Lexington, Kentucky - History (part 7 of 8)

After his retirement from Congress, Governor Adair tendered him the appointment of attorney-general of the state, but he declined it to pursue his profession and secure a competence for his family. In 1822, he was elected a representative to the legislature by the people of Garrard, in view of the all-absorbing and all-exciting relief questions. He was made speaker of the house in 1823, and was re-elected every session afterward while he remained in the legislature, except the revolutionary session of 1824. He remained in the general assembly until the relief contest was settled in 1826-7, and during that memorable period several of his speeches were extensively published. He wrote the celebrated protest of 1824, signed by the anti-relief party in the legislature, and was also the author of the manifesto signed by the majority in 1825-6.

Appointments to the office of governor of Arkansas, and subsequently as minister to Bogota, were tendered him by President Monroe, and the mission to Peru by President Adams, but all were declined. He accepted the office of secretary of state under Governor Metcalfe, and for many years was professor of constitutional law in Transylvania University.

confirmed as a judge of that court, and subsequently commissioned chief justice, which elevated position he held until April, 1843, when he resigned it to return to the bar.

He was called again to the appellate bench in 1854, and there remained for seventeen years, being chief justice most of that time. In the summer of 1872, after more than half a century of public life, Judge Robertson was stricken with paralysis, and on the 5th of September of that year, in the city of Frankfort, he resigned his elevated position under most affecting circumstances, and now in the eighty-second of his age, sufl'ering, but in full possession of all his great mental faculties, he lingers yet a little while on this side the Jordan, in the sunshine of an honored life. He is the last survivor of the stormy and momentous congressional session, which ended in 1821. All of his contemporaries and colleagues of that eventful period - president, cabinet members, senators, and representatives - have gone before him to the mystic land.

Judge Robertson has been a laborious and persistent studeijt, a clear, skillful, and strong speaker, noted for his wonderful command of language, his extensive information, and the power and grasp of his intellect. But it is as a lawyer that he is most distinguished. He studied law as a philosophical system; he mastered it as a science; he investigated, reasoned, and became one of the greatest jurists of this country. In dealing with constitutional questions of magnitude and difficulty, he was at home in the lists with Webster, Clay, and the other giant associates of his life. As a judge, his decisions are consulted and quoted, not only in the United States, but in Europe. This venerable and distinguished citizen of Lexington still lives in the residence he has occupied for many years, on the corner of Mill and Hill streets.

John Boyle, at one time sole professor of law* in Transylvania University, and for sixteen years chief justice of Kentucky, died in 1835, aged sixty-one years. He was horn of humble parentage, in Yirginia, but married, com- menced the practice of law, and began life in Garrard county. He was three times elected to Congress on the Jeffersonian Democratic ticket, was appointed governor of Illinois by President Madison, and commenced his connection with the Kentucky court of appeals in 1809. His great abilities as a jurist may be inferred from the fact that the appointment of associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States was twice within his grasp, but was declined. At the time of his death he was district judge of Kentucky.

Chapter Lx

"Hunt's Row" was built in 1836, and was named by the city council in honor of Charleton Hunt, the first mayor of Lexington. In the summer of this year the "Lexington Ladies' Legion," composed of volunteer emigrants, left for Texas, after having been presented with a stand of colors.

It was not uncommon at this period, and for many years after, for advertisements like the following to appear in the Lexington newspapers. A cut of a negro running, and with his bundle tied to a stick and thrown over his shoulder, always adorned the advertisement:

"Three Hundred Dollars Reward. - Ran away from the subscriber, living near the city of Lexington, on the night of the 4th inst., two negroes, one a bright mulatto boy, named Isaac, about six feet high, about twenty-five years of age, very bushy hair, and very likely; the other, his wife, Celia, about twenty-one years of age, very dark complexion, very likely, and pretty stout built. The man had on a broad-brim black hat, with a beaver cloth overcoat; his other clothing not recollected. The woman's clothing is not known.

" I will give a reward of $10 for each, if taken -in this county; $20 each, if taken in any of the surroundinocounties; $100 each, if taken in any county bordering on the Ohio river, and $150 each, if taken out of the state, and delivered to me in Lexington, or secured in jail so that I get them, and all reasonable expenses paid."

where negro slaves were kept, bought, and sold. The old theater on Short street, opposite the residence of J. B. Wilgus, was converted into one. The building now used as the Statesman office, on Short, near Limestone street, was another, as was also the house on Main, between Limestone and Rose streets, now used as a barracks for federal soldiers.

Thomas A. Marshall, son of Humphrey Marshall, the author of a history of Kentucky, settled in Lexington in 1836, and was for a long series of years professor of law in Transylvania University. Judge Marshall was born in Woodford county, Ky., January 15, 1794.* After graduating at Yale he studied law, married a niece of Mrs. Clay in 1816, and moved to Paris in 1819, where he practiced his profession until elected to Congress, in 1831. Judge Marshall was four years in Congress, and the same length of time in the Kentucky legislature. He adhered to the " Old Court" party, and was influential as a Whig leader. In 1835, he was made a judge of the court of appeals, and served in that capacity for twenty-two years, all his terms included. During his judgeship he ignored politics altogether. He removed from Lexington in 1857, and finally settled in Louisville, where he died, April 15, 1871.

Judge Marshall was more eminent as a jurist than in any other respect. Pure, logical, just, and honest, he was peculiarly fitted by nature for high legal station. His decisions are the best monument of his calm greatness. 'So other man in Kentucky did more to shape the character of our state laws. While residing in Lexington, Judge Marshall lived at the head of Sixth street, on the place lately owned by Mr. John Burch.

Chapter Lxi

Independent Order of Odd Fellows - Friendship, Covenant, and Merrick Lodges - Incorporators - Halls - Lexington Aihenceum - Railroad Festival.

The history of Odd Fellowship, in Lexington, commences with the founding of Friendship Lodge, Wo. 5, May 6, 1837, just eighteen years after the establishment of the 'Order in the United States. The charter members of this lodge were John Candy, T. J. Harrison, Gabriel Beach, William Wilson, N. P. Long, Abram Spolen, and A. Maydwell.* The lodge was organized in the room in the rear, and on the second floor of the building now known as "Whitney & Co.'s drug store, on the corner of Mill and Main streets, and there its meetings were regularly held for several years.

The growth and prosperity of the order was such that, on the 4th of October, 1845, Covenant Lodge, i^o. 22, was established, its incorporators being R. T. Timberlake, C. C. I^orton, Jesse Woodruff, George StoU, Sen., C. G. Young, W. S. Simpson, Josephus Happy, and W. H. Newberry. The first meeting of this lodge was held in the hall on the corner of Church and Market streets, where the library building now stands.

The corporators of the third and last lodge established, Merrick, No. 31, March 3, 1856, were Daniel W. Young, W. S. Chipley, Edgar A. Brown, Joseph Lanckart, and A. H. Calvin. The organization of this lodge was effected, and its meetings were held in the same building first used by Covenant Lodge.

times, been in Hunt's row, on Water street, in the old Methodist Church, on Church street, between Upper and Limestone, which was converted into a hall, and in the Medical Hall, where the library now stands. In 1856, the large hall, on the corner of Main and Broadway, was completed. No better indication of the rapid progress of the order in Lexington is seen than the Grand Hall on Main street, between Upper and Limestone, now used by all the lodges in the city. This handsome and commodious edifice was dedicated with impressive ceremonies, in the presence of a large concourse, February 3, 1870, opening prayer by the G. C, John W. Venable, dedication charge by the R. W. G. M., Speed S. Fry, and the oration by P. G. M., M. J. Durham. There is probably no city in the United States where Odd Fellowship is in a more flourishing condition than in Lexington.

The "Lexington Athenseum," a literary association, was established in Lexington, in April, 1838, and used a room in a building in Jordan's row.

On Wednesday, August 29, a festival, in honor of the president and directors of the Cincinnati and Charleston Eailroad Company, was given by the citizens of Lexington, at which an address was delivered by General Robert T. Hayne, president of the company.

Chapter Lxii

RiCHAKD H. Mennifeb, One of the most wonderful men that Kentucky has ever produced, settled in Lexington in 1839. He was born in Bath county, Kentucky, December 4, 1809, and was left an orphan when but four years old, to struggle with poverty and obstacles of the most discouraging kind. Endowed with an ambition second only to his great gifts, he struggled on through a wretched boyhood. He longed for an education, and had succeeded at twelve years of age in entering a school, but was compelled, after a few months, to leave it and act as bar-keeper in a tavern in Owingsville. At fourteen, he obtained some " winter schooling," and, when but a boy of fifteen, he taught a school to get means to prosecute his studies; and thus he struggled and thus he studied until he succeeded in entering Transylvania University, where he made the most astonishing I progress. Subsequently, after obtaining some assistance, he studied law with Judge Trimble, and his intense energy and great ability soon gained for him the smiles of fortune.

In the spring of 1832, he was appointed commonwealth's attorney, and, in the fall of the same year, he married the eldest daughter of the distinguished artist, Jouett. He was elected to the Kentucky legislature in 1836, and there exhibited talents of so high an order that he was sent as representative to Congress the next year. He entered Congress an obscure young lawyer; he left it famous, and acknowledged as one of the great men of America. He burst upon his countrymen like a meteor long in darkness, and at once took his owa place. His genius and his marvelous eloquence were upon every tongue. At the height of his sudden and. deserved fame, he removed to Lexington, and measured his strength at the bar with the greatest legal minds of the state. Business rushed to him; wealth was at his door, and the future seemed ready to repay him for the bitter past. In the fall of 1840 he was engaged in a case of great magnitude, in which Clay and Wickliife were both employed against him. He exerted himself to the utmost and accomplished wonders ; but his mind and body, powerfully overtaxed, never recovered their natural tone. He sank from that time, and died, " with all his blushing honors thick upon him," at the early age of thirty-two. Mr. Mennifee's residence was on the Harrodsburg turnpike, the same now occupied by John B. Huston, and formerly by John C. Breckinridge.

Chapter Lxiii

By the year 1840, Lexington had almost recovered from the effects of the adverse circumstances that had caused her decline, and was again prosperous. The Lexington and Ohio Railroad was in active operation. Seven turnpikes ended in the city, and there were six lines of stages running, severally, to Cincinnati, Louisville, !Nashville, Maysville, Richmond, and Owingsville. Six newspapers were published, viz : Kentucky Gazette, Observer and Reporter, Intelligencer, Independent Press, Christian Preacher, and Transylvania Journal of Medicine.* Seven associations of skilled mechanics were in existence, and were entitled the Lexington Typographical Society, Union Society of Journeymen Saddlers and Trunk-makers, United Society of Cabinet-makers, Hatters' Society, Tailors and Cordwainers' Society, and Master Carpenters' Association. There were in the city eighteen rope and bagging factories, with a capital of $1,300,000, and employing nearly a thousand men ;f three wholesale dry -goods and china houses ; fourteen retail dry-goods establishments ; nine wholesale and retail groceries ; five saddler shops ; twelve blacksmith shops ; one insurance ofiiee ; twelve restaurateurs ; one portrait painter; three dentists; one native sculptor; ten tailor shops ; one bookbinding establishment ; four printing offices ; ten taverns ; eight barber shops ; two renovating establishments ; three coach repositories ; thirteen doctor shops ; nine livery stables; two carriage-making establishments; two bookstores , two gunsmith shops ; six silversmiths ; one silver plater; three clothing establishments; four tin and coppersmith shops ; eight mantua-making houses ; two exchange offices; three cigar factories; three confectioneries; two commission stores ; nine boot and shoe stores ; three leather stores; two comb factories; three upholstering and mattress makers ; one morocco factory ; one truss maker ; one lottery office ; two auction stores ; four drug stores ; one machine shop ; a large number of carpenters ; one lookingglass manufactory ; one Bible depository ; nine law offices; two bath houses; one brush factory ; one wheelwright ; five woolen factories - four driven by steam ; two steam cotton mills ; one steam flouring mill ; one extensive iron and brass foundry; one large wholesale iron warehouse; three tanyards; one marble yard; six brickyards, manufacturing about five million bricks annually ; five batteries, one of them employing forty or fifty hands, and carried on by steam; and one large brewery, producing about fifteen hundred barrels of malt liquor per year.

Captain John Fowler, a greatly beloved and respected citizen of Lexington, died August 22, 1840,* at the advanced age of eighty-five. Captain Fowler commanded a company in the Revolutionary war ; was the first member of Congress elected from this district, and was for many years postmaster in Lexington. He was one of the best types of the true old Virginia gentleman, and was noted for his mental culture, generosity, refinement, and gentleness. A large procession of military, firemen, benevolent orders, and citizens, followed him to his last restingplace in the old Episcopal Cemetery.

Chapter Lxiv

John W. Hunt - Thomas M. Hickey - Grand Jury sent to Jail - Financial Distress - Thomas F. Marshall - His Career and Character - The Clay and Polk Contest - Grand Demonstrations - Daniel Mayes - Removal of the "True American" - C. M. Clay.

John W. Hottt, father of F. K. Hunt, died in Lexington, August 21, 1841, aged sixty-eight years. Mr. Hunt was born in Trenton, 'Eew Jersey. He came to Lexington at an early day and engaged in the manufacture of hemp, at which he accumulated a fortune. He married Miss Catharine Grosh. Mr. Hunt was for a long time the president of the old Lisurance Company, the first bank chartered in Kentucky, and was a liberal patron of the Orphan Asylum. He was a man of rare business capacity, sterling integrity, and decision of character. He died greatly esteemed and respected by his fellow-citizens.

On the 27th of December, 1842, Thomas M. Hickey, another prominent citizen, departed this life. Judge Hickey was born in Lexington of Irish parentage, in October, 1797, and rose to position and usefulness by his own energy and ability. He was educated at Transylvania University, studied law with Judge Haggin and was his partner in practice for some time. In 1828, he was appointed judge of the circuit court by Governor Desha, which position he held for about ten years He was twice married. His first wife was a daughter of Oliver Keene, and his second the widow of William T. Barry. His mind was specially adapted to close legal investigations, and as a judge he was remarkable for his clear head and fine reasoning powers. An amusing incident is connected with the iudge. On one occasion, while the grand jury, of

Mr. Benjaniui Gratz was foreman, was ruaking examinations in regard to the existence of gambling-houses in Lexington, two of the witnesses refused to testify. The jury informed the judge of the fact and refused to proceed in the matter unless the witnesses were compelled to answer questions put to them. The judge construed the action of the grand jury as contempt of court and sent them all to jail, where they were kept for a day or two, much to the amusement of the citizens, who nevertheless justified them in their course.

In 1843, Lexington felt the full force of the financial troubles which had been growing in intensity for many years. Bankruptcies multiplied, all improvements were suspended, the court dockets were cowded with lawsuits, and heavy sacrifices of property were incurred by forced sales under execution. It was only after much suffering that business again became settled and prosperous.

That great and brilliant orator and erratic wonder, Thomas F. Marshall, was long identified with the bar and city of Lexington. In 1843, his law oflice was on the first floor of the Press building, on the corner of Short and Market streets.

Thomas F. Marshall, son of Dr. Lewis Marshall, was born in Frankfort, Kj., June 7, 1801,* though his father's home place was in Woodford county, Ky. His early education was conducted by his mother, after which he was trained by some of the best classical scholars, including his father. He was never sent to college. His intense application to books and study prostrated his health, and it was not until he was twenty-five that he was able to commence his favorite pursuit - the law. After studying for two years under Hon. John J. Crittenden, he was licensed to practice, and settled down in Versailles, the county seat of Woodford; and, in 1832, as the friend of Henry Clay, was sent for the first time to the legislature, where he at once exhibited his astonishing gifts. Impelled by a restlessness which never left him, he removed to Louisville in 1833, intending to devote himself to his profession ; for he was, to use his own expression, " steeped in poverty to the very lips." But he was soon again in political life, and twice represented the city in the legislature.

In 1837, he ran for Congress against Mr. Graves, the regular Whig nominee, and was, of course, beaten by an immense majority. He returned at once to Woodford, was elected the next year to the legislature, was rejected as ineligible for want of a full year's residence, but was elected again without opposition, and the next year also. During all this time he was the staunch advocate in debate and with his pen of the slave law of 1832.* He was elected to Congress from the Ashland district without opposition in 1841. He spoke often in Congress, though but two of his speeches were fully reported. Disgusted with the manner in which his first speech was reported, with characteristic irritability he insulted the reporters, and ordered them "not to attempt again to pass upon the public their infernal gibberish for his English." The reporters revenged themselves by ignoring his speeches and squibbing him in their letters from Washington. At this session, Mr. Marshall would not support the Whigs in several important measures, and both voted and argued against Mr. Clay's bank bill. He contended that the party had departed from its principles, and ridiculed the Tyler administration on the floor, saying that when the history of the country was written, that administration might be put in a parenthesis and defined from Lindley Murray, " a parenthesis to be the clause of a sentence inclosed between black lines or brackets, which should be pronounced in a low tone of voice, and might be left out altogether without injuring the sense."

In 1843, he pubHcly announced his resolution not to support Mr. Clay for the presidency ,t and from that time he either acted with the Democratic party or in some other connection opposed to the Whigs. In 1845, he ran for Congress, but was beaten in the Whig stronghold by Hon. Garrett Davis. Subsequently he raised a troop of cavalry and served in the Mexican war. He edited the "Old

Guard" in 1850, in opposition to the present constitution ; opposed tlie American party in 1855, and removed to Chicago in 1856, but returned the same year ; sojourned in Lexington, and canvassed so energetically for Mr. Buchanan as to again almost destroy his health.

Mr. Marshall spent the most of his time in Lexington during the late war, and from its commencement warmly advocated the cause of the South. So strenuously in fact, that he was, at one time, under arrest in Lexington. The excitements of the war and his own imprudences told rapidly on his shattered constitution, and Mr. Marshall died of disease of the heart and lungs, at his old home in Woodford, on Thursday, September 22, 1864.

In person, Mr. Marshall was tall, very erect, and well proportioned. In the latter part of his life, the hair upon his expansive forehead was thin, his beard heavy, and his fine eyes as full of lustre and of fire as of old.

"Tom" Marshall fought more duels, and said more good things than any great man of his day. Had he been temperate, had he been true and just to himself, and to the high and noble faculties vouchsafed to him by God, he would have fulfilled all the loftiest expectations entertained of him. He would have been one of the master spirits of this country. He was a fine scholar, and his knowledge of the languages in particular, he always kept up. He was thoroughly grounded in the principles of law, and was a very giant at the bar. He was as great a writer as he was a speaker, as the pages of the "Old Guard" will show. His information was immense, and his knowledge of the world's history and of the political history of the United States was simply wonderful. Contrary to a popular fallacy in regard to both himself and Mr. Clay, his speeches were the result of hard study and labor, and not of extempore inspiration.

His eloquence was full of glowing and tropical magnificence and luxuriance, and he painted word pictures upon the minds of men, as Raphael painted upon canvas. While he rarely moved the deepest feelings of the heart, he never failed to excite almost idolatrous admiration. He was sometimes low when he should have been lofty, and often grotesquely humorous, when he should have been great. He was a wild, wayward, and wonderful man of talent and genius. Prentice, his great contemporary, who knew him so well and who resembled hira in so many particulars, sums up the character of Thomas F. Marshall in these few, but eloquent words : " The people seemed to think, and so did he, that his greatest powers were wit, humor, fancy, poetry, and eloquence. He had all these, but his chief power was none of these. It was argument, logic - stern, inexorable cast-steel logic. His other powers, great as they were, served but as adornments of the limbs of his giant logic. 'Eo orator had greater resources in debate. They were inexhaustible, and rendered him unconquerable. Men think of him and muse upon him as he appeared to them in the long past, and they fancy themselves gazing upon a bright star seen through a golden haze."

The political events of the summer of 1844, in Lexington, will long be remembered by all who participated in the desperate struggle between Clay and Polk, in that memorable presidential campaign. "Whigs and Democrats labored faithfully night and day for their standard-bearers, and barbecues, torch-light processions, pole-raisings, and mass-meetings seemed destined to never end. The grandest political demonstrations ever witnessed in Lexington took place in July, of this year. On Saturday, the 20th, an immense procession of Democrats, with music, banners, polk-stalks, military companies, and game " roosters," erected a lofty hickory pole, after which the assembled concourse was addressed by those distinguished orators, John Pope and Thomas P. Marshall.

The "Whigs were not to be thus outdone. The Clay clubs of Fayette organized a grand tableaux procession, which marched the next Saturday, with flags flying, drums beating, and men screaming, " Hurrah for Clay ! " In this brilliant display, every branch of industry in the county of Fayette and city of Lexington was appropriately represented in wagons decked for the occasion. The chief

Daniel Mayes, long a citizen of Lexington, judge of the circuit court, and professor of law in Transylvania University, died in Jackson, Mississippi, in 1844. He married the widow of Charles Humphreys. In pure law arguments and clear analysis. Judge Mayes had no superior at the Lexington bar of his day.

On the 18th of August, 1845, at a great meeting, in Lexington, of the best citizens of Central Kentucky, irrespective of party, it was resolved that the press and materials of the "True American," an anti-slavery newspaper conducted in Lexington by Mr. Cassius M. Clay, should be sent beyond the confines of the state. A committee was accordingly appointed, which proceeded immediately to Safely box up the articles, and ship them to Cincinnati, after which, Mr. Clay was notified of the address of the house to which they had been sent subject to his order, with all charges and expenses paid. Mr. Clay subsequently obtained a judgment for $2,500 against two of the committee, which amount was paid by citizens of Eayette and adjoining counties. The office of the " True American" was located on Mill street, in the rear part of the building now known as Whitney's drug store.

Cassius Marcellus Clay is a son of General Green Clay, and was born in Madison county, Kentucky, October 19, 1810. He was a student at Transylvania University, but graduated at Tale College, in 1832. He has represented Madison and Fayette each in the legislature. In 1839 he removed to Lexington, and on June 3, 1845, issued the first copy of the " True American," devoted to the overthrow of slavery in Kentucky. He commanded the " Old Infantry " in the Mexican War, was captured at Encarnacion, and was a prisoner for some time. On his return home, he was presented with a sword. Hubsequently, Mr. Clay was minister to Russia. Mr. Clay is dauntless and unfaltering in whatever he believes is right. He resides at present in Madison county, Kentucky.

Chapter Lxv

The trouble between the United States and Mexico, growing out of the annexation of Texas, resulted in a declaration of war by the Federal Congress, May 11, 1846, and a call for fifty thousand volunteers. Hardly a week after these exciting events, a great war-meeting was held in Lexington, and the organization of a number of companies was commenced. Only two companies, however, were perfected, and these were only accepted on condition of going as mounted infantry. The following are complete lists of the officers and men belonging to the companies, which were commanded respectively by Captains Oliver H. P. Beard and Cassius M. Clay, and were attached to Colonel Humphrey Marshall's regiment: less than two weeks. On the day the soldiers bade adieu to Lexington, to which many of them were destined never to return alive, they gathered at Morrison College and were addressed by Professor McCown, and each man was presented with a Bible. The reply to the address was made by the adjutant of the regiment, E. M. Vaughn, who afterward fell so heroically at Buena Vista. The solemn and affecting farewell ceremonies concluded with prayer by the Eev. J. H. Brown, of the Second Presbyterian Church.

On the 9th of June, at Louisville, the companies were mustered into service by the celebrated Colonel George Croghan, and on the 4tb of July following, they embarked on the steamer "Bunker Hill " for Memphis, from which place they went overland to Little Rock, and through Texas to Camargo, on the Rio Grande, when they entered Mexico. There we leave them to rejoin them again in our next chapter.

WaldemardeMentelle, an early resident and greatly respected citizen of Lexington, died June 26, 1846. He was born in Paris, France, in 1769 ; his father was a member of the French National (scientific) Institute, and was the author of a geography. His family adhered to the cause of their unfortunate sovereigns, Louis XVI and his brave and beautiful queen. Mr. Mentelle and his accomplished wife fled from France at the commencement of the Reign of Terror to escape the savage mob then in power, and, coming to America, settled in Lexington, where they lived until the day of their death. Mr. Mentelle was for many years connected both with the old United States Bank and Northern Bank, and is still well remembered as one of the most amiable, polite, and cultivated gentlemen of the old school. He preserved, to his latest days, all the virtues and manners of the ante-revolution Frenchman.

Battle of Buena Visfa - Incidents - The Charge on Marshall's Regiment - Lexington's Dead - Return of the Volunteers- Welcome Home - Honors to the Slain.

The volunteers from Lexington did not reach Mexico until after the battle of Monterey, owing to unavoidable delays incident to army organization and the error of going by land. .Ifo incident vrorthy of special mention occurred before the battle of Buena Vista, except the capture by the Mexicans of Captain C. M. Clay and ten of his men, at Encarnacion. Lieutenant Jesse Woodruff then took the captain's place and commanded the company from that time until its return home. The Encarnacion prisoners were only released after a long and dreary confinement.

Both of the Lexington companies had a large and glorious share in the bloody and gallantly contested battle of Buena Vista, which occurred on the 22d and 23d of February, 1847, and to their share in the fight we confine ourself. Marshall's regiment occupied the post of honor on the extreme left of the line, on a plateau which had a ravine both in the front and rear of the command. The men dismounted and fought as infantry. It was in this position that Marshall's regiment was charged upon by an overwhelming force of Mexican lancers and hussars. We give Captain Beard's account* of the scene which ensued :

" The enemy came rushing down the hill like so many devils, cursing us, and crying no quarter! As soon as we reached our horses we made for the plain, and when we turned the foot of the mountain, we discovered about four thousand lancers at full speed trying to cut us off. It beg- gars all description to relate what followed. We had a deep ravine to cross, with rugged banks to climb, and only one could pass at a time. In ascending, my horse reared back and threw me within fifty yards of the enemy. I succeeded in reaching the opposite bank," however, but was compelled to witness the murdering of six of my best men, without being able to render them any assistance, viz : A, G. Morgan, Clement Jones, N"athaniel Kamey, "William Thwaits, Henry Oarty, ^nd "William Bayles, all of whom died with their faces to the enemy. They fought with desperation, until, overpowered by superior numbers, they were run through with the enemy's lances." In this terrible charge. Adjutant E. M. Vaughn, of Lexington, and private Thomas "Weigert, of Captain Clay's company, were killed. Two other gallant sons of Lexington died upon this sanguinary field. The brave Colonel "William "R. McKee fell badly wounded, but struggled heroically until overpowered by the enemy, who stabbed him to death with their bayonets as he lay upon the ground. Lieutenantcolonel. Henry Clay, or " Young Henry," as he was oommonly called, having been wounded, was being borne from the field by a detachment of his men - by whom he was greatly beloved - when a discharge of grape-shot from the enemy's batteries killed three of the men, and inflicted another and mortal wound upon him. He commanded his men te leave him and save themselves. They did so, A moment more, and a Mexican lance pierced his bosom and his heart's blood sealed his devotion to his country. ' One of the thousand incidents of the battle has a home interest. The Lexington boys had nothing to eat and but little to drink for two days; but Lieutenant John H. Morgan, afterward the famous cavalry leader of the South, had succeeded in procuring a canteen of water. An officer of an Indiana regiment saw the precious fluid, and, parched with the thirst which then tormented all the army, eagerly offered him "twenty-five dollars for a drink." Morgan shared it with him, remarking that " a Kentuekian never accepted money for water."

their dead heroes, whose bodies were found covered thick with wounds from Mexican lances. No timber grew near the battle-ground, so the brave volunteers were wrapped in their soldier-blankets and buried in coffins made from the sides and bottoms of army-wagons, and the same material furnished the simple head-boards which bore their names and marked their honored graves. They were buried near the little blood-baptized village of Buena Vista, which then became doubly fraught with mournful interest to Lexington.

The news of the battle was received in Lexington while the circuit court was in session. It was immediately adjourned in respect to the Kentucky slain, and the citizens offered every token of sympathy and regard to the families of the soldiers who had so gloriously fallen.

On the 12th of April, 1847,* a great public meeting was held, at which tbe following committee on resolutions was appointed, viz : John C. Breckinridge, M. C. Johnson, E. A. Buckner, R. Wickliffe, Sen., Edward Oldham, Waller Bullock, Geo. K Trotter, J. 0. Harrison, Robt. K Wickliffe, Edward A. Dudley, Jas. L. Hickman, and George B. Kinkead. The committee reported as follows :

" The gallant deeds of our brave sons who shed their blood on the glorious battle-field of Buena Vista, have added additional lustre to the Kentucky character for courage and patriotism, and it is just and proper that their dead bodies should not remain in a foreign country and on an enemy's soil, but that they should be removed to their native land, and rest under the protection of their kindred and friends.

"Besolved, therefore, That while the citizens of Lexington and Fayette county rejoice with those who survived that memorable conflict of arms, and congratulate them on its great result, they mourn and sympathize with the friends and families of those who fell in battle, and will take immediate measures to remove their bodies for interment in Kentucky.

ley, Esq., be requested and appointed to proceed to the battle-ground of Buena Yista in Mexico, and bring home the bodies of Col. Wm. R. McKee, Lieut, Col. Henry Clay, Jr., Adjutant Edward M. Vaughn, and Messrs. A. G. Morgan, "Wm. W. Bayles, Clement Jones, Nathaniel Ramey, Henry Carty, "Wm. Thwaits, and Thomas "Weigert."

About the middle of June, 1847, the volunteers returned to- Lexington, Captain Clay's company being under the command of Lieutenant Jesse "Woodruff. Captain Beard's company went out with seventy-eight men and returned with forty-three. Captain Clay's, which had numbered seventy-five, had fifty-four left. The soldiers were welcomed home by an enthusiastic crowd of citizens and military, and were addressed by Judge George R. Trotter, and soon after their return a grand barbecue was given in their horior. Captain Clay, after a painful and protracted imprisonment, returned iu December and was warmly greeted and congratulated.

The bodies of the heroes who had fallen, were tenderly conveyed frbih their distant resting places to a glory bed prepared for them in the Frankfort cemetery by the commonwealth, whose honor they had so nobly defended.

There, on Tuesday, July 20, 1847, an immense concourse assembled at the spot where now rises the stately and beautiful monument erected t6 the Kentucky soldiers who fell in the war with Mexico. After appropriate and impressive ceremonies, an oration was delivered by General John C. Breckinridge and an address by Rev. John H. Brown. The remains of the lamented dead were then borne to the graves by the pall-bearers, and after a military salute of three guns by the whole line of infantry and rifles, the ceremonies were concluded by the Masonic fraternity. The bodies were then lowered into the graves, and the most impressive scene of the day transpired. By an apparently impulsive movement, the large body of returned volunteers, headed by Colonel Humphrey Marshall, formed in line, marched around the graves uncovered, and in that way left the grounds with slow and solemn tread, and with sincere sorrow depicted in every countenance. It was a silent, but impressive manifestation of their feelings, which was communicated to all around. Three rounds of blank cartridges were then fired from the whole line, and the burial was completed. It was this solemn and beautiful occasion which inspired the gifted Theodore O'Hara to pen that unequaled martial requiem, the "Bivouac of the Dead," commencing with that sublime stanza :

Chapter Lxvii

In 1848, a telegraph line was established between Lexington and Louisville, and the first message was flashed over the wires on the 6th of March of that year.

The Kentucky Statesman, a Democratic newspaper, was established by a company in Lexington, and B. B. Taylor became its first editor. The first number of the paper appeared October 6, 1849. The Statesman existed about thirteen years.

A revision of the State constitution was demanded by the people in 1849, and a convention was accordingly ordered for that purpose. The delegates elected from Fayette county were James Dudley and Robert Nelson Wickliffe. The convention assembled in Frankfort, and after three months' discussion and consultation, anew form of government was produced and the convention adjourned temporarily until the people pronounced upon it.

Though an act was passed by the legislature in February, 1848, incorporating the Lexington Cemetery, it was really not established until the year following. At an accidental meeting of Messrs. M. T. Scott, Benjamin Gratz, M. C. Johnson, and Kichard Higgins, on the 23d of January, 1849, it was resolved that each one use every exertion to obtain a sufficient sum by subscription for the purpose of purchasing a suitable site for a cemetery and for the inclosing and laying out of the same. Their eflbrts were successful, and on February 12, 1849, the original charter was amended with the following gentlemen as incorporators, viz :

Shortly after the passage of this act, the beautiful woodland of Thomas E. Boswell, containing forty acres, and included in the present cemetery property, was purchased for $7,000.

The grounds were rapidly improved, and, on the 25th of June, 1850, the cemetery was solemnly dedicated. The business houses of the city were closed, and an immense procession, composed of the Masonic bodies. Odd Fellows, Sons of Temperance, societies of Transylvania University, and citizens in carriages and on foot, proceeded to the cemetery. An opening prayer, by the Rev. Dr. Miller, of the Methodist Church, was followed by an ode, composed for the occasion by Professor P. S. Ruter, of Transylvania University, and concluding with this stanza :

The dedication sermon was by R. J. Breckinridge, pastor of the First Presbyterian Cburch, and the closing prayer was delivered by Rev. E. F. Berkley, of the Episcopal

Under the management of Superintendent Bell, the Lexington Cemetery has grown more and more lovely each succeeding year, until now, in point of beauty, it has no superior in the United States. There many brave Confederate and Federal soldiers sleep their last sleep, and there repose a host of Kentucky's greatest and best children.

Judge Aaron K. WooUey was one of the victims of the cholera of 1849. He was bora in New Jersey, and, after completing his education at West Point, settled in Lexing- ton, and married a daughter of Robert WickliflFe, Sen. He represented Fayette in the legislature in 1834; was for some time judge of the circuit court, and also professor in the law college of Transylvania CTniversity. He was a good lawyer and a fine speaker, possessed of a strong, clear intellect, and gifted with fine conversational powers. He died aged about fifty years.

Chapter Lxviii

The constitution framed by the convention of 1849, was approved by the people of Kentucky at the May election of 1850, and, in June following, the convention reassembled, and proclaimed the present constitution to be the fundamental law of the state. The population of Fayette county at this time was twenty-two thousand seven hundred and thirty-five. In 1850, Benjamin T. Graves became county judge, being the first judge elected in Fayette under the present constitution of Kentucky.

Judge Graves was born in Fayette county, Kentucky, February 16, 1802. His father, John C. Graves, a Virginian, was one of the earliest settlers of this county, having immigrated to it in 1781. In early life, Judge Graves was engaged in the hat, fur, and tobacco trade. He was frequently elected a member of the city council. While serving in this capacity, a subscription was asked of the city for Transylvania University, and by him was made the proposition that the University should give the city fiftyfive scholarships. The proposition was carried, and there are to-day numbers of young men in this and adjoining states, who, through his instrumentality, were enabled to fit themselves for the positions of honor and trust they now severed under many discouragements, and in due time was admitted to the bar. In 1859, he was elected mayor of Lexington. He has been four times elected judge of the county court, and if he completes his present term, will have been judge for sixteen years. Judge GraVes is a man of no ordinary ability and character. Fayette county will never have a more faithful judge.

Robert Wicklifi'e - son of Robert Wickliffe, Sen., the able pioneer land lawyer - died August 29, 1850, at the early age of thirty-five. R. Wickliffe, Jr., graduated at Transylvania University, studied law, represented Fayette in the legislature, and was charge d' affaires to Sardinia from the United States. He worked hard at his profession, and became a good lawyer and an effective speaker, but excelled as a scholar, being specially accomplished in the ancient and modern languages. Mr. Wickliffe was a man of unusually fine personal appearance. He was summoned to the great beyond in his early manhood, when his life seemed most full of promise.

Chapter Lxix

The railroad subject interested Lexington and Fayette county in 1851. On the 22d of March, |200,000 waa voted to the Lexington and Danville Railroad, and the same amount to the Maysville and Lexington road. The first directors of the last-named road were Henry Waller, J. W. Cochran, F. T. Hord, A. J. January, W. S. Allen, and Christopher Shultz. The first train, from Lexington to Paris, went over this road December 22, 1853. For years no work was done on the Lexington and Maysville road, and the only part of the road completed, viz : from Lexington to Paris, was leased and finally purchased by the Kentucky Central Company.

The sum of $200,000 was voted by Lexington and Fayette to the Lexington and Covington Railroad, September 6, 1851. The road was completed from Cincinnati to Paris by the fall of 1854, when the first through train from Cincinnati arrived in Lexington. This road was advocated as far back as 1841.

Chapter Lxx

Visit of Scott and Wool - Lexington and Big Sandy Hailroad - Failure and Revival of the Road - John C. Breckinridge - Funeral of Henry Clay.

Generals Winfield Scott and "Wool arrived in Lexington September 29, 1852, and during their brief stay addressed a large crowd of citizens. This was during the political campaign which resulted in the election of Pierce for president, General Scott being the Whig candidate.

In January, 1852, the Lexington and Big Sandy Railroad Company was incorporated by the Kentucky legislature, and the following persons were appointed to receive subscriptions to the capital stock : Eobert "Wieklifl'e, Thomas B. Megowan, D. C. Payne, Jacob Hughes, and Thomas Hughes, of Fayette county; Joseph H. Richard, A. Trumbo, John W. Barnes, M. R. Conner, and John W. Richards, of Bath county; B. J. Peters, W. H. Smith, Peter Everett, Joseph Bondurant, and Burwell S. Tipton, of Montgomery county; George W. Crawford, R. G. Carter, Jackson B. "Ward, John K. Hord, and D. K. Wies, of Carter county; William Hampton, John Culver, William T. Nicholls, William Geiger, and Hugh Means, of Greenup county.

The company was organized with R. A. Apperson as president, and on the 18th of September, 1852, the city of Lexington subscribed, $150,000 to it. Ground was broken at Cattlesburg, Saturday, November 19, 1853, and the work was proceeded with. In the summer of 1854, application was made by the company for the issuing of the bonds of the city of Lexington for $100,000, which was refused, on the ground that the railroad company had not complied with the conditions of its contract. The company instituted proceedings in the circuit court, which ordered the issuing of the bonds, which was done July 6, 1854, under protest by the city authorities. Subsequently the company failed, the whole amount was lost, work ceased on the road, and in 1860 it was sold to a few gentlemen for $60,000.

For many years the whole project was substantially abandoned, but was finally revived under the charter of the present Elizabethtown, Lexington and Big Sandy Railroad Company, and on the 2d of August, 1869, Fayette county and the city of Lexington each subscribed $250,000 to its stock, the property and rights of the western division of the old company were merged in the new one, work was again commenced on the road in 1871, and on March 2, 1872, twenty years after the chartering of the original company, the first rail was laid on Water street, in Lexington. The road is now completed to Mt. Sterling, and its affairs and prospects are most satisfactory.

General John C. Breckinridge, the vice-president of the Elizabethtown, Lexington and Big Sandy Railroad Company, was born near Lexington, January 21, 1821. He was educated at Centre College, graduated at the Transylvania law school, commenced the practice of his profession in Lexington, and married Miss Birch, of Georgetown, Kentucky. He served as major in the Mexican war, has been a member of the legislature, representative and senator in congress, vice-president of the United States, and majorgeneral and secretary of war of the late Confederate States. The brilliant career of this distinguished Lexingtonian, in the forum, in the field, and in the councils of the nation, indicate the rare gifts and great endowments of the man.

Henry Clay died in "Washington City, Tuesday, June 2, 1852. The sad news was at once dispatched to Lexington, and immediately upon its reception the bells were tolled, the business houses were closed, badges of mourning appeared on every side, and all ceased from their usual avocations.* The mayor immediately issued a proclamation for a public meeting of the citizens, which was accordingly held in the court-house the next day, for the purpose of giving expression to their feelings of sorrow for the loss of their distinguished fellow-citizen, to make arrangements for the reception of his earthly remains, and to perform such other acts as were deemed worthy of the occasion.

The meeting was called to order by Mayor E. "W. Dowden, and on his motion, Dr. Benjamin "W". Dudley was appointed chairman, and Benjamin Gratz, secretary.

The meeting was opened with an appropriate prayer by the E.ev. William M. Pratt, of the Baptist Church. Judge George Robertson then rose and offered some eminently appropriate resolutions, which he accompanied with a brief but eloquent speech, in reference to the great loss which had been sustained in the death of Mr. Clay. The question was then taken, and the resolutions were unanimously adopted.

During the meeting, initiatory steps were taken toward the erection of a monument to Mr. Clay in the Lexington Cemetery, and the following committee was appointed to effect that object, viz : H. T. Duncan, M. T. Scott, Dr. E. Warfield, Leslie Combs, H. B. Hill, John McMurtry, G. B. Kinkead, Richard A. Buckner, J. R. Desha, Willa Viley, John C. Breckinridge.

The committee appointed to repair to Washington and accompany the body home was composed of George Robertson, H. T. Duncan, E. P. Johnson, R. Pindell, D. C. Wicklifte, Henry Bell, James A. Grinstead, H. C. Payne, Thomas S. Redd, Charles B. Thomas, C. C. Rogers, A. Throckmorton, W. W. Worsley, and A. G. Hodges.

Messrs. B, Gratz, M. C. Johnson, E. W. Dowden, H. C. Pindell, J. B. Tilford, J. O. Harrison, W. S. Chipley, S. D. McCuUough, William A. Dudley, Thomas G. Randall, F. K. Hunt, E. Oldham, and John R. Dunlap were appointed a committee of arrangements for the reception and interment of the remains.

A resolution, offered by Major S. D. McCullough, requesting the ministers of the various religious congregations in Lexington and Eayette county to deliver appropriate addresses on the death of Mr. Clay, at their several places of worship, on the following Sunday, was unanimously

The body of the illustrious orator was detained in all the larger cities through which it passed, en route to Lexington, that the highest honors might be paid it, and it was not until the evening of Friday, the 9th of July, that it arrived in Lexington, accompanied by the senatorial committee, consisting of Messrs. Underwood, Jones, of Tennessee, Cass, Fish, Houston, and Stockton.

Mr. Underwood, the chairman of the committee, after a brief address, which was replied to by Chief Justice E,ob ertson, delivered the body into the care of the Lexington committee. A procession was then formed, headed by a cavalcade of horsemen, preceding the hearse to Ashland. The old home was reached, and the silent mourners moved through the grounds, guided by torches, and they laid him reverently under the roof of the dwelling whose name he had made a household word. The Clay Guard, of Cincinnati, watched all the night through beside his remains.

Long before daylight on the memorable funeral day, Saturday, July 10, 1852, crowds of people poured into Lexington by every avenue to the city. All the roads were opened free to the public, and every hospitality was extended to strangers. Soon the largest crowd of people ever assembled in Lexington was gathered together - so immense, in fact, that it was estimated at one hundred thousand souls.*

At nine o'clock A. M., the funeral escort, composed of the committee of arrangements, committee of the senate of the United States, conmiittees from other states accompanying the body, committee of the city of Lexington sent to receive the body, the Masonic fraternity, and pallbearers, formed on Main street, opposite the court-house, under the direction of Marshals John E. Allen, George W. Brand, K. J. Spurr, and E. L. Dudley, and from thence proceeded to Ashland, whe re a large crowd had already

fragrant and beautiful flowers, was the cofliri inclosing his mortal remains, and all around it, and upon it, were the floral and evergreen offerings of every place on the route, from the capital of the nation to Lexington. The Rev. Edward F. Berkley, then rector of Christ's Church (Episcopal), in Lexington, delivered the funeral oration. He was equal to the occasion, and the effort was a splendid one. He commenced his discourse with the following beautiful words : "A nation's griefs are bursting forth at the fall of one of her noblest sons. A mighty man in wisdom, in intellect, in truth, lies in our presence to-day, inanimate and cold, and the voice which was ever raised in behalf of truth and liberty is silenced forever." After the sermon, an address from the young men of Cincinnati was then delivered by the chairman of the committee to Governor Underwood, to be handed to Mrs. Clay.

The concourse was then dismissed with a benediction, and the body was placed in a hearse beautifully decorated with black cloth and crape, surmounted with a silver urn and eagle, and drawn by six white horses. The funeral escort was formed under the direction of the chief marshal, General Peter Dudley, and it, together with the relatives of Mr. Clay, the officiating clergyman, and the assembled multitude, returned to the city, and took their places in the grand funeral procession, which was formed on Main street by the chief marshal, assisted by his aids, H. C. Pindell and W. J. Talbot, and moved to the Lexington Cemetery in the following order, viz:*

Ookpse And Pall-Bearers

Family of Deceased, and officiating Clergyman. Reverend Clergy of all denominations. Marshal C. W. Dudley. Governor and Heads of Departments of the State of Kentucky. Committee of cities, towns, and counties of the State of Kentucky. Marshal S. D. Bruce. Mayor and Council of the city of Lexington. President and Directors of Lexington Cemetery Company. Trustees and Faculty of Transylvania University. Marshal C. D. Carr. Judges, Members of the Bar, and Oflicers of the Fayette 9 Circuit Court.

The procession was one of extraordinary proportions and impressiveness. Every drum, flag, banner, and emblem was draped in mourning. The marshals wore white scarfs and a black rosette, and a streamer of crape floated from each hat. The sables of woe were exhibited everywhere, but the decorations were particularly elaborate and beautiful upon Cheapside and Main streets. Every business house was closed, festooned and garlanded with black. Across Main street, at the intersection of Mill, an immense golden eagle, tastefully draped, was swung high in the air, and mourning banners and garlands floated down almost to the heads of passers-by, and waved gently and sadly in the breeze. The streets, windows, house-tops, and every available place of observation were densely packed with spectatots, but good order and a decorous silence prevailed while the honors were being paid to the illustrious dead. The firing of minute guns and the tolling of bells signaled that the procession was put in motion. It moved slowly through the silent street to the sound of beautiful but mouroful music; sable plumes nodded, a myriad of bayonets and ornaments glittered in the sunlight, and thus, with tens of thousands of his sorrowing friends about him, was Henry Clay borne to his rest. On the arrival of the procession at the Lexington Cemetery, the exquisite and impressive burial service of the Episcopal Church, of which the great orator was a member, was read, after which the Masonic fraternity took charge of the body, and deposited it in the public vault, in accordance with the ancient forms and touching ceremonies of their order. During all of these last solemn rites, the tears of family and friends and mourning multitudes were falling, and the soft tolling of bells, and the sad booming of minute guns, sounded in the distance. When the mortal remains of the Sage of Ashland were hidden from sight, the procession returned to the shroudted city in its original order, and after reaching the court-house, each committee and company filed ofi", and quietly dispersed. Thirty-one guns, fired at the setting of the sun, completed the obsequies.

Chapter Lxxi

Aftek several years discussion, gas works were at last established in Lexington, and, in 1853, the city took $10,000 worth of stock in the company. The city was lighted with gas, for the first time, on the night of Wednesday, July 27, 1853, and lard-oil lamps went out of use, greatly to the joy of the citizens, in general, and the policemen, in particular.

The Sayre Female Institute, on Limestone street, established by David A. Sayre, was organized ISTovember 1, 1854, under Eev. H. V. D. Nevius. Subsequently, that accomplished educator, the beloved and lamented Prof. S. R. Williams, became principal, and retained the position, with increasing reputation, for many years. It is at present in charge of Prof. H. B. McClellan, a scholar well fitted for the position.

"Old King Solomon," one of the kindliest souls, and one of the quaintest and most noted of Lexington institutions, died November 27, 1854, and not a few were saddened when they heard that he was gone. William Solomon, to call him by his proper name, was born in Virginia, in 1775, and always boasted that he and " Henry," as he familiarly called the Sage of Ashland, had been boys together. He admitted, though, that "Henry" had risen somewhat higher than he - the "King" was, a cellar-digger. ISTobody knew when " King Solomon " came to Lexington - he seemed to have always been here ; and no one ever saw him with new clothes - his " rig," as he called his clothes, appeared to have been old from the start. His same old hat always had the same old mashed look, and his pants were about as closefitting as the hide on a rhinoceros. He was never known to catch cold from washing his face ; his hair managed itself, aiid the button and button-hole of his shirt collar never met long enough to make the slightest acquaintance. " Old King Solomon" was never so happy as when, half-seas over, and provided with the stump of a cigar (he never had a whole one), he was allowed to smoke in peace upon a comfortable rock-pile. But with all these eccentricities of genius, "Old Solomon" was none the less honest, upright, and industrious ; and he had a stout and pitying heart withal, for many a grave he dug during the awful cholera days of 1833, when many a more boastful and better- dressed man had fled in terror from the city.

A more everlasting, incorruptible, and Jackson-defying Whig than " Old King Solomon" never lived; he clung to "Henry" through thick and thin, and no one ever mourned him more sincerely. He was one of the most independent voters in Fayette. A candidate, on one occasion, gave him some money and advised him to go and vote. Old Solomon pocketed the money, and straightway did vote, but voted against his benefactor, who was not of his party and principles.

At one time - how it happened, we know not - " King Solomon " was very strangely and unfortunately mistaken for a vagrant, and was arrested and sold to an old negro woman for eighteen cents. He proved to be a good investment, for he brought her in seventy-five cents per day.

How Solomon got to be a " King," happened in this wise : One day, when he was not as sober as a judge, he was employed to trim a tree in the court-house yard. He got astride of a big limb, and, while in a meditative mood, he trimmed it so closely and so deeply between himself and the trunk of the tree, that it snapped off, and landed him suddenly and short of breath on the ground. The rare wisdom he displayed as a trimmer gained for him at once the title of "King Solomon," after the wisest man that ever while he was in the heyday of his attractions, an admirable picture of him was painted by Colonel Price. He was induced to sit for it by being provided with the wherewith to make himself comfortable on his favorite seat - a rock-pile. During the years 1855 and 1856, popular attention was largely directed to the "Know l^Tothing," or American party, which came into existence in 1853. The rise and fall of the "Know jN'othings" was attended with great excitement, during which such party names as " Bay Nichts," " Dark Lanternites," and " Blood Tubs" prevailed.

Chaptee Lxxii

The "Lexington Rifles," organized in 1857, was the first military company in Kentucky to report to the governor as a part of the state guard in 1860. The armory of the "Rifles" was in an upper story of the building lately replaced by the bank, on the corner of Main and Upper. The first officers of the company were : John H. Morgan, captain ; Chas. H. Brutton, first lieutenant; J. H. Shropshire, second lieutenant ; Joseph R. Gross, third lieutenant ; Richard Cox, ensign ; C. "W". Kennedy, first sergeant ; R. C. Morgan, second sergeant; Hiram Reece, third sergeant; Harry Browne, fourth sergeant ; Wm. M. Yates, first corporal ; Jas. Dudley, second corporal ; C. H. Dobyns, third corporal ; H. A. Saxton, fourth corporal ; Thos. Wilson, quartermaster.

A volume of poems of much beauty, tenderness, and power was published, in 1857, by Mrs. Rosa 7. Jefi"rey. In 1870, her "Daisy Dare," appeared. Mrs. Jeflfrey was born at Natchez, Miss., but has spent the most of her Ufe in Lexington.

On the 4th of July, 1857, the corner-stone of the Clay monument, in the Lexington Cemetery, was laid with imposing ceremonies under the auspices of the Monumental Association, which consisted of James 0. Harrison, H. T. Duncan, Henry Bell, Benjamin Gratz, and H. B. Hill. The day was beautiful, business was suspended, the city was crowded with spectators, and the houses leading to the cemetery were adorned with flowers, evergreens, flags, streamers, and banners.

The procession moved from headquarters, opposite the Phoenix Hotel, amid the thunder of artillery and the enlivening music of four splendid bands.* The Masonic fraternity, to whom the ceremonies were intrusted, and the Odd Fellows were out in full dress regalia. The Union and Lafayette fire companies of Louisville, together with all the Lexington companies, w^ere present. The military organizations in the procession were the Guthrie Grays and Continentals, of Cincinnati; an artillery company from Frankfort; the Falls City Guards, of Louisville; llTational Guards, of St. Louis; Independent National Guards, of Indianapolis ; City Guards, of Baltimore, and the Madison Guards, of Kichmond, Ky.

The family carriage, presented to Mr. Clay, in 1833, by the citizens of Newark, 'S. J., which was the only one admitted into the cemetery grounds, was ornamented with white funeral plumes and wreaths of flowers and evergreens. It was occupied by Aaron Dupuy, an old negro* servant of Mr. Clay, who had been in his service for many years. In the back seat was a bust of Mr. Clay and an engraving of his leave-taking in the senate.

Upon the platform, near the foundation of the monument, were the members of Mr. Clay's family, consisting of Ttios. H. Clay and James B. Clay and their families, Isaac Shelby and familj', and others.

The following distinguished gentlemen were observed on and in the vicinity of the platform : John C. Breckinridge, Vice-President of the United States ; Governor Morehead, Senator Crittenden, Hon. James Guthrie, Hon. Garrett Davis; Ex-Gov. Trimble, of Ohio; Chief Justices Geo. Kobertson and T. A. Marshall ; J. B. Huston, Speaker of the House of Representatives of Kentucky; Hon. James Harlan, Attorney-General; Hon. Richard Hawes; Dr. Green, of the Normal School ; President Bartlett, of the American

Council of the United ; States Hon. Oscar F. Moore, of Ohio; Roger W. Hanson, Esq.; Zophar Mills, Esq., of l^ew York, and the president and directors of the Claj' Monument Association.

The Masonic fraternity occupied the inclosure where the ceremonies were performed, while the military, firemen, and the rest of the procession, selected such positions in different portions of the grounds as they preferred.

The president of the association assigned to the M. "W". Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Kentucky, Mr. T. IT. Wise, the duty of laying the corner-stone.

In the stone was placed a box hermetically sealed; in a glass jar, a history of the occasion, with the names of the president and vice-president of the United States, the governor of Kentucky, the names of the officers of the Grand Lodge of Kentucky, and of the president and directors of the Clay Monumental Association ; a copy of each of the papers of the city of Lexington ; a picture of Cincinnati in 1802, published in the Cincinnati Gazette ; also a parchment prepared by the Cincinnati Guthrie Grays, in testimony of their appreciation of the man who preferred to be right rather than to be president of the United States; a medallion in copper, struck from the die of the Clay gold medal, presented by the Clay Festival Association of New York, with a copy of all the festive songs and odes sung and read before that association for the last twelve years, and giving a history of that association ; also a beautiful medallion likeness of Mr. Clay, by C. Younglove Haynes, Esq., of Philadelphia, together with copies of Philadelphia papers from the same gentleman, with coins of the present day (American), in gold, silver, and copper; a Bible, and other articles.

The stone was laid to its place, and pronounced by the grand master well formed, true, and trusty, when corn, wine, and oil were poured upon it, and the ceremonies concluded by prayer. During and preceding the ceremonies, the lifewport United States band discoursed the sweetest music, and salutes were fired.

After laying the corner-stone, the procession was reformed and proceeded to the fair grounds, whose vast amphitheater was soon filled to repletion with the gathered beauty, intellect, and worth of Kentucky.

After prayer by Rev. E. F. Berkley, of the Episcopal Church, Dr. R. J. Breckinridge, orator of the day, delivered an address in every way worthy its great subject and the occasion. Dinners and picnics in the beautiful groves followed, and at four o'clock there was a grand review of the military by Governor Morehead, the Newport band discoursing beautiful music, and the regular proceedings of the day closed.

The Clay monument,* some 120 feet in height, is built of the magnesian limestone of this state, which resembles very much the famed Caen stone of IN'ormandy, and is a column modeled after the Corinthian style of architecture, consisting of a stereobate, pedestal base, shaft and capital, the whole surmounted by a statue of the statesman.

The stereobate, or subbase, some 20 feet in height, and 40 feet square, is in the Egyptian style, plain and massive, and has its appropriate cornice of very simple character throughout its whole circuit, broken on each side around a projecting facade in the same style, but of more elaborate finish. In the center of the southern face is an entrance to a vaulted chamber, of the dimensions 12 by 24 feet, and 16 feet high in the center, lighted from above by heavy plate glass fixed in bronze frames in such manner as to be unseen from without. The chamber is of polished marble of Kentucky, appropriately finished as a receptacle for sarcophagi, and, if desirable, a life-size statue. The opening is closed by a screen of bronze. The remaining space within the subbase is a closed vault, access to which is had by means of a doorway, ordinarily closed with masonry.

Above the stereobate or subbase is the pedestal of the column, divided horizontally into two members, each with its base and cornice. The lower one is SJ feet in height, and the upper 14 feet in height. The faces of both mem-

Above the pedestal rises the shaft, which, with the base and capital, is 69 feet in height ; the lower diameter being 6 feet 8 inches, and the upper 5 feet 10 inches, built solid. The shaft, instead of the ordinary 24 flutes, with their intermediate fillets, is composed of a cluster of thirteen spears (one for each of the "Old Thirteen"), the heads of which, of bronze, interlaced and grouped with corn leaves and appropriate national emblems, form the capital of the column, conformable, in outline and proportion, to the best examples of the order. On the abacus of the capital rests an acroter of bronze, of a parabolic contour, and formed of ash and ivy leaves, serving as a pedestal to the statue.

Chapter Lxxiii

Helmet Lodge, 'Ho. 1, Sons of Malta, was organized in Lexington, April 3, 1858, and held its meetings in an upper story of the building, on the corner of Main and Mill streets, known as Whitney & Co.'s drug store.

Matthew T. Scott, who filled for many years the position of president of the l^orthern Bank of Kentucky, died in Lexington, in the seventy-second year of his age, August 21, 1858. He was a man of rare financial sagacity and of irreproachable integrity, and had been identified with the banking interests of Kentucky for more than forty years.

In 1859, the Democrats obtained control of the city government of Lexington, after it had been in the hands of their variously-named opponents for nearly a quarter of a century.

Kobert Wickliffe, Sen., died at his residence in Lexington, September 1, 1859, in the sixty-sixth year of his age. Mr. Wickliffe came from Virginia at an early day, and by his energy, persistent labor, and ability, gained a conspicuous position at the bar. He repeatedly represented Fayette in the legislature, was chairman of the board of trustees of Transylvania University, filled other important public offices, and was for half a century one of the leading spirits in state politics. Mr. "Wicklifie was one of the shrewdest and ablest land lawyers in Kentucky, and as such made himself rich. He w&a twice married. His first wife was Margaretta Howard, and his last, Mary O. Russell. He was buried at " Howard's Grove," Fayette county, Kentucky. Mr. Wickliffe resided on the corner of Second and Jefferson streets, where General William Preston now lives.

Chapter Lxxiv

The population of Lexington, in 1860, was nine thousand live hundred and twenty-one, and that of Fayette county, twenty-two thousand five hundred and ninety-nine.

The political parties which acted so prominent a part on the eve of the great struggle between the North and the South, were the Douglas Democrats, Breckinridge Democrats, the Bell and Everett, or Union party, and the Kepublican or A bolitio n party.

St. John's Academy, a Catholic parochial school connected with St. Catharine's Academy, on Limestone street, was established in 1860, mainly through the efforts of Father McGuire.

The Lexington Chasseurs, one of the most noted of the military companies ever raised in Lexington, was organized May 9, 1860, in the grand jury room of the present court-house, and in a very short time was fully equipped. On the 4th of July, 1860, in the presence of the largest crowd ever assembled on the old fair grounds (now the city park), Miss Abby Stewart, in behalf of the ladies of Lexington, presented the Chasseurs with a beautiful flag. The reply to the presentation address was made by Mr. O. L. Bradley, in behalf of the company. The reading of the declaration of independence by D. C. Wicklifte, an oration by E. W. Cooper, and a handsome barbecue given by the Chasseurs and their many friends concluded the exercises of the day.

moirs of the days "just before the war." The Chasseurs were the favorites of everybody, and the company rarely had a parade that it was not invited to partake of the hospitalities of some private residence. la 1861, a silver canteen was presented to the company, to be the prize of that member of the Chasseurs who should prove himself the best rifle shot, and to be retained by him until won by another. On one side is the inscription :

The Chasseurs were not simply peace soldiers. At the beginning of the late terrible war, a large majority of this favorite company volunteered and served gallantly in one or the other of the contending armies. The members of the old Chasseurs fought bravely on many a bloody field; not a few attained an enviable distinction, while others " sleep their last sleep" from wounds inflicted or diseases contracted in that desperate struggle.

The following is a list of the first ofiicers elected by the Chasseurs, and the names of all the privates who have ever belonged to the company :

Chapter Lxxv

On the night of December 18, 1861, the handsome amphitheater on the magnificent fair grounds of the Kentucky Agricultural and Mechanical Association, near Maxwell's spring, in Lexington, was destroyed by fire, a calamity still deeply regretted.

In 1861, Mr. M. Pruden, whose talents as a sculptor are well known, executed a fine statue of Henry Clay, which is still in his possession. Several years before this, his excellent busts of Mr. Clay and Judge Eobertson were made. Mr. Pruden is a native of Pennsylvania, but has spent the most of his life in Lexington.

Dr. Ethelbert L. Dudley, son of Ambrose Dudley, died at the age of forty-five, of typhoid fever, at Columbia, Kentucky, February 20, 1862. At the time of his death, he was Colonel of the Twenty-first Kentucky (Federal) Infantry. Dr. Dudley was born near Lexington; was educated at Harvard University, and graduated at the Transylvania Medical College, in which he was afterward professor of the principles and practice of surgery. He was a physician by nature, talents, and education, and before the commencement of the late war, he had attained a prominence consistent with his rare abilities and skill. He seemed destined to take the first place in his profession in Kentucky. Dr. Dudley was not more admired as a physician than he was beloved as a man. To the strength of his mind and character, there seemed added every knightly attribute and grace. He was brave and generous, quick to resent, and quick to forgive. He was big-hearted, kind, sympathetic, and gentle. Littleness and meanness he despised unutterably, while his soul warmed instinctively to every high and noble action. His heart went out to his friends, and his multitude of friends clung to him with a devotion that is as rare as it was beautiful. JSTo citizen of Lexington was ever more deeply and universally beloved than Dr. Dudley - perhaps none as much so.

The funeral services took place on Monday, the 24th of February, in the Odd Fellows Hall,* on the corner of Main and Broadway, which had been draped in mourning, and throughout the entire sad exercises could be heard the sobs of hundreds in the dense and sorrowing crowd. The remains of the greatly beloved physician were borne to the Lexington Cemetery, where they now sleep, followed by the "Old Infantry," the Chasseurs, the various orders and professions, and a multitude of other mourners of every rank and condition of life.

Samuel D. McCullough, now one of the oldest natives of Lexington, was born June 26, 1803. His father, a native of Maryland, was one of the early settlers of Lexington. Major McCullough was graduated A. B., at Transylvania University, in 1824, and a few years after received the degree of A. M. In 1829, he married Miss Harriet "Wailis, a great grand-daughter of Rev. Samuel Daviess, of Princeton College. After conducting a female academy for fourteen years, Major McCullough inherited the secret, and for many years conducted the manufacture of Burrowes' worldrenowned Lexington mustard. His love for painting, local history, and antiquities is well-known, but his particular forte is astronomy. " McCullough's Almanacs," Map of the Ilea vens, and Text-book on Astronomy have more than a local reputation. The major has been one of the "lights" of the Masonic fraternity since 1824. He is a quaint relic of the olden time of Lexington, and his warm heart and well-stored head, and his praiseworthy desire and eflforts to save from destruction the monuments and memoirs of the past, justly entitled him to the name of " Old Mortality."

Chapter Lxxvi

Judge William C. Goodloe removed to Lexington in 1863. He was born in Madison county, Ky., October 7, 1805 ;* graduated at the Transylvania Law School in 1824; commenced the practice of his profession in Kichmond, and was soon after appointed commonwealth attorney by Governor Metcalf. In 1826, he married Miss Almira, daughter of Governor "William Owsley. He was appointed circuit judge in 1846, and served under the appointment until the adoption of the state constitution of 1850, when he was elected to the same office by the people. After that he was twice re-elected and continued in office until 1868, having been upon the bench for twenty-two consecutive years. At the time of his death, which occurred in Lexington, Aug. 14 1870, he was a professor in the Law College of Kentucky University. Judge Goodloe was a fine lawyer, and possessed very extensive legal information. As a judge he was quick to comprehend cases and arrive at conclusions, and was exceedingly prompt and able in the dispatch and transaction of the duties of his office.

Chapter Lxxvii

The Jews, the most ancient people of the Most High, are few in Lexington, and have no regular and established organization, but the requirements of their faith are not entirely ignored. In the year 1864, in their month of Tishri, they assembled at the residence of one of their brethren, and observed their Sabbath of Sabbaths, the great Day of Atonement, with fasting, humiliation, and prayer. Prom that time to the present, this, the most solemn day of the whole Jewish year, has been annually commemorated by the Israelites of Lexington.

James B. Clay, son of Henry Clay, died in February, 1864, in Canada, aged forty-seven. Mr. Clay was born in Lexington, and was educated for the bar, where, in tiraei, he made a good reputation. Mr. Clay was the only member of the family that seemed to inherit any of the father's oratorical talent - he was a fine stump speaker. After filling the position of charge to Portugal, Mr. Clay ably represented his district in Congress. In the late war, he warmly espoused the cause of the Confederate States, and was on his way to join the Southern army, when he was arrested and exiled to Canada, where he died of consumption at the time stated above. His remains are buried in the Lexington Cemetery. His residence was Ashland, which he purchased after his father's death.

General John H. Morgan, the Marion of Kentucky, and the most brilliant partisan leader of the late war, was killed by treachery at Greenville, East Tennessee, September 4, 1864. He was born at Huntsville, Alabama, June 1, 1825, and was a son of Calvin C. Morgan, and his wife, a daughter of John "W". Hunt, of Lexington, Kentucky. General

Morgan's parents removed to Lexington when he was a small child, and nothing of special interest occurred in his life until he arrived at the age of nineteen, when he enlisted in the Mexican war. On his return, he married Miss Bruce, and engaged regularly in business in Lexington.

At the beginning of the late war, he was captain of the noted " Lexington Rifles," and, espousing the cause of the South, escaped, by stratagem, with a number of that company, on the 20th of September, 1861, and arrived safely at Green river. Shortly after, at Bowling Green, he was elected captain of a cavalry company, which was duly enrolled in the Confederate service. From that time until the day of his death, he figured in great events, which made his name famous. As captain, colonel, and then brigadiergeneral, he led his rangers on rapid and astounding " raids," through the carnage of Shiloh, at the capture of Cynthiana, and in many a desperate contest. After the death of his wife, Morgan married again. His second wife waa Miss Ready, of Tennessee. His daring raid through Ohio, his capture, imprisonment, and romantic escape, are too fresh in the public mind to need recapitulation.

This gallant leader and his famous band swept through Kentucky, in 1864, for the last time, and on the 10th of June were in possession of Lexington. In less than three months from that time, his knightly career was ended. His remains were buried first at Abingdon, Virginia, but in a short time were deposited in a vault at Hollywood Cemetery, Richmond, where they remained until 1868. On the 17th of April of that year, his old comrades and soldiers, in the presence of a host of mourners, laid him to rest in the Lexington Cemetery, and gentle women of the South wreathed, with flowers and evergreens, the grave of one of the greatest partisan leaders named in the history of the world. Up to the time of his first marriage. General Morgan lived at his mother's residence, on the corner of Mill and Second streets. Just before the late war, he lived on the corner opposite his old home, in the house now occupied by Mrs. Ryland.

Chapter Lxxviii

The First National Bank of Lexington was organized in tlie spring of 1865, and commenced business in an office on Jordan's RoW. Its first directors were Jacob Hughes, W. R. Estill, 'William Warfield, S. F. Tebbs, and B. F. Buckner; Jacob Hughes, president, and Thos. Mitchell, cashier. The office of the bank is now on Short street, between Upper and Market.

In the same year (1865), the City National Bank was established. W. C. Goodioe, president ; A. M. Barnes, cashier; directors, G. W. Norton, W. S. Downey, Persicles Scott, J. B. "Wilgus, and D. F. "Wolf. Banking office located on corner of Main and Cheapside.

The Centenary Methodist Church of Lexington was organized, in the fall of 1865, by a number of persons who seceded from the Southern Methodist Church on Hill street, for reasons intimated in the chapter on the latter named church. Members of the families of Persicles Scott, Hiram Shaw, L. P. and W. R. Milward, J. Gunn, J. W. Cannon, Dr. Bright, and others, combined to organize the new church, which met for a short time in the present city library building, with Rev. H. P. Henderson, of Ohio, as pastor.

On the 4th of January, 1866, the congregation engaged the city council room in Hunt's Row, and conducted worship there for several years, under the ministry of Rev. Duke Slavin and his successor. Rev. J. R. Eads. Ably assisted by their next pastor, the Rev. Daniel Stevenson, formerly superintendent of public instruction for Kentucky, and a scholarly gentleman, the congregation, with great zeal, set to work to build a church, and on Sunday, July 24, 1870, the present elegant edifice on the corner of Broadway and Church streets was dedicated. The dedicatory exercises were conducted by the Rev. C. H. Fowler, assisted by the pastor, Mr. Stevenson. The Rev. George Strowbridge, the present pastor, who is an exceedingly entertaining speaker, succeeded Mr. Stevenson. The aflairs of the Centenary Church have been conducted with great energy and zeal ; it has met with encouraging success, and is now in a most prosperous condition.

Chapter Lxxix

Kentucky Gazette - Red Men - Aaron Dupee - Kentucky Statesman - Farmers' Home Journal - Poems by the Misses Wilson - Good Templars - Fayette Farmers' Club - John Carty.

Oceola Tribe, No. 8, Improved Order of Red Men, was constituted in Lexington, August 29, 1866, with the following officers, viz : James Chrystal, Sachem ; T. A. Hornsey,

B. 8.; B. P. Watkins, J. S.; D. A. King, P.; A. W. Trabein, 0. E.; V. 'N. Gardner, K. W. The tribe was organized in the third story of Viley & Co.'s drug store, on the corner of Mill and Short streets. It now uses the hall in Kastle's block, on Main street.

Aaron Dupee, well-known as the faithful negro servant of Henry Clay, died in February, 1866, at the age of eighty. He was buried in the Presbyterian Cemetery, and a neat headstone, with an inscription embodying these facts, marks his grave.

The first number of the present Kentucky Statesman appeared January 1, 1867, William Cassius Goodloe and W. Owsley Goodloe being editors and proprietors; office on Short street, near the corner of Limestone, where it still remains. Subsequently, "W". O. Goodloe became sole editor and proprietor. In January, 1871, he sold to Messrs. W.

C. Goodloe and L. P. Tarleton. At the present time, the establishment is owned by a company, and the paper is ably edited by Mr. Samuel E. Smith. The Statesman is Eepublican, or Eadical, in politics.

near the Episcopal Church. It is now owned by Messrs. H. T. Duncan, Jr., and Hart Gibson; and Mr. J. A. Reynolds, who has been so long and so favorably connected with the Kentucky press, is its editor.

Miss Susie Wilson and Miss Belle Wilson, sisters, and both natives of Lexington, published in the newspapers, about this time (1867), as they have frequently since, poems of great sweetness, tender eloquence, and acknowledged merit.

The order of Good Templars originated in Lexington, with the organization of Arlington Lodge, N'ovember 22, 1867, in the building used by City School No. 2. Ashland Lodge of Good Templars was organized December 8, 1868. Both lodges now use the hall in Kastle's building, on Main, between Mill and Broadway.

On Saturday, the 19th of January, 1867, a meeting of farmers was held in the wareroom of J. M. Tipton, on Short street, between Limestone and Upper, to take steps toward organizing a Farmers' Club. General William Bryan was called to the chair, and E. C. Bryan was made secretary, A number of speeches were made, strongly in favor of the project, and the following committee was appointed to draft a constitution and by-laws for the proposed club, viz: W. B. Kinkead, J. J. Hayden, D. S. Coleman, S. Chew, stnd E. Allen. At a meeting held at the same place the succeeding Saturday, January 26, the constitution and by-laws reported by the coinmittee were adopted, the organization named " The Farmers' Club," and the following officers were elected : President, W. R. Estill ; vice-president, J. J. Hayden; corresponding secretary, William Warfield ; treasurer, D. S. Coleman ; recording secretary, J. M. Tipton. Those who subscribed to the constitution, at this meeting, were William Bryan, Samuel H. Chew, W. B. Kinkead, J. J. Hayden, W. R. Estill, W. Halley Smith, Edward Allen, D. S. Coleman, C. C. Gibson, Joseph S. Frazer, William Warfield, David Frewitt, James W. Berry, Granville Smith, S. P. Kennedy, R. J. Spurr, William Cassius Goodloe, E. C. Bryan, Elisha Smith, John Clark, William D. SutherlanJ,

The club was established to advance the general interests of agriculture in this portion of Kentucky; to spread intelligence of the markets for stocks and other products throughout the farming community, and by mutual consultation protect their interests against undue advantage being taken of them; to bring together experience as to the best method of cultivating the various crops ; of breeding and raising stock of the various descriptions ; of the best farming implements, and embracing also the interests of horticulture, fruit raising, the dairies, etc.

The club has been in successful operation ever since its establishment. Its weekly discussions and proceedings, which have been exceedingly useful and interesting, have been given to the public in a clear, graceful, and able manner, by Mr. J. A. Reynolds, editor of the Farmers' Home Journal, and the authorized reporter of the club. In j ustice to itself and to the interests of agriculture in Kentucky, the club should, by all means, gather and preserve these reports in a durable volume.

John Carty, one of the most remarkable and successful merchants that Lexington has ever produced, died at his residence on Broadway, Monday, April 8, 1867, aged sixtyone. His father, John Carty, a soldier in the Revolution and in subsequent Indian wars, was one of the pioneer settlers of Lexington. His grandfather, John Carty, was a native of Burlington, New Jersey, and was of English descent. After spending several sessions at the Transylvania grammar school, Mr. Carty commenced life, at the early age of fifteen, as deputy of that elegant old Virginia gentleman. Captain John Fowler, then, and for many years after, postmaster of Lexington. Mr. Carty left the postoffice to assist Mr. John McCauley, who, at an early day, was one of the extensive grocery dealers of Lexington. In this new capacity, his energy and business talents were so marked, and he exhibited financial sagacity of such a high order, that in a short time he was admitted as a full partner in the establishment. Subsequently, he conducted the same kind of business with Mr. John Dudley and others, but for many years, and up to the time of his death, he was the sole proprietor of the leading grocery house in Lexington, which had also become, under his skillful management, one of the most extensive in Kentucky.

Mr. Carty was one of nature's noblemen, and the seal of a true man was impressed upon all he did. His business was conducted upon the highest principles of truth and honor. Though a patron of learning and of every deserving public enterprise, and the liberal benefactor of struggling merit, yet all was hidden under an extraordinary modesty, which was not the least beautiful of his characteristics. He was a man of remarkable judgment ; he weighed everything in his finely balanced mind, and his opinions were rarely at fault and always influential. Mr. Carty was constitutionally incapable of injustice, and his views on all subjects were comprehensive, liberal, and charitable. His most distinguishing mental trait was financial sagacity, and in that respect, in particular, he was one of the most superior men in Kentucky. His old associates will never forget his marvelously black, beautiful, and piercing eyes, the windows of a soul as gentle as it was brave, and as rare as it was exalted. His spotless life and admirable qualities gained him a host of friends. He was universally esteemed and beloved, and few men who have died in Lexington were ever more generally and sincerely mourned. The following notice of his funeral, from a Lexington newspaper, indicates the public feeling at his loss :

" The funeral cortege of Mr. John Carty, on Wednesday last, was probably the largest which ever followed a private citizen of this city to the grave. He was interred with Masonic honors, and the stores along Main street were closed as the procession passed by. This was an unusual testimonial of respect to a private person ; but it shows how he had won upon the respect and aflection of his fellow citizens."

Chaptek Lxxx

The first session of the Baptist Female College, on Broadway, between Hill and Maxwell streets, commenced in February, 1868, under Prof. A, S. Worrell. The college buildings are the same used by the Misses Jaqisson, who for years conducted a female school noted for its fine character and success. Bev. J. C. Freeman succeeded Mr. Worrell. The present president of this flourishing institution is Dr. Eobert Ryland, formerly of Richmond, Virginia.

W. S. Downey died at the Phoenix Hotel, in Lexington, January 31, 1868, aged forty-seven.* Major Downey was born near Winchester, Kentucky, and having been bereft of his father at an early age, he was not only thrown upon his own resources, but was left in poverty, with a mother and two sisters to support. He tested freely "the good things that belong adversity" in his early and youthful struggles. He was educated at St. Mary's College, and studied law with Hon. James Simpson. He was county attorney of Clark county for several years and up to his election as commonwealth's attorney for this judicial district, in 1856, which office he held, by successive elections, at the time of his death.

Major Downey was a self-made man, and rose to position by his own talents and industry. He was distinguished for ^correct taste and polite accomplishments in literature. His fine command of language, arising from an intimate acquaintance with the classics, active, quick, perceptive, and incisive cast of intellect, gave him the power of a formidable and eloquent opponent at the bar.

Chapter Lxxxi

The Hocker Female School, on Broadway, opened in September, 1869, with Robert Graham as president. The school owes its establishment to donations and loans from liberal citizens.

On Saturday, August 7, 1869, occurred the great eclipse of the sun, and Lexington, being a most favorable point of observation, was visited by many strangers. The crowds, which commenced to gather on the streets at an early hour in the afternoon, grew larger and larger as the momentous period approched, and by the time the great celestial wonder began its sublime, visible work, it seemed that all living Lexington had abandoned shelter and emptied itself out into the main thoroughfares.

The weather all day was beautiful and clear, but cool, becoming even chilly as eclipse time neared. By four o'clock most of the best points had been secured. Every hand held a piece of smoked glass with which to take observations. The first indications to the naked eye of the eclipse was the appearance of a little concave " gap " in the sun, a visible change began to take place in the color of things, and the atmosphere was the least bit hazy. Time passed, and the air took on a coal-smoky hue, the darkening shadows deepened, and our beautiful trees assumed a deeper and deeper green. In a little while only about four digits of the sun's face was yet uncovered, and from this time the circling birds, the domestic fowls and animals, showed most evident signs of uneasiness. The moon moved majestically onward, leaving only two digits \inchanged, and the gathering darkness settled in ghastly shadows upon all men and things. The ladies drew their wrappings closer, the edges of the sun glowed strangely with fire, the excitement ran high, and at each advance made by the moon's shadow the intensity increased.

At 5:25 the silence and the darkness awed the expectant multitudes by their strange and mysterious influence. Every eye was upon the sun, the horns of^ the crescent diminished rapidly, and at last the crescent itself became dissolved into a ball of fire. Rapidly it also diminished in size, and at last disappeared suddenly, like a candle blown out. Still, on the margin of the shadow lingered specks - little globules - two or three, or perhaps five of them, on the moon's northeast edge, like dazzling drops of dew. Suddenly they went out, and the merest golden edge remained a second and fiashed out of sight, dropping a sudden darkness on earth. The stars flashed into the heavens as if they had but that moment been created. On the right was Mercury, on the left Venus, and still further left was Mars or perhaps Saturn.

Time, 5:30. The moment had arrived - such as will not occur again for a lifetime - the sun was eclipsed. And there was something indescribably awful and solemn in this vailing of his face in darkness.