelmina, deceased; Simon, deceased; Louisa, Margaret, George and Ida. Mr. Schmidt owns eighty acres of land, all of which he assisted in clearing himself. He and familv are members of the Presbyterian church. Politically

Mr. Schmidt is a republican. None are more highly respected than this aged couple. Anton Sciimitt, an aged and respected farmer of Center township, was born in Rhenish Bavaria, at Wachenheim-by-the- Hardt, February 14, 1814, the son of David and Justina (Hallcr) Schmitt. When he was fourteen, he was engaged in a vineyard, which business he thoroughly understood. Mr. Schmitt was married May 16, 1838, to Miss Barbara Kunz, born in Germany, December 4, 181 7, daughter of Conrad and Susan Kunz. Her father died in his native country in 1828, and her mother died when Mrs. Schmitt was an infant. In 1840, Mr. and Mrs. Schmitt, together with their oldest child, Mr. Schmitt's father and mother, one brother and one sister, emigrated to the United States, reaching Evansville in June. Anton and wife settled in a little loij cabin on the farm where he still lives, and his father and mother on another near his. Here his father, who was born in 1776, died, October 9, 1S44, and his mother the,n went to Evansville and resided with her daughter until her death, May 3, 1873, at the age of ninety-four years. Mr. Schmitt was eminently successful, and increased his farm of forty acres to one of 167 acres, and the eight or ten acres of cleared land that he found, to more than 100. The log cabin has been replaced by a substantial frame structure, which is comfortable and commodious. In addition to this he has erected quite a handsome two-story residence for his son, which together with fifty acres of land he gave to him. He and wife are the parents of five children: Margaret, Elizabeth, David (deceased), Catherine, Charles. Mr. and Mrs. Schmitt, have passed a little more than fifty years together, forty-eight at their present home. They are members of the United E\angelical church. In politics Mr. Schmitt is a republican. Ch.vrles

ScHMiTT, son of Anton, was educated in the schools of Center township, and studied German at Darmstadt. He has devoted his entire life to farm work, and owns a farm of fifty acres, nearl}^ all of which is in cultivation, and is well improved. He was married August 31, 1874, to Miss Louisa Kuster, who was born in this county January 14, 1855, daughter of Christopher and Louisa (Swarz) Kuster, natives of Germany, who emigrated some thirty-five or forty years ago, and now resides in Scott township. Mr. and Mrs. Schmitt are the parents of five children: Otto (deceased), Clara, John, Victor, Elizabeth. Mr. and Mrs. Schmitt are members of the Lutheran church. In politics he is republican. He is an honest, industrious young farmer.

John Henry Peter Schmidt was born at Casseburg, Lauenburg, Prussia, July 29, 1831, the son of John Henr^^ and Mary (Ludemann) Schmidt, both of whom died in their native countr}-, the father about 1880 and the mother about 1863. In the fall of 1856 he emigrated to the United States, and from New York went to Milwaukee, where he was variously employed, principally in a printing office, for a year and a half. From Milwaukee he went to Tell City, Ind., where he remained until the breaking out of the war, when he enlisted as a private in Company A, Sixtieth Indiana infantry, under the command of Col. Owen, and served three years. He participated in the battles of Munfordville, Arkansas Post, Chickasaw Bottoms, Vicksburg, Black River, and in skirmishes near Jackson, Miss., and at Carencro, where he was taken prisoner and held for six or seven weeks. After being exchanged, he was with Banks on his Red River expedition. He was discharged in the spring of 1865, and then returned to Tell City and engaged in the shingle business for one year. He then came to Evansville, where he followed the wharf-boat business for nine or ten years, after which he came to Center township and bought the farm where he now resides. He was married April i, 1875, to Mrs. Sophia (Andres) Bremer, the widow of Henry E. Bremer. She was born in Holstein, Germany, about 1834, daughter of Jacob and Catherine (Bank) Andres. Her father died in Germany about 1852, and her mother in Tell City, Ind., about ten years later. Mr. Schmidt and wife have one child, Mary Christina Francisca, born January 16, 1876. They are members of the Presbyterian church. In politics Mr. Schmidt is a republican. He was a gallant soldier, and is now an honest, industrious and successful farmer.

Rev. Ulrich Schroeter, an old and highly respected resident of Center township, was born near Berne, Switzerland, August, 1826, the son of John and Elizabeth Schroeter. His maternal grandfather was John Swahlen, who immigrated at the age of eighty years, and lived over nine 3'ears after reaching this country. Ulrich Schroeter acquired a good academic education, and some knowledge of the French language. In March, 1847, he, with his parents, brother Christian, sisters Anna and Elizabeth, and his grandfather, emigrated to the United States, and reached Evansville, in July, 1847. The family settled on a farm in German township, nearly all of which was in the woods. The father died about five years later, but the mother lived about twenty years. Ulrich made his home principally with his uncle, Christian Swahlen, in Center township, and was variously employed. At about the age of twenty-six, he made a profession of religion, uniting with the German Methodist church. He was licensed to preach, and was a local preacher for some time. He became an itinerant minister, his first circuit including Logansport, Wabash, Peru, and other places. In this work he remained about one year, when his health failed. A year later he again entered the itineracy, visiting Santa Claus, New Boston, Santa Fe, Grandview, and other places in Spencer county. There he was married May ii, 1858, to Miss Mary Fryhofer, who was born in Jackson county, Ind., May 29, 1840. She is the daughter of Jacob Fryhofer, born March 11, 1806, and his wife Susanna born December 18, 1805, both natives of Canton Cirach, Switzerland. They came to the United States about 1835, and settled first in Jackson county, then in Spencer county, where Mrs. Fryhofer died February 12, 1863. Mr. Fryhofer now resides in Riley county, Kansas. Soon after his marriage, Mr. Schroeter gave up his circuit and returned to Vanderburgh county, and purchased the farm in Center township, on which he now resides. He has cleared most of it, and erected a substantial house and two large barns. Durinjj the time he has been enirafred in farmin<r he has been a local minister and a leading member of the German Methodist church. He has been in demand to preach funeral sermons, far and near, and he was never too busv to respond to all the demands of this kind. At present there is an elegant brick church erected near his farm, the successful completion of which was due, in great part, to the efforts of Mr. Schroeter. He and his wife are the parents of thirteen children, nine of whom are livinjj. Their names are: Lydia E., John W., Hannah S. (deceased), Emma L. (deceased), Louis F. (deceased), Emma Clara (deceased), Wilhelm Jacob, Henr}' Edward, Albert Walter, Jesse F., Samuel T., Irwin Benjamin and Arthur Clemens.

Henry and Louisa (Redemeir) Schwartz. At the age of seven he accompanied his parents to the United States, arriving at Evansville in December, 1846. They occupied a farm in Scott township about eight years, and then removed to German township, where Mrs. Schwartz died about the year 1854. Mr. Schwartz survived her until September, 1874. October 20, 1862, Charles enlisted as a pri\ate in Company K, Twenty-fourth Indiana volunteer infantry, and served until October 19, 1865, when he was mustered out at Galveston, Te.\'. Some of the principal battles in which he participated were Port Gibson, Champion Hills, siege of Vicksburg, siege of Blakely, Ala. After coming home he worked at the carpenter's trade and then resumed farming. He was married July

22, 1869, to Miss Caroline Schemet, who was born at Wittenberg, Germany, May 3, 1851, the daughter of Louis and Caroline Schemet, who now reside m this township. Mr. and Mrs. Schwartz have had the following children: Caroline C. (deceased), Wilhelmina R. and Mary B., (deceased); Louisa R., Louis F., William H., Anna Catherine, Ella Augusta, Christian Gottlieb, and Edward Arthur. Mr. Schwartz and family are members of the German Methodist church.

Ernst Henry Schwartz was born in Scott township, J anuarj' 2, 1850, the son of E. H. and Louisa Schwartz, above mentioned. He was married May 5, 1S85, to Miss Kate Krieger. who was born in this county May 16, 1868, daughter of William and Lizzie (Stichert) Krieger, natives of German}'; he died in this count)- December

23, 18S6, and she December, 1884. Mr. and Mrs. Schwartz are the parents of two children : Emma M.,born February 15, 1886, and Wesley W., born August 28, 1887. In religion, they are German Methodists.

Frederick Steinmetz, an old and prominent farmer of this township, was born in Wachenheim-b3-the-Hardt, Germany, June II, 1811, the son of Bernhard and Elizabeth (Koehler) Steinmetz, who died in that country, his father in 1829, and his mother in 1838. Frederick attended school until he was fourteen years of age, becoming an exceptionally good penman, and afterward was engaged in his father's vineyard until he was about twenty-seven years old. March 16, 183 7, he married Miss Elizabeth Schmidt, who was born in German}', April II, 181 1, daughter of David andjustina (Haller) Schmidt. Her parents afterward came to the United States and settled in Center township. Mr. and Mrs. Steinmetz emigrated to the United States, leaving home April 24, 1837. They reached Evansville June 19, and on October 27, 1837, purchased a farm of eighty acres in Center township. He worked there about eleven years and then bought his farm of 160 acres, which was then entirely wooded. Now there are about 100 acres cleared, and all the work of opening this farm has been done by him and his sons. They are the parents of seven children: Henry, Anna Marie (deceased), Justina, Conrad (deceased), Elizabeth, August and Bernhard. Mr. Steinmetz and family are members of the Evangelical church. Mr. Steinmetz was for several years secretary of the Home Mutual Fire Insurance company of Vanderburgh county.

John Ulrich was born in Switzerland, July 29, 1842, the son of Joseph and Anna (Schroeter) Ulrich. Mr. Ulrich's parents immigrated and landed at New York, July 12, 1847, and came at once to Evansville, and settled in this township. In the spring of 1862, Ulrich took a trip up the Tennessee river on a government boat, and on the 20th of July, 1862, enlisted as a private in Company H, Sixty-fifth Indiana volunteer infantr}', and served two years, ten months and live days. He participated in the battles of Blountsville, Tenn., where he was painfully wounded in the wrist, Dallas, Resaca and other engagements of the Atlanta campaign. Near Decatur he was shot through the right side, breaking two of his ribs and producing a very dangerous wound. This was so serious and so long in healing that he was unable to return to his regiment. When he was mustered out May 25, 1865, the wound had not yet healed and it still disables him. He was married October 15, 1866, to Miss Hannah M. Heubner, who was born in this county, March 18, 1847, daughter of Peter and Harriet Heubner. Mr. and Mrs. Ulrich are members of the German Methodist church, and he belongs to Farragut post, G. A. R. They are the parents of nine children: Anna Eliza (deceased), William H., Edward R. (deceased), Harriet F., Walter W., Elizabeth M., Jesse Martin, Sarah Esther and Ada Belle (deceased).

Karl Volkmann was born in German}', September 15, 1844. He is the son of Andrew and CaroHne Volkmann. When Karl was about nineteen years old he emigrated to the United Slates, and reached this county in May, 1864. He was variously occupied for a time, and then purchased sixty acres of the 120 acres which he now owns. Since that time he has been engaged in farming, and has been ver}' successful. He was married about 1866 to Miss Justina Meyer, a native of Germany, daughter of Christian and Charlotte Meyer. They are parents of eight living children : Ernest, Charles, Frederick, Mary, Alvina, Gusta, Otto, Louisa, and two deceased, Carohne and August. Mr. Volkmann and family are members of the Lutheran church.

He has held the office of supervisor for two years. Mrs. Volkmann's father was sheriff of the court in the old country, was highly educated, and tilled that position nearly all his life.