Lexington, Kentucky - History (part 6 of 8)

It would be almost impossible to I'elate all the acts of individual outrage that took place. I shall never forget the demoniac look of the villain who stripped me, nor shall I soon forget those who encouraged, since, notwithstanding my request, they did not hinder him from doing it. I showed him my wound. 'T was vain ; before I could unfasten the bandage, regardless of my pain, he tore my coat off from my shoulders. I had gone but little farther before I saw ten or twelve men, lying dead, stripped naked, and scalped. Near them were two lines of Indians formed from the entrance of a triangular ditch in front to the old gate of Fort Maumee, a distance, I think, of forty or fifty feet. The idea immediately struck me that all the prisoners ahead of me had been massacred. I determined, if such was the case, to go no further. Upon inquiring, a soldier told me they were in the fort, and showed me the way, which was between those two lines of Indians. During this moment's delay, a man who was walking behind, stepped before me; just as we entered the defile, an Indian put a pistol to his back, and fired - he fell. I ran through without being touched. My feelings were somewhat relieved at finding about two-thirds of the prisoners already within. How many were killed afterward I am unable to say. We heard frequent guns at the place during the whole time the remaining prisoners were coming in. Some, although not killed, were wounded severely with war clubs, tomahawks, etc. The number who fell after the surrender was supposed by all to be nearly equal to the killed in battle. We now hoped, however, that we were secure from further insult or injury - but no sooner had all the prisoners got in than the whole body of Indians, regardless of the opposition of our little guard, rushed into the fort. There seemed to be almost twice our number. Their blood-thirsty souls were not yet satiated with carnage. One Indian alone shot three, tomahawked a fourth, and stripped and scalped them in our presence. It seems to me, even to this day, whenever I think of this circumstance, that I again see the struggles of the dyiiig prisoner and hear him cry, in vain, for mercy. The whole then raised the war-whoop and com- menced loading their guns. "What were our feelings at this moment, he, who has never realized, can not imagine. A description is impossible. "Without any means of defense or possibility of escape, death in all the horror of savage cruelty, seemed to stare us in the face. Rendered desperate hy this idea, and the perfect disregard which the British evinced for that duty, held sacred by all civilized nations (the protection of prisoners), much did we wish for our arras, and had we then had them, they would have been surrendered but with our lives. Or, had this been carried much farther, the prisoners would, at any risk, have sold their lives as dearly as possible. Tecumseh, however, more humane than his ally and employer, generously interfered and prevented farther massacre. Colonel Elliot then rode slowly in, spoke to the Indians, waved his sword, and all but a few retired immediately. After a short consultation with those who remained, they came and took from among us a number of young men, of whom the British said they wanted to make sons, but we feared they took them as hostages for the lives of those Indians who were wounded. Just at dusk, boats came up and carried us to the fleet, eight miles below. Notwithstanding the naked condition of the prisoners, and the disagreeableness of the weather (which was rainy and excessively cold for the season), many of them were obliged to remain all night in the open boats in ankle-deep mud and water. The wounded were put into the holds of the different vessels, where their only bed (and a good many had not even this), was the wet sand thrown in for ballast, without blankets or any other kind of covering. Provision was issued to them the next day about twelve. Their treatment afterward was nearly as good, I am induced to believe, as the British could aftbrd, being themselves scant of provisions. I feel myself particularly indebted to some of the officers for their politeness and attention.

" I can not conclude without testifying to the bravery and carelessness of danger displayed by the troops throughout the engagement. The only contest seemed to be, while any hope of victory remaiued, who should first oust the enemy from his hiding places. And I am convinced, wIilmi the retreat commenced, by far the greater part had no idea of surrender, but exhausted, confused, and overcome, were forced to it on their arrival at the batteries."

But an end came to defeats and massacres at last. On the 10th of September occurred the splendid and decisive victory of Perry over the British fleet, on Lake Erie. A i thrill of joy vrent through Kentucky ; Lexington in particu- / lar was given up to rejoicing. The city was illuminated, bonfires were lighted, and all the bells rung out their merriest peals. The Federalists of that day were most cordially detested by a vast majority of Keutuckians, and a chroni- | cler* does not fail to state that, " while the joy bells of Lexington were ringing for Perry's victory, the bells of Massachusetts were tolling in disappointment at the defeat of the British."

Perry's success was the death knell of British power in the Northwest, where hostilities ceased entirely after the battle of the Thames. This glorious and eminently decisive victory occurred on the 5th of October, and in it the volunteers from Lexington and Fayette played a most gallant and distinguished part, and sustained heavy losses. The Forty-second regiment commanded by a Lexingtonian, Colonel George Trotter, who served in this campaign as a brigadier-general, was presented with a drumf taken at the battle of the Thames. The drum was ornamented with the British coat of arms, and the inscription, "41st lieg." Before being presented, the following was added to the inscription : " Presented by General Harrison and Governor Shelby to Colonel George Trotter, for the Forty-second regiment, Kentucky militia, as a testimony of its patriotism and good conduct, and for having furnished more volunteers than any other regiment."

The success of General Harrison on the Thames gave Lexington another occasion for rejoicing. The news was announced to the citizens by the mail carrier, who galloped into town with " victory," in big letters, exhibited on the front of his hat, and thereupon all the schools were dismissed, business was suspended, and there was a grand procession, speeches, and general rejoicing. The term of service of the volunteers expired about this time, and their return was the signal for balls, parties, and displays, in their honor.

With the battle of the Thames, which closed the war in the Northwest, Lexington and Fayette had no farther direct share in the struggle, which became mainly confined to the eastern and southern borders of the country. It was time that Kentucky was allowed a little rest, for she may be said to have almost fought through the two first years of the war by herself. Virginia gave the Northwest to the nation, and her daughter, Kentucky, saved it from conquest by savage and foreign foes at the cost of her noblest blood.

Chaptee Xxxviii

Spotted Fever - The Hero of Fort Stephenson - Joy over Jackson's Victory - Drafted Men - Amos Kendall commences Life in Lexington - Agricultural Societies - The Kentucky and Mechanical Association, Officers - W. B. Kinkead - Present Society - WUliam Preston - Leading Agriculturists.

Lexington was visited with spotted fever during the month of March, 1814, and to such an extent did it rage that from eight to a dozen persons died daily.*

On the 4th of September of this year, Major Greorge Croghan, whose heroic defense of Fort Stephenson, in August, 1813, forms one of the most brilliant chapters in American history, was given a complimentary party in Lexington, and was honored by the citizens as he deserved. Congress, with her usual tardy justice, voted him a gold medal twenty-two years after his wonderful repulse of the British and Indians.

The patriotic citizens of Lexington indulged in an illumination on the night of October 1st, in their joy at the news just received of Jackson's victory over the British at Mobile.f The "barracks" were resplendent with candles, which were placed on the tops of the buildings, and other lights were placed in the boughs and on the tops of the trees surrounding the " barracks," making a most romantic effect. Rows of caudles lined the windows of the houses in the town, and a procession, with a thousand candles, and headed by a drum and fife, paraded the streets. The battle had taken place on the 15th of September, and it was two weeks before Lexington got the news. In 1814, the transit of the ordinary mail from Washington to Lexington occupied twelve or thirteen days.

Two companies of drafted men, under Captains James Dudley and A. S. Drake, were raised in the fall of this year, but peace was declared before they reached the seat of war. The whole number of companies raised in Lexington and Fayette, for the common defense, during the war of 1812, was thirteen. This fact is, of itself, the highest tribute that can be paid to their gallant patriotism.

Amos Kendall, who afterward became postmaster-general of the United States, and the devoted friend and righthand man of that just and unflinching old hero. General Jackson, may be said to have commenced life in Lexington, where he arrived, a young man, in the spring of 1814.* He came poor and unknown, and at the instance of Judge Bledsoe, whom he had met in Washington City when that powerful orator was a member of the United States Senate. Mr. Kendall walked from Maysville to Lexington. He started as a teacher in the family of Mr. Clay, who was then working at the peace negotiations at Ghent. At the same time, he studied law, and subsequently took the prescribed oath, and was qualified as an attorney in our present old court-house. Mr. Kendall died November 12, 1869, in Washington City, at the age of eighty, after attaining a position before the nation befitting the high order of his mind and talents. The teacher of the children of the great and eloquent leader of the Whig party became one of the most renowned Democrats of the old regime. The poor tutor in Mr. Clay's family became one of the most honored and respected members of the cabinet of his most formidable antagonist, "Old Hickory." Who will say that truth is not romantic? Mr. Kendall was a native of Dunstable, Massachusetts.

The unsurpassed natural advantages of the now famous' "Blue Grass Region" for stock raising were quickly appreciated by its settlers, who, at a very early day, turned their attention to the raising and improvement of live stock of various kinds. Horse and cattle "shows" were regularly held at Lexington, even before the commencement of the present century. But it was not until 1814 that the city could claim to have a regular society for the improvement of live stock and the promotion of kindred interests. In the year named, the "Kentucky Agricultural Society"* was organized in Lexington, and for many years held annual exhibitions at " Fowler's Garden," on the Maysville turnpike, the same property in which " Scott's Pond " is now included, and which was then the favorite place of public resort. The following programme of the societyf will convey an idea of the character of primitive Lexington fairs :

"]S"oTiCE. - A meeting of the members of the Kentucky Society for promoting Agriculture will take place at Fowler's Garden, adjoining Lexington, on the last Thursday in next September, and continue for three days, at which time and place the society will award twenty-three silver cups - one to each of the articles named below. Members are requested to be punctual in their attendance. " To the best gelding, a silver cup.

cup. " " wheat, quality, quantity, and excellence of crop will be considered, silver cup. "It is confidently believed that much fine stock will be exhibited, and much bought and sold within the three days of the fair ; therefore, those who either wish to sell or purchase will do well to attend. H. Taylor,

In 1832, a fair was organized by the Kentucky Eacing Association,* and in September, 1833, the first of a series of annual exhibitions on the Association Course was given under the management of a committee, consisting of Benjamin "Warfield, James Shelby, Thomas Smith, John Brand,

"On tliis occasion will be assembled for exhibition, competition, or sale, specimens of the most approved and celebrated breeds of English cattle, and we learn tliat breeders and others will be thus enabled, by actual coniparisou, to judge of the relative qualities of the cattle imported by Sanders, Smith, and Tegarden, in 1817, and the short-horns imported by Colonel Powell, of Philadelphia. Garcia, Lucilla, and Pontiac, of the Powell stock, will be exhibited for premiums, and some calves by Pontiac and Sultan, of the Powell stock."

Friday

To President, a bull, by Cornplanter, he by imported Tecumseh, and out of Lady Monday, and she by San Martin, and out of Mrs. Motte (imported), is awarded the first premium. The property of J. C. Talbott.

To Melville, a bull, by Haggiu's full-blooded Teeswater bull, his dam by San Martin, is awarded the second premium. The property of E. Warfield.

To Helen Eyre, a one-year old heifer, by Accommodation, dam Pink, is awarded the first premium. Bred by B. Warfield. The property of James N. Brown.

Saturday

"We, the undersigned, appointed a committee to award the premiums on the above stock unanimously'- agree in awarding the above. ^ David McMuktry,

In 1850, the Maxwell Springs Company was organized and incorporated,* and secured the grounds fronting on Bolivar street, and including "Maxwell's Spring," and now being converted by the city into a park. These grounds are noted for their fine springs of water, as the time-honored gathering-place to celebrate the Fourth of July, and as the spot where the " Old In''a,ntry " and other volunteer companies that suffered at Raisin met and bade their friends and relatives adieu, on starting to join Harrison. Here, also, on public occasions. Clay, Barry, Scott, and a host of other prominent men have addressed immense crowds.

The Kentucky Agricultural and Mechanical Association was incorporated December 7, 1850,* and bought grounds adjoining those of the Maxwell Springs Company, and in July, 1853, the two societies entered into an arrangement by which the Kentucky Agricultural and Mechanical Association obtained provisional use of the Maxwell Springs Company's land, on which to hold annual exhibitions. The entire grounds were then greatly improved, a handsome and capacious amphitheater, and all other needed buildings, were erected, trees and shrubs were planted, and the place soon became noted far and wide for its extraordinary beauty and convenience. The first officers of the Kentucky Agricultural and Mechanical Association were elected April 13, 1850, as follows :

Benjamin Gratz, president; Henry C. Payne, vice-president ; Jas. A. Harper, secretary; David A. Say re, treasurer. Dr. R. J. Breckinridge, Abram Vanmeter, Henry T. Duncan, Edward Oldham, Joseph Wasson, Charles W. Innes, James Kinnaird, Richard Allen, of Jessamine, James 0. Harrison, and Isaac Shelby, were elected directors.

On the night of December 18, 1861, the splendid buildings of the association were destroyed by fire while being used by federal troops. Ever since that calamity the annual fairs have been held on the grounds of the Kentucky Racing Association.

The agricultural associations of Fayette county have had no more energetic and valuable friend than Benjamin Gratz, whose efitbrts contributed greatly to their success. (See chapter on Transylvania University.)

Judge "W. B. Kinkead, well known both as a lawyer and an agriculturist. He was born in "Woodford county, Ky., and was appointed a circuit judge by Governor Letcher. He has been a resident of Lexington for many years.

In the spring of 1872, the Maxwell Springs Company and the Kentucky Agricultural and Mechanical Association were dissolved to give place to a more effectual organization - The Kentucky Agricultural and Mechanical Society, of which Gen. "W"m. Preston was made president. General Preston was born in Louisville, but has long made Lexington his home. He served in the Mexican war, has represented his state in Congress, was United States minister to Spain, and was a major-general in the service of the late Confederate States. General Preston is a line lawyer and a good speaker. He is a man of very superior abilities, and his highly-cultivated mind is stored with information.

The last exhibition of the society was held in the beautiful grove at Ashland. Its future fairs are expected to be held in an extensive amphitheater, to be erected on the old historic grounds at Maxwell's Spring, which were so long in use before the late war.

Chapter Xxxix

No regularly organized troops from Lexington participated in the war with England, after the battle of the Thames, but this did not prevent her citizens from feeling the liveliest interest in the struggle. "When the great Jackson achieved his glorious and extraordinary victory over the disciplined British regulars, who had fought against the first Napoleon, Lexington was beside herself with delight. The 22d of February was observed as a day of general thanksgiving for the brilliant ending of the war; salutes were fired, addresses delivered, and at night the whole city was illuminated. Licensed by the general joy, crowds of boys marched through the streets, singing, at the very top of their voices, this stanza, composed by a Lexington wit, and considered remarkably fine :

The only man from Lexington known to have been in the battle of New Orleans was Capt. Stewart W. Megowan.* In 1812 he raised and commanded a company of volunteers from this city, and, under Colonel Lewis, joined General Harrison. In 1813 he raised another company, and called them the "Lexington Rifles." He again joined Gen. Harrison, under Governor Shelby, from whom he had obtained his commission of captaincy. Captain Megowan was in the battle of the Thames, when Tecumseh was slain ; and was present when Proctor's troops surrendered. After serving out that campaign, Capt. Megowan again returned to Lexington, and hearing New Orleans was about being attacked by British troops, he endeavored to raise a third company, but finding he would not have time to do so, he started down the Missis-sippi river alone, to join General- Jackson. After reaching jt^ew Oi'leans, he and a flat-boat captain, by the name of Twiggs, beat up for volunteers in the streets of that city, and raised a company composed of sailors and Kentucky flat-boatmen.

Twiggs was elected captain, and Megowan first lieutenant. General Jackson gave the custom-house into their charge, and on the evening before the battle of New Orleans, Megowan obtained leave to take as many men as would go with him, and join General Jackson. Five Dutch sailors volunteered to accompany him, and although they neither understood the English language, nor were versed in military discipline, they followed him into the fight, and shared in the victory. Capt. Megowan died at the age of 79 years.

General George Trotter, a well-known native and citizen of Lexington, died October 13, 1815, aged thirty-seven. He was several times a member of the legislature from Fayette, and was noted for his gallant conduct in the war of 1812. He served with Colonel Campbell in the Mississinewa campaign, and was acting brigadier-general in the famous battle of the Thames. His residence was at "Woodlands," and is now used by the Agricultural College.

The " Lexington Female Benevolent Sopiety," now preeminent for its judicious charity, great usefulness, and blessed influence, was organized in 1815, and has been in active operation ever since. The following named ladies constituted one of its early board of officers : Mrs. John Norton, President ; Mrs. Morrison, Mrs. Ross, Vice-Presidents; Miss Kidgely, Secretary; Mrs. Ward, Treasurer. Managers, Mrs. Palmer, Mrs. Robert, Mrs. Bell, Mrs. Hanson, Miss Clifibrd, Mrs. Elliott, Miss Montgomery, Mrs. Beckley, Mrs. Stevens* The institution was not incorpo- rated until February, 1851. The charter members were: Mrs. John Norton, Mrs. John H. Brown, Mrs. James 0. Harrison, Mrs. Wyett R. Higgins, and Mrs. Isaac W. Scott. Among other members of the society, who have greatly assisted in forwarding its noble objects, may be named Mrs. Thomas Skillman, who was connected with it for very many years, Mrs. A. V. Sayre, Mrs. Eliza BIythe, Mrs. Eliza Eoss, Mrs. Thos. C. Orear, Mrs. M. P. Lancaster, Mrs. John Carty, Mrs. E. McCalister, Mrs. George Brand, Mrs. H. M. Skillman, Mrs. Montrnollin, and many others.

The Second Presbyterian Church of Lexington was founded in 1815, and was first known as the " Market Street Church." It was built by the united efforts of a number of non-profeseing admirers of the Rev. James McChord, together with a few regular members of Presbyterian churches. The building committee was composed of John Tilford, T. H. Pindell, John McKinley, Alexander Parker, David Castleman, and Joseph C. Breckinridge. These, together with the following, were the signers of the church constitution, viz : C. Wilkins, Samuel Trotter, L. McCuUough, J. H. Hervey, M. T. Scott, Benj. Merrill, F. Dewees, Matt. Kenneday, W. H. Richardson, Thos. January, Thos. T. Skillman, "W"m. Pritchart, C. Logan, N". Burrowes, A. M. January, T. P. Hart, J. B. Boswell, R. S. Todd, B. Chambers, T. B. Prentice, W. W. Blair, E. Sharpe,

The edifice was built after the peculiar and substantial style of the day, and occupied the site of the present church building, on Market, between Church and Second streets. The walls were two and a half feet thick, the pulpit was in the middle of the front end of the house, and the seats were arranged in ascending tiers, facing the doors, so that persons entering found themselves confronted by an army of gazers. The church called the Rev. James McChord to be its first pastor, and he preached the dedicatory sermon, July 30, 1815, at which time the church was opened for worship.

James McChord was born in Baltimore,* in 1785, and removed with his parents to Lexington, in 1790. After receiving a liberal education at Transylvania University, he studied law with Henry Clay, but after mature thought, abandoned that profession for the ministry, and entered a theological seminary in New York, where beheld the foremost rank. In 1809, he was licensed, and in 1811, ordained. He published a treatise in 1814, on the nature of the church, which was condemned by the Associate Reformed Presbytery, whereupon he sent in a declinature of their authority, and connected himself with the West Lexington Presbytery. He was pastor of the Market Street Church only four years, but in that short time he became famous. To his great intellect was added not only brilliant scholarly attainments, but the most powerful and thrilling eloquence, which carried all before it as the sweeping of a mighty wind. Some of his congregation, who had come only to enjoy and admire, were converted. Others who desired nothing more serious than entertaining preaching, and who, unfortunately controlled the financial aft'airs of the church, took the alarm, and the gifted pastor was soon made so uncomfortablef that he resigned, and for a year managed to subsist by! teaching a school. His highly sensitive nature never recovered from the blow, and sad and brokenhearted, he died far too young, May 26, 1820. Love and attention revived with his death. His admirers changed the name of his late charge to " McChord Church ;" his remains were interred beneath the pulpit, and a marble tablet bearing his name, the date of his birth and death, and the inscription, "the resurrection of the just shall unfold his character," was set in the wall. The memory'of this good man is still reverently cherished in Lexington. Mc- Chord's sermons, including his " last appeal to the Market Street Church," have received great attention both in this country and in England.

Mr. Armant. During the time which intervened between the resignation of Mr. McChord and the accession of the next regular pastor, the Rev. John Breckinridge, the pulpit was supplied by the accomplished Rev. William Wallace and Father R. H. Bishop, who was for some time professor in Transylvania University, and afterward became the founder and president of Oxford College, Ohio.

Rev. John Breckinridge, who succeeded Mr. McChord in 1823,* was a son of Attorney-General John Breckinridge, and was born near Lexington, Kentucky, July 4, 1794. Like McChord, he turned from the law to the ministry, and, like him, captivated the hearts of his hearers by his charming eloquence. After serving the Second Church three years, he accepted the chair of pastoral theology at Princeton, which he held a short time. He was an advocate of colonization. At the time of his death, which occurred August 4, 1841, he was president-elect of Oglethorpe University, of Georgia.

In 1828, the Rev. John C. Young, D. D., became pastor of the church. Dr. Young was born in Pennsylvania, August 12, 1803, and, after graduating, was licensed to preach in 1827. In 1830, he resigned the pastorate of the Second Church, and accepted the presidency of Centre College, which prospered under his ripe scholarship and efficient administration. Dr. Young died in Danville, Kentucky, June 23, 1857.

The Rev. Robert Davidson, son of President Davidson, of Dickinson College, succeeded Dr. Young in 1882. Mr. Davidson was born in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, February 23, 1808, and graduated at Princeton. He is extensively known as the author of an exceedingly interesting "History of the Presbyterian Church in Kentucky." He was pastor of the church until 1840, when he was elected president of Transylvania University. He was afterward tendered the position of superintendent of public instruction, but declined it. In 1869, he was one of the delegation to the general assembly of the Free Church of

The Kev. John H. Brown, D. D., succeeded Mr. Matthews in 1844, and was pastor until 1853, when he resigned, and settled in Chicago, Illinois, where he died, February 23, 1872, afier a successful ministry in that city.

The present elegant and tasteful church edifice was built on the site of the old building in 1847. After the erection of the church, the remains of the gifted McChord were again deposited beneath the pulpit, where they now rest. Eev. Robert G. Brank, a native of Greenville, Kentucky, a graduate of Centre College, and an exceedingly graceful and efl'ective speaker, succeeded Mr. Brown in 1854, and remained pastor of the church for fourteen years, during which time he made himself greatly beloved by his faithful and efficient ministry.

At the close of the late war, the Second Church, like its sister churches, was filled with dissension between the two parties then formed in it - the Southern Assembly party, with Mr. Brank as pastor, and the General Assembly party, with Rev. E. H. Camp as pastor.

In May, 1869, both of these ministers resigned, and the church troubles were adjusted (see chapter on First Presbyterian Church). The Eev. Nathaniel "West filled the pulpit of the church during the winter of 1869-70, after which the present regular pastor. Rev. Mr. Burch, took charge of the church, which continues to prosper under his earnest and efficient ministry.

Chapter Xl

Lexington, in 1816, was known as the most elegant and fashionable city in the West. Great attention was given to music, dancing, and all the lighter accomplishments; pleasure gardens and other places of amusement were liberally patronized, and social entertainments were the order of the day. A visitor, at that time, says :* " Lexington is as large as Cincinnati. The inhabitants are as polished, and, I regret to add, as luxurious as those of Boston, New York, or Baltimore, and their assemblies and parties are conducted with as much ease and grace as in the oldest towns of the Union. A summer view of Lexington is inexpressibly i-ich, novel, and picturesque, and the scenery around it almost equals that of the Elysium of the Ancients." -

The Eastern Lunatic Asylum, founded in 1816,f under the name of the "Fayette Hospital," was the first institution of the kind established in the western country, and the second state asylum opened in the United States. The projector of this now magnificent public charity was Andrew McCalla,J one of the early settlers of Lexington, and a man noted for his kind heart and benevolent deeds. He was assisted by many other citizens of like character, and all of them were incorporated early in 1816, under the name of " The Contributors to the Fayette Hospital."

The names of these contributors, as far as known, are : Alex. Parker, Trotter, Scott & Co., John W. Hunt, Geo. Trotter, Jr., Thomas January, Lewis Sanders, J. & D. Mac-

On the 1st of March, the contributors organized under the charter, and shortly after purchased the " Sinking Spring" property, on which the present buildings are located. The site selected owed its name to a peculiar spring, still used, which has its origin in an immense subterranean volume of water, from which, it is said, the "Big Spring" at Georgetown flows. There is a tradition* that a quantity of chaflj emptied into the "Sinking Spring," came out, some hours after, at the " Big Spring."

On Monday, June 30, 1817, on the occasion of the laying of the corner-stone of the "Fayette Hospital" building, a procession marched from the court-house to the Sinking Spring, in the following order, viz :

In the presence of a large concourse of spectators, after an appropriate prayer by Rev. Robert M. Cunningham, the corner-stone was laid, and in it were deposited the newspapers of Lexington for that week, some silver and copper coins of the United States, two publications in favor of the institution, and a brass plate bearing the name of the engraver and the following inscription :

Fayette Hospital

By the time the hospital was roofed in, a financial crisis defeated the plans of the building committee, and in 1822, it was found best to tender the property to the state, which purchased it the following year, gave it the name of the "Kentucky Eastern Lunatic Asylum," and appropriated $10,000 for its benefit. The asylum was formally opened May 1, 1824, and the first patient admitted was " Charity,"* a negro woman from Woodford county. For twenty years after its opening, the attending physicians were Dr. S. Theobolds, Dr. Louis Decognets, and others, assisted by the medical faculty of Transylvania University. In 1833, and at several difierent times after, the cholera raged with fatal efl'ect in the asylum, and several times it has been visited by destructive fires, in one of which a number of patients were consumed. In 1844, the custodial management of the institution was changed for an enlightened one.* Dr. J. K. Allen was made the first superintendent lander the new order of things. Chains and jailers rapidly disappeared, and the institution soon wore a civilized appearance. Dr. Allen held his office for ten years, giving great satisfaction to all concerned, and gaining for himself an enviable reputation.

In 1850, a liberal bequest was made to the asylum by James S. Megowan, "for the purpose of adding to the comfort and amusement of the patients."

Dr. "W. S. Chipley, who for many years made mental diseases his special study, succeeded Dr. Allen in 1855, and continued as superintendent for fourteen years. Under his very efficient management, improvements were made in almost every respect, and the institution attained a position of usefulness second to none in this country.

The capacity of the asylum was greatly increased in 1867, by an appropriation of $150,000 by the legislature. The new buildings erected, gave the institution two hundred and fifty additional rooms.

In 1869, Dr. Chipley resigned, and Dr. John "W. Whitney became superintendent, a position which he still holds. The institution has never been more prosperous, or its aflairs more efficiently managed, than since the induction of the present able and skillful superintendent. His assistants are Drs. Dudley, Layton, and Rogers.

Since 1822, the state appropriations to the asylum have amounted to nearly a million of dollars. The little patch of ground it then owned has been increased to three hundred acres; nearly three thousand five hundred patients have been admitted to the institution, of whom largely over a thousand have recovered, besides very many who were so much improved as to justify their restoration to society. The asylum is supplied with every convenience, comfort, and medical and scientific arrangement calculated to benefit its inmates ; and stands in the first rank among like institutions in the United States.

Chapter Xli

Lexington was noted, as early as 1817, for her number of carriages, which was twice that of any other town of its size in the United States.* This peculiarity has distinguished her ever since, and so much so in late years, as to gain for her, from a pungent writer,, the name of "the city that goes on wheels."

A branch of the United States Bank went into operation in Lexington, January 27, 1817. The directors were James Morrison, William Morton, John W. Hunt, Alexander Parker, John Tilford, A. S. Bartow, Cuthburt Bullitt, John H. Hanna, James Taylor, W. T. Barry, John T. Mason, and John H. Morton.

Chapter Xlii

The quaint and beautiful costumes of the old colonial days were not quite extinct, even in 1818, At entertainments, and on full dress occasions in Lexington, at that date, old gentlemen were frequently seen arrayed in all the magnificence of square coats, rufiled shirt-bosom, court vest, lace cuffs, short breeches, knee-buckles, and white stockings; and elderly ladies looked grand in wonderfully long-waisted dresses, with immense ruffles about the elbows, and with their powdered hair towering aloft on cushions.

General Leslie Combs settled in Lexington in 1818, and has made it his home ever since that time. General Combs was born in Clark county, Kentucky, November 28, 1793. His father was a Virginian, and his mother a Marylander. During the war of 1812, General Combs, at the age of nineteen, distinguished himself by his courage and gallantry. In the campaign which ended at Kaisin, he was sent with a dispatch from General Winchester to GenerS,! Harrison, and in the execution of his trust, traversed the pathless wilderness through snow and water for a hundred miles, and endured privations which nearly cost him hia life.* In April, 1813, he was commissioned Captain of scouts, and was attached to the torce under General Green Clay, which had been ordered to the relief of Tort Meigs. Captain Combs volunteered, with the assistance of an Indian guide and four men, to carry the news of Clay's approach to Harrison. He succeeded in threading his perilous way through swarms of hostile savages, and had arrived in sight of the closely invested fort, when he was attacked by Indians, one of his men killed, another wounded, and he and the rest of his little band, after intense suflering, escaped, in a starving condition, back to Fort Defiance.

Subsequently, he took a gallant part in the disastrous defeat of Colonel William Dudley, on the 5th of May, was wounded, laken prisoner, and compelled to run the gauntlet at Fort Miami.

After the war. General Combs settled in Lexington, where he practiced law for nearly half a century. In 1836, General Combs raised a regiment for the southwestern frontier, at the time of the Texas revolution. As a lawyer, trustee of Transylvania University, member of the legislature, railroad pioneer, state auditor, and a brilliant and sparkling speaker, General Combs has stood in high repute among his fellow-citizens. After a long and eventful life, the "boy-captain of 1812" is still among us. He resides on Main, between Limestone and Rose, and adjoining the First Christian Church.

Chapter Xliii

The year 1819 found Lexington suffering from the financial derangement and demoralization which extended over the whole country. The multitude of newly created banks which had been thickly planted throughout Kentucky, had been so badly managed as to excite universal contempt. The following quaint effusion, printed in the Reporter of 1819, indicates the state of feeling at that time in regard to the banks :

" To the Editors of the Reporter : I have ventured to send you another squib at the banks. Nothing, I conceive, can be more injurious to the country than the toleration of swindling and bankrupt moneyed institutions.

Yet their fame (such as 't is) shall abide in my songs ; Not e'en in the hour when my heart is most gay. Will I cease to remember their notes and their wrongs.

President Monroe and General Jackson, accompanied by Governor Shelby, visited Lexington, Friday, July 3, 1819,* and were escorted to Keen's tavern by the old infantry, several rifle and artillery companies, and a large and enthusiastic crowd of citizens. Salutes were fired, both when they entered town, and when they arrived at the tavern. They visited the university, and were addressed by Dr. Holly and some of the students, after which they went to Jouett's studio. Tbe next day they " attended the Fourth of July festival at Dunlap's." Sunday, they attended church. Monday, they were given a public dinner at Keen's tavern by the citizens, who addressed the President through Colonel Morrison. The distinguished guests left town the next day.

Dr. Charles Caldwell, well known in medical circles in both America and Europe, settled in Lexington in 1819. He was born in Caswell county, North Carolina, in 1772. At the age of fourteen, he had mastered Latin and Greek, after which he opened a grammar school, taught three years, then studied medicine, and graduated under E-ush in Philadelphia.

In 1795, he commenced his career of authorship, which has since made him so distinguished. He labored with prodigious energy, and his literary and scientific writings and translations are estimated at ten thousand pages.

Dr. Caldwell was the first prominent champion of phrenology in the United States, and was one of the few distinguished men who openly espoused the mesmeric theory in the face of public ridicule. He bought, in Europe, the first medical library of Transylvania University. Many of the books he gathered in Paris from dealers to whom they had been sold by once eminent and wealthy physicians, who had been ruined by the French Revolution. By this means he obtained many rare and valuable works, which made the Transylvania Medical Library superior to any other at that time in this country. The booka were brought from Maysville to Lexington on pack-horses.

Dr. Caldwell was a resident of Lexington and professor in the Medical College for sixteen years, at the end of which time (after making himself very unpopular, by favoring the removal of the college to Louisville,) he resigned, and was largely instrumental in establishing the Louisville Medical Institute. He died some years ago, leaving behind him a wide-spread reputation as a clear writer, an able teacher of philosophical medicine, and a man of enlightened liberality in advance of his age.

Chapter Xliv

In 1820, Lexington, which for several years had been decreasing in population, commenced to grow again, and business slowly but steadily increased.

John D. CiiiFord died in Lexington, May 8, 1820, aged forty-two. Mr. Cliflord was noted for his love and knowledge of the natural sciences; for being a public-spirited friend of every learned and charitable institution, and for the liberal support he extended to the Episcopal Church. He was the president of the Lexington Athenaeum, in a room of which institution he opened a museum of natural and iintiquarian history, and just before his death he assisted Professor Kafinesque to survey the ancient remains near Lexington. Mr. Clifford married Mary S., daughter of William Morton.

" Eussell's spring is a natural curiosity. It is a subterranean stream of water issuing from a cave. Both have been traced and followed for three-quarters of a mile, and it is moreover connected with the sinks west of Eussell's, since something thrown into them has been seen to come out at the spring. The cave is crooked, narrow, and rather shallow. As the stream often fills it from side to side, one must often wade, to explore it, and even swim in some places. Fishes are often found in it, such as suckers and catfish. In freshets, the water fills the cavity. At tlie mouth the stream is usually one foot deep, and discharges itself into the Elkhorn, about one hundred steps below. The mouth of the cave is below a chain of rocky limestone cliffs, where some organic fossils are imbedded. A large and spacious hall lies next to it in the rock, forming another cave, which is filled by rubbish at a short distance, but communicates by narrow chasms with the other cave."

In 1820, Robert S. Todd, who died in 1849, lived on Short street, in the house adjoining and belonging to St. Paul's Church (Catholic), and at present occupied by Father Bekkers. Colonel Todd's daughter. Miss Mary Todd, afterward the wife of President Lincoln, was born in this house. Mrs. Lincoln was married November 4, 1842.

Chapter Xlv

In 1821, Lexington, like the whole state of Kentucky, was suffering from the financial distress which had been growing worse and worse ever since the close of the war of 1812. The community was flooded with all sorts and sizes of depreciated "shinpl asters," as they were contemptuously called; business was ruined, everybody was in debt, and every one was suing or being sued. During this terrible depression and stagnation of commercial interests, all the old political interests were lost sight of, and the crisis brought into existence the now famous " Eelief" and "Anti-Relief" parties, the first demanding a stay-law on executions from the legislature, the last opposing it. The contest was hot and protracted, and resulted in the still more famous " Old Court" and " New Court" parties.

At this dark period all the farmer had to sell went at ruinously low prices, and all he bought he got at the most exorbitant rates.* Corn sold at twelve and a half cents per bushel; wheat, thirty-seven cents ; flour at two dollars and fifty cents per barrel; net pork at one dollar and twentyfive cents per hundred pounds; butter at six cents per pound, and eggs at three cents per dozen ; cottons, forty and sixty cents, and prints, which would not be worn, at seventy-five cents per yard. Tea retailed at three dollars per pound, coffee at seventy-four cents, and Muscovado sugar at thirty-seven cents per pound; and, as an instance of the perverted taste of that day, it was the usual custom to exchange two pounds of tree sugar for one of the Mus- covado. "Whisky - old copper-distilled Bourbon whisky - sold at twenty-five to thirty cents per gallon. Milch cows rated from seven dollars to ten dollars per head, and good horses were often bought at twenty-five to forty dollars.

The venerable Elder Thomas P. Dudley, of Lexington, entered the ministry of the Particular Baptist Oburch in 1821. He was born in Kentucky county, Virginia, May 3, 1792, and in a few days after was under the government of the infant commonwealth of Kentucky. He enlisted for the campaign of 1812 in Trotter's cavalry, but left the troop at Fort Defiance to act as assistant commissary to the left wing of the northwest army. He was in the battle and massacre at the river Raisin, where he was captured. After his release from captivity, he served as quartermaster-general of the Kentucky troops sent to the aid of Jackson at iNew Orleans, and was in the celebrated victory of the 8th of January, 1815. After serving faithfully in the ministry for more than half a century, Elder Dudley still survives, and is one of the oldest and best known citizens of Lexington. Mr. Dudley has been the pastor of the church at Bryant's Station for many years. This church, which was organized in 1786, has had but two pastors from that time to the present, viz : Ambrose Dudley, and his son, Thomas P. Dudley, the subject of this notice.

Chapter Xlvi

Lexington was so grievously infested with gamblers in the fall of 1822, that the citizens combined to crush them out, and after an indignation meeting, a general attack was made on the sporting characters, and many of them were lodged in jail. A newspaper of the time,* "hoped that persons at a distance would understand that the society of Lexington does not tolerate any species of gaming."

In 1822, the Lexington Female Bible Society was organized. Mrs. Elizabeth Skillman, whose lovely character will long be remembered by our citizens, was one of the members of the first board of managers, and was president of the institution for nearly forty years. She died February 18, 1872, in the eighty-sixth year of her age.

Chapter Xlvii

The " Western Luminary," the first religious newspaper published in the southwest, was established in Lexington, by Thomas T. Skillman, in 1823, to aid in counteracting the strong infidel tendency then manifested in the city. Mr. Skillman was one of the best and most useful citizens of his day. He died June 9, 1833, a victim of the terrible cholera season of that year, and the loss which his church and the community sustained, was felt to be such that it deepened still more the sadness and gloom that pervaded the suffering city.

In 1823, the court of appeals of Kentucky made its celebrated decision that the "relief" statutes passed at prior sessions of the legislature, retrospectively extending replevins, were unconstitutional. This decision created an immense sensation. The " lieliefs " now became known as the "New Court" party, whose sole aim was to remove the offending judges of the court of appeals, and substitute new ones who would bend to the popular will. The "Anti- Reliefs," or as they were soon called, the "Old Court" party, formed the opposition. The struggle which ensued, and which extended through three years, was the most violent and bitter one in the annals of the state, excepting the one at the eve of the late war.

both the parties. Every weapon of political warfare was called into play ; argument, and invective, and sarcasm, and satire, and pasquinade, and ribaldry, were all exhausted in the strife of words.

It was during this exciting period, that the famous brickbat war broke out on the streets of Lexington.* The combatants in about equal numbers, were ranged on each side of the street, and while pick and crowbar were kept busy in tearing up pavements, the fighting men in the opposing ranks were equally busy for a full hour, by " Shrewsbury clock," hurling missiles at each other. Broken heads and bloody noses was the order of the day. When the fight was raging most furiously, and all were expecting a resort to firearms, R. J. Breckinridge and Charlton Hunt, opposing candidates, both of them brilliant, rising young lawyers, appeared on the street, with arm locked in arm, each waving a white handkerchief, and Avalking boldly between the combatants. They thus ended the fray.

Another incident characteristic of the day and the people deserves to be recorded. It was then the custom for successful candidates at the close of the polls, to give a "big treat" to their constituents. On one of these occasions, Robert Wickliffe, Sr., "treated" to punch, a barrel of which was set in the middle of Limestone street, opposite the place now known as the Sayre Institute. A strong partisan on the other side, a somewhat notorious character, who was always after called "Dr." tapper, secretly dropped some tartar emetic in the punch. Such a scene as ensued beggars all description, and could hardly be limned with the pencil of a Hogarth. The retching and heaving, the sputtering, and spewing, and spouting, with

"Which assailed the olfactories of the passers-by was due notice to give the participators in the debauch a wide berth. That was the last general political treat given in the interior of the state.

Joseph C. Breckinridge, oldest son of Hon. John Breckinridge, and father of Hon. John C. Breckinridge, was for many years a citizen of Lexington. He died in Frankfort, September 1, 1823, aged thirty-five. Mr. Breckinridge was born in Virginia, graduated at Princeton, served in the war of 1812, studied law and practiced in Lexington. At an early age he was elected to the legislature from Fayette county, and at the time of his death, was secretary of state under Governor Adair.

Chaptee Xlviii

The literary culture and educational advantages of Lexington had become such by 1824, that the city was spoken of far and wide as the "Athens of the West."* Her claims to the title were by no means insignificant. The society of Lexington was noted for its intelligence, appreciation of literature, its good taste and elegance. The pulpits of the city were adorned by able and eloquent men, the newspapers were the leaders of the state press, and the bar was probably the strongest one at that time in the United States. Transylvania University, under the distinguished Dr. Holly, had attained even a European celebrity, and the city was crowded with her learned professors, and medical, academical, and law students. Lectures were frequent and well sustained and the weekly discussions of the Lexington Lyceum, which was composed of the best men of all professions, were listened to by crowded audiences. The city library was the largest in the west, and has never been more liberally patronized. A botanical garden had just been established; the pencil of Jouett had made him famous and was now constantly engaged ; and scholars and distinguished men from all parts of the country, visited Lexington to enjoy the society in the noted seat and center of learning and intellectual culture in the west.

The Lexington Lyceum mentioned above was the successor of the " Lexington Junto,"t the debating society in which Henry Clay distinguished himself by the first speech he made in Lexington, in the year 1798. The Lyceum met at one time in Satterwhite's tavern, and afterward in the court-house. It existed for very many years and did great good by means of lectures and public del)ates. The Lyceum now in existence was chartered March 9, ]868.* Its incorporators were : J. S. Phelps, J. R. Morton, H. M. Buford, J. H. Webster, G. W. Darnall, F. W. WooUey, and (Jr. W. Ranek.

The botanical garden established in 1824 was projected by the learned Prof. C. S. Rafinesque of Transylvania University, who became its first director and manager, assisted by John W. McCalla, Thos. Smith, Joseph Ficklin, and J. M. Pike.f The garden, which was, properly speaking, a botanical, medical, and agricultural institution founded to promote the natural sciences and a knowledge of husbandry, was situated about where Judge S. S. Goodloe now lives on the Richmond turnpike. It existed but a few years, but is noted as having been the first institution of the kind projected in the west, if not the first in the United States.

Hon. Jefi'erson Davis, late President of the Confederate States, and who will always occupy a prominent and illustrious place in the world's history, resided in Lexington in 1824, and was a member of the senior class in Transylvania University. He is remembered as a slender, fair-haired young man, quiet, unassuming, and of very studious habits.J He boarded with Postmaster Ficklin, in the brick house, still standing, on the southwest corner of Hill and Limestone streets. The historic interest now attached to this spot will deepen and increase with advancing time.

Chaptee Xlix

Lafayette's Visit to hexington - Reception - Ceremonies and Incidents - The Christian Church - First Meeting Places - " Union of the Disciples and Christians" - Early Ministers - Dr. Jas. Fishhack - Regular Pastors - Dissensions about Ordination - The Campbell and Rice Debate - - Present Condition of the Main Street Church.

Probably the grandest gathering ever seen in Lexington was on the occasion of the reception of General Lafayette, May 16, 1825. In no place in this country did the old hero recive a more cordial welcome than in the seat of the county which was named in his honor. An immense concourse of people from all parts of Kentucky and from several other states, companies of infantry, artillery, and cavalry, Revolutionary soldiers, distinguished strangers, members of all professions, went out to meet him, wearing " Lafayette badges."

The announcement that the marquis and suite were in sight was the signal for round after round of deafening cheers, volleys of musketry, and thunders of artillery, which only ceased long enough to give the following committee time to formally receive and welcome him to Lexington, viz : John Bradford, William Morton, Dr. Eichard Pindell, Dr. Walter Warfield, John Fowler, Alexander Parker, Andrew McCalla, William Leavy, James Lemmon, Charles Norwood, Col. James Trotter, and Gen. Thomas Bodley.* The welcome address in behalf of Lexington was delivered by John Bradford, and that in behalf of the county by Leslie Combs. Formal replies were made by Gen. Lafayette, after which, amid renewed cheers. and salutes, a grand procession moved through the principal streets of the town to Mrs. Keen's tavern, where rooms were prepared for the distinguished guests.

Rest and then a sumptuous dinner followed the arrival at the tavern, after which the afternoon was spent by the marquis in a cordial reception of the enthusiastic multitude which crowded in upon him. At night a grand complimentary ball was given him in the then new Masonic Hall, on Main, between Broadway and Spring streets, which was beautifully decorated for the occasion. The managers of the ball were : E. Warfield, J. H. Morton, J. W. Hunt, J. W. Palmer, C. Wilkins, W. W. Worsley, B. Gratz, J. Postlethwait, L. Combs, T. Smith, T. S. Caldwell, W. Brand. General Lafayette was welcomed to the hall by the Rev. John Ward in behalf of his Masonic brethren.

Before his departure, Lafayette reviewed the old soldiers of the Revolution, visited Mrs. Clay and the widow of Governor Scott, and spent some time with Jouett, who afterward completed the life-size portrait of Lafayette, now owned by the State of Kentucky. One of the most prominent features of the entertainment of Lafayette in Lexington was a literary reception at Transylvania University. A classic address was made by President Holly, and eulogistic orations and poems were delivered in French, Latin, and English by the students.

In 1825,* two feeble little religious bodies, which occasionally attracted attention on account of their " new notions," struggled for existence in Lexington. The members of one met at the residence of Mrs. Bell (mother of Dr. T. S. Bell, of Louisville), who lived on Main street, between Walnut and Rose, and nearly opposite Mr. S. S. Thompson's planing mill. They called themselves " Christians," and their pastor was that learned, liberal, and great man. Barton W. Stone, who had long been at the head of a flourishing classical school in Lexington. The other little fl.ock met in a house on Spring street, between Main and Water, which afterward became the machine shop of Thomas H. Barlow, one of the greatest inventors America has ever produced. They called themselves "Disciples," and held the peculiar views advanced by Alexander Campbell, who, two years before (1823), upon the occasion of his first visit to Lexington, had created a great sensation by his startling and powerful sermons. The " Disciples " were occasionally addressed by that intrepid, original, and able man of God, Elder John ("Raccoon") Smith, who now sleeps in the Lexington cemetery. Elders "Wm. Poindexter and Thomas Smith also labored for this church.

The "Christians" and "Disciples" agreed in most of their religious opinions. They kept up separate organizations, however, for a number of years. The " Christians," or " Stoneites," as they were then often called, were particularly careful not to make immersion a test* of religion, and it was their practice to receive unimmersed christians of all denominations to their communion and fellowship. It was this which prevented for some time the union of the two bodies.

By the year 1831, the Christians had gathered strength sufficient to erect a house of worship, which they built on Hill street, near the corner of Mill, and opposite the present residence of Judge Robertson. The church was a very plain brick one, with an interior gallery, which, after the old style, ran around two sides and the end of the building. It was formally opened for worship on Sunday, October 16, 1831,t and the dedication sermon was delivered by the eccentric and eloquent elder, Jesse Bledsoe, who, but a short time before, had abandoned the bar for the pulpit. The " Disciples," at this time, were meeting in a building which stood near the present residence of Dr. H. M. Skillman, on Broadway.

On Saturday, January 1, 1832, the Christians and Disciples, between whom there existed a most fraternal feeling, assembled, by agreement, in the Hill Street meeting-house, to consider the probabilities of the union of the two bodies. Candid and generous addresses were delivered by Elders Barton Stone and John Smith; the members of both churches conferred together, harmony was arrived at, and the hoped-for union was effected upon the broad ground that the Bible was the only rule of faith and practice ; that all should enjoy the right of private judgment, and that the opinions of ecclesiastical leaders should not be allowed to disturb the peace of the church. The united congregations adopted the name Christian for the church, and the Hill Street house became the sole meeting-place.

Until the services of a regular pastor were obtained, Elders Jacob Oreath, Curtis Smith, Thomas M. Allen, and others preached at different times for the church.

One of the earliest and ablest of Bishop Campbell's indorsers in Lexington was Dr. James Fishback,* who subsequently became a member of the Christian ministry. He was the son of Jacob Fishback, who came to Kentucky from Culpepper county, Virginia, in 1783. Dr. Fishback was educated for the medical profession, and as early as 1805 filled the chair of " Theory and Practice" in Transylvania University. In 1816, becoming dissatisfied with the stricter views of the Presbyterian Church, of which he was a member, he connected himself with the Baptists, and became one of their regularly ordained preachers.

In 1823, when Bishop Alexander Campbell visited Lexington for the first time. Dr. Fishback paid the closest attention to the opinions and arguments he advanced, and the impressions he then received influenced the balance of his religious life. In 1827,t while pastor of the Baptist Church on Mill street, he strongly advocated a change in the name of the church from what it then was to that of "Church of Christ." Many members of the church favored it, and many denounced it as an "unnecessary change suggested by the spirit of the 'Se-w Light heresy." The dissension which ensued resulted in the exclusion of Dr. Fishback, John M. Hewitt, Purnell Bishop, Alex. Gibney, E. Chinn, A. Graham, and thirty others, "for contumacy and disorderly conduct." In April, the excluded members, who claimed the ownership of the church building, met in it, organized "the Church of Christ on Mill street," and in turn excluded their excluders from the church. Dr. Fishback was elected pastor of the new church, the congreg-ation of which met for some time alternately with the other Baptists in the Mill Street church, but subsequently left that place and worshiped in the building now known as the Statesman office, on Short street. Most of this congregation finally went back to the First Baptist Church, but Dr. Fishback and others, after wavering for some time, joined the Christian Church. Dr. Fishback was a prominent preacher of this last-named body for a number of years, and died connected with it in the summer of 1845.

Dr. Fishback was a preacher of superior talents, boldness, and culture, a man of great information and fine personal appearance. He was a strong and able writer, as evidenced by his " Philosophy of the Human Mind," published in 1813, and his religious "Essays and Dialogues," of 1834. He was married twice. His first wife- was a niece of Patrick Henry, and his last, a daughter of Governor Shelby.

The first minister regularly employed by the United congregations on Hill street was Elder James Challen. He was born in Hackensack, ]!^ew Jersey, in 1802, came to Kentucky at an early age, entered Transylvania University, united with the Baptist Church in 1823, but a few years after changed his ojiinion and entered the ministry of the Christian Church. He became pastor of the Hill Street congregation in 1834. He did much to perfect a thorough organization of the church, and endeared himself greatly to his brethren by his graces and virtues. This now aged soldier of the cross is living at present in Davenport, Iowa.

Dr. B. F. Hall, a native of Fleming county, Xentucky, but who has long made Texas his home, succeeded Mr. Challen. Dr. Hall was a speaker of moderate ability. During his pastorate the church became divided on the subject of ordination, the parties in the contention beino- Dr. Hall, Dr. J. G. Chinn, and others, on one side, and

In 1841, Dr. L. L. Pinkerton succeeded Dr. Hall as pastor, and under his energetic ministry the church prospered, and shortly after he commenced his labors (1842), the present large church edifice on Main street was completed. Dr. Pinkerton was born in Baltimore county, Maryland, January 28, 1812, and was trained in the Presbyterian faith, but in 1830 was baptized under the personal ministry of Bishop Campbell. Before he began to preach, he practiced medicine, having graduated in the Transylvania Medical College. Dr. Pinkerton was pastor of the Main Street Church for nearly three years, after which he was very largely instrumental in forming the Orphan School at Midway, Kentucky. He was for five years professor of belles-lettres in Kentucky University. Dr. Pinkerton is gifted with generosity, independence, and liberality. His discourses are characterized by elegance, vigor, and originality, over which is cast the charm of a tender melancholy. A more uniformly interesting speaker has never filled the pulpit of the Maia Street Church.

In !N"ovember, 1843, the celebrated debate between those distinguished champions, Bishop Alexander Campbell and the Rev. N". L. Rice took place before densely packed audiences in the Main Street Church. The moderators on that occasion were Hon. Henry Clay, Judge George Robertson, and Colonel Speed Smith.

After Dr. Pinkerton, Elders Newton Short, "William Clark, A. W.' Robbins, and John I. Rogers became pastors of the church. In 1860, W. H. Hopson, a native of Christian county, Ky., was elected to the pastorate, which he filled up to the year 1862, when J. W. McGarvey succeeded, and he in turn was succeeded in 1867 by Elder Robert Graham, who was born in Liverpool, England, and graduated at Bethany College. L. B. "Wilkes, a native of Maury county, Tennessee, became pastor in 1869.

During the ministry of Mr. Wilkes, a part of the congregation, by the advice of its officers, commenced to meet for worship in the Odd Fellows' Hall, on the corner of Main and Broadway, where service was held, for the first time, on Sunday, January 2, 1870, and continued regularly until May 1st of the same year, when the Tirst Presbyterian building was bought by the Main Street church, and devoted to the use of its members meeting in the hull. The government of two congregations under one eldership created dissatisfaction among some members of the church, andwaspubliclycondemnedbyoneofthem(Mr.EHy) as unscriptural, despotic, and dangerous. It was continued nevertheless, and, unfortunately, a spirit of illiberality at the same time rapidly manifested itself among some of the preachers and leaders of the church. Forced, by these combined causes, and desiring peace and freedom of conscience, a number of the members of the church, acting in accordance with the long-recognized rights and usage of the Christian body, quietly established, in the spring of 1871, the " Second Church of Christ," or, as it was kindly and very suggestively called by the public a* that time, the "Little Church around the Corner."

In the summer of 1871, the members of the Main Street Church meeting on Broadway were organized into an independent church, after having been nearly eighteen months under the rule of the Main Street officers.

On the 22d of October, 1871, the Main Street portion of the original double body, assumed to exclude from it (the Main Street Church) such members of the Second Church of Christ as had formerly belonged to both the Main Street and the Broadway congregations. The ladies and gentlemen supposed to be excluded, were charged with " disorder and schism in withdrawing and setting up a new organization without the consent of the church."

The Main Street congregation has been rapidly increasing in numbers for several years past, and is now very large and prosperous. The church has lately been considerably improved in appearance.

The citizens of Lexington testified their sincere regret for the loss of the patriots, Jeflerson, Adams, and Shelby, by extensive and impressive funeral ceremonies on "Wednesday, August 15, 1826.

At eleven o'clock a. m., a procession formed at the Grand Masonic Hall, under the direction of Thomas Bodley, chief marshal ; Messrs. John M. McCalla, Jas. M. Pike, Leslie Combs, C. "W. Cloud, and Joseph Eobb, assistant marshals; and proceeded in the following order to the Episcopal Church : supported and followed in the same manner. The two biers of the ex-Presidents, followed by twenty-four misses dressed in 'white, with white veils and suitable badges, representing the twenty-four states of the Union,

Bier Of Shelby

BIER OF SHELBY, supported by four bearers, and followed by a led horse appropriately accoutered, and a female representing Kentucky, clothed in white, with an appropriate badge. Surviving officers and soldiers of the Revolution. Major-general and his staff. Trustees of the town, Treasurer and Clerk. Militia Officers, General, Regimental, and Staff. Members of Congress. Members of the State Legislature. Fayette Circuit Judge, Attorney, and Clerk. Magistrates of the county, preceded by the High Sheriff President, Trustees, and Professors of Transylvania University. Principal, Visitors, and Teachers of the Lafayette Female

After arriving at the church, which was crowded to excess, a soft and beautiful dirge was played, and then, after a touching prayer by the Rev. George T. Chapman, an eloquent and impressive funeral oration was delivered by William T. Barry. The ceremonies concluded with an anthem by the choir and a benediction.

An extraordinary fall of rain occurred in Lexington, on Sunday, July 25, 1827.* It commenced with a heavy thunder shower in the afternoon, and continued all night, and hy morning so great had been the volume of water that had fallen, that citizens going to their places of business, were obliged to wade through the torrents of water which poured through the streets. The cellars in the level parts of the town were completely filled with water, causing great losses to grocers and merchants. The damage done was estimated at twenty thousand dollars. Several lives were endangered by the sudden rise of the water. In one case a black woman was very nigh drowned. She was sleeping in a cellar kitchen. The water had arisen in the street till it reached the cellar windows, when it rushed in so rapidly that she either had not time or presence of mind to make her escape, but catching hold of something above her, cried for help. In a few minutes the cellar was filled, and she must inevitably have been drowned had not some person ventured in and brought her out.

Chapter Lii

By the time the year 1828 rolled 'round, old state and local issues were forgotten in Lexington. The Old Court party was now known as the " l^ational Republican " party, and the !N"ew Court as "Democratic Republican" party. Lexington blazed with political excitement all through this year, and it was at its highest pitch at the November election, which resulted in Jackson carrying the state by a majority of eight thousand over Adams.

Chapter Liii

The macadamizing of the streets and roads of Lexington was agitated in 1829, and urged in particular by Henry Clay. On the 30th of October, a large public meeting was held, at which the McAdam plan was indorsed^ and steps were taken to organize a company to construct a road " connecting Lexington with the Ohio river." The following committee was appointed to advance the interests of the road, viz : Henry Clay, Charleton Hunt, Benjamin Gratz, Richard Higgins, E. J. Winter, John Brand, Benjamin Taylor, Richard Chinn, David Megowan, George Boswell, and D. Sayre. Work was commenced shortly after, on Limestone and Broadway streets, and on the road from Lexington to Maysville, which is believed to have been the first road macadamized in Kentucky.

Chapter Liv

Lexington claims the honor of having constructed the first railroad in the West, and the second one in America. It was originally known as the " Lexington and Ohio Railroad," and was chartered by the Kentucky legislature, January 27, 1830 ; and the corporators were* Messrs. John W. Hunt, John Brand, Richard Higgins, Benjamin Gratz, Luther Stevens, Robert WickliiFe, Leslie Combs, Elisha "Warfield, Robert Frazer, James "Weir, Michael Fishell, Thomas E. Boswell, George Boswell, Benjamin Taylor, Elisha J. "Winter, Joseph Boswell, David Megowan, John Norton, Madison C. Johnson, and Henry C. Payne. Elisha J. "Winter was elected first president of the company. The second president was Benjamin Gratz, of Lexington, Kentucky.

Engineers, at that period, were not so lavish in their estimates of the cost of constructing railroads, as they have become in modern times, as it is a matter of history that the original estimate of the cost of the contemplated Lexington and Ohio road, from Lexington to Portland, was one million of dollars. Of this sum, about seven hundred thousand dollars was promptly subscribed by citizens of Lexington. f

The " corner-stone " of the road was laid on Water street, near the corner of Mill, with great display, on the 21st of October, 1831. Governor Metcalfe drove the first spike, and an address was delivered to the assembled concourse by Professor Charles Caldwell. Work on this pioneer road was then commenced.

The road-bed was as unique as it was substantial, and consisted of strap-iron rails spiked down to stone-sills. The cars were, for a long time, drawn by horses. The first steam locomotive made in the United States ran over this road. It had been invented by Thomas Barlow, of Lexington, as early as 1827 or 1828, and was constructed by Joseph Brueu, an ingenious mechanic, also a resident of Lexington.* The original model of this locomotive is in the museum of the Eastern Lunatic Asylum of this city. On the night of December 21, 1834, a grand ball and supper was given at Brennan's tavern, in Lexington, to celebrate the opening of the road, and the rejoicing and festivity was great.

An immense and excited crowd assembled at Lexington, on Saturday, January 24, 1835, to witness the starting of the first train for the "Villa." In the following December, the first through train arrived at Frankfort from Lexington.-j-

During the session of the general assembly of 1847, the Louisville and Erankfort Railroad Company was organized and chartered, and at once became the purchasers of that portion of the road lying between Louisville and Frankfort. In 1848, the Lexington and Frankfort Railroad Company was organized, and in turn purchased from the state that portion of the road between Lexington and Frankfort,

In 1857, the management of the Louisville and Frankfort and Lexington and Frankfort railroads was consolidated. The road is now known as the Louisville, Lexington and Cincinnati Railroad.

Charles Humphreys died. October 1, 1830, in the fifty-fifth year of his age. He was a self-taught scholar ; was long a law professor in Transylvania University, and was an able and accomplished advocate and jurist. It is said that he was not known to have had a single enemy.

Chapter Lv

In 1831, Henry Clay was nominated for the presidency against Andrew Jackson, and the Whig and Democratic parties in Lexington labored for their favorites with a passionate energy and fiery zeal never since surpassed. The newspapers flamed with phillipics and denunciations. Caucuses, speeches, clubs, barbecues, pole-raisings, and mass meetings kept up a tempest of political excitement in which all ages, sexes, and conditions took a part. Detraction and bitter animosity accompanied the heated opposition of the parties, and when the contest ended with the election of Jackson for the second time, the deep mortification of one side was only equaled by the wild and triumphant rejoicing of the other.

Among the prominent physicians of Lexington about this time (1831) were Drs. Best, Holland, "William Pawling, T. P. Satterwhite, and Richard Pindell, the last-named gentleman was a native of Maryland, and had been a surgeon in the Eevolutionary army. He died March 16, 1833.

Chapter Lvi

Lexington a City - First Officers - Poor and Work-JIouse - Trustees' Rooms and Council Chamber - List of Mayors- Appearance of Lexington in 1832 - Genera? Jackson's Visit.

Lexington became an incorporated city in 1832, and on the 12th of January of that year, the first mayor and the first board of councilmen were inducted into oifice.* The brief ceremonies took place at the court-houge. The oath was administered to the mayor, Charleton Hunt, by Judge T. M. Hiekey, after which the mayor administered it to the following gentlemen, who composed the council, viz: William A. Leavy, Richard Higgins, Stephen Chipley, Robert S. Todd, David Megowan, Richard Ashton, Thomas P. Hart, Luther Stephens, Thomas M. Hiekey, Leslie Combs, John Brand, and Benjamin Gratz. The city was at once divided into four wards, a municipal seal was adopted, a work-house established, and the general machinery of the new government set in motion.

on Bolivar street. The institutions were connected about thirty-five years. The poor-house is now located in the country. The work-house remains on Bolivar street, and has lately been improved.

The trustees of the town of Lexington held their meetings first in the fort, then in the first court-house, afterward in a room in the old state-house, and then again in the court-house.

The city council occupied the old Odd Tellows Hall, on Church street, until it was destroyed by fire in 1854. The Medical Hall, corner of Church and Market (now replaced by the library building), was used for a long time. In 1865, the council took possession of its present hall, in Hunt's row.

" The town buildings in general are handsome, and some are magnificent. Few towns in the West, or elsewhere, are more delightfully situated. Its environs have a singular softness and amenity of landscape, and the town wears an air of neatness, opulence, and repose, indicating leisure and studiousness, rather than the bustle of business and commerce. It is situated in the center of a proverbially rich and beautiful country. The frequency of handsome villas and ornamented rural mansions impart the impression of vicinity to an opulent metropolis. A beautiful branch of the Elkhorn runs through the city, and supplies it with water. The main street is a mile and a quarter in length, and eighty feet wide, well paved, and the principal roads leading from it to the country are macadamized for some distance. In the center of the town is the public square, surrounded by handsome buildings. In this square is the market-house, which is amply supplied with all the products of the state. The inhabitants are cheerful, intelligent, conversable, and noted for their hospitality to strangers. The professional men are distinguished for their attainments in their several walks, and many distinguished and eminent men have had their origin here. The university, with its professors and students, and the numerous distinguished strangers that are visiting here during the summer months, add to the attractions of the city. The people are addicted to giving parties, and the tone of society is fashionable and pleasant. Strangers, in general, are much pleased with a temporary sojourn in this city, which conveys high ideas of the refinement and taste of the country. There are now much larger towns in the West, but none presenting more beauty and intelligence. The stranger, on finding himself in the midst of its polished and interesting society, can not but be carried back, by the strong contrast, to the time when the patriarchial hunters of Kentucky, reclining on their buffalo robes around their evening fires, canopied by the lofty trees and the stars, gave it the name it bears, by patriotic acclamation."

General Andrew Jackson visited Lexington the second time on Saturday, September 29, 1832,* at which time a grand barbecue in his honor was given by the Democrats at " Fowler's Garden." General Jackson was then a candidate for re-election to the presidency, and Mr. Clay, selected by the " Nationals," was his competitor. " Old Hickory" was escorted into the city by an immense procession, composed of military companies, various orders and societies, several bands of music, and a concourse of horsemen and footmen bearing banners, appropriately inscribed, and sur- mounted by game cocks, which crowed lustily as they went through the streets. General John M. McCalla, Benjamin Taylor, and Abram Morton were marshals of the day. Jackson rode in an open carriage with Governor Breathitt, who had just been elected by the Democrats. The windows and streets were crowded with people, to whom the President continually bowed as they waved their handkerchiefs and hickory branches, and gave him cheer after cheer. The concourse, from the barbecue, attended the President's levee, which was held that night at Postlethwaite's tavern. On Sunday morning, Jackson attended the Pirst Presbyterian Church, corner of Broadway and Second street, and listened to a sermon from the Eev. Ifathan Hall. The house was crowded almost to sufibcation, and hundreds were unable to enter. The curiosity to see the determined old hero was intense, and he never walked the streets unaccompanied by a crowd. On his way to church he passed the branch of the United States Bank (now the Northern Bank building), which had just been completed, and was then considered a very fine edifice. An amusing tradition, told with great gusto by old-time Democrats long after the reputed occurrence of the incident, declares that Jackson no sooner saw the bank than he gave it one of his most withering glances, muttering, " By the eternal !" and brought his cane down upon the pavement with a most emphatic rap. The effect was, of course, fatal. Three years from that time the bank ceased to exist. The story indicates the intensity of party feeling at that periocL Jackson and his suite left Lexington on horseback the Monday succeeding his arrival, after having been given one of the most enthusiastic receptions ever accorded to a distinguished visitor in Lexington.

Chapter Lvii

The terrible ravages of the cholera in 1833 will ever keep that fatal year memorable in the annals of Lexington. The devoted city had confidently expected to escape the scourge on account of its elevated position and freedom ft'om large collections of water, but an inscrutable Providence ruled it otherwise. About the 1st of June the cholera made its appearance, and in less than ten days fifteen hundred persons were prostrated and dying at the rate of fifty a day.* An indescribable panic seized the citizens, half of whom fled from the city, and those who remained were almost paralyzed with fear. Intercourse between the town and country was suspended for six weeks; farmers had to abandon their grain to the stock for want of laborers; the market-houses in the citj' were empty and desolate, and fiimine would have been added to pestilence but for the great activity of the authorities.

The streets were silent and deserted by everything but horses and dead-carts, and to complete the desperate condition of things three physicians died, three more were absent, and of the rest scarcely one escaped an attack of the disease. f The clergy, active as they were, could not meet one-third of the demands made upon them. Business houses were closed, factories stopped, and men passed their most intimate friends in silence and afar off', staring like lunatics, for the fear of contagion was upon them. The dead could not be buried fast enough, nor could coffins be Lad to meet half the demand. Many of the victims were consigned to trunks and boxes, or wrapped in the bed- clothes upon which they had just expired, placed in carts, and hurried ofl" for burial without a prayer being said and no attendant but the driver. The grave-yards were choked. CoflBned and uncoffined dead were laid at the gates in confused heaps to wait their turn to be deposited in the long, shallow trenches, which were hastily dug for the necessities of the occasion. Out of one family of nineteen persons, seventeen died.

The hitherto festival day, the Fourth of July, came, and found the fearful pestilence abating, and was observed in the churches with mingled tears, thanksgiving, prayers, and supplications. The fell destroyer had swept overlive hundred persons out of existence,* and the whole city was in mourning. The terrors and sufferings in Lexington during the fearful cholera season of " '33 " no pen can describe.

The Lexington Orphan Asylum originated from the calamities occasioned by the cholera, which left children destitute and unprotected. A public meeting was held at the court-house on Wednesday, July 17, 1833,t to raise funds to establish an asylum for these children. It was largely attended, and |4,400 were collected for the purpose. A house and lot, formerly the property of Dr. James Fishback, and located on Third street, between Broadway and Jefferson, where the asylum has ever since remained, was purchased, and on Wednesday, August 14th, the institution was organized with the following managers, viz : Mrs. Wicklifte, Mrs. Sayre, Mrs. Tilford, Mrs. Gratz, Mrs. Erwin, Mrs. Bruen, Mrs. W. Eiehardson, Mrs. Putnam, Mrs. Chipley, Mrs. J. l^orton, Mrs. Graves, Mrs. Dewees, Mrs. Ward, Mrs. L. Stephens, Mrs. J. W. Hunt, Mrs. Peers, Mrs. Leavy, Mrs. Macalester, Mrs. Koss, Mrs. Geohegan, Miss Edmiston, Miss Barry, Miss M. Merrill, and Mrs. Short. The managers furnished the house, procured a matron and an assistant, and gathered and sheltered all the destitute orphans in the city who had been deprived of both parents.

The citizens of Lexington have never allowed it to languish for want of support, but the most liberal and substantial aid it has received since its establishment, was in 1866, when, by means of public liberality, its buildings were greatly enlarged and improved.

Chapter Lviii

The fearful cholera experience of Lexington was not without its beneficial effects. Saddened and chastened, the city turned to religion for consolation, and in 1834, a great revival was the result. Meetings were held for nearly a month, and four hundred additions were made to the various churches.*

A branch of the Bank of Kentucky was established in Lexington in 1884, its first board being Benjamin Gratz, iiforman Porter, James Hamilton, Stephen Swift, Joseph Bruen, W. H. Eainey, J. G. McKinney, David Heran. After a successful existence of thirty-one years, the institution discontinued business March 13, 1865. The last oflicers of the bank were Henry Bell, president; H. B, Hill, cashier; H. B. Hill, Jr., teller; E. S. Duncanson, book-keeper; John Carty, D. M. Craig, George Brand, M. P. Lancaster, John G. Allen, directors.

St. Catharine's Academy, on Limestone street, between Winchester and Constitution, was transferred to Lexington in 1834,t from Scott county, Kentucky, where it had been founded four years before. St. Catharine's is a branch of the Roman Catholic Academy of Nazareth, near Bardstown, in this state, and is conducted by sisters of charity. The first superioress of St. Catharine's was Annie Spalding, a relative of the late Archbishop Spalding, and a gifted and accomplished woman. She was poisoned, in 1852, by a negro woman owned by the institution, and who she had unwittingly offended. She was buried in the old Catholic Cemetery on Winchester street. The academy has been blessed with success and prosperity since its removal to Lexington, and its buildings have been greatly enlarged and improved. St. Jobn's Academy, located on the same lot, was partially built from the brick that once composed the walls of the old Catholic Chapel in which the celebrated Father Baden officiated for so many years.

The first city school established in Lexington was organized in 1834, and, like the Orphan Asylum, resulted from the devastations of the cholera, which left many children unprovided with means of education. The old Kaukin Church, on the corner of Short and Walnut streets, was obtained by the city, and the school was opened on the 1st day of March, 1834, with one hundred and seven pupils in attendance. Joseph Gayle was principal, assisted by his daughter. The school committee appointed by the council consisted of James 0. Harrison, William A. Leavy, and Thomas P. Hart. The establishment of this school was largely due to the exertions of Charleton Hunt, then mayor of Lexington. In" 1836, William Morton, an old and greatly respected citizen, left a legacy of $10,000 to advance the interests of this school, which is now known as "Morton School (No. 1)." The old schtol- house was replaced by the present one in 1849. Harrison School (ISTo. 2), named in honor of James 0. Harrison, was organized in 1849, and Dudley School (No. 3), so called in honor of Dr. B. W. Dudley, in 1851.

In 1853, the public schools had attained a prosperity, character, and efficiency greater than they ever enjoyed before or since. The number of pupils at that time was one thousand three hundred and seventy-eight,* and so great was the public confidence in the schools, that not a single private ichool for the education of boys was in existence 'n <:he city.f Everybody, without regard to either ociai or financial distinctions, sent their children to the city schools, and the processions, speeches, festivities, and crowds which attended the closing exercises of the schools, indicated the interest and pride that were taken in them by the citizens. These gratifying results were mainly due to the energy and enlightened management of James 0. Harrison, who was for a long time chairman of the school committee, and who devoted a number of the best years of his life to the upbuilding of the schools. At the present time, the city schools, owing to various causes, are neither as well attended nor as useful as they were twenty years ago.

Chapter Lix

The E'orthern Bank of Kentucky was founded in June, 1835, at which time it purchased from the United States Bank its branch house in Lexington, its debt and specie, and became the agent to wind up the business of the concern. The first directors of the Iforthern Bank were B. W. Dudley, D. M. Craig, John Tilford, W. A. Leavy, P. Bain, W. Dunn, B. Gratz, H. Johnson, and W. Barr.

The officers of the bank at the present time are M. C. Johnson, president; A. F. Hawkins, cashier; E. Bacon, teller; J. T. Davidson and C. Y. Bean, book-keepers.

The Northern Bank, ever since its establishment, has used the old United States Branch Bank building, on the corner of Short and Market streets.

The now justly famous Joel T. Hart dates his career from 1835, in which year he settled in Lexington. This great self-made man, who has reflected so much honor upon our city, was born, poor and almost friendless, in Clark county, Kentucky, in 1810. After going to school for a short time, he was compelled, by necessity and the unconscious promptings of his genius, to labor with the stone-mason's hammer, and lived, up to the time of his arrival in Lexington, by building stone fences and chimneys. He was already twenty-five years old when he came to this city, and obtained work in a marble yard, on the corner of Upper and Second streets, where he cut his first letters on a tombstone. His guardian angel, who had thus pushed him one step in advance, placed him full in the path of his great destiny two years after, when he met

Clevenger, a young sculptor from Gincinnati, who discovered in him a fellow artist, and kindly instructed him in his high calling. In a short time, Hart was freed from the weight that held him down. The rough stone-mason had become what he was bora to be - a sculptor.

Hart's first studio was in a building connected with, and in the rear of the present residence of Mr. Thomas Bradley, on Second street, and his first effort, as an artist in marble, was a bust of Cassius M. Clay. He soon attracted great attention, and in a short time had made himself famous by superbly executed busts of John J. Crittenden,' Andrew Jackson, and Henry Clay. In 1849, Mr. Hart was engaged by the ladies of Richmond, Virginia, to execute the marble statue of Mr. Clay, which now adorns the capitol grounds of that city. He went to Italy, and settled in Florence, where he modeled the statue, and, at the same time, invented two valuable instruments to be used in his art. By means of one of these, the workmen are enabled to transfer the compositions of the sculptor from the plaster to the marble, with a degree of precision utterly impossible by the ordinary method of calipers. By means of the other invention, the form of the living subject may be transferred to the desired material, with an absolute exactitude. As a consequence, therefore, any of the great antique statues may be perfectly reproduced.

He went to London to obtain a patent for his invention, and While struggling to effect his object, suffered the direst extremes of poverty, until he fortunately attracted the attention of some discerning and cultivated gentlemen, who engaged him to make a bust of the noted Dr. Southwood Smith. His success was such as to obtain for him the patronage of the nobility of the realm, and give him a European reputation. Shortly after this, he shipped to America the marble statue of Clay, and also a bronze statue of the same statesman which he had modeled for the city of New Orleans.

Mr. Hart returned from Italy in 1860, and was received by the city of Lexington with every demonstration of respect and honor. At Frankfort, also, he met with distin guished consideration, and the legislature, then in session, appropriated $10,000 to complete the Clay monument in this city, by surmounting it with a statue of Mr. Clay, to be executed by his gifted fellow-townsman, Mr. Hart. A compliment more just or deserved was never more gracefully paid by a state to its greatest ai'tist. But unfortunately the Monumental Association found it necessary to use six thousand dollars of the sum appropriated, to pay expenses already incurred, and the remainder was paid to a stranger for "the statue" which surmounts the Clay monument.

In the fall of 1860, Mr. Hart returned to Tlorence, Italy, where he still resides. He has never married. He is now known, not only as a sculptor, but also as a philosopher, a poet, a scientist. His poems, many of which have been published anonymously in England and America, are characterized by versatility, and considerable beauty and elegance of style.

Mr. Hart is at present still working upon an ideal group, the "Triumph of Chastity,"* which has engaged his genius for several years, and which, in the opinion of noted foreign and American critics, will be the most perfect achievement of modern art. The conception is entirely original. Cupid, fully armed and equipped, is ignominiously defeated in an attack upon a virgin just arrived at perfect womanhood. The figures are nude. An artist who has seen the group says : " It is scarcely too much to say that, as a carefully studied composition, evincing a thorough knowledge of anatomy and of the subtle laws of form and curvature, there is no modern work which may challenge comparison with the ' Triumph of Chastity.' "

Lexington may well be proud of her great genius, Hart. He is famous throughout the old world and the new. The splendid productions of his chisel drew from his gifted fellow-artist, Hiram Powers, the lofty and generous eulogy, " Hart is the best sculptor in the world."

21, 1835. Judge Haggin was born in 1789, and removed from Mercer county, Kentucky, to Lexington, in 1810. His wife was a Miss McBrayer. Although Judge Haggin never filled any prominent public station but that of judge of the court of appeals with Barry, in 1824, he was none the less known, and his influence during some of tlie most stirring periods in the political history of the commonwealth was commensurate with his talents, which were of the first order. As a land lawyer, he had no superior in Kentucky, and he was long considered one of the ablest jurists in the western country. Judge Haggin's residence was on the site of the present Hocker school building, on Broadway, between Third and Fourth streets.

Judge George Robertson settled in Lexington on the 4th of July, 1835. His parents were Virginians of Irish descent, and were both endowed with sterling qualities of head and heart. They emigrated to the wilderness of Kentucky, and settled at Gordon's station, in 1779.

Judge Robertson was born in 1790, in that part of the then county of Mercer which is now known as Garrard county. After obtaining a good English education at " neighborhood schools," he spent a year at Transylvania University, and then continued his classical studies under Rev. Samuel Finley, at Lancaster, after which he assisted that gentleman in teaching.

In 1808, he commenced the study of law at Lancaster, under Martin D. Hardin, and in 1809, Judges Boyle and Wallace of the court of appeals granted him license to practice.

At the age of nineteen, he married Miss Eleanor, aged sixteen, a daughter of Dr. Bainbridge, of Lancaster. The young couple commenced life under difficulties. Poor and inexperienced, they suffered and struggled for a time, but the young lawyer was energetic, and in two or three years had a good practice. He worked on, and in 1816, was elected a representative to Congress against strong opposition, and was subsequently twice re-elected without opposition.

"While in Congress, he took an active part in the legislation of the nation. He drew and introduced the bill to establish a territorial government in Arkansas. On that bill the question of interdicting slavery was introduced, and elaborately discussed. The restriction was carried by one vote. A reconsideration was had and the bill finallj' passed, divested of the restriction, by the casting vote of the speaker, Mr. Clay.

He was the author of the present system of selling public lands in lieu of the old system and two dollars minimum; his object being to redeem the West from debt, and promote its settlement and independence. Upon considerations of expediency, tbe bill was first carried through the senate.