Goodhue County, Minnesota - The whole text, 1878 (part 8 of 16)

"Whereas, it appears by the records of the board of county commissioners of the county of Goodhue, that the majority of the board of county commissioners of said county did, on the 14th day of May, A. D. 1858, enter into a written contract with D. C. Hill, Simmons and Stephens, for the erection of ,a court house and jail ; for the erection of which said commissioners bound the county to pay said contractors the sum of twenty-four thousand dollars, to be paid in the negotiable bonds of said county at ninety cents on the dollar, which bonds were to bear interest at the rate of twelve per cent, per annum ; and

"Whereas, the board of supervisors of said county having taken legal advice on the legality of the contract, and having been advised that said contract is binding on the said county ; and

"Whereas, a large portion of the work on said building has been sub-let, and a considerable portion of said work has been already done by the said contractors, so that to abandon the said contract would subject the county to heavy damages, which would be a total loss to said county ; therefore

" Resolved, By the board of supervisors of said county, that we will carry out the said contract so entered into as aforesaid, for the erection of said buildings ; and that while we determine to carry out said contract, we would consider that we were recreant to our duty as a board, were we not to express our decided disapprobation of the course pursued by the majority of the board of county commissioners, in entering into said contract, thereby involving the county in a heavy debt ; and that directly (as we believe) against the express wish of two-thirds of the tax payers of said county ; and we hereby express our conviction that a more high-handed act of usurpation of power and disregard of the will of the people (on a small scale,) has never been perpetrated by the agents of the people, than that of the majority of said board of county commissioners, in the letting of the said contract."

On the adoption of this resolution the yeas and nays were called. Those who voted yea were Messrs. Brown, Crouch, Densmore, Grow, Gould, Hilton, Himmelman, Haggard, Kelly, Knutson, Miller, Phillips, Stearns, Stone, Vandenbergh, Webb and Wise - 17.

"Resolved, That the chairman and the clerk of the board of supervisors of Goodhue county be and they are hereby authorized to issue county bonds in accordance with an act entitled, ' An act to authorize the board of supervisors of Goodhue county to issue county bonds for the erection of county buildings,' approved July twenty-third, one thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight, and also in accordance with the provisions of a certain contract entered into on the fourteenth day of May, one thousand eight hundred and fifty-ejght, between the commissioners of Goodhue of the first part, and Hill, Simmons and Stephens of the second part, said bonds to be for the same amount, viz., twenty-six thousand six hundred and sixty-six 66-100 dollars, bearing the same rate of interest, and payable at the several times as provided for in said contract, and to the order of Hill, Simmons & Co."

The yeas and nays were called on the adoption of this resolution. Those who voted yea were Messrs. Brown, Crouch, Densmore, Freyberger, Grow, Gould, Hilton, Himmelman, Haggard, Kelly, Knutson, Miller, Stearns, Stone, Vandenbergh, Webb, Wise and Chandler - 19.

This action of the board of supervisors settled all differences between them and the contractors, and the work on the court house was pushed vigorously forward.

Between the adjournment of the July session and the 14th of September, Mr. Grow, of Union (afterwards Burnside) resigned, and Mr. Hobart was appointed to the vacancy. He presented his credentials and was admitted September 14, 1858.

" Resolved, By the board of supervisors of said county, that the committee on public buildings are hereby authorized to cause to be issued county bonds to said contractors sooner than called for by said contract, if in the judgment of said committee it shall be just and right, and will tend to the more speedy completion of said buildings. And on the completion of said work on said buildings to settle with said contractors, and to accept said job, and discharge said contract, and to take receipt or receipts from said contractors for the payment of said work. -A-fl->d the said committee are further authorized to alter the plan of doings sajd Work on said buildings, when it may be thought advantageous to, tne county (with the consent of the contractors and their

Second Board Of Supervisors

The second board of supervisors was elected in April, 1859, and pursuant to a call signed by a majority of the board, a meeting was held at the office of the county auditor, on the 18th day of the same month. J. A. Thacher, of Zumbrota, was elected chairman of the board. There were two claimants - H. W. Twitchell and Peter Easterly - to the seat from Belvidere. After investigation the seat was awarded to Mr. Thacher.

April 21, it was voted that ;t the committee on public buildings accept on behalf of the county, the court house when completely finished according to contract, and that when so finished the county officers who are to occupy it, are instructed to move into it.

The court house was completed and turned over by the contractors in August, 1859. The excavation, the stone work, and the carpenter work, was done by Hill, Simmons & Co., the contractors. The brick were made by John Carter, and laid up in the wall by Messrs. Brink, Todd & Co. The plastering work was also done by Brink, Todd & Co.

Some of the bonds issued to pay for the erection of the court house were sold to individuals in Washington, D. C, some to individuals in the city of New York, some to individuals in Ohio ; but the most of them were taken by Red Wing parties. They were sold at various prices ranging from fifty to ninety cents on the dollar. They have all been taken up, and the expense of the court house, improvement and enclosure of the square, long since paid up in full.

Pending the disposition of the board of supervisors to secure a cancellation of the contract for the erection of the court house, and before the bonds were issued, the contractors had been advised that the bonds could be sold in the New York market at nearly their face value. An agent was sent on there to investigate the matter, but before negotiations were perfected a circumstance occurred that completely destroyed the value of Minnesota county bonds in that market. Hennepin county had issued bonds and built a court house. When the bonds became due they were not paid, a fact that threw discredit upon all county bonds and rendered them worthless among commercial men and capitalists. The tax payers outside of Red Wing and its immediate vicinity were fighting the court house enterprise, and using every possible means to induce the contractors to throw up the contract, even offering them as much as $10,000 cash to do so. The business men and friends of Red Wing were as anxious the other way, and when they found the bonds could not be sold for ready money, they promised to render all necessary material assistance to the contractors - to take the bonds and advance the money, etc.

When the money was needed, however, it was not forthcoming. When any of them did advance money to aid the contractors, they required a deposit of two dollars in bonds for one dollar in money advanced, and three per cent, interest per month besides. At least so says Mr. Hill. Sometimes bonds could be traded for lumber and other material, but only at a heavy discount. Through the influence of Mr. Phelps, then representative in Congress from Minnesota, and Mr. Gebhort, member of Congress from Ohio, some of the bonds were sold for seventy cents cash, both of these men taking small amounts.

Red Wing men, when the pinch came, were, for the most part, very reluctant to invest their money in these bonds ; and when they did so, exacted very large discounts.

The building of the court house was undertaken at the instance of Red Wing interests. The tax payers in the interior were opposed to the enterprise, hoping, in time, to either secure a division of the county, or the location of the public buildings at a more central point. When the board of supervisors succeeded the county commissioners, the country townships had a larger representation, and bowing to the will of their constituents, sought to avoid the responsibility of the contract made by their predecessors in office. Legal advice was secured, however, which satisfied the board that the contract was legal and binding, and rather than risk involving the county in heavy damages, the contract was allowed to proceed, and the court house was completed within the time specified in the agreement.

During the time the court house was building, a feeling of dissatisfaction with the township system became general throughout the State - probably because of the heavy expense attending; and in 1860 an act was passed by the Legislature providing that each and every county in the State should be deemed an organized county, and that in each and every county there should be a board of county commissioners ; and that in those counties in which at the last general election there were cast eight hundred votes or over, the said board should consist of five members, and in all other counties of three members, who should hold their offices for one year, or until their successors were elected and qualified. [Gen. Laws of Minn., 1860, p. 134.]

This law went into effect April 1, 1860. The last session of the board of supervisors adjourned sine die on the 10th day of January, 1860, and the first session of the board of commissioners commenced on the 4th day of June following. This board was composed of J. A. Thacher, H. L. Bevans, J. A. Jackson, A. Hilton and E. A. Sergeant. Mr. Thacher was chosen chairman of the board. Since then there has been no change in the management of county affairs.

It has been maintained in some of the States where the township system prevails, that it is more economical than the county system. If the figures to be found on the old journal in the auditor's office are correct, this opinion is sadly at fault. As a matter of history we quote the cost to the county of Goodhue of each of the three sessions of the board of supervisors held in 1858, the first session being held in July, the second in September, and the third in December.

Recapitulation

December 29, 1858, the board of county supervisors "voted that the county attorney be requested to give his opinion as to whether the towns or the county were required bylaw to provide for the care of the poor." In accordance with this request he rendered the opinion that it was the duty of the county board to make provisions for their maintainence.

It was then voted that thereafter the county board should exercise jurisdiction in the matter and provide for the care of the unfortunate, the sick and the destitute. On motion of Mr. Stearns it was further " voted that all bills for poor charges be audited by the town auditors before being allowed by the board."

On motion by Mr. Hobert, it was also " voted that in addition to such bills being audited by the town auditors, they should be approved by the chairman of the board of supervisors of the respective towns, and when presented to the clerk of the county board so audited and approved, he (the clerk) should issue orders for the amount."

County Auditor

In 1858, an act was passed creating the office of county auditor. Previous to that time the business now transacted by the county auditor was entrusted to an officer designated as county clerk, which office had been filled from the date of the organization of the county by Rev. J. W. Hancock. In October of that year Eric Norelius, of Vasa township, was elected to the office of county auditor, but he declined to qualify, the office was declared to be vacant, and J. Going was appointed to fill the vacancy. He continued to discharge the duties of that office until October, 1859, when H. Mattson was elected. In 1861, Mr. Mattson entered the service in defense of the cause of the Union, and Fred. Joss was appointed deputy county auditor, and entrusted with the entire management of the business of the office. On the 30th of July, 1862, Mr. Mattson tendered his resignation, which was dated July 10. The resignation was accepted, and Fred. Joss was appointed to fill the vacancy until the next election in November, 1861, when he was elected to fill out the unexpired term of Mr. Mattson, and in 1862 was re-elected for the term of two years. In 1864, the present incumbent, Mr. S. J. Willard, was elected. He was re-elected in 1866, 1868, 1870, 1872, 1874

Granting Liquor License

December 29, 1858, the board of supervisors voted to elect two persons who, with the clerk or auditor, should serve as a committee to grant license for the sale of spirituous liquors. R. C. White and C. W, Gillet, were appointed such committee. The license for the sale of spirituous liquors was fixed at $100.00 ; for malt liquors, $50.00.

County Bonds

In 1870, a special act was passed by the legislature, to enable Goodhue county to issue bonds to fund the floating indebtedness. Under this act, bonds to the amount of $13,000, payable in 1873, 1874 and 1875, were issued. These bonds were taken up as they became due.

In January, 1876, a similar act was passed, under which bonds were issued to the amount of $10,500, due in 1878, 1879 and 1880, for the purpose of building an iron bridge over Cannon River, on the Red Wing and Hastings road. Eight thousand dollars of these bonds are still outstanding, but the county is in condition to take them up as they mature.

County Infirmary

At a called session of the board of commissiones, held on the 16th day of April, 1864, it was resolved to purchase a farm for poor purposes. On the 23d of April, a contract was concluded for the purchase of the Williams farm, about three miles from Red Wing, in Burnside township, for $3,000. On the 11th of July, 1867, a contract was made with Ole K. Simmons for the erection of the necesary buildings. The original contract price was $5,500 ; but extra work was found necessary, which involved an additional cost of $237.18, increasing the total cost of the building to $5,737.18. It was completed and ready for occupancy December 28, 1867.

At a session of the board of county commissioners, held on the 19th of March, 1874, a resolution was adopted, by which it was agreed to sell the poor farm to William A. Merriam, of Minneapolis, for educa- tional and mill purposes, for the sum of $10,000, payable as follows : One thousand dollars cash in hand, $4,000 payable July 1, 1874, and $5,000 payable April 1, 1875. The contract was drawn and properly acknowledged, the first payment of one thousand dollars was made, and for a time it seemed as if Merriam's scheme would be realized; but he failed to make the second payment of $4,000, on the first of July, 1874, as per contract agreement, and at a session of the board held on the 8th of January, 1875, a resolution was adopted instructing the county attorney to commence a suit to foreclose the mortgage given by Merriam to secure payment. Proceedings were commenced in the district court for Goodhue county, and the 29th day of March, 1875, and the 28th day of March, 1876, were fixed as the times when the amount due on the contract must be paid by Merriam. He failed to meet the payments as required by the ruling of the court, and the property reverted to the county on the 28th day of March, 1876.

District Court

The first term of this court for Goodhue county was held in Red Wing, in 1854. Judge William H. Welch presided; P. Sandford was clerk, and P. S. Fish was sheriff. The session was held in Sandford's law office, a small frame structure heretofore described. Not a single case was tried, and no indictments were found by the grand jury. The petit jury was held two days and then discharged, after which the court sat in chambers four days.

There has never been a capital execution in the county, and, be it said to the credit of the population of the county, but few murder cases have ever been tried, and but very few murders committed, as compared with other counties.

Sullivan-Trudell Case

On the morning of the 20th of June, 1859, the dead body of a French half-breed, named Frank Trudell, was found in the yard in the rear of a house in the lower end of town occupied by a woman of bad reputation named Ann Sullivan. The killing had been done with a knife or some other sharp instrument, and the woman Sullivan was arrested for the murder. A first indictment was found against her at the October term

(1859) of the district court; but in consequence of some legal technicality, the indictment did not hold good, and a second indictment was found at the June term, 1800. The case was called for trial June 28, 1861, and was concluded on the 30th.

The Shinneman-Jeknen Case

On Monday, the 20th day of November, 1860, Henry Shinneman, a German, living on Wells Creek, gave himself into the hands of Sheriff Chandler, confessing at the time that he had shot and killed a neighbor named Jennen. As stated by Shinneman, a quarrel had occurred between himself and Jennen about some injuries the latter had inflicted on Shinneman's cattle by dogging them ; that during the quarrel Jennen made an assault on him with an ax, and that in self-defense he had shot and killed him. Shinneman was taken before Justice Smithers for a preliminary hearing, who admitted him to bail in the sum of five hundred dollars. The neighbors of the two men were not satisfied with the action of justice Smithers, and his bondsmen fearing he might leave them in the lurch, Shinneman was re-arrested by the sheriff on the following Monday, and taken before Justice Post, of Wacoota, for a rehearing. Messrs. Wilder and Williston represented the State, and Messrs. McClure and Colville conducted the defense. The examination closed on Wednesday, the 29th of November, and resulted in committing Shinneman to jail to await the action of the grand jury.

On the 5th of January, 1861, the district court being in session, an indictment was found against Shinneman, and early in the night of Friday, the 18th of January, he broke jail and escaped to the country. On Monday night, the 21st, he was rearrested at the house of a man named Busche, in Florence township, where he had sought concealment, and returned to jail. His case came on for trial on the 23d of June, when he was found guilty of murder in the second degree, and sentenced to the penitentiary tor seven years, twenty days of the time to be spent in solitary confinement. After he entered the penitentiary, he managed to elude the vigilance of the officers, escaped from the prison and fled to Canada, and has never been brought back.

Condon-Churchill Murder

About nine o'clock, on the night of the sixth of April, 1875, William Y. Churchill, of Cherry Grove township, was shot and killed while sitting in his own house. The neighbors were immediately alarmed, and arriving at the scene of the traged}', sundry circumstances were developed which directed suspicion against Thomas Condon, a neighbor, with whom Churchill had had a quarrel during the day. Condon was arrested and taken before Justice Fletcher Hagler for a preliminary hearing. His wife testified that Condon was at home and in bed when the murder was committed, and her testimony was corroborated by their daughter. Nevertheless, the circumstances were so strong against Condon that he was held to the higher court and committed to jail.

An adjourned term of the district court, Judge F. M. Crosby presiding, was held in July of that year. An indictment had been found against Condon, and on the 13th of that month the case was called for trial.

In preparing Mr. Churchill's body for burial, a gun wad or two were found. One of the wads was found against his person by one of the attendants. On opening it out, it proved to be made from a piece of paper torn from an Indianapolis surgical institute circular. This fact was established on the trial, as also the fact that Congdon had, a short time before the murder, got some powder from one man, and some shot from another one in the neighborhood, and that he had wrapped each parcel in a circular, or piece of a circular, of that kind. This fact, taken together with threats that Congdon had made against the life of Churchhill and other corroborative circumstances, formed so strong a chain of evidence against Congdon, that he was found guilty and sentenced for life.

Wilson, The Wife Murderer

On the night of the 11th of July, 1876, Milton Wilson, of Cherry Grove township, killed his wife by cutting her throat. The family were old residents of the township, and had a kind of cat-and-dog life for a long time previous to the murder. Wilson was about fifty years of age at the time of the murder, and it was shown that a few days previous to the terrible affair, he had whipped and abused his wife in a shocking manner, the trouble arising because of a disagreement between Mrs. Wilson and her step-daughter, and the tragedy seems to have originated from that quarrel. After he had killed his wife, he attempted to cut his own throat, but failed. At the December term of the district court, 1876, an indictment was found against Wilson, to which he plead guilty, and was sentenced to imprisonment for life.

Minor Convictions

The State of Minnesota vs. Frank Burdett. Indicted for rape May 7, 1873. Tried May 15, 1873, found guilty, and sentenced to the penitentiary for twenty years. Pardoned by Governor C. K. Davis, February 25, 1875.

The State of Minnesota vs. Peter Nugent. Indicted for rape Dec. 12, 1877. Tried Dec. 21, 1877, found guilty, and sentenced in March, 1878, to the penitentiary for twelve years.

The above paragraphs embrace all the important convictions from Goodhue county. There have been a few other convictions and short sentences, but as compared with other counties, the criminal docket shows fewer cases than any other county of equal population in the State, a fact that speaks volumes for the morality and honesty of the people by whom it is settled.

Educational

Fifty years ago a knowledge of the higher branches of education could only be obtained at the colleges of the older States - Yale, Harvard, Amherst, Dartmouth, and their cotemporaries. Now there is not a graded or union school in Goodhue county that does not furnish advantages almost equal to a majority of the colleges of that period. On all the prairies and along the hill sides neat and comfortable school houses are to be found, while the teachers are proficient and competent to impart instruction in any of the branches necessary to the ordinary, or even the higher pursuits of life. In reality they are the people's colleges, and no system is dearer to the people than the system that supports and maintains them. To make war upon that system would only be making war upon the nation's life.

The first school houses in Goodhue county were rude, primitive, make-shift concerns, that would hardly be used for stables now; but as the population increased in towns and county, schools increased in like proportion. As the years increased, and the people increased in wealth, the old school houses, with their mud and stick chimneys, puncheon floors, greased paper windows, and other primitive accommodations, went down before those more in keeping with the progressive march of time. But the old school houses and the old teachers are kindly

The following historical sketch of the early schools and school teachers of Goodhue county was contributed to these pages by Rev. Joseph WHancock, who has been a resident of Red Wing since June 13, 1849, and superintendent of the schools of the county from April 1, 1864 to January 1, 1867, and from April 1, 1872, to the present.

Historical Sketch

The first school among the whites in this county was a private school taught by Mrs. H. L. Bevans, in the summer of 1853. Mr. Bevans opened a store on Main street that year. His family occupied one of the old mission houses, and Mrs. Bevans taught school in the house where they lived. She had but few scholars, as there were not ten white children of school age in the place. A few Indian children attended this school, occasionally. There was no school the following winter. In the summer of 1854, Miss Morris, afterwards Mrs. William Bevans, taught a private school in the same building. In that year the first school district was organized in Red Wing under the provisions of the territorial school law. A board of trustees was elected under the name of "The trustees of school district No. 1, Goodhue county."

Rev. Jabez Brooks came to Red Wing in November, 1S54, and opened a school as the preparatory department of the Hamline University, in a hall in a building that had been erected at the foot of Broadway, near the grounds now occupied by the R. R. depot. This school was supported by tuition fees, and was the only school in the place during the winter of 1854-5. The next summer a public school was opened and taught by Miss Emma Sorin, in a temporary building which had been erected by the Presbyterian society, and used as a house of worship.

During the summer and fall of 1855, the first public school house was erected. This building is still standing at the corner of Fourth street and East avenue', and is now occupied as a laundry. It was built and furnished entirely by individual subscriptions. During the winter of 1855-6 a school was. taught in this building by Miss Elizabeth Sorin. The following summer the school was taught by Miss Libbie J. Adams, now Mrs. 0. J. F. Smith. The winter school of 1856-7 was taught by Mr. S. T. Sandford. The school was large, and his wife was engaged to assist him.

Sorin taught in a small dwelling house in the east part of the town. This continued to be the only public school house in Red Wing until 1865, when the central school house was finished and occupied in December of that year.

As the population increased from 1855 to 1865, other rooms were rented for the accommodation of schools, and for some time before the central building was erected there were five teachers employed in as many different rooms, at convenient distances for the pupils attending.

Since the year 1865, three other school buildings have been erected to accommodate the schools of Red Wing. At present twenty teachers are employed besides the superintendent.

The current expenses of the Red Wing schools are now from $18,000 to $20,000 per annum. The number of scholars enrolled the last year 1,224.

District No. 2 of the county was organized at the head of the lake, in Wacoota township, in 1855; and Nos. 3 and 4, in Burnside, soon after.

A schoolhouse of considerable size was built at Cannon Falls as early as 1860. In all the settled parts of the county, public schools were established as soon as practicable. But good schoolhouses were rare in the country districts until within a few years last past.

The following is a description of a few of these which were occupied by schools in 1864: At that time just one hundred districts had been organized, and schools were taught in eighty of them. One school was found in a large barn, the great doors being left open to afford light. Chickens, ducks and pigs were running in the yard, and a large portion of the teacher's time was spent in keeping out these intruders. The only seats for the scholars were two long benches, with no support for the back. In the basement, directly under the schoolroom, were stalls for horses and cattle.

Another school was taught in a deserted log shanty, without windows except openings between the logs, and one large opening in the roof. There was one door, but being without hinges or fastenings, was rather inconvenient.

A third school occupied a room of a dwelling, where a family was residing. The room was less than ten feet square, and in it were nineteen scholars and their teacher.

Another school was kept in the attic of a log house. The wing or " lean up" to a log house, with seats extemporized by laying rough boards across large sticks of wood, and a sort of shelf fixed against the wall for the writing desk, constituted the more common kind of school houses in those days.

But the time for such school houses has gone by, and there are a large number of fine school buildings, both in village and country districts, that will compare favorably with any in the older states.

The following statistics from the report of the county superintendent for the school year ending August 31, 1878, show the present state of the public schools of Goodhue county:

School Statistics

Whole amount paid out, $64,691. Number of grade certificates granted, two to males and one to females. Number of second grade certificates, sixty-three to females and thirty-eight to males. Number of third grade certificates, females forty-eight, males eight. Number of applicants rejected, twenty-six.

War History Patriotism And Liberality Of The People

If there is any one thing more than another of which the people of the Northern States have reason to be proud, it is the record they made during the dark and bloody days of the war of the rebellion. When the war was forced upon the country the people were quietly pursuing the even tenor of their ways, doing whatever their hands found to do - making farms or cultivating those already made, erecting homes, founding cities and towns, building shops and manufactories - in short, the country was alive with industry and hopes for the future. The country was just recovering from the depression and losses incident to the financial panic of 1857.

The future looked bright and promising, and the industrious and patriotic sons and daughters of the Free States were buoyant with hope? and looking forward to the perfecting of new plans for the ensurement of comfort and competence in their declining years, they little heeded the mutterings and threatenings of treason's children in the Slave States of the South. True sons and descendants of the heroes of the " times that tried men's souls " - the struggle for American independence - they never dreamed that there was even one so base as to attempt the destruction of the Union of their fathers - a government baptized with the best blood the world ever knew. While immediately surrounded with peace and tranquility, they paid but little attention to rumored plots and plans of those who lived and grew rich from the sweat, and toil, and blood, and flesh, of others - aye, even by trafficking in the offspring of their own loins. Nevertheless the war came with all its attendant horrors.

April 12, 1861, Fort Sumter, at Charleston, South Carolina, Major Anderson, U. S. A. commandant, was fired upon by rebels in arms. Although basest treason, this first act in the bloody reality that followed was looked upon as mere bravado of a few hotheads - the act of' a few fire-eaters, whose sectional bias and freedom hatred was crazed by excessive indulgence in intoxicating potations. When, a day later, the news was borne along the telegraph wires, that Major Anderson had been forced to surrender to what at first had been regarded as a drunken mob, the patriotic people of the North were startled from their dreams of the future - from undertakings half completed - and made to realize that behind that mob there was a dark, deep and well organized purpose to destroy the government, rend the Union in twain, and out of its ruins erect a slave oligarchy, wherein no one would dare question their right to hold in bondage the sons and daughters of men whose skins were black, or who, perchauce, through practices of lustful natures, were half or three-quarters removed from the color that God, for His own purpose, had given them. But they reckoned without their host. Their dreams of the future - their plans for the establishment of an independent confederacy, were doomed from inception to sad and bitter disappointment.

Immediately upon the surrender of Fort Sumter, Abraham Lincoln, America's martyr president, who, but a few short weeks before had taken the oath of office as the nation's chief executive, issued a proclamation calling for 75,000 volunteers for three months. The last word of that proclamation had scarcely been taken from the electric wires before the call was filled. Men and money were counted out by hundreds of thousands.

The people who loved their whole government could not give enough. Patriotism thrilled and vibrated and pulsated through every heart. The farm, the workshop, the office, the pulpit, the bar, the bench, the college, the school house - every calling offered its best men, their lives and fortunes in defense of the government's honor and unity. Party lines were, for the time, ignored. Bitter words spoken in moments of political heat, were forgotten and forgiven, and joining in a common cause, the masses of the people repeated the oath of America's soldier statesman, " By the great Eternal, the Union must and shall he preserved."

The gauntlet thrown down by the traitors of the South in their attack on Fort Sumter was accepted, not, however, in the spirit with which insolence meets insolence, but with a firm, determined spirit of patriotism and love of country. The duty of the president was plain under the constitution and laws, and above and beyond all, the masses of the people from whom all political power is derived, demanded the suppression of the rebellion, and stood ready to sustain the authority of their representatives and executive officers.

Proclamation

Whereas, The laws of the United States have been, and now are, violently opposed in several States by combinations too powerful to be suppressed in the ordinary way, I therefore call for the militia of the several States of the Union, to the aggregate number of 75,000 men, to suppress said combination and execute the laws. I appeal to all loyal citizens to facilitate and aid in this effort to maintain the laws, the integrity and perpetuity of the popular government, and redress the wrongs long enough endured. The first service assigned to the forces, probably, will be to repossess the forts, places and property which have been seized from the Union. Let the utmost care be taken, consistent with the object, to avoid devastation, destruction, or interference with the property of peaceful citizens in any part of the country ; and I hereby command the persons composing the aforesaid combination to disperse within twenty days from date.

I hereby convene both Houses of Congress for the 4th day of July next, to determine upon measures for the public safety which the interest of the subjects demands.

Seventy-five thousand men were not enough to subdue the rebellion. Nor were ten times that number. The war went on, and call followed call, until it began to look as if there would not be men enough in all the free States to crush out and subdue the monstrous war traitors had inaugurated. But to every call for either men or money, there was a willing and a ready response. And it is a boast of the people that, had the supply of men fallen short, there were women brave enough, daring enough, patriotic enough, to have offered themselves as sacrifices on their country's altar.

Such were the impulses, motives and actions of the patriotic men of the North, among whom the sons of Goodhue made a conspicuous and praiseworthy record, one-sixth of the entire population enlisting in defense of their country's cause.

The readiness with which the first call was filled, together with the embarrassments that surrounded President Lincoln in the absence of sufficient laws to authorize him to meet the unholy, unlooked-for and unexpected emergency - an emergency that had never been anticipated by the wisest and best of America's statesmen - together with an underestimate of the magnitude of the rebellion and the general belief that the war could not and would not last more than three months, checked, rather than encouraged, the patriotic ardor of the people.

But very few of the men, comparatively speaking, who volunteered in response to President Lincoln's call for 75,000 volunteers for three months, were accepted. But the time soon came when there was a place and a musket for every man. Call followed call in quick succes-

"The crisis so long impending, has come at last. The blow has been struck. The war has commenced. From the mass of dispatches given in to-day's 'Republican,' the reader will learn full particulars of the capture of Fort Sumter, by the southern rebels. The details of the affair as given, though received through channels controlled by the rebels, are doubtless substantially as they transpired.

" The last hope for a peaceful adjustment of our national dissensions, by whomsoever entertained, must now be abandoned, and the dread issue of war accepted as the only arbiter of our difficulties. However much it may be deplored, though all patriots have devoutly prayed that the calamity might be averted, the terrible reality must be met face to face. Whatever of sympathy they may have had among the people of the North, this last act of the Southern rebels has lost it to them, and the universal sentiment of the civilized world will condemn their cause as an unholy warfare upon human rights and constitutional liberty. The news from every portion of the North indicates a general uprising of the people in support of the government. All past differences are blotted out. All considerations of party or of faction are laid aside, and everywhere throughout the loyal States the popular voice is unanimous in sustaining the government. Offers of men much in excess of present demands have already been tendered the President, and profers of loans to large amounts have been made in several of the States.

we doubt not, will be such as befits the occasion. Indeed, we already have assurances that the number will be promptly made up. May the God of battle protect and defend the right."

" A public meeting of the citizens of Goodhue county will be held at the court house in this city, this (Friday) evening, the* 19th inst., at seven o'clock. In view of the public exigencies, every patriot that can attend should do so. A full company of infantry must and shall be organized for the service of the government.

The tocsin of war was sounded. Meetings were held in all the townships, at which stirring and spirited addresses were made, and resolutions adopted that admitted of but one interpretation.

The first war meeting in Goodhue was held in accordance with the notice above published, and was thus noticed in the " Republican," of the 26th of April :

"The meeting held in this city on last Friday night was an important event in the history of Red Wing. It greatly exceeded, both in numbers and enthusiam, any gathering that has ever taken place in this locality. The people turned out en masse, and signified by word and action their patriotic devotion to their country in its hour of peril. It was indeed a glorious sight to see men forgetting the differences of the past, laying aside the issues that had divided them until now, and rallying side by side in a single cause. It was an occasion never to be blotted from the memory of an individual present.

" Early in the evening crowds paraded the streets with music and banners, and the ' Young Republican,' that had before rallied the crowd in a partizan cause, did more noble service in sounding the call of the country. Even the inanimate iron seemed to be inspired by the occasion, as it belched forth its thunder in loudest tones.

"The meeting at the court house was organized by the election of Hon. W. H. Welch, president; W. S. Grow and C. H. Baker, vice-presidents ; and M. Maginnis and L. F. Hubbard, secretaries.

was appointed to report resolutions expressive of the sense of the meeting upon the existing crisis. The committee submitted the following, which were adopted amidst the most enthusiastic demonstrations : '"Whereas, The people in certain States of this republic have arisen in armed rebellion against the general government, have robbed it of millions of its property, have insulted its flag, have taken one of its fortresses by force of arms under circumstances of peculiar indignity, and now threaten the entire destruction of the government itself by an attack upon the national capital, and by a general war; and

"'Whereas, Every consideration of honor, patriotism, and safety, demands that the legitimate authorities be sustained in their efforts to put down the traitors and to sustain the government; therefore

" That whoever is not for the government is against it; that all who sympathize with treason are traitors at heart, and only lack the opportunity to carry their treason into practice.

"'That in the existing state of public affairs, it is the duty of all citizens loyal to their country to forget all past differences of opinion, and laying aside all inquiries as to the cause of the present difficulties, bury forever the political hatchet, and henceforward know and sustain our country, right or wrong ; and that we, the citizens of Goodhue county, remembering only our country in its hour of peril, do hereby express our readiness and determination to make any sacrifices which may be required of us to maintain the honor of the Stars and Stripes, to sustain the government and enforce the laws.

" \Resolved, That those individuals in our midst who turn their backs upon their country in the hour of peril and danger, and forsake the glorious old stars and stripes, that has protected them in their lives and liberties, that has so long been a pillar of cloud by day and a pillar of fire by night, deserve the contempt of all good and loyal citizens.1

"The audience were entertained until a late hour with stirring speeches by the president, Messrs. McClure, Sorin, Williston, Crary, Oolvill, Hoy t, E. A. Welch and others. * * * A call was made for volunteers, which was responded to by upwards of fifty, who placed their names to a paper, pledging their lives, their fortunes and their sacred honor in upholding the stars and stripes against the rebellious assaults now made upon them."

organized State militia, to be offered to the governor under his call for one regiment. As soon as the governor's proclamation was issued, enlistments were commenced, and within five days the ranks of the Goodhue volunteers were full, with men to spare.

On Monday, the 22nd of April, 1861, the county commissioners being in session, a petition signed by numerous citizens, asking for an appropriation by the county of the sum of five hundred dollars for the support of the Goodhue volunteers during the time they are preparing and filling up their ranks, and for the support of their families during their absence, was received, " whereupon, on motion, the sum of three hundred dollars was appropriated for that purpose."

"It was further ordered that a committee of three be appointed to see to the wants of said volunteers and families, and to expend said money, or so much thereof as should be deemed by them necessary, and that the county auditor be authorized to issue orders on the treasury on the certificate of said committee for the amounts ;" which motion prevailed.

On Tuesday, the 23d of April, one hundred and fourteen men had enlisted - fourteen more than wanted. Friday, the 26th, the company was fully organized and ready for service. The following was the organization and list of members :

Captain, William Oolvill, Jr.; First Lieutenant, A. E. Welch ; Second Lieutenant, M. A. Hoyt; first sergeant, Martin Maginnis; second sergeant, C. P. Clark; third sergeant, Hezekiah Bauce ; fourth sergeant, H. T. Bevans ; first corporal, John Barrow ; second corporal, A. E. Scofield ; third corporal, George Knight ; fourth corporal, Charles Harris ; bugler, R. N. Bevans.

"Saturday afternoon, April 27th (said the 'Republican' of May 3,) the Goodhue Volunteers left Red Wing, by the stearher Ocean Wave, for St. Paul and Fort Snelling, where the regiment (the 1st) to which they were assigned was mustered in. Their departure was witnessed by a large number of citizens, who gathered on the levee to bid God speed to the gallant fellows in the glorious mission that called them away. Among the throng were a large number of the relatives and near friends of members of the company, who had come to give them a parting word of counsel and cheer, and perhaps take the last look upon those they loved. Many an eye dimmed and many a lip quivered, as they filed aboard the boat, and not unfrequently might have been noticed a tear stealing down the cheeks of those who had just bidden farewell to friends. As the boat moved from the levee, the crowd ashore cheered lustily, which was heartily responded to by the volunteers, and amid the waving of flags and handkerchiefs, and the hurrahs of the multitude, the Ocean Wave passed out of sight."

Of the reception at St. Paul of this first company raised in Minnesota and offered as a sacrifice in defense of the integrity and perpetuity of the American Union, the ;' Press " of May 2d, said :

"They were received at the landing by the Pioneer Guards, who escorted them to their temporary quarters in the city. An immense crowd of citizens were at the levee to welcome their arrival ; and as the companies filed through the streets to their quarters, the sidewalks were lined with ladies and gentlemen, who kept up a continuous cheer as the brave volunteers passed along. The ranks returned the salutations with hearty goodwill.

No sooner was the above company full - in fact even before its organization was nearly perfected - a movement was started for the organization of a second company in Red Wing, and up to Friday, the 3d of May, fifty names were reported. Patriotic enthusiasm was at fever heat. Saturday evening, the 4th, this second company met and perfected its organization by the election of the following officers :

The country districts were not idle. All over the county the people were full of patriotic furore. Meetings were held in almost every school house, at which spirited addresses were made by the representative men of the county. But few speeches, however, were needed. The flag of the country had been grossly insulted ; the people were indignant and resolved that the insult should be resented even if it took the last man and the last dollar in the Northern States to punish the traitors and subdue the rebellion they had inaugurated. And among all the people of the patriotic North, none were braver or more devoted to the cause of the Union than the sons of Norway and Sweden who had found homes in Goodhue county. Not even native-born Americans made a better record. They were true to their oaths of allegiance, and gallantly joined the ranks of the "boys in blue,"" and marched away to help defend the country of their adoption.

Besides furnishing nearly one-fifth of the rank and file of the first company that went from Goodhue county, Fine Island township came to the front with the " Pine Island Rifles,'1 of which the following is the muster roll :

Captain, N. D. Marble; first lieutenant, William Haskins; second lieutenant, H. M. Stanton ; first sergeant, M. Tarbox ; second sergeant, O. Morehouse ; third sergeant, J. Dickey ; fourth sergeant, H. Ahneman ; first corporal, S. Kirkham ; second corporal, S. Corning ; third corporal, John Eschabold ; fourth corporal, P. A. Shoemaker.

Captain, C. C. Sent; first lieutenant, J. M. Gates; second lieutenant. D. C. Harkness; first sergeant, P. Slagle ; second sergeant, F. Hagler; third sergeant, J. R. Cox; fourth sergeant, J. T. Comstock ; corporals, Jacob Sherwood, Charles Simpson, B. F. Dayton, H. Collins; ensign, L. Ward.

And thus the good work continued as long as there was a hand upraised against the government. While the fathers and sons and brothers and husbands were busy organizing companies and helping them off " to the front," the wives and mothers and sisters and daughters were no less active. Their deft fingers, guided by noble, patriotic hearts, were busy in fashioning and sending forward such articles as the volunteers needed. During the last week in July the ladies of Red Wing were engaged at Masonic Hall in this good work, and on Saturday, the 2d day of August, forwarded to Rev. E. D. Neill, chaplain of the First Minnesota Regiment, for the use and comfort of Captain Colvill's company, the following invoice of goods :

At Cannon Falls the ladies undertook an entertainment that netted them forty dollars in ready money, which was forwarded to Mr. Neill. And so it was. Whenever money was needed money was given. Sometimes it was given directly from the pocket, whenever there was occasion or demand. It would be interesting to record the money contributions, voluntarily as well as by means of taxation, made by the people during the years of the rebellion, but that would be impossible. Of the former no accounts were kept. People never stopped to reckon the cost, or keep accounts of what they gave. Whenever money was needed for any purpose, and purposes and needs were plenty, it was given and paid on demand. There were no delays, no excuses, no "days of grace," no time for consideration demanded. People were ready and willing. Husbands and fathers abandoned homes and their comforts, wives and little ones, for the dangers of tented fields of battle, assured that, in their absence, plenty would be provided for their loved ones. Because of this knowledge their dreams were none the less sweet nor their slumbers less refreshing, even if their beds were made upon mother earth, and their covering only that of the starry dome above.

It was estimated in May, 1861, that within eighteen days after the war commenced, thirty-two millions of dollars were contributed by the States, societies and individuals in the North, to aid the government in quelling the rebellion. That immense sum was spontaneously given. No questions were asked ; no explanations demanded. The life of the nation was at issue, and the people were ready and willing to give all for its preservation. The world never witnessed such an uprising of the masses; such a unanimity of sentiment; such a willingness to sacrifice men and money, as was shown by the people of the States north of Mason and Dixon's Line, from the time the rebels fired upon Fort Sumter, in April, 1861, until the surrender of Treason's army in 1865.

When the last census previous to the beginning of the war was taken, in 1860, the population of Goodhue was 8,977, including men, women and children. According to the best sources of information now accessible, this population was represented in the army of the Union by 1,508 volunteers! or very nearly one sixth of the entire population! The population considered, the facts here quoted certainly entitle Goodhue to be recognized as the Banner County of the young and vigorous State of Minnesota in the great and final conflict between Freedom and Slavery !

The reader will detect a difference of five hundred and eight between the number given here and the report elsewhere transcribed from the Adjutant General's Report, The difference in numbers is due to two reasons : First, the generally conceded inaccuracy of that report, and second, a great many men enlisted in companies and regiments raised outside of the county and State, that were not credited to Goodhue county. The number, as quoted above, was taken from township sources, and obtained from authorities that knew the name of every man that enlisted from their midst, and hence may be regarded as accurate and reliable.

Frequent applications were made to the board of county commisioners for appropriations for volunteer purposes, and in no case did the board refuse to consider the applications or grant the relief asked. On the fifth of September. P. Smith, on behalf of a large number of citizens, presented a petition asking for an appropriation of $300 for the aid of volunteers and their families ; and it was ordered that the sum of $300 be so appropriated, and that it be expended as follows : One hundred to help defray the expenses of recruiting each a.nd every volunteer company, and the balance, ($200) to be used for the benefit of needy families

" Whereas, this country is in danger, and many men are needed by our government for its defense ; and whereas H. Mattson, the auditor of Goodhue county, Minn., is willing and anxious to raise a company of his countrymen and volunteer his and its services to the defense of our country ; and whereas he is desirous of retaining his office as county auditor, and is willing to place his business as such auditor, during his absence, in the hands of competent men, to be approved by the commissioners of this county, be it therefore

"Resolved, that we, the commissioners of said county, do hereby approve of his volunteering and still retaining his office as aforesaid, and as far as we can legally do so, we pledge him that as long as said office is properly managed by his said deputies, we will consent cheerfully to have him retain the same, though absent in the defense of our government and common country; and we hereby strongly recommend to our successors in office, that they will also consent ^to such absence, and not consider said office vacant as long as it is properly managed by his said deputies.

Mr. Mattson succeeded in raising a company, which was assigned to the Third Regiment, Mr. Mattson's company being designated as company D. It was officered as follows :

" We congratulate Captain Mattson and his fellow countrymen upon his success, and upon the fine representative company of Swedes and Norwegians which he commands. A better company of soldiers has not been mustered into the service.

" Captain Gurnee's Red Wing company was also filled to the minimum yesterday, and takes rank as Company E. Good for old Goodhue ! This makes the fourth company she has turned out for the war, besides helping outside companies. She has at least four hundred men now in the field. In Captain Gurnee's company we find the very flower of the young men of Red Wing and other portions of the county. They have a gallant gentleman to lead them, and they will never be known to falter."

October 18, 1861, the " Republican ?' wrote : "We claim the banner for Goodhue county. She has furnished more volunteers in proportion to her population than any other county in the State. She has one full company in the first regiment, one in the second, two in the third, and one in the fourth, besides being largely represented in the company of sharpshooters and of cavalry that are furnished by the State, and there is now organizing a company of artillery. Is there another county in the west, of a population of about eight thousand, that has done as well?"

Resignation of Mr. Mattson. - July 30, 1862, the board of commissioners met pursuant to call. The resignation of Mr. Mattson, in the following words, was received and accepted :

To the Hon. Board of County Commissioners of Goodhue county, Minnesota,. - Gentlemen: When nearly a year ago I asked of your predecessors in office leave to absent myself from this office for the purpose of enlisting in the army of the country, and still retain the office of county auditor of your county, my reasons for desiring to retain the office was the hope that the present war, for which I enlisted, would soon be brought to a close, and that I might return to this place long before the expiration of my term of office, and thus find employment as auditor during the remainder of the term.

" Events have since transpired, and are daily transpiring, which now lead me to believe that the war will be of longer duration, and that there is no reasonable prospect of my return home before the expiration of said term of office.

" In view of these facts, I do therefore now most respectfully tender my resignation as such county auditor, to take effect on or about the last day of this month, that being necessary to bring the business of the office to a final settlement on my part.

" Resolved, That there be paid from the treasury of Goodhue county to each and every person who may enlist in any company that may be raised in this count}' for the sixth regiment of Minnesota volunteers, or in any other regiment that may hereafter be called for from this State, the sum of $20: said sum to be paid upon the mustering in of the person enlisting, upon the certificate of the mustering officer or commander of the company in which such recruit may enlist that such person has enlisted."

" Resolved, That all persons who have enlisted and been mustered into the service of the United States since the passage of the resolution granting bounties to volunteers, whether such persons have enlisted in companies raised in this county or not, provided they are accredited to this county, be entitled to receive the $20 bounty."

The pen could be employed for months in sketching the uprising of the people, the formation of companies, and telling of the deeds of valor and heroism of the -' boys in blue" from Goodhue. There is material here for volumes upon volumes, and it would be a pleasing task to collect and arrange it, but no words our pen could employ would add a single laurel to their brave and heroic deeds. Acts speak louder than words, and their acts have spoken - are recorded on pages written in blood. The people of no county in any of the States of the freedom and Union-loving North made a better record during the dark and trying times of the sanguinary and final struggle between freedom and slavery, patriotism and treason, than the people of Goodhue. Monuments may crumble, cities fall into decay, the tooth of time leave its impress on all the works of man, but the memory of the gallant deeds of the army of the Union in the war of the great rebellion, in which the sons of this county bore so conspicuous a part, will live in the minds of men so long as time and civilized governments endure.

to each and every person who enlisted or re-enlisted in the service of the United States since July 30, 1862, the sum of twenty dollars ($20) bounty: said sum to be paid upon the presentation of the certificate of the mustering officer or commander of the company in which such recruit or veteran has enlisted, that such person has enlisted or re-enlisted."

It was the purpose and the desire of the publishers of this work, to make a complete record of the amounts of money contributed by the several townships, as well as by the county, in aid of the war. The}' made every reasonable exertion to obtain the necessary data to do this, but the carelessness or indifference of parties who ought to be in possession of the facts and figures relating to this department of the undertaking, and their neglect to respond to letters of inquiry, forces the publishers to reluctantly abandon this part of their undertaking, except in part.

Geo. Featherstone, of the 'township of Featherstone, furnishes the following : An examination of the records of our town discloses the fact that between 1863 and the end of the war, our people expended for war purposes over $13,000. This was by authority and direction of the town. There were contributions of a private nature for "sanitary commission" and other purposes besides, of which no record was preserved. The town furnished from first to last about 85 men - about 25 of whom were citizens. This was done out of a voting population varying from 100 to 125, as appears from the poll lists of that period.

Mr. Swan Turner, treasurer of Vasa township, furnished the following : "The financial record of this township, in connection with the war, is about as follows : During the years 1862 and 1863, the people raised, by voluntary subscription, the sum of $4,000, which was paid out to volunteers and for the benefit of their families. In 1863, 1864, 1865 and 1866, there was levied, collected and paid out to volunteers and their families, as appears from the treasurer's books, the sum of $12,120 ; making a total raised in this township, by taxation and otherwise, of $12,520.

young men and secured credit for them. They understood the 'game.' "Under the first call for volunteers, twenty young men enlisted from this township without bounty or aid from any one. They were our first offering, and comprise

" They sought no reward but the reward of soldiers. They loved their adopted country, and offered their lives in defense of its honor, integrity and unity."

Mr. Joseph S. Thompson, the first settler in Belvidere township, a gentleman of integrity and intelligence, and one who has occupied several places of trust conferred by his fellow-citizens, took some trouble to gather up the war history of his township. He reports that about $3,500 were raised and paid out for bounties, etc., and that the township furnished nearly sixty men for "the army of the Union. He exercised a good deal of care in gathering these items, showing an enterprise that is a credit not only to himself, but to the township he has seen grow out of a wilderness into a garden of beauty and productiveness.

The publishers would gladly make a similar record for each of the other townships in the county, but the data has been denied them, and hence through no fault of theirs, they are compelled to submit to the inevitable. The responsibility, however, rests with others. Facts and figures were requested, but they were not furnished. The record is acknowledged to be incomplete, but no one regrets its incompleteness more than the publishers. The friends and patrons of this undertaking in the several townships that are omitted from this report, are referred to their clerks and treasurers for the causes of the omission. With them rests the responsibility.

Having thus noticed the spirit of patriotism that fired the hearts of the sons and daughters of Goodhue, the sacrifices and readiness of the wealthier classes, and of the tax-payers to sustain the Union, we come now more directly to the volunteer soldiery. And of these what can we write? What words can the pen employ that would do justice to their heroic valor - their unequalled and unparalleled valor? Home and home comforts, wives and little ones, fathers, mothers, sisters, brothers, were given up for life and danger on tented fields of battle, for exposure, disease and death at the cannon's mouth. They reckoned none of these, but went out with their lives in their hands to meet and conquer the foes of the Union, maintain its supremacy and vindicate its unity and integrity. We can offer no more fitting tribute to their patriotic valor, than a full and complete record, so far as it is possible to make it, that will embrace the names, the terms of enlistments, the battles in which they engaged, their promotions, etc. It will be a wreath of glory encircling every brow, and a memento which each and every one of them earned in defense of the most righteous cause that ever incited a people to arms.

Taken From The Adjutant General'S Report Sketch Of First Infantry

Organized April, 1861; went into camp at Fort Snelling; mustered by Captain Anderson D. Nelson, U. S. A., on the 29th; ordered to Washington, D. C, June 14, 1861.

The following is a sketch of the marches, battles, sieges and skirmishes in which this regiment participated: First Bull Run, July 21, 1861; Edwards

Non-Commissioned Officers Sketch Of Second Infantry

Organized July, 1861. Ordered to Louisville, Ky., Oct. 1861, and assigned to the Army of the Ohio. The following embraces a sketch of the marches, battles and skirmishes in which this regiment participated: - Mill Spring, Jan. 19, 1862; Siege of Corinth, April, 1862; transferred to the Army of the Tennessee. Bragg 's Raid; Perry ville, Oct. 8, 1862; skirmishes of the Tullahoma campaign; Chickamauga, Sept. 19 and 20, 1863; Mission Ridge, Nov. 25, 1863. Veteranized January, 1864. Battles and skirmishes of the Atlanta campaign, viz.: Resaca, June 14, 15 and 16, 1864; Kenesaw Mountain, June 27, 1864; Jonesboro; Sherman's march through Georgia and the Carolinas; Bentonville, March 19, 1865. Discharged at Fort Snelling, July 11, 1865.

Bombach, Henry, e. March 8, '65; dischd. with regt. Houghton, Augustus, e. Mar. 29, '64; dischd. with regt. James, Conroy, e. May 27, '64; dischd. with regt. Martin, Henry, e. May 27, '64; dischd. from hosp., '65. Strateman, Henry, drafted May 27, '64; dischd. with regt. Westendorf, Fred., drafted March 9, '65; dischd. with regt. Zimmerman, Casser, drafted May 30, '64; dischd. with regt.

Sketch Of Third Infantry

Organized October, 1861. Ordered to Nashville, Tenn., March, 1862. Captured and paroled at Murfreesboro, July, 1862. Ordered to St. Louis, Mo., thence to Minnesota. Engaged in the Indian expedition of 1862. Participated in the battle of Wood Lake, September, 1862. Ordered to Little Rock, Ark., November, 1863. Veteranized January, 1864. Engaged in battle of Fitzhugh's Woods, March 30, 1864. Ordered to Pine Bluff, Ark., April, 1864, and from there to Du Vall's Bluff in October, 1864. Mustered out at Du Vall's Bluff, September 2, 1865. Discharged at Fort Snelling.

Sketch Of Fourth Infantry

Organized Dec. 23, 1861. Ordered to Benton Barracks, Mo., April 19, 1862. Assigned to Army of the Mississippi, May 4, 1862. Participated in the following marches, battles, sieges and skirmishes : Siege of Corinth, April, 1862; Iuka, September 19, 1862; Corinth, Oct. 3d and 4th, 1862; siege of Vicksburg, Raymond, Jackson, Champion Hills, assault of Vicksburg, capture of Vicksburg, July 4, 1863. Transferred from 17th corps to 15th corps. Mission Ridge, Nov. 25, 1863. Veteranized January, 1864. Alatoona, July, 1864; Sherman's march through Georgia and the Carolinas; Bentonsville, March 20, 1865. Mustered out at Louisville, Ky., July 19, 1865. Discharged at Fort Snelling.

Sketch Of The Fifth Infantry

Organized in May, 1862. Ordered to Pittsburg Landing May 9th, 1862. A detachment of three companies remained in Minnesota, garrisoning frontier posts. Participated in the following marches, battles, sieges and skirmishes : Siege of Corinth, April and May, 1862. The detachment in Minnesota engaged in battle with Indians at Redwood, Minn., August 18, 1862. Siege of Fort Ridgely, August 20, 21 and 22, 1862: Fort Abercrombie, D. T., August, 1862. Regiment assigned to 16th army corps. Engaged in the battles of luka, September 18, 1862, Corinth, October 3 and 1, 1862, Jackson, Tenn., May 14, 1863. Siege of Vicksburg; assault of Vicksburg, May 22, 1863. Mechanicsburg, June 3, 1863. Richmond, June 15, 1863. Fort De Russey, La., March 14, 1864. Red River expedition, March, April and May, 1864. Lake Chicat, June 6, 1864. Tupelo, June, 1864. Veteranized July, 1864. Afcbeyville, August 23, 1864. Marched in September, 1864, from Brownsville, Ark., to Cape Girardeau, Mo., thence by boat to Jefferson City; thence to Kansas State line; thence to St. Louis, Mo. Ordered to Nashville, Tenn., November, 1864. Engaged in battles at Nashville, December 15 and 16, 1864. Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, April, 1865. Mustered out at Demopolis, Ala., Sept. 6, 1865. Discharged at Fort Snelling.

Sketch Of Sixth Infantry

Organized August, 1862, and ordered on the expedition against the Indians. Detachment of 200 engaged in battle at Birch Cooley, September 2, 1862. The regiment participated in the battle at Wood Lake, September 22, 1862, and garrisoned frontier posts from November, 1862, until May, 1863, when ordered upon Indian expedition; engaged with Indians July 24, 26 and 28, 1863. Stationed at frontier posts from September 18, 1863, to June 5, 1864, when ordered to Helena, Ark. Ordered to St. Louis, Mo., November, 1864, to New Orleans, January, 1865. Assigned to the 16th Army Corps. Participated in engagements of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, April, 1865. Discharged at Fort Snelling, August 19, 1865.

Sketch Of The Seventh Infantry

Organized in August, 1862, and ordered on expedition against the Indians. Engaged in battle of Wood Lake, September 22, 1862. Stationed at frontier posts until May, 1863, when again ordered on an Indian expedition. Engaged with Indians July 24, 26 and 28, 1863. Ordered to St. Louis, Mo., October 7, 1863 - thence to Paducha, Ky., April, 1864 - thence to Memphis, Tenn., and assigned to 16th Army Corps, June, 1864. Participated in the following marches, battles, sieges and skirmishes: Tupelo, July, 1864; Tallahatchie, August 7, and 8, 1864. Marched in pursuit of Price from Brownsville, Ark., to Cape Girardeau - thence, by boat, to Jefferson City - thence to Kansas line - thence to St. Louis, Mo. Battles of Nashville, Tenn., December 15 and 16, 1864; Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, April, 1865. Discharged at Fort Snelling, August 16, 1865.

Sketch Of Eighth Infantry

Organized August 1, 1862. Stationed at frontier posts until May, 1864, when ordered upon Indian expedition. Engaged in the following battles, sieges, skirmishes and marches: Tat-cha-o-ku-tu, July 28, 1864; battle of the Cedars and Overall's Creek. Ordered to Clifton, Tenn. ; thence to Cincinnati, Ohio; thence to Washington; thence to Wilmington; thence to Newbern, N. C. Battles of Kingston, March 8, 9 and 10, 1865. Mustered out at Charlotte, N. C, July 11, 1865. Discharged at Ft. Snelling.

Sketch Of Eleventh Infantry Sketch Of Tenth Infantry

Organized in August, 1862. Stationed at frontier posts until June, 1863, when ordered upon Indian Expedition. Engaged with Indians July 24, 26 and 28, 1863. Ordered to St. Louis, Mo., October, 1863; thence to Columbus, Ky., April, 1864; thence to Memphis, Tenn., June, 1864, and assigned to the 16th Army Corps. Participated in the following battles, marches, sieges and skirmishes: Battle of Tupello, July 13, 1865; Oxford Expedition, August, 1864. Marched in pursuit of Price from Brownsville, Ark., to Cape Girardeau; thence by boat to Jefferson City; thence to Kansas State line; thence to St. Louis, Mo. Battles of Nashville, Tenn., December 15 and 16, 1864; Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, April, 1865. Discharged at Fort Snelling, August 19, 1865. Principal Musician Geo. A. Todd, e. Oct. 9, '62; dischd. with regt.

Sketch Of First Mounted Rangers Cavalry

Organized March, 1863. Stationed among frontier posts until May, 1863, when ordered upon Indian expedition. . Engaged with Indians on July 24, 26 and 28, 1863. Stationed at frontier posts upon return of expedition until mustered out, between Oct. 1, 1863, and Dec. 30, 1863.

Sketch Of Brackett'S Battalion Cavalry

Originally 1st, 2d and 3d companies of this cavalry organized October and November, 1861. Ordered to Benton Barracks, Mo., Dec, 1864. Assigned to a regiment called Curtis' Horse. Ordered to Fort Henry, Tenn., February, 1862. Name of regiment changed to Fifth Iowa Cavalry, April, 1862, as Companies G, D and K. Engaged in siege of Corinth, April, 1862. Ordered to Fort Herman, Tenn., August, 1862. Veteranized February, 1864. Ordered to Department of Northwest, 1864. Ordered upon Indian expedition. Engaged with Indians July 28, and August, 1864. Mustered out by companies between May and June, 1866.

Capt. Ira Barton, com. Dec. 4, '63; dischd. with company. McAlonan, Daniel, e. Nov. 13, "63; dischd. with company. Rulgeway, Francis J., e. Dec. 21, '63; dischd. for disab.

Sketch Of Second Cavalry

Organized January, 1864. Ordered upon Indian Expedition May, 1864. Engaged with Indians July 28, 1864 - August, 1864. Stationed at frontier posts until muster out of regiment by companies between November, 1865, and June, 1866.

Sergt. Franklin Kelley, e. Dec. 22, '63; dischd. with company. Corp. Theodore E. Freeman, e. Dec. 19, '63; dischd. with company. Cates, Jefferson, e. Jan. 1, '64; dischd. with company. Connelly, Peter, e. Dec. 16, '63; dischd. with company. Doyle, Michael, e. Dec. 7, '63; dischd. with company. Ingham, Jonathan A., e. Dec. 22, '63; dischd. with company. Morehouse, James B., e. Dec. 24, '63; dischd. with company.

Sketch Of Independent Cavalry

Organized July 20, 1863. Ordered to Pembina, D. T., Oct., 1863. Ordered to Fort Abercrombie, D. T., May, 1864. Stationed at above Fort until mustered out in April and June, 1866.

Sketch Of First Regiment Heavy Artillery Infantry

Capt. Thomas Carney, commissioned Feb. 10, '65; dischd. with company. Sr. 2d Lieut., James H. Carney, commissioned Feb. 10, '65; dischd. with company.

Sketch Of Second Battery Light Artillery

Organized December, 1861. Ordered to St. Louis, Mo., April, 1862; thence to Corinth, May, 1862. Participated in the following marches, battles, sieges and skirmishes: Siege of Corinth, April, 1862. Bragg's raid. Assigned to Army of the Tennessee. Battle of Perryville, October 8 and 9, 1862; Lancaster, October 12, 1862; Knob Gap, December 20, 1862; Stone River, December 30, 1862;Tullahoma. Marched to Rome, Ga., via Stephenson, Ala., Caperton's Ferry and Lookout Mountain; Chickamauga, September 19 and 20, 1863; Mission Ridge; Ringgold, Ga. Marched to relief of Knoxville, Tenn.; Buzzard's Roost Gap. Veteranized, March, 1864. Nashville, December 15 and 16, 1864. Mustered out July 13, 1865; discharged at Fort Snelling.

The honor of planting the standard of civilization on the site of the present city of Red Wing belongs to Rev. S. F. Denton and Gavan, who came here in 1838 as missionaries from the Evangelical Society of Lausanne, Switzerland, to the Dakota Indians. Previous to that time, the entire country west of the Mississippi River was a savage wild, which had never been disturbed by the presence of civilized mortality. In all that region of country, now so full of intelligence and industry, of cities, towns, churches, schools and colleges, railroads and telegraphs and all their attendant accomplishments, far away westward to the Pacific Ocean, the voice of prayer and praise had never been heard, unless the songs the birds sang were offered as tributes ot praise to the glory of the divine architect, who reared the grove-covered hillsides and rock-covered mountain crests, unfolded at their base the beautiful prairie lands, and fashioned the courses and resting places of the skytinted waters. Now, when forty years have been added to the pages of time, millions of people

In 1846, in consequence of the failure of Denton's health, the mission work was given up, and remained unoccupied until 1848, when it was re-occupied by the American Board of Christian Missions, who commissioned Rev. John Aiton and Rev. J. W. Hancock to take up the work of educating and Christianizing the Indians where Denton and Gavan had left them. Denton came on in 1848, and Hancock in June, 1849.

Mr. Hancock and his wife arrived at Red Wing village on the 13th day of June, 1849. At that time there were about three hundred native inhabitants in the village. A school for the Indian children was commenced soon after Mr. Hancock's arrival, which was at first well attended, but the novelty of " going to school " soon wore off and the attendance grew less and less. Towards the end of the summer the school became unpopular with a part of the Indians, and the missionaries became somewhat discouraged. About this time a difference of opinion in regard to the management of the school sprang up between Mr. Hancock and Mr. Aiton, which, together with the small number of children disposed to attend the school, resulted in a dissolution of the missionary partnership. After the separation Mr. Aiton engaged in the Winnebago school at Long Prairie, one hundred and fifty miles northwest from St. Paul, and Mr. Hancock was left in sole charge until the Indians were removed, since when he has maintained a continuous residence at Red Wing, where he has seen the two log mission buildings erected under the direction of Denton and Gavan give way to a city of thousands.

While Mr. Hancock was teaching the young Indian idea how to shoot, he was also taking lessons himself - studying the Dakota language, which had, in part at least, been reduced to writing. Some books had also been printed in that tongue. Mr. Hancock was a close student and an apt scholar, and with the aid of these books and the presence of Indians to assist him in the proper pronunciation of the words, his under- taking was comparatively easy, and it was not long until he was so far master of the language as to be able to speak it with a reasonable degree of accuracy. He commenced the compilation of a dictionary of Dakota words soon after his arrival, which contains 409 closely written pages of MSS. It was completed July 29, 1851, two years after it was commenced.

Martha Maria Hancock, the wife of Rev. J. W. Hancock, did not live to share the missionary labors of her husband quite two years, departing this life on the 21st day of March, 1851, at the age of thirty-one years.

At the beginning of life's young dream, this estimable woman left her eastern home, parents, friends, all that was dear to her girlhood's memory, to join her husband in his mission of the cross among the untutored red men of the Minnesota wilds, to share his labors, his exposures, his dangers and his triumphs, if triumphs came - to live and to die among a heathen people. If an artist had desired a model of models to picture a true heroine, or if poet or novelist had desired a character to represent a brave and fearless, yet modest and unassuming chief of heroines, they might have secured that model and that character when, with her husband, the subject of this sketch landed at Red Wing's village, where she was at once surrounded by several hundred savages, who were henceforth to be her principal society associates. She was not to be molded to their habits and customs, but they were to be educated and emancipated from the errors and superstitions, habits and customs of many generations, and brought to see the better way. What a courage she displayed! weak, yet strong; bold, yet modest and shrinking. Bravely she met the work of a missionary; faithfully she discharged every duty, carrying the presence of the Master wherever she went, and subduing the wildest savage by her presence, until the Father saw, and called, "Enough ! come up higher. Enter into my joy, and sit down on my throne."

At her own request she was buried on Indian ground - beneath the shadows of the towering bluff at whose base her life had gone out, and where the wild flowers grew and bloomed in pristine beauty, when the spring times and summers came.

Before her death, and when all knew she must die, and her husband asked her if she desired her remains to be taken back to the home of her childhood and parents for sepulture, she answered, "No. I came to live among the Indians, to help teach them there was life after death ; that the body was mortal, but that the spirit was immortal; that it mattered not what became of the body, the spirit would ascend to (iod the Father, who gave it. Bury me here, that our people may see and realize our belief in the truths we have sought to teach them."

When her spirit bad winged its flight where angels dwell, a grave was prepared on the mission grounds into which her mortality was lowered by kindly hands. As the dusky sons and daughters of the mission stood around the open receptacle of the dead, more than one tall savage was seen to weep over the earthly departure of one they had learned to love, and whom they had come to call Washte-Ween - the Good Woman.

When more advanced civilization came to found a city on the site of Red Wing's Indian village, and the ground was asked for stately business blocks ; when the bark wigwams were made to give way to houses for white men, - a city for the dead was platted on the summit of one of the southern bluffs that overlook the city, and Mrs. Hancock's remains were carefully raised and as carefully removed to a new resting place in Oakwood Cemetery.

Many years before Denton and Gavan came to found the mission already frequently mentioned, Hhoo-pa-hoo-doo-ta, or Scarlet Wing, the head chief of a party of Indians that had split off from the Wabasha band, selected this place and called it Hham-necha, meaning a place of hill, wood and water. Non-resident Indians called the place Hhoo-pahoo-doo-ta, after the chief of that name, " who was probably so named from the color of his robe, and the celerity with which he swept over hill and prairie, through forest and fen, to surprise and conquer his enemies." When the whites began to come in and occupy the country the place came to be universally called Red Wing.

In number two of a series of letters pubilshed in the "Argus" by Mr. Hancock, relating to the condition of affairs at Red Wing, when he arrived here in June, 1849, and for thre'e or four years afterwards, Mr. Hancock related that the Dakota had no word in their language corresponding to our English word home. Such was their mode of life, they had, in fact, no use for such a word. Their teepes, or dwelling places, were frequently changed. Each band had its own planting ground, however, and to that place it was confined a portion of every year. This town of Red Wing was the planting ground of the Red Wing band. The places now covered with dwellings, streets and gardens were then chiefly occupied with Indian cultivators of the soil.

From about the first of May till the middle of September, the laboring classes were busy in their fields. Corn was their chief article of production. Their cornfields were fenced neatly with rows of stakes driven into the ground and interwoven with willows tied to the stakes with withes and bark. The labor of the field was performed by the women, assisted by the children and very old men. They planted, cultivated, harvested and prepared the corn crop, with much toil, and without the aid of modern implements of husbandry. A woman once came to the mission house, looking weary and toil-worn, and, addressing the missionary's wife, said she, " I feel glad to tell you that I have my field all planted at last. It was very hard, for I had no one to help me this year.'- On being asked why her husband did not help her in the field, she replied, " O, I should be very much ashamed to have ray husband seen in the field at work. They would call him a woman."

While the women were thus employed, they also did all the cooking - furnishing themselves with fuel for the purpose from the neighboring woods. The men were engaged, sometimes hunting and fishing, and occasionally on a war party against the Chippewas, but chiefly in the summer in dancing, feasting and drunkenness, or lounging in idleness. Their domestic animals consisted of a few ponies, and many dogs. Their wigwams were constructed of poles for a frame work, and the bark of large trees for a covering. There were between twenty and thirty such structures arranged along the bank of the river, between Plumb and Franklin streets, east and west, and none standing further back than where Main street is from the river. The whole population of the village was set down at 300. I think the real number some less at the time I first visited them. It is very hard to count Indians correctly.

From the above description of their dwellings one will see that they must have been cool in winter. They were so, indeed, but the Indians made no use of these houses in the winter. After the corn was harvested and dried, they dwelt in tents till spring returned. Their tents were made of skins of buffalo and other animals dried and sewed together. These could be easily rolled up and carried on their journeys from place to place. A few poles were set up six or eight feet apart and fastened together at the top, and the tent cloth or skins drawn over them was the family residence for the time being. Such a dwelling was often constructed after a day's journey on foot, by the matron who had carried the tent, with perhaps a number of other houshold utensils, all day, on her back. These houses were always cone-shaped. The fire was built on the ground in the center, with an opening at the apex for the smoke to escape. The advantage of these dwellings in the coldest weather was, that they could be set up in the woods where they were sheltered from the winds. But in these, the poor Indians often suffered much in cold weather. I was told that it was necessary for one to sit up and keep the fire in order while the rest of the family slept around it, every cold night, to prevent freezing.

to visit the stove. They used to call January the " Hard Moon," and I presume the reader who now lives in Minnesota will consider the name quite appropriate. Their divisions of the year into months, or moons literally, was quite significant, and nearly corresponding with our months, as follows :

Wacoota, or the Shooter, was the last reigning chief of the Indians who inhabited Red Wing. " Physically," says Mr. Hancock, " he was a noble specimen of his race." His height, I should suppose, was six feet and a few inches. Straight and well proportioned, he used to walk about among his people, with all the grace and dignity of a becoming monarch. He obtained the position of head chief partly by personal prowess, and partly through hereditary right. Iron Cloud and Good Metal were subordinate chiefs. Iron Cloud was quite an orator, and very fond of telling what great deeds he had done in former days. He died at Red Wing in August, 1852, before the removal of the Indians, and Good Metal died soon after.

" Wacoota was never accustomed to boasting. He was a man of good sense and sound judgment, considering his circumstances. Doubtless in his younger days he distinguished himself as a warrior and hunter, as his name indicates; but he was a keen observer of men and things, and understood human nature better than many who are born under the light of civilization. The only advantage he ever had over a common heathen was a visit to Washington in company with a delegation of the chiefs of his tribe ; and from this visit he obtained a very correct understanding of the strength and superiority of the people of the United States. Being convinced that it was education and industry that made the whites superior, he labored to promote these interests among his people. It was through his personal solicitation that a second mission was established in his village in 1848. He used to say that the old Indians could never be made white, but he had hope for the children, and was anxious that they should be taught to read and write. His own family were always required to attend the mission school. During his later years he would often labor in the field in spite of opposition from his braves and time-honored customs. Sometimes

" Wacoota died a few years after the removal to the reservation on the Minnesota River, a good providence sparing him from the scenes of 1862."

In the fall of 1850, a man named Snow, secured an Indian trader's license, and built a trading house near the present steamboat landing, where he kept a stock of Indian goods. In 1851, Calvin Potter became a partner with Snow. Soon after the partership was commenced, Mr. Snow died of cholera in St. Paul, and Mr. Potter succeeded to the entire management of the business, which he continued until the Indians were removed. The building used by Mr. Potter as a trading house, was afterwards converted into a hotel and called the Eastern House. It was subsequently (in 1857 or 1858) included in the Metropolitan hotel building, and was used as the kitchen of that hostelry. The Metropolitan was built by A. A. and E. L. Teele. It was destroyed by fire.

Early in the spring of 1852, John Day came over from Diamond Bluff, Wisconsin, and made a claim in the upper part of town, and not far from his present residence. Mr. Day has the honor of being the first white man to come to Bed Wing's village, with a determined purpose to make it a permanent home.

John Bush, U. S. farmer for the Indians, and Calvin Potter, made a claim to the land included in and occupied by the Indian village and their cornfields. Early in the spring of 1852 - about the middle of May - William Freeborn and Dr. Sweeney became interested in building a town on the site of the Indian village, and Freeborn purchased the claim right of Bush and Potter. Dr. Sweeney purchased a claim held by a French half-breed named Young, adjoining the Bush and Potter claim, on the west or upper side.

Says Mr. Hancock in his reminiscences: "Troops of claim hunters came in this season (1852) and many and amusing were the strifes about who should hold this or that favored claim in the surrounding county. At that time there had been no United States survey, and each man was permitted to mark off his own one hundred and sixty acres. It was astonishing to see how long some men could pace. Then, every one had a host of friends coming after, for each of whom he must have a claim selected, and in duty bound must see that their rights were protected. All this made business quite lively in our embryo city. Arbitrations and appeals to the court of Justice Lynch were every day occurrences. A slight skirmish was not unfrequent; but to the honor of the first settlers of Red Wing, no lives were lost and none to our knowledge was seriously injured.

Very few of the first claim hunters remained as permanent residents. They had come too soon. It was dull business to wait until the land could be surveyed and brought into market, boarding one's self in a log cabin eight or ten feet square, without any floor or window. Nobody thought of raising wheat at that time. Our flour, pork and butter all came from down the river.

One circumstance that occurred in the spring of 1852, is thus related by Mr. Hancock: Two men found their claims were overlapping each other to such an extent that both could not have enough for a farm. An angry dispute began which seemed likely to end in a regular battle. Each party had some friends, so that the strength of each was nearly equal. A large party of the Indians were still here, and in no very mild mood in regard to the new comers. The Indians were, in fact, still in possession, as they had not received notice of the ratification of the treaty.

Mr. Hancock, who had learned to speak the dialect of the Indians, and being a peace man, told the belligerents that if a fight ensued he would tell the Indians to take a hand - to '-pitch in" and "pitch the disputants across the river into Wisconsin." The threat was not without force and effect. The difficulty was settled. The angry elements were quieted, and peace reigned once more in the village.

In 1850, Mr. Sibley, the territorial delegate to Congress, secured the establishment of a postoffice at Red Wing, but the gentleman appointed to be postmaster had removed from the village, and as candidates for public places were not as numerous then as they are now, the office was not opened until 1851. The first incumbent, Rev. J. W. Hancock, had to go to St. Paul at his own expense to be " sworn in." The salary the first year was less than five dollars. In the winter the mail was carried between Prairie du Chien and St. Paul with a one-horse cutter. The route was the icy bed of the Mississippi River. Towards spring this method of traveling was attended with some danger. Sometimes a horse was drowned, and the mail was frequently wet. On one occasion Mr. Hancock spent a whole day in drying the mail which had lain five or six hours in the river. Sometimes the office was three weeks without a mail, and for that length of time Red Wing's village was without communication with the rest of the world. Such failures to receive the mail were occasioned by the perils and dangers of traveling before roads and bridges were constructed.

After the first election in the fall of 1852, other signs of approaching civilization began to appear. A large raft of lumber had been landed, which was taken out of the water and hauled up the bank.

Several carpenters came to reside here. Heretofore bark-lodges or log-cabins had been the only dwellings for both rich and poor. Ceiled houses were now aspired after. The sounds of saw, hammer and plane, began to be heard in the land.

Social enjoyments pertaining to civilization were also introduced. A lyceum and a singing school were organized and well attended in the winter of 1852-3. Hiram B. Middaugh was leader of the choir, and first teacher of vocal music.

The first building commenced, was the hotel called the Red Wing House. This was completed early in the spring of 1853; and immediately opened for boarders and the accommodation of travelers. The first landlord was Andrew Durand, who also opened the first hotel at Cannon Falls. The Red Wing House was afterwards purchased and kept by Jacob Bennett, Esq , and was destroyed by fire in 1865.

Several frame dwelling houses were built in the summer of 1853 ; among which were those erected by Wm. Freeborn, Dr. Sweeney, Wm. Lauver, James Akers and Warren Hunt.