Goodhue County, Minnesota - The whole text, 1878 (part 5 of 16)

In the spring of 1856, Red Wing enterprise fitted out a company of men consisting of G. W. Granger, Barttell Snyder and Isaac Harriett, and sent them down to Spirit Lake to select land claims and found a town. In the fall of 1856 there were seven cabins around the lake, all of which were occupied. The occupants were a man named Thatcher and family, Marble and family, Judge Howe and family, Marble and family, Mattox and family, and Isaac Harriett, Barton Snyder and G. W. Granger, the three last named occupying one cabin and keeping " bachelor's hall."

For some years previous to this outrage, a few Dakota Indians and outlaws, under the lead of an excommunicated Dakota named Inkpadootah, had been roving through that part of Iowa. They had been driven away from their own people, and were a band unto themselves - insolent, devilish, murderous wretches; and on Sunday, the 8th of March, 1856, they came to Spirit Lake, and almost immediately commenced their hellish work. Mr. Neill says they* proceeded to a cabin occupied only by men, and asked for beef. Understanding, as they afterwards asserted, to kill one of the cattle, they did so, and commenced cutting it up, when one of the white men went out and knocked the Dakota down. In retaliation the white man was shot and killed; and surrounding the house, the Indians set fire to the thatched roof and

Other authorities say there was no beef demanded by the Indians - no beef killed, and that Inkpadootah was not assaulted by any of the white men, but that the attack was instigated solely and simply by Indian treachery and thirst for blood. This version of the affair is maintained by Isaac Lauver, W. W. DeKay, George Huntington, and a Mr. Patten, who went down to Spirit Lake from Red Wing about the 31st of March, as soon they heard of the massacre, to bury the remains of the murdered victims, and look after the claim interests.

At about the same time, the murdering wretches went to a cabin occupied by a man named Gardner and his family, and asked for something to eat. Everything in the house was given them. While they were disposing of Gardner's hospitality, his son-in-law, and another man who was there, went out to see if everything was right at the neighboring cabin - the one just mentioned as being set on fire. It was their last mission, for some of the Indians were in ambush, and shot and killed them also. The Indians left Gardner's, after securing all the food the cabin contained, but returned in the latter part of the afternoon and killed Gardner, his wife, two daughters, and his grandchildren, and carried away, as a prisoner, one other, named Abby. That night, or the next morning, they visited the homes of Noble and Thatcher, who had settled there, and carried Mrs. Noble and Mrs. Thatcher prisoners to their camp. On Monday, a man named Markham, went to Gardner's on some errand, and found the murdered bodies of the entire family. Markham hid himself until darkness came on, and then went to Springfield, and reported the murder.

The following Thursday, March 12, an Indian called at Marble's cabin, three miles above Thatcher's, and told her that the white people down on the lake had been nipped (killed) a day or two before. This intelligence alarmed the Marbles, the more so, as the great depth of snow then on the ground had prevented communication with the settlement below for some days ; but, fearing the worst, it was impossible for the Marble family to inaugurate any measures for flight, or other means of safety. The next morning, Friday, the 13th, four Indians, with friendly bearing, came to Marble's and bantered him to trade rifles. The trade was made, after which they prevailed on Marble to go out on the lake and shoot at a mark. After a few shots they turned in the direction of the house, and managing to get Marble in advance of them, the Indians shot him, and he fell dead in his tracks. Mrs. Marble, who had been watching the maneuvering of the fiends, saw her husband fall and ran to him, when the bloody wretches seized her, and told her they would not kill her, but that they would take her with them, and she was carried to the camp, where they had previously taken Mrs. Noble, Mrs. Thatcher, and Miss Gardner.

Inkpadootah and his followers next went to Springfield, where, a week or two later, they butchered the entire settlement. The alarm was sent to Fort Ridgely, and a detachment of soldiers was sent out in pursuit. They found and buried two bodies, and the Iowans, who had volunteered and started out to avenge the murders and outrages, as soon as they heard of their perpetration, found and buried twenty nine others. Besides these thirty-one bodies that were found and buried, others were still missing.

Learning that soldiers were in pursuit of them, the outlaws made haste to leave the vicinity of their depredations, carrying the four women along with them. They were forced to carry heavy burdens by day, and to cut wood, build fires and do other camp duty when night came on.

In consequence of poor health and recent child-birth, Mrs. Thatcher became burdensome, and at Big Sioux River, when attempting to cross on the trunks of trees fallen from the opposite banks, she was pushed off into the deep, cold water by one of the Indians. She swam to the shore, when they pushed her back into the current, and then shot at her as if she were a target, until life was extinct.

K In May, two men from Lac qui Parle, who had been taught to read and write, while on their spring hunt found themselves in the neighborhood of Inkpadootah and his party. Having heard that they held some American women in captivity, the two brothers visited the camp - though this was at some risk of their own lives, since Inkpadootah's hand was now against every man - and found the outlaws, and succeeded in bargaining for Mrs. Marble, whom they conveyed to their mother's tent," where she was visited by persons connected with the Hazelwood Mission, and re-clothed in civilized costume. From thence she was conveyed to St. Paul, where the citizens welcomed her, and made up a purse of one thousand dollars with which she was presented.

The rescue of the other two women was now resolved upon, and Flandrau, the Dakota agent, commissioned a "good Indian" named Paul by the whites, to accomplish their redemption. He was fitted out with a wagon, two horses and some valuable presents, and started on his mission. He found Inkpadootah and his iniquitous cut-throats with a band of Yanktons, on the James River. Only Miss Gardner was living. Mrs. Noble had been murdered a few nights before. She had been ordered to go out and be subject to the wishes of the party, and refusing to go, a son of Inkpadootah dragged her out by the hair of her head and killed her. The next morning a Dakota woman took Miss Gardner out to see the corpse, which had been horribly treated after death.

By perseverance and large presents Paul succeeded in redeeming Miss Gardner, and she was taken to the mission house. From there she was taken to St. Paul, from whence she was sent to her sister in Iowa.

The same year, about the last of June or first of July, Inkpadootah's son, said to have been the murderer of Mrs. Noble, was killed while seeking to escape arrest for that cruel butchery. Reports became current that he was in camp on Yellow Medicine River. Flandrau and a detachment of soldiers from Fort Ridgely, accompanied by some Indian guides, started for the camp to arrest him. As they approached the camp, the alarm was given and the murderer ran from his lodge, and concealed himself in the brush near the river, but was soon uncovered and shot by United States soldiers. The rest of the gang managed to escape, and are said to have taken refuge beyond the Missouri River.

The Red Wing party who went down to Spirit Lake to bury the dead, etc., as already mentioned, found the remains of Granger by the side of the cabin he occupied in common with Snyder and Harriett. Granger had first been shot, and then his head cut off from above the mouth and ears with a broad axe. The remains of Harriett and Snyder were found about forty rods distant, with several bullet holes through their bodies. The presumption was they had started out to defend one of the other cabins, and that they were shot and killed where their bodies were found.

The Sioux Outbreak

What is known as the Sioux Outbreak commenced at Acton, in Meeker county, on the seventeenth day of August, 1862. On that day a few young warriors of the Sioux tribe, who had been on an unsuccessful hunt along the outer edges of the Big Woods, came to the Acton settlement, and by some means secured whisky enough to make them drunk. They made a demand of a man named Jones for more whisky, which he promptly refused. This refusal infuriated the already excited Indians, and they commenced an indiscriminate slaughter of all within range of their guns, killing five persons - Jones, Webster and Baker, an elderly woman and a young girl. When they grew sober enough to realize the enormity of their offence, they became frightened at their own violence, and fearful of the consequence of their hellish and unprovoked murders, they fled to the Sioux camp at the Lower Agency, and asked protection from the punishment due their crimes. The murderers belonged to the "first families " of the Sioux tribe, and the affair was discussed in the " Soldiers' Lodge," where it was determined that the several bands should make common cause with the criminals, and to urge a war of extermination against the white settlers within their reach. The next day was fixed for the beginning of the butchery.

Purposely starting the rumor in advance that they were going on the " war path " against the Chippewas, a large number of Sioux warriors appeared at the Lower Agency, in what is now Redwood county, at six o'clock the next morning, the eighteenth, and took up the several positions that had been assigned them in the plan of operations adopted in the " Soldiers' Lodge," the night previous. At a given signal, an attack was made upon the whites at the Agency. With the exception of two or three men, who concealed themselves, and a few of the women and children who were taken prisoners and kept captives, none of the whites escaped instant death but George H. Spencer, who, although twice wounded, was saved from death through the intervention of an Indian acquaintance, named Wak-ke-an-da-tah or Red Lightning. The slaughter extended to the Upper Agency, but through the influence of a Christianized Indian, called Other Day, the missionaries and others, among whom were Messrs. Riggs and Williamson and their families - in all about sixty persons - were rescued from the impending calamity, and were taken in safety through the Indian lines and Indian country to the white settlements beyond.

After the people at the agencies were butchered, the houses and stores pillaged and destroyed, the red fiends were divided into several parties and sent out to fall upon and destroy the settlers on farms and in villages along the entire frontier, covering an area of nearly two hundred miles. How well and faithfully the several savage bands kept their trusts and filled their missions, can never be accurately told. Mr. Neill says :

" The fiends of hell could not invent more fearful atrocities than were perpetrated by the savages upon their victims. The bullet, the tomahawk and the scalping-knife spared neither age nor sex, the only prisoners taken being the young and comely women, to minister to the brutal lusts of their captors, and a few young children. Fortunate, comparatively speaking, was the lot of those who were doomed to instant death, and thus spared the agonies of lingering tortures, and the superadded anguish of witnessing outrages upon the persons of those nearest and dearest to them.

" In the short space of thirty-six hours, as nearly as could be computed, eight hundred whites were cruelly slain. Almost every dwelling along the extreme frontier was a charnel-house, containing the dying and the dead. In many cases the torch was applied, and maimed and crippled sufferers, unable to escape, were consumed with their habitations. The alarm was communicated by refugees to the adjacent settlements, and soon the roads leading to St. Paul were crowded by thousands of men, women and children in the wild confusion of sudden flight. Domestic animals, including hundreds and even thousands of cattle were abandoned, and only those taken which could expediate the movements of the terror-stricken settlers.

"The savages, after accomplishing their mission of death, assembled in force, and attempted to take Fort Ridgely by a coup de main. In this they were foiled by the vigilance and determination of the garrison, aided by volunteers who had escaped from the surrounding settlements. The attack was continued at intervals for several days, but without success. The town of New Ulm was also assailed by a strong force of the savages, but was gallantly defended by volunteers from the neighboring counties under the command of Colonel C. H. Flandrau. Captain Dodd, an old and respectable citizen of St. Peter, was among the killed at this point. Fort Abercrombie, on the Red River, also suffered a long and tedious siege by the bands of Sioux from Lac qui Parle, until relieved by a force despatched by Governor Ramsey from St. Paul."

Intelligence of the outbreak and massacre reached St. Paul the next day after the butchery at the Lower Agency, and immediate preparations were made by Governor Ramsey to arrest the progress of the devilish savages. H. H. Sibley, from his long residence among the Indians and his acquaintance with the character and habits of the Indians, was selected as best suited to take command of the expedition, to which he consented, and was commissioned as colonel. At this time the State was greatly deficient of means and appliances for carrying on a war of the proportions this threatened to assume. Full five thousand of the fighting men of the commonwealth were absent from the State as soldiers in the army of the Union. The arsenal was stripped of all the arms that were effective. There was but little ammunition on hand and no rations or means of transportation. The allied Sioux could muster from eight hundred to one thousand warriors, and they might be indefinitely reinforced by the powerful divisions of the Prairie Sioux. Those already engaged in hostilities were good marksmen, splendidly armed, and abundantly supplied with ammunition. They had been victorious in several encounters with detachments of troops, and had overwhelming confidence in their own skill. The outlook was dark and threatening. But with all the disadvantages and discouragements, Governor Ramsey acted with promptness and vigor. He telegraphed to the War Department for arms and to the Governors of the adjoining States for all they could spare, and authorized the use of teams belonging to individual citizens for purposes of transportation, and adopted such other measures as the emergency of the occasion demanded.

Volunteers. An inspection of the arms and cartridges furnished, showed that the former were worthless Austrian rifles, and that the ammunition was for guns of a different and larger calibre, and the command was detained several days at St. Peter, where the men were engaged in reducing the balls so as to fit the muskets, and in preparing canister shot for the six-pounders. In the meantime a supply of arms of better quality were received, reinforcements arrived, and the march to Fort Bidgely commenced. At Fort Bidgely the troops went into camp, to await the reception of rations and to make final preparations for an advance on the hostiles, who had drawn in their detached parties, and were concentrating for a decisive battle. We quote in full from Neill's account of the further prosecution and termination of the expedition :

" Scouts were dispatched to ascertain the location of the main Indian camp, and upon their return they reported no Indians below Yellow Medicine River. A burial party of twenty men, under escort of one company of infantry and the available mounted force, in all about two hundred men, under command of Major J. R. Brown, was detailed to proceed and inter the remains of the murdered at the Lower Agency, and other points in the vicinity. The duty was performed; fifty-four bodies buried, and the detachment was en route to the settlements on Beaver River, and had encamped for the night near Birch Coolie, a long and wooded ravine debouching into the Minnesota River, when, about dawn the followiug morning, the camp was attacked by a large force of Indians, twenty-five men killed or mortally wounded, and nearly all the horses, ninety in number, shot down. Providentially, the volleys of musketry were heard at the main camp, although eighteen miles distant, and Colonel Sibley marched to the relief of the beleaguered detachment, drove off the Indians, buried the dead, and the weary column then retraced its steps to the camp.

" The period spent in awaiting the necessary supplies of men and provisions was made useful in drilling the men and bringing them under discipline. So soon as ten days' rations had been accumulated, Colonel Sibley marched in search of the savages, and on the 23d day of September, 1862, was fought the decisive and severe battle of Wood Lake. The action was commenced by the Indians and was bravely contested by them for more than two hours, when they gave way at all points and sent in a flag of truce, asking permission to remove their dead and wounded, which was refused. A message was sent back to Little Crow, the leader of the hostile Indians, to the effect that if any of the white prisoners held by him received injury at the hands of the savages, no mercy would be shown to the latter, but that they would be pursued and destroyed without regard to age or sex.

" The success at "Wood Lake was not achieved without serious loss. Major Welch, of the 3d Minnesota Volunteers, commanding, was severely wounded in the leg; Captain Wilson, of the 6th Regiment, was badly contused in the breast by a spent ball ; and nearly forty commissioned officers and privates were killed or wounded. The loss of the enemy was much greater, a half-breed prisoner stating it at thirty killed and a large number wonnded.

" One of the main objects of the campaign, the deliverance of the white captives, was yet to be accomplished, and required the exercise of much judgment and caution. There was good reason to fear that, in the exasperation of defeat, they might fall victims to the savages. Colonel Sibley, therefore, delayed his march towards the great Indian camp until the second day after the battle, to allow time to the friendly element to strengthen itself, and to avoid driving the hostile Indians into desperate measures against the prisoners. On the 25th of September the column, with drums beating and colors flying, filed past the Indian encampment, and formed the camp within a few hundred yards of it. Colonel Sibley, with his staff and field officers, then proceeded to the lodges of the Indians and directed that all the captives should be delivered up to him, which was forthwith done. A sight was then presented which filled the eyes of strong men with tears. Young and beautiful women, who had for weeks endured the extremity of outrage from their brutal captors, followed by a crowd of children of all ages, came forth from the lodges, hardly realizing that the day of their deliverance had arrived. Convulsive sobbings were heard on every side, and the poor creatures clung to the men who had come to their relief, as if they feared some savage would drag them away. They were all escorted tenderly to the tents prepared for their reception, and made as comfortable as circumstances would admit. The number of pure whites thus released amounted to about one hundred and fifty, including one man only, Mr. Spencer. The latter expressed his gratitude to Colonel Sibley that he had not made a forced march upon the camp after the battle, stating emphatically that if such a course had been pursued, it was the determination of the hostile Indians to cut the throats of the captives, and then disperse in the prairies. There were delivered also nearly two hundred and fifty half-breeds, who had been held as prisoners.

"Two of the principal objects of the campaign, the defeat of the savages and the release of the captives, having now been consummated, there remained but to punish the guilty. Many of these, with Little Crow, had made their escape and could not be overtaken, but some of the small camps of the refugees were surrounded and their inmates brought back. The locality where these events transpired was appropriately called Camp Release, and the name should be perpetuated.

"At the proper time, the Indian camp was surrounded by a cordon of troops, and four hundred of the warriors were arrested, chained together in pairs, and placed in an inclosure of logs made by the troops, under strong guard. Others, who were known to be innocent, were not interfered with. Colonel Sibley constituted a military commission, with Colonel Crooks, commanding Sixth Regiment, as president, for the trial of the prisoners. A fair and impartial hearing was accorded to each, and the result was the finding of three hundred and three guilty of participation in the murder of the whites, and the sentence of death by hanging was passed upon them. Others were convicted of robbery and pillage, and condemned to various terms of imprisonment. The witnesses were composed of the released captives, including mixed bloods, and Christian Indians, who had refused to join Little Crow in the war. A full record was kept of each case tried.

" The preparations for the execution of the guilty Indians were brought to a summary close by an order from President Lincoln prohibiting the hanging of any of the convicted men without his previous sanction. The people of the State were highly indignant at this suspension, and an energetic protest was made by their Senators and Representatives in Washington. Finally, after much delay, Colonel Sibley was directed to carry out the sentence of the commission in certain cases specified; and on December 26th, 1862, thirty-eight of the criminals were executed accordingly, at Mankato, on the same scaffold, under the direction of Colonel Miller, commanding that post. The remainder of the condemned were sent to Davenport, Iowa, early in the spring, where they were kept in confinement more than a year, a large number dying of disease in the meantime. Those that remained were eventually dispatched to a reservation on the Upper Missouri, where the larger number of prisoners taken by Colonel Sibley, principally women and children, had already been placed.

" The President testified his appreciation of the conduct of Colonel Sibley, by conferring upon him, unasked, the commission of brigadier general of volunteers, and the appointment was subsequently confirmed by the Senate. "Thus happily terminated the Indian campaign of 1862, entered upon without due preparation, against an enemy formidable in numbers, completely armed and equipped, and withal confident of their own powers and strength. It was a critical period in the history of the State, for it was then suspected, and has since been confirmed, that if the column of troops under Colonel Sibley, had met with a reverse, there would have been a rising of the Chippewas and Winnebagoes, against the whites, and many of the counties west of the Mississippi would have been entirely depopulated. Indeed, in a speeeh to his warriors the night previous to the battle of Wood Lake, Little Crow stated the programme to be, first, the defeat and destruction of the old men and boys composing, as he said, the command of Colonel Sibley; and second, the immediate descent thereafter of himself and his people, to St. Paul, there to dispose summarily of the whites, and then establish themselves comfortably in winter quarters. That the people of Minnesota succeeded, without extraneous aid, in speedily ending an Indian war of such threatening and formidable proportions, while they continued to bear their share of the burdens imposed on the northern States in the suppression of the rebellion, constitutes an epoch in their history of which they may be justly proud."

Conclusion

An extra session of the Legislature was convened on the 9th of September, 1862, to consider certain exigencies occasioned by the Sioux outbreak. In his message to that session, Governor Ramsey took strong grounds in favor of prompt and severe measures to subdue the savages and render the country a safe abiding place for the hardy pioneers and tillers of the soil. He reasonabl}' maintained that so long as there was danger of such scenes as the Sioux had inaugurated, the tide of emigration would grow less and less, and in time cease altogether, and that every interest of the State would suffer. Happily, however, Colonel Sibley's expedition against the Sioux, and his defeat of them at Wood Lake, ended all apprehensions of further Indian troubles. Since then and the close of the War of the Rebellion, in 1865, the State has steadily grown in population and wealth ; the material interests of the commonwealth have been rapidly developed, and no State in the American Union enjoys a higher position in all that goes to make a people proud, prosperous, progressive and great, than the State of Minnesota.

Minnesota'S Gala Day

In closing this brief history of the Territory and State of Minnesota, it is but proper that mention should be made of the visit of President Hayes and party to St. Paul, Minneapolis, and other parts of the North Star State, while this work was in course of preparation. The visit was made during the week of the State Fair at St. Paul, which commenced on Monday, the second day of September, 1878. On the morning of the 5th, the St. Paul " Pioneer Press" contained the following well-expressed editorial reference to that interesting event:

Not less than one hundred thousand citizens of Minnesota will be assembled at St. Paul to-day, to tender the enthusiastic welcome of the whole people of Minnesota, without distinction of party, to Rutherford B. Hayes, President of the United States, the first of the long line of the chief magistrates of the Union who has ever visited this young State. We do not, however, reproach the shades of Washington and his successors for thus slighting the greatest wheat State of the Union, for, in reality it has sprung into existence and taken its place among the States since the middle of the term of James Buchanan. Its whole political history is spanned by five presidential terms, and five presidents have approved the acts of Congress since Minnesota was represented in its chambers. Of these, Buchanan was too old and feeble, Lincoln too busy, Johnson too distracted, and Grant too heavily burdened with the important events that were transpiring around him, to include Minnesota in the narrow circle of their summer journeyings. It was reserved for President Hayes to initiate a new line of presidential policy in this regard, to mingle familiarly with people of all the great country of which he is the chief ruler, and to make the circle of his rare and brief excursions from the heats and toils of the White House as broad as his patriotism, embracing the whole country to the farthest South, and to this farthest State of the Northwest. The entire people of Minnesota will be his hosts in person or by proxy while he remains upon our soil, and in the cordial and enthusiastic greetings he will everywhere receive, he will not fail to recognize something more than the honors due his office, or even the respect to which he is entitled by virtue of his patriotism and exalted position.

The party were met at the depot by a reception committee, consisting of ex-Governor and ex-Senator Ramsey, ex-Governor Davis, ex-Governor Marshall, Gen. Gibbon, Gen. McLaren, and President Finch, of the State Agricultural Society. The presidential party, which had been met at the State line by ex-Governor Sibley, were by him introduced, when Governor Pillsbury welcomed the President in these well-chosen words:

" Mr. President : Our State is to-day honored for the first time by the presence of the chief magistrate of the nation. I am proud in behalf of the people of Minnesota to extend to the President of the United States, and to the distinguished party accompanying him, a most cordial welcome to the commonwealth of Minnesota and to the hospitalities of her people. It is an inspiring thought and the pardonable boast of our rescued nation, that throughout her extended domain - stretching from ocean to ocean, and from zone to zone - are found a people speaking one language, now animated by the same sentiment of national fraternity and seeking the good of one common country. Be assured, Mr. President, that the citizens of the North Star State, one of the youngest of the Union, warmly share in the patriotic feelings ; and I sincerely hope for myself, and for our whole people, that your stay here may be in every respect agreeable, and that you may carry with you pleasing recollections of this visit among us."

The President responded in becoming terms, after which the several members of the party were conveyed by carriages in waiting to the places assigned them. The President and Mrs. Hayes, with Gov. Pillsbury, were rapidly driven to ex-Gov. Ramsey's residence, and the others, with the exception of Attorney General Devens, were conducted to the Metropolitan Hotel. The Attorney General was driven to Gen. Mc- Laren's residence, where he breakfasted, with Senator and Mrs. Windom.

Citizens in carriages. The procession was under the charge of Gen. H. P. Van Cleve, who had appointed as aids Col. C. S. Uline, Capt. Macy, Capt. A. R. Kiefer, W. D. Rogers, R. O. Strong, W. E. McLean, Capt. Otto Dreher, Capt, M. J. O'Connor, Jacob Miller and Chief of Police Weber. The procession opened ranks, through which the President and guests in carriages rode, and as the President passed the companies fell into line and followed, until a point a short distance above the Metropolitan was reached, when the President's carriage and others stopped. The procession continued till the position designated for the illustrious guests was reached, which they took, and the column continued down Third street in the order above given. From the start till the arrival at the depot, it was a continued ovation. Ladies and little children clapped their hands and waved their handkerchiefs, while the men kept up one continuous cheering. When the President's carriage stopped on upper Third street, the scene was one of wild enthusiasm. Here, as elsewhere, the President was cheered and cheered, and many rushed up to the carriage to take him by the hand. The first one to do this was a little fellow, perhaps fourteen years of age, ragged and dirty, but as much, if not more, consideration was shown by the President to this lad than to the best dressed gentleman who shook his hands. It showed that the President has a big heart, and he was heartily applauded. At this point many ladies rushed up with their little ones to be greeted by President Hayes, who took pains to notice all of them. This was continued till he moved on. During the march down Third street, the President remained standing in his carriage, lifting his hat and bowing right and left in answer to the repeated salutes and cheers.

President Hayes and wife, and Governor Pillsbury and wife, occupied an open carriage, and as the President passed through the closely packed streets, he stood up with head uncovered and acknowledged the hearty cheers that went up from the crowds that surged around him. The reception of the President was hearty and general, and the spontaneous expressions of the good-will of his fellow citizens of St. Paul and the State of Minnesota, must have been gratifying to President Hayes, grand and great as have been the ovations tendered to him in laiger

At eleven o'clock, the special train consisting of three cars drew out for the fair grounds. Two of the cars contained the presidential party, and in the third were the Faribault cadets, and their band, as an escort. Tins military company had the honor of being the only escort, which was due to their tine appearance and soldierly bearing. After a quick run the train reached the fair grounds.

Immediately after the President was on board of the train, the vast crowd in St. Paul made a grand rush for teams, and by the time that he reached the lair grounds and was ready to alight, a large number were also ready to receive him. The train steamed into the enclosure, and a detachment of police formed, through the ranks of which the Faribault band and guards headed the line, followed by the presidential party. They marched at once to the President's pavilion, and the visitors took seats on the platform, while the Faribault Guards filed in front of this building. President Haves' reception on the fair grounds was another grand ovation, the vast crowTd swinging their hats and cheering, extending such a greeting as beggars description. When on the pavilion, the crowd again tremendously applauded President Hayes. President Finch, of the State Fair Association, stepped forward and introduced the President, who spoke to the assembled thousands that had gathered to see and hear him.

The President's speech lasted about an hour. It was of a congratulatory character, local, state and national, and abounded in many well put phrases. The body of the speech was devoted to the financial problems of the country which so vitally concern our people, and have been stirring the national heart with intense zeal for the last decade.

At its conclusion, Genl. Myer was introduced and made a few remarks, then Atty. Genl. Devins delivered a pretty little speech, followed by Senator Butler of South Carolina.

When the speeches were concluded, and the audience had seen and heard their authors, some one shouted, " Mrs. Hayes," and like wildfire the cry spread all over the crowd, which continued until the demand was so universal, that these people would not be satisfied or quieted till Mrs. Hayes appeared before them. Senator Ramsey appeared with Mrs. Hayes leaning on his arm, and introduced her to the vast assemblage. Mrs. Hayes bowed pleasantly several times, and for some time after she sat down, the immense applause continued from the voices of fifty thousand people, with whom this sensible woman was a great favorite, as she is everywhere. Indeed, it seemed as if the welcome in many instances was even more enthusiastic, if it could be, than the President received.

At 10 o'clock on Thursday night (the 5th) the President and partyleft St. Paul via the Northern Pacific Railroad for Fargo and the Red River Valley of the North, arriving at Fargo at 8:30 o'clock the next morning. A little after ten o'clock the presidential train started to. visit the great Dalrymple farm. Upon their arrival there one hundred farm hands were found drawn up in line, who cheered the President as he stepped from the car and bowed to them. The party were immediately hurried into vehicles of all sorts, which were in readiness for them. Oliver Dalrymple, the manager of the farms, took the President in a single-seated buggy, and took the lead. Next came Mrs. Hayes in a two-seated wagon, accompanied by Gen. Sibley. A party of ladies and gentlemen got aboard of. a hay-rack drawn by six mules, and enjoyed rare sport while taking the rounds of the grain fields in the line of the procession. The President being human, could not restrain his admiration and wonder at these extensive fields, which but a week or two ago where covered with a rich growth of golden grain, and but five years ago were crossed by the fresh war path of the Sioux. Brigades of men and horses were exhibited to the party, plowing furrows miles in length. Others were threshing out the newly-harvested wheat at the rate of several thousand bushels per day. After riding rapidly over a portion of these grain fields, the President, Mrs. Hayes and others accompanying them around the fields, were regaled by Mr. and Mrs. Dalrymple at their cottage with refreshments.

After these honors by the wheat-growing king of the Northwest, the party returned to their special train, re-entered their palace coaches, and steamed away towards Minneapolis, where they arrived at 7:30 o'clock on Saturday morning. They were met at the depot of the St. Paul and Pacific Railroad by a deputation of citizens, consisting of Mayor Rand, Hon. W. 'D. Washburn, R. B. Langdon, Dr. Keith, Col. McCrary and other distinguished citizens of that city, and conveyed to vthe Nicollet House, where they were sumptuously entertained. The Nicollet register shows the following names, from which it will be seen that the party was augmented after leaving St. Paul:

A little after twelve o'clock conveyances were in readiness, and the party were taken out to visit the exposition of the Minneapolis Agricultural and Mechanical Association, where the party was welcomed, and the President introduced to the assembled multitude by Mayor Rand in the following aptly-chosen words:

"Fellow Citizens, Ladies and Gentlemen : - Our city is especially honored to-day by the presence of one whose person is a stranger to us, but whose name has long been a household word; one who. has plowed deep furrows in the political soil of this country, the harvest of which will bu garnered into the treasuries of the land when absolute genuine peace shall be firmly established all over the Union, and particularly in the great councils of the nation.

The policy of peace on earth and good will to his fellow men, as exercised in the earliest days of his administration, was inaugurated nearly two thousand years ago by a poor and lowly Nazarene; that outlived all dynasties, and will continue to live and expand until the purpling dawn of the millenium. If the soil in which it was planted was not ready for its reception, it ought not to depreciate one jot or title your estimate of the kindly instincts of the courageous hearts that dared follow so illustrious an example.

President Hayes responded in a speech of some length, covering nearly the same subjects as those already quoted from his speech at St. Paul.

Some incidents transpired during the visit of the party to the Minneapolis fair that are worthy of mention, for an account of which we are indebted to the " Pioneer Press/' an expressman, of Minneapolis, was seen to rise above the edge of the judge's stand. "Bill" touched the President gently on the shoulder, and the latter turning around, a most hearty greeting and handshaking followed - honest Bill closing the salutation by wiping tears from his eyes. He was presented to Mrs. Hayes, who greeted him with warmhearted cordiality, creating one of the interesting incidents of the day. The explanation for the demonstration is, that William Terrel was a member of President Hayes' regiment during the war, and the affectionate greeting was simply that of an old soldier to his honored commander, and the noble "mother of the regiment," to which the two men belonged as officer and private soldier. To-day William Terrel feels elevated above the average run of his fellow men.

Following the speech of Attorney General Devens, President Hayes again advanced to the front, holding a Bible in his hand. He explained that book was the gift of a Union soldier of Minneapolis, who wished it sold at auction and the proceeds devoted to the family of some confederate soldier, suffering from the present terrible epidemic, yellow fever. Accepting the situation with characteristic vim, Mayor Rand converted himself into an auctioneer, and called for a first bid. The response came in the cry of "$5," then " $10." Then came a demand for names and the bidding was continued as follows, in the midst of repeated cheers : D. C. Gilman, of Minneapolis, " $50 ;" Mrs. J. I. Case, of Racine, Wis., " $75 ;" R. F. Jones, Minneapolis, called out " $80," followed by tremendous cheering. The kind-hearted little lady from Wisconsin, not to be outdone in generosity, raised her bid to " $100," and took the book - the crowd shouting themselves hoarse, while handkerchiefs filled the air like a shower of big snow flakes.

This spirited scene was followed by loud calls for Mrs. Hayes, who was escorted to the front by Gov. Pillsbury and greeted with rounds of respectful cheers, as the first lady and one of the noblest women in a land of noble women. Cheers were also proposed and given for Mrs. J. I. Case, for her generous contribution to the yellow fever fund, and everyone seemed thoroughly delighted with the day's experiences on the grounds.

As President Hayes and wife were leaving the grounds, I hey underwent a series of friendly shakes, and the name of the soldier who presented the Bible being called for, back came the response : "D. Newton Severance, of Minneapolis."

remained over Sunday. Monday they left the capital of the generoushearted North Star State, on their return to their homes, stopping for a few hours at Hastings, the home of the Commissioner of Agriculture, LeDuc, and at Red Wing, in both of which cities they were welcomed by thousands of people.

After speaking to the multitude from the south balcony of the St. James Hotel at the latter city, and partaking of a sumptuous collation given by her citizens in the spacious dining hall of that house, at 9:50 p. m., the distinguished party bade adieu to the city of bluffs and church spires and started on their homeward journey.

Journalistic Enterprise The Contrast

Steadily with the growth and development of the State, journalism has held a place in the front rank ot her industries. It has done more to mould her destinies and direct her prosperity than any other one interest. Perhaps no State in the Union of her years has enjoyed a journalistic career as bright and substantial as Minnesota. The following from the St. Paul "Pioneer Press," of January 2d, 1877, will be instructive in this connection :

We have some difficulty in deciding whether the old " Pioneer," or the old "Press," is the main stem of the consolidated newspaper, the Minneapolis "Tribune" being a later and younger affluent. The " Press," though twelve years younger, had far outgrown in general business prosperity its older rival when the latter was taken to its bosom, but the " Pioneer " had the precedence of seniority, and for historical purposes, at least, may be considered the original stem of the consolidated 'k Pioneer Press." The St. Paul « Pioneer " was founded by James M. Goodhue, who came to St. Paul in the spring of 1849, with a printing press and materials from Lancaster, Grant county, Wisconsin, soon after the territory was organized. He put his printing press in a little shanty on Third street, and there laid the corner stone of Minnesota journalism. On a previous page is given a cut of the little Washington hand press, with which the parent journal began its toils in 1849 ; and on the opposite page is seen a speaking likeness of the giant press which embodies the mechanical power and symbolizes the vigor, enterprize, and prosperity of the " Pioneer Press " of 1877.

The contrast is a suggestive one, and there are volumes of stirringhistory, of unrewarded toil, of fruitless enterprise, of hardly won successes, in the long interval of thirty-one years, which separates these two pictorial terms of comparison. Near the site of the little shanty, where Goodhue planted his little Washington hand-press, the stately and magnificent four-story stone building of the " Pioneer Press,1' fifty feet front and a hundred and fifty deep, now rears its imposing front. The " Pioneer " was not issued as a daily till 1854, when Earl S. Goodrich became its proprietor and editor. It was a prosperous paper during his administration, and in the fall of that year, the little hand-press was supplanted by a Hoe drum press, which was run by hand for a year, and afterwards by steam. This press was capable of working off about 1,000 impressions an hour, and was considered a big thing in those days. For this, which Mr. Goodrich found too cumbrous for his business, he subsequently substituted a smaller one-cylinder Hoe press, run by steam-power of about the same capacity.

In 1861 the "Press" started with a small hand-power press rented for the purpose, but was soon compelled to purchase a new Taylor power press run by steam. It was not until 1870, however, that it was found necessary or deemed financially prudent to get a Hoe one-cylinder which was capable of turning off 1,500 impressions an hour; but though this was not equal to their necessities, and was the occasion of their missing a great many mails and many disappointments to city subscribers, a two-cylinder was felt to be more expensive than the " Press" Company could afford. In 1872, however, its neighbor, the '* Pioneer," went into a great lottery scheme for increasing its circulation, The scheme succeeded so far as circulation was concerned, but it broke the concern. To work off their immense edition they found it necessary to purchase a two-cylinder Potter press. This press, which was capable of 3,000 impressions per hour, became the property of the " Pioneer Press" on the consolidation of the two papers, and it proved a fortunate possession; for without it they would have been wholly unable to work off the large edition of the two papers, which was subsequently increased by the absorption of the " Minneapolis Tribune," and since then still further increased by the impulse given to the popularity of the newspaper by the great improvements its proprietors were enabled to make in it, and by its independent course. But the circulation of the " Pioneer Press" made such unexpectedly rapid strides beyond the combined circulations of the consolidated newspapers, that it was soon found that the two-cylinder press could not begin to do the work required of it. To work off their edition at all, it was necessary to send the first side to press at from 9:30 to 10:30 p. m., and the forms of their last side to press by 2:30 a. m., at farthest, and even then the press pushed to its utmost speed was unable to meet the demands upon it - and every day was making matters worse. It often happened that the most important telegraphic news came after 2 a. m., or even as late as 3 A. m. They either had to cut off the news or disappoint their subscribers, and the slightest derangement of the machinery, or any other cause of delay, would oblige them to miss important mails and to defraud the city subscribers of their papers before breakfast. A four-cylinder press was, therefore, an imperative necessity ; and though it cost a sum of money sufficient to build two or three average business blocks, they have no doubt it will prove as profitable as it was a necessary investment. It will be interesting to recapitulate the indices above mentioned of the powers of the Hercules whose infancy was cradled by James M. Goodhue, and whose later steps were guided by as many masters as Rabelais' Gargantua, as measured by the various presses which marked and symbolized its various stages of development.

So that in 1877 the u Pioneer Press " prints in less than a minute and a half as many impressions as Goodhue could print in an hour. This expressive contrast is a fair measure of the immense growth of Minne-

We have not deemed it necessary to go at length into the other aspects of this progress beyond its mere mechanical expressions and symbols. But it will not fail to occur to every one that this growth is a part of the general progress of this State and region. When the first number of the " Pioneer " was issued, there were not more than 4,000 people in the present limits of Minnesota, nor more than 300, mostly half-breeds, in St. Paul. There were still fewer at St. Anthony, and none at all in Minneapolis west. Now these towns embrace an aggregate population of 75,000 souls, and the State at least 800,000. In 1849 the only agencies through which the " Pioneer " could receive news was through a weekly mail by steamboat, and in winter by stage from Dubuque. There was no telegraph in those days in this region, and no railroad nearer than Elgin, in Illinois. We have bravely changed all that. It would astonish Goodhue if he could once arise from his grave to see the changes which have been accomplished since his day in the mere apparatus for the collection and transmission of news, to say nothing of the wonderful transformation which the progress of civilization and wealth and culture have effected in the external aspects of the country. Lines of telegraph, stretching their wires all over the State and the Union, and across the ocean through Europe, pour the daily news gatherings of the associated press from all parts of the country and the world in the news columns of the daily journal, while the steam cars on a dozen lines of railroads are waiting to carry' the great sacks of newspapers to every part of the State and of the Northwest.

During the first week in September, 1878, while two of the greatest Fairs ever held in the Northwest were attracting the largest crowds of people ever assembled in that region, the Pioneer Press Co. issued for six consecutive days a twelve-page paper containing seventy-two columns.

(This force was employed for only one of the departments. In the book room, job room, bindery, and lithographic departments, there are from sixty-five to seventy hands employed in addition to above.) The total expenses of the paper for the six days footed up $2,850. The press but shares in the general progress which has been going on all over the State and throughout the entire Northwest.

State Institutions Educational

The State University is located at Minneapolis, East Division. It was chartered under territorial jurisdiction. * " Under an act of Congress approved February 19, 1851, there were located for the use of the University, 46,468.35 acres of land, of which amount 23,361.71 were pine lands, and 23,106.64 acres of agricultural lands. Of the latter, 1,193.26 acres were sold by the board of regents in 1862.

"By act of the legislature approved March 5, 1863, the State Auditor, as Commissioner of the State Land Office, was required to take charge of the University lands. By the act of March 4, 1864, a new board of regents was appointed, and invested with special powers, for the purpose of liquidating the indebtedness of the institution, and authorized to dispose of 12,000 acres of the university lands ; which amount was subsequently increased to 14,000 acres.

" An additional grant of seventy-two sections, or 46,080 acres, was made to the State for University purposes, by act of Congress approved July 8, 1870.

" Of the first grant, 36,703.75 acres only were certified before the organization of the State. By a ruling of the Interior Department the 9,764.60 acres of the first grant certified since the State organization,

The proceeds of the Agricultural College lands and of the University lands, go into the permanent University fund. The sales of Agricultural College lands in 1877 amounted to 7,551 acres, at the average price of $5.81 per acre. The total sales of Agricultural College lands, at the close of the last year, amounted to 49,643.75 acres. The total amount realized was $280,739.68.

Normal Schools

There are three legally established Normal Schools in the State. The first State Normal School is located at Winona, the second at Mankato, and the third at St. Cloud. The resources of these schools are State appropriations and funds arising from tuition in the model schools.

The Deaf and Dumb and the Blind Asylums are located at Faribault. The building was commenced in 1866. Additions have been made from time to time, as the needs of the State required. In 1874 a law was passed levying a tax of ten dollars against each saloon in the State, annually, for the purpose of erecting and maintaining an Inebriate Asylum. Rochester was selected as the site of the new institution, grounds secured, and the erection of the building commenced. The last session of the Legislature, however, changed the programme, and passed an act providing that it should be used for the purposes of a second insane asylum. It will be opened this fall (1878) for the reception of patients. It will cost from $35,000 to $40,000.

State Prison

The penitentiary is located at Stillwater. The pioneer settlers in Minnesota Territory located in the vicinity of St. Paul, St. Anthony Falls and Stillwater, and by a kind of mutual understanding the capitol was located at St. Paul, the penitentiary at Stillwater', and the State University at St. Anthony - now included in the city of Minneapolis.

Constitution Of The United States Of America, And Its Amendments

We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to oursslves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.

Sec. 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several states, and the electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislature.

No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in which he shall be chosen.

Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths ol all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each state shall have at least one representative; and until such enumeration shall be made the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight,, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, and Georgia three.

When vacancies happen in the representation from any state, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.

Sec 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each state, chosen by the Legislature thereof for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote.

Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated. at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year ; and if vacancies happen by resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any state, the Executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies.

No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen.

The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States.

The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried the Chief Justice shall preside. And no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present.

Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment according to law.

Sec 4. The times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators.

Constitution Of The United States

The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.

Sec. 5. Each house shall be the judge of the election, returns, and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members in such manner and under such penalties as each house may provide.

Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of twothirds, expel a member.

Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in their judgment, require secrecy; and the yeas and naves of the members of either house on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal.

Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting.

Sec 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in either house they shall not be questioned in any other place.

No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time ; and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office.

Sec 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other bills.

Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President of the United States; if he approve he shall sign it; but if not he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nayes, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted,) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law.

Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment,) shall be presented to the President of the United States, and before the same shall take effect shall be approved by him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be re-passed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill.

To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts, and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States ;

To promote the progress of sciences and useful arts, by securing, for limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries ;

To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress ;

To exercise legislation in all cases whatsoever over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the Legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock yards, and other needful buildings ; and

To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof.

Sec. 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress, prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person.

The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it.

No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one state over those of another ; nor shall vessels bound to or from one state be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another.

No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States : and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state.

Sec. 10. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money; emit bills of credit ; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder,' ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility.

No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws, and the net produce of all duties and imposts laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the Treasury of the United States ; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress.

No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty on tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay.

Section 1. The Executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows :

Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of Electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress ; but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector.

[* The Electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each ; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and

Constitution Op The United States

House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the vote shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed ; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for President; and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said House shall, in like manner, choose the President. But in choosing the President, the vote shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote ; a quorum for this pur pose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice-President.]

The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes ; which day shall be the same throughout the United States.

No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President ; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained the age of thirty -five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States.

In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what dfficer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.

The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation which shall neither be increased or diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States or any of them.

"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the constitution of the United States."

Sec. 2. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several states, when called into the actual service of the United States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardon for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment.

He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law ; but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.

The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session.

Sec 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may on extraordinary occasions convene both houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public officers ; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States.

Sec. 4. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.

Section 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.

treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority ; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party ; to controversies between two or more states ; between a state and citizens of another state ; between citizens of different states ; between citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants of different states, and between a state or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens or subjects.

In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, and those in which a state shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction.

In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the Congress shall make.

The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall have been committed ; but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed.

Sec. 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be" convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.

The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted.

Section 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state. And the Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.

A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice and be found in another state, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime.

No person held to service or labor in one state, under the laws thereof escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due.

Sec 3. New states may be admitted by the Congress into this Union ; but no new state shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state ; nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, or part of states, without the consent of the Legislatures of the states concerned, as well as of the Congress.

The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States or of any particular state.

Sec 4. The United States shall guarantee to every state in this Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion, and on application of the legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature can not be convened,) against domestic violence.

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this constitution, or, on the application of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several states, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress. Provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article ; and that no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate.

All debts contracted and engagements entered into before the adoption of this Constitution shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution as under the Confederation.

This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the Judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding.

The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several state Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several states, shall be bound by an oath or affirmation to support this Constitution ; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States.

The ratification of the Conventions of nine states shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the states so ratifying the same.

Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the Independence of the United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names.

Geo. Washington B. Fkanklin, J- Rutledge

Article I. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

Article II. A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.

No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated; and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized.

crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committted, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.

In suits at common -law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States than according to the rules of the common law.

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively or to the people.

The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state.

The electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person to be voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest number not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be the majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice- President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States.

Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States, and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

Sec 2. Representatives shall be appointed among the several states according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each state, excluding Indians not taxed ; but when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a state, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such state, being twenty-one years of age and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged except for participation in rebellion or other crimes, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such state.

Sec. 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any state, who, having previously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any state legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any state, to support the constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove such disability.

Sec. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any state shall pay any debt or obligation incurred in the aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any loss or emancipation of any slave, but such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void.

Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any state, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

By Prof. Horace B. Wilson, A.M.

This county lies on the Mississippi River, and is bounded on the north by Dakota county and the Mississippi River ; on the east by the Mississippi, Lake Pepin and Wabasha county ; on the south by Olmsted and Dodge counties ; and on the west by Rice and Dakota counties. Its area is about 764 square miles, or 488,833.84 acres, according to the township plats of the U. S. Land Office. The townships are twenty-four in number, those bordering on the Mississippi being fractional.

Railroad Elevations, C. M. & St. Paul R. R. Annual Mean Temperature Of Goodhue Co

The general surface of the county, except the land bordering on the Mississippi, a strip averaging two miles in width, and the valleys of the streams, which have been formed by the erosion of running water, is a plane, or a gently rolling prairie.

Drainage

- Streams are numerous, and their falls sufficiently rapid to afford excellent mill-sites. The surface is drained by the Great and Little Cannon Rivers; the north branch, and the north middle branch of the Zumbro; the Vermillion River;* Belle, Prairie, Spring, Hay, Wells, Bullard, Rock

* Sometimes called Vermillion Slough. It is formed, in the main, by an arm of the Mississippi River that puts out from the main channel a few miles below Hastings, and re-unites therewith about six miles above Red Wing. Foote and Warner in their recently published map of Goodhue county designate this body of water as a river; and there is no good reason why it should not be so called. It receives the water of the Vermillion River that comes down from Dakota county, and is always moved by a current.

In the spring of 1868, when stage travel was interrupted by the washing out of bridges on the route of travel between Red Wing and Hastings, the mail and passengers were carried from Red Wing to Hastings by the steamboat Tiger, Captain David Haucock in charge. On one occasion, he tried the experi. ment of shortening the distance and saving time, by leaving the main channel of the river, and going up through the slough. He made the trip, up, but followed the main channel on the return trip. That is believed to have been the first and only time a steamboat glided through its waters.

ami Clear creeks. These streams belong to three main paths by which the water that falls upon the surface of the county is conveyed into the Mississippi. The southern portion is drained by the Zumbro and its tributaries; the northern and western by the Great Cannon and its several branches; and the interior and eastern by Spring, Hay and Wells creeks, and their numerous branches. Besides these, Vermillion Kiver, after draining a large portion of Dakota county, separates Prairie Island, which forms parts of the townships of Burnside and Welch, from the main land. There are no lakes in the county, and but few ponds.

Living springs of cool, pure water, of the very best quality, abound in nearly every section. They are most common on the south or west sides of bluffs, where the green shale of the Lower Trenton Limestone is the surface rock. Good water is also easily procured in all sections of the county, by sinking wells to a reasonable depth, except on the top of the Magnesian Limestone bluffs bordering the Mississippi. This formation contains so many seams and fissures between the different layers, that there seems to be an absence of living water in such localities, within ordinary striking distance of the surface.

Surface And Timber

The following information in reference to the surface and timber of the several townships of Goodhue county, was obtained from Mr. Stephen A. Hart, who has for many years filled the office of county surveyor, and is, perhaps, more familiar with the general topography of the county than any other resident of it.

There is timber in the northeast corner of the township which covers about four sections, viz., section 8, ^ of 9, £ of 17, and the south ^ of 18. Also section 31 and part of section 32. The growth consists of red and and burr oak, aspen, basswood, maple, and a few scattering pine. The north middle branch of the Zumbro, extends through the S. W. corner of the township. In the N. E. corner the surface is somewhat broken. The soil is excellent. Magnetic variation, 9° 28'.

Parts of sections 33, 3i and 36, and all of 35, are covered with burr and red oak, aspen and maple. Surface rolling, with soil of an extra good quality. Magnetic variation, 7° 35'.

Section 36, the south h of 25, parts of sections 32, 33, and all of sections 34 and 35, are timbered with white, red and burr oak, sugar maple, and aspen. Surface rolling. Soil of excellent quality. Magnetic variation, 9° 5".

The north branch of the Zumbro River runs through the N. W. corner of the township. There is timber on the north ^ of section 3, north f of section 4, south ^ of 5, south f of 8, and the south + of 7 and 18. The timber consists of white, red and burr oak and aspen. This is a prairie township, the surface generally level, and possessing a most excellent soil. Magnetic variation, 7° 54'.

The north branch of the Zumbro runs through the S. W. corner of the township. There is a small grove of scattering burr oak on section 24. This township consists of gently rolling prairie, with soil of first-rate quality. Magnetic variation, 9° 20'.

The north branch of the Zumbro also extends from west to east nearly through the center of the township. Soil, good. Surface, rolling prairie. Timber, scattering burr oak. Magnetic variation, 9° 30'.

The north branch of the Zumbro River runs through the southern part of the township. Sections 5, 6, 7 and parts of 8, 9 and west % of 18, and also parts of 27 and 28 are timbered with red and burr oak and aspen. The northwest corner of the township is broken along a branch of the Little Cannon. The central portion is smooth prairie. In the eastern part there are many scattering burr oak. The soil is of the very finest quality. Magnetic variation, 8° 5'.

The Little Cannon River rises in the western part of the township. The surface in the N. W. corner is broken. The rest consists of rolling prairie. The soil is of an excellent quality. There is timber on sections 1 and 2, part of 12, and the south \ of 34 and 35. Magnetic variation, 7° 55'

- (T. Ill N., L5 W.) The surface consists of rolling prairie. The soil is generally good, except the north I of section 6, which is timbered with burr oak. Magnetic variation, 9° 48'.

The surface of the township, in many places, is covered with scattering burr oak. The >«'. W. corner is broken. The south £ consists of smooth rolling prairie ; soil excellent. Magnetic variation, 9° 35'

The south £ of sections 3, 4, 5, and the west £ of 10, 17, 18, 19, 20, and also the north i of 29 ; all of 30, 31 and f of 32, and the south £ of 33 are covered with timber, consisting of white, red, and burr oak, aspen, white ash, basswood, black cherry and red elm. The surface of the N. W. portion of the township is broken. The balance rolling prairie ; soil good. Magnetic variation, 8° 30'.

The surface of the eastern portion of the township, bordering on the Little Cannon, is broken. The rest is mostly rolling prairie of the very finest quality for farming purposes. There is timber of good quality on part of section 1 ; on the east parts of 12 and 13 ; on the west part of 24; on nearly the whole of 26; the west part of 36 ; the whole of 34. It is principally burr oak and aspen. The soil is first rate. Magnetic variation, 8° 12'.

The bluff known as Sugar Loaf is situated on section 31. The surface of the rest of the township is generally level. The soil is only second rate; the timber scattering, and mostly burr and red oak. Magnetic variation, 9° 35'.

The surface is much broken ; the soil generally good, except in the valley of Wells Creek, which is quite sandy, with a gravelly subsoil. The timber is scattering burr oak. Magnetic variation, 9° 45'.

The surface of the central part is rolling prairie. The soil of the N. W. corner is sandy ; the rest is of good quality. It has but little timber. Magnetic variation, 8° 35'.

The surface of the eastern section of this township, bordering on Hay Creek, is a good deal broken ; also the northwestern, along the margin of Spring Creek, where it is intersected by the secondary ravines draining that portion of the town into the latter. The central and southern parts are rolling. The soil is of excellent quality ; and the farmer gets a rich return for his labor. There is scattering burr oak in the eastern and northern portions. Magnetic variation, 8° 56".