Buchanan County, Missouri - Chapter 28: Reminiscences, 1904 (part 14 of 18)

The subject of this sketch acquired a good fundamental education in the public schools and then entered upon the study of medicine for which he had natural and inherited impulses. He was a student of the Missouri Medical College at St. Louis for two years. After his graduation from the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City, he entered the Presbyterian Flospital, in that city, and was associated with that great institution as surgeon for four years.

In 1885, Dr. Garner located at St. Joseph, Missouri, and almost immediately took a place in the front rank of his profession. jNIucli of his energy was directed to the practice of surgery and in this branch his skill soon won him a great reputation. At the time of his death. Dr. Garner was chief surgeon of the St. Joseph & Grand Island Railway ; chief surgeon of the St. Joseph Railway, Light, Heat & Power Company, and was consulting surgeon of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Company. For several years he was a member of the Missouri State Board of Health, being an appointee of Governor Stone.

Dr. Garner's genius for svirgery was well known, and many a life has been prolonged for years of usefulness by his skill and many a sufferer has been relieved from acute anguish because of his ministrations. His death left heavy hearts in many bosoms, for hundreds have the memory of the kind deeds he so willingly performed and the marvels of cure his skill accom- plished. Early in life he achieved marked distinction but carried his honors with a noble simplicity. Cultured himself, he emphasized in his lectures the need and helpfulness of broad culture and general education and believed himself to be all the better physician and able surgeon because he was a thorough scholar and a cultivated gentleman.

Dr. Garner was reared in the Methodist Episcopal Church, but was not actively identified with any religious body. Of a genial social nature, he took liis recreation in the Benton and Country clubs, of St. Joseph, being a member of both, and enjoyed social life as far as faithful attention to his practice permittted. He was also a member of the Commercial Club of St. Joseph, and always took a lively interest in the city to which he had devoted so many years of his life and where he had earned lasting fame.

Dr. Garner ap]:)reciated his membership in the Society of Sons of the Revolution, which came through the services of his great-great-grandfather, John Trigg, captain of Virginia troops in 1778.

Dr. Garner was married on February 17, 1891, to Louise Stcinacker, who is a daughter of Charles Steinacker, a prominent merchant of St. Joseph. Mrs. Garner still survives, with one son, Edward Samuel, and they reside in one of the most beautiful homes of St. Joseph, which is situated on the corner of Eighth and Faraon streets.

OHN W. HALTER, one of the prosperous farmers of Buchanan County, Missouri, owning a well-improved farm of 85 acres in section 6, Agency township, was born in Buchanan County, May 15, 1866, and is a son of Anthony and Kalherine (Hafncr) Halter.

Anthony Halter was born May 10, 1826, in France, and came to the United States with his parents when six years okl. His poor mother died on the ship, of cholera, while still in sight of Havre, but the father and children completed the voyage, and settled in Stark- County, Ohio, where the father of Anthony owned a half section of land. He married twice and reared a family of 12 children. He died in vStark County, Ohio', aged 85 years. Anthony Halter settled with his father near Canton, Ohio, but in 1857 he came to St. Joseph. Missouri, and worked here in the brick-yards until the opening of the Civil War.

He then enlisted in the Missouri State Militia, under Captain Dolman, but served only a few months, being discharged on account of impaired health. He then engaged in farming, having 160 acres in his home place and owning a total of 320 acres in the vicinity. He built the large, comfortable farm house that is now .on the property. Here he died July 10, 1890.

The mother of our subject was born in Switzerland, April 20, 1836, and came to the United States with her parents when 12 years of age, making the long voyage of 72 days on a sailing vessel. She died on the homestead, March 3, 1896. Of the family of 12 children, nine survived infancy, namely : Anthony, of Buchanan County ; Katherine, of Buchanan County ; John \\'., of this sketch; Louis, who died aged 32 years ; Mrs. Sophia Hunter, of Buchanan County; Andrew; Mrs. ^lary Magdalena Stock, of this county ; Joseph Robert ; and Tracy, who died January i, 1897, aged 17 years.

John W. Halter has spent his entire life in Buchanan County and has always been engaged in farming. He has been very successful in his efforts and is counted among the township's substantial men.

On January 17, 1900, j\Ir. Halter was married to Catherine Zimmerman, who was born January 5, 1879, at Bufifalo. New York, a daughter of Adam and Mary (Beyer) Zimmerman, natives of Bavaria, Germany, who were old friends in Germany, and came to the United States prior to their marriage. They now reside on a farm near St. Joseph. Mr. arid Mrs. Zimmerman had six daughters, namely: Mrs. Anna Homer: Mrs. Mary (libbs; Mrs. Halter; Tracy; Agnes and Carrie, all residents of Buchanan County, the last three residing at home. Mr. and Mrs. Halter are valued members of the Catholic Church. In politics he has always been a stanch Democrat.

ON. JAMES P. SHEWMAKER. one of the most prominent citizens of Buchanan County, residing on his farm in section 20, township 55, range 33, in Platte township, where he owns 126 acres of well-improved land, was born near Rochester, Andrew County, Missouri, December 7, 1842', and is a son of Woodford and Martha ( .Martin) Shcwmaker.

And Representatine Citizens

tucky, to which State earher members had come from Virginia. The grandfather came to Buchanan County in 1837, entered the present farm of our subject, building a log house on it. 16 by 18 feet in dimensions, which still stands, the oldest house in the township. Once the shelter of a large and happy family, its logs are still sound while many of those who once gathered gladly within its walls have passed away. He put the land under cultivation and here resided all his active life, an honest, upright, industrious man, dying in 1868, at the age of 74 years.

Woodford Shewmaker, father of our subject, was born near Shelby ville, Kentucky, and died in 1849, while on his way to California, at the age of 55 years. He had accompanied his parents to Andrew County, Missouri, where he lievd until 1842 and then came to Buchanan County, and farmed on the present farm of our subject until his fatal start to the gold fields of California. His intention was to drive overland, with his ox-team, but he fell a victim to cholera, near Council Grove, Kansas. He married Martha Martin, who was born near Shelbyville, Kentucky, and died on the homestead farm, in Platte township, September 2"], 1903. aged JJ years. They had four children, namely : James P., of this sketch ; William, of Morgan Countv, Missouri ; Ann Eliza, who died aged 14 years ; and Elizabeth, who died aged 10 years.

James P, Shewmaker, the immediate subject of this sketch, was reared on his present farm to which he was brought in infancy. Although public life has claimed much of his time and attention, he has always continued his interest in agricultural afl:'airs and has satisfactotrily proved that an intelligent man can be successful in widely separated spheres of activity. Mr. Shewmaker raises grain, grows fruit and for many years has been one of the large shippers as well as feeders of cattle and hogs. He owns a farm which is considered verv valuable, both on account of its location and cultivation and also because of its excellent im])rovenients.

Mr. Shewmaker was reared in the Democratic party, his family always having supported the principles of the organization which has been known under that name. His first presidential vote was cast for George B. McClellan and ever since lie has been one of the party leaders in Buchanan Countw Twice elected "to the State Legislature, he has been justly regarded as a masterful force in public life. His record during both of these terms shows that he was possessed of the judgment, the tact and ability required for the responsible position and his efficiency was many times proved by the fidelity he displayed in committee work. He was one of the most useful members of the committees on agriculture, life insurance, roads and highways and miscellaneous and unfinished business, frequently devoting a good part of a night to the careful consideration of the questions. On many occasions he has served as delegate to State conventions and has taken an active part in the elections of several of the State executives.

In 1866, Mr. Shewmaker was married to Minerva Rockhold. who was born in Platte township. Buchanan County, Missouri, December 24, 1844. and is a daughter of Asa and Polly Rockhold. They have four children : Samuel, of Agency, who has five children ; James L., a student of Central Medical College, of St. Joseph; Mary, who lives at home ; and Frank, of Kansas City. The last named is connected with the Kansas City World as stereotyper. He has a family of four children.

Mr. Shewmaker is one of the leading members of the Missionary Baptist Church at Hebron, of which he has been a deacon for a long period. He is a man of sterling character, honest and upright in private and public life and he is regarded with sentiments of the highest esteem at hoiue and all over the countv.

AMES W. SHEPHERD, one of the prominent citizens, substantial men and large farmers of Washington township, Buchanan County, who owns 1,300 acres of land and resides in section 34, township 57, range 36, was born July 9. 1848, in Nodaway County, Missouri, and is a son of James Rier and Nancy (Cluck) Shepherd.

James Rier Shepherd was born in Virginia, but his parents removed during his boyhood to Jackson County, Missouri, where he was reared and married Nancy Cluck, a native of Tennessee. He was a competent farmer and was considered a good carpenter and followed both occupations through life. His later years were spent in Nodaway County, where he died in 1850. His wife came to our subject's home in i86r and there passed away in 1866. Mr. Shepherd w-as a stanch Democrat and held immerous ofificcs of minor importance and for a long period served as a justice of the peace. They had six children, our subject being the fourth in order of birth and the only survivor. The others were : Elizabeth, Missouri, John W., Enoch E., and Daniel King. Our subject's parents were worthy members of the Old School Baptist Church.

The bo}'hood and youth of our subject were spent in the hardest kind of work. Without having any school advantages, he had ability and determination to make something of himself, in spite of adverse conditions, and has won success in his chosen occupation and now ranks also with the well-informed men of his acquaintance. In 1 86 1 he came to Buchanan County, starting out in life for himself without a cent of capital. He worked and saved until he was able to buy a tract of 40 acres of wild land in section 32, township 57, range 36, Washington township, where he built a cabin of hewed logs, 16 feet square. All about this humble little home grew the heavy timber which only his strength and industry could clear off. He succeeded in clearing the farm and lived on that place until 1875, when he came to his present home in section 34, township 57, range 36. Mr. Shepherd calculates that he has cleared and improved more than 600 acres of land, involving labor which only those who have had similar experiences can appreciate. He has sold his timber in the form of cord wood. His farming has been of a general character, consisting of the raising of grain and hay and a large amount of cattle and stock. For the year of 1904 he had about 400 acres devoted to corn, 400 more to \vheat and 160 to hay. He is a practical farmer and has worked out many of his own agricultural problems for himself. While yearly adding to his acreage, he has never neglected to carefully cultivate every portion of his estate subject to cultivation.

In 1 88 1, Mr. Shepherd married Mary Hammy, who is a daughter of Sylvester Hammy, of Wayne township, Buchanan County. They had nine children, namely: James W., John and George, all deceased ; Sylvester H., Enoch Elijah, Daniel King, Robert E. Lee, Mary Missouri and Stonewall Jackson. All of these children have been given the school advantages denied their father.

Politically, Mr. Shepherd was cradled in the Democratic party and has always been loyal to it. He has never accepted any ofifice except that of school director. He has been connected with the various Masonic bodies for many years, having membership with the King Hill Lodge, No.

376, A. F. & A. M. ; Royal Arch Chapter ; Commandery, Knights Templar ; and Moila Temple, A. A. O. N. M. S. In every sense of the word Mr. Shepherd is a self-made man. He is justly entitled to respect as a filial son, a kind husband and good father and also as one of the township's honorable and upright men, whose word is as good as his bond. A picture of Mr. and Mrs. Shepherd and their family, reproduced from a photograph taken in the fall of 1904, accompanies this sketch.

D., one of the most prominent of the pioneer citizens of St. Joseph, where he practiced his profession for almost half a century, was called to his final rest on November 20, 1893. His departure was mourned as he was a man who exemplified the mental powers of a successful business man, the high moral qualities of a spotless private life and an exalted sense of public duty. Our sketch can give but a fragmentary account of a life so rich in good deeds and instructive lessons.

Dr. Leach was born in Chenango County, New York, November 14, 1828. His father, Rev. Fowler Leach, was a native of Connecticut, and a minister of the Baptist Church, distinguished for his eminent piety, strong force of character" and dignified scholarship. He was a member of a well-known English family that immigrated to America during an early period of this country's history. His wife was Malina Degrass Pardee, a daughter of the celebrated physician, Dr. Pardee, of Paris, France.

William S. Leach received his early education at St. Gabriel's College, a Jesuit institute at Vincennes, Indiana. Poor in purse but rich in that determined energy and unfailing spirit of selfreliance which has ever characterized the course of his successful life, he overcame obstacles which would have daunted any young man of ordinary enterprise. After many a hard struggle with fortune, he was graduated at the Eclectic Medical College of Cincinnati in 1847. He immediately after moved to St. Louis, Missouri, where he engaged in the practice of his profession. At the close of the year 1848, impelled by a spirit of enterprise and by a contempt for opposing difficulties, he determined to try his forjtune in the West. Chance 'threw him upon the soil of die then insignificant village of Robidoux's Landing, now St. Joseph, a flourishing city of more than 100,000 inhabitants. Here he engaged in practice and with firm reliance in the future gro\\i:h and ultimate importance of the place invested his carefully accumulated means, which he afterward saw fructified into eleme4its of permanent and substantial wealth. He was a large real estate owner and during the many years of his residence in St. Joseph erected a considerable number of buildings. Thrown upon his own resources, he learned habits of economy and the value of possessions, which are only obtained through toil. Naturally contemplative, reading much, and always doing his own thinking, his ideas of theology, politics and social economy were original, and he had the courage to express them and follow wherever they logically lead. These peculiarities were noticeable in his selection of a profession, for he received his degree from an eclectic college and practiced in that school. His education and family traits appeared strongly in the mature man and were marked features of his character. A hater of cant and shams, and thoroughly despising the demagogues, he held aloof from the arena of party politics, though he had decided opinions upon every prominent question and always publicly expressed his views when called upon. His ideas of public policy were usually different from thase promulgated by parties. In 1872, he espoused the principles of the party which nominated Peter Cooper for the presidency, and was by that party nominated for the General Assembly of Missouri, which honor he declined. He often lectured upon theology, physiology and other prominent subjects, and in these lectures exhibited a terse, vigorous and popular style. In business affairs he was quick to perceive and prompt to decide, and those qualities rendered him uniformlv successful. Though born in New York, Dr. Leach was emphatically a Western man, a man whose innate activity and ambition pushed him beyond the tightening bands with which the sedate towns and villages of the older States are begirt ; he was a man with eyes in front of his head and with ears eager to catch the rush, rattle and roar of active, vigorous life. Such are the successful men in our new States, and such have been the founders of our Western cities. Ere St, Joseph had scarcely an existence, he cast his fortunes in with the people who decided to erect a city here, and he was an industrious though often a silent worker for the general welfare, the growth and fame of the city and State. He owned much valuable property in and adjoining the city. When in the prime of life, he was blessed with an excellent physique and was conversant with and ever heedful of the requirements of the laws of health. He lived not alone for himself but for others as well, and his memory will long live in the minds and hearts of the people of St. Joseph.

In 1 89 1, Dr. Leach started on a trip to Europe, where he spent over a }car. He visited Turkey, Egypt, the Holy Land and in fact spent some time in every country of Europe.

In 1848, Dr. Leach was united in marriage with Lucile Adelaide JMassie, who at the time of her death was in her 84th year and one of the oldest continuous residents of St. Joseph. She was born at Natchez, Mississippi, April 16, 1821, and during her childhood days was taken by her parents to Cape Girardeau, Missouri. There her youth was passed and there she married Dr. Leach, before their removal to St. Joseph in 1848. The death of Mrs. Leach resulted from the infirmities of old age. She had been in feeble health for more than a year prior to her death on August 24, 1904, and for a month she had been confined to her room. Her last days were characterized by a cheerfulness which had been a predominant trait of her character throughout her life. L^ncomplainingly she bore the burden of years and sickness and fell asleep painlessly, surrounded by those she loved.

Four children were born to bless the union of Dr. and Mrs. Leach, namely : Cora, who died in 1902 ; John, who was drowned in childhood ; Anna, wife of James Peterson, of Council Bluffs, Iowa ; and Mrs. Helen Dimbleby, whose husband died in 1890. Mrs. Leach spent the last years of her life living at the home of her daughter, Mrs. Dimbleby, in St. Joseph. Mrs. Dimbleby has one daughter. - Donna, wife of R. M. Mc- Knight, of St. Joseph.

OHN PATEE. Among the early pioneers at St. Joseph was John Patee, whose name is perpetuated in various parts of the city by monuments testifying to his public spirit and civic pride. Mr. Patee was born August i, 1814, in Otsego County, New York.

hundreds of acres of land, including much of the site of the city of St. Josepli. Where now stand blocks of granite and the industries of the world a*e represented in business traffic, this New York farmer, with native shrewdness, bought land at $13 per acre. He watched the growth and development of the interests of this section and the time came when he platted his ground into city lots. He built the Patee Hotel, a notable structure at that time, and he donated terminals to the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad. He was a busy worker and held the development of St. Joseph as one of h'is dearest interests. Patee Park is a monument to this public-spirited citizen. He amassed vast wealth by the increase in value of his real estate, and at the time of his death its taxable value was $350,000. At present, several million dollars would not cover its value.

Mr. Patee did not live to old age nor long enough to see some of his most cherished schemes for the city fully developed. He died February 14, 1868, and is survived by a granddaughter, Mrs. John Donovan, and these relatives: Mrs. Elmira Russell, Patee Russell, Mrs. Fred. Griffin, A. P. Clayton, Harry Patee, John S. Patee and Harry Russell.

ACOB STUBER, one of the prominent farmers of Washington township, Buchanan County, owning 83 acres of very valuable land situated in section 32, township 58, range 34, was born in Switzerland, October 6, 1853. He is a son of John Stuber.

John Stuber, father of our subject, was also born in Switzerland, and there learned the trade of a carpenter. While he was able to provide a sufficiency for his family by his industry, he saw no encouraging future in his own land for his children, and, with the idea of providing them with opportunities, he decided to migrate to America. Therefore in 1853, with his famdy, he embarked on a sailing vessel, after reaching a French port, and, after 65 long days on the water, the party finally was landed at Castle Garden, New York. He found em])loyment at his trade in the great metropolis and the family remained there for four years, during the childhood of our subject. In 1859, John Stuber came to St. Joseph, Missouri, and soon selected a farm of roo acres in Washington township. He was a man of untiring industry and devoted the remainder of his active life to agricultural pursuits, becoming one of the substantial residents of the township. His wife died on the farm at the age of 78 years, and his death occurred in 1899, at the age of 80 years. The surviving chiklren are : John, a farmer of Washington township; Nicholas, farming on tlie homestead farm ; Louisa, the wife of Peter Ozenberger ; Mary ; Frederick O. ; and Jacob, of this sketch.

Jacob Stuber was too small to recall the early life of the family after coming to America, and almost all his years have been spent in Buchanan County, where he is known as an excellent farmer and skilled carpenter. He obtained his education in the schools near his country home, and since manhood has divided his attention between farming and work at his trade. His farm contains 83 acres of excellent, well-cultivated land, devoted to general farming. His capability as a carpenter has lately been shown in the erection of a handsome, comfortable, modern residence, which presents a very attractive as well as substantial appearance.

Mr. Stuber married the estimable daughter of a neighbor, Sarah Ozenberger, who is a daughter of Nicholas Ozenberger, a pioneer in Buchanan County, also from Switzerland. They have an interesting family . of six children, namely : George, Henry, Charles, Carrie, Bertha and Oscar. The family belong to the German Reformed Church. In politics Mr. Stuber is a Republican.

ILLIAM M. KERNES, one of the old pioneers of Buchanah County, and a highly esteemed retired resident of of Marion township, located on his fine farm of 118 acres in sections 28 and 33, township 57, range 33, was born in Russell County, Kentucky. May 21, [836, and is a son of George and Elizabeth ( Miller) Kernes.

The parents of our subject were both born and reared in Russell County and were subsequently married there and began domestic life. In 1839 they resolved to migrate to Missouri, cheerfully accepting the inevitable hardships attendant upon pioneering. After a journey of seven weeks in their four-horse wagon, they reached the river, at St. Charles. Their objective point w^as Buchanan County and Mr. Kernes secured 80 acres in section 17, township 57, range 33, in Marion township, three miles north of Easton. The land was all wild prairie and tim- ber. After working hard here for some years, he sold the property and secured 80 acres in the rich bottom lands below St. Joseph. When the freshets came his land was overflowed and his work all destroyed and he returned to Marion township, where he secured a tract of 190 acres, which he occupied and farmed until his death.

In those early days in Missouri, there were few pioneer experiences with which the family did not have to contend. j\Ir. Kernes, like the majority of the Kentuckians, well knew the use of a gun, and he was considered a great hunter in his district. He tanned the hides of the deer for clothing for himself and family, coon skins made their head coverings and various hides were used to make moccasins, which all wore. Their larder was sup])lied with .deer and wild turkeys, which were still in abundance. Corn was the chief article of diet, but it was not used in the even, pulverized particles which now appear on modern tables in various forms, but, after the grinding was done in an old horse-mill, a small grist requiring a whole day's work, the final labor had to be performed with a pestle in a wooden mortar. Upon this coarse fare, however, j\Ir. Kernes' family grew brawn and muscle, and our subject, at the age of 68, when other men, more tenderly reared, have either passed away or are already leading a retired life, is well, active, busy about the affairs of the home and with a memory that recalls the events of his childhood.

George Kernes was very well known in Buchanan County and took an active interest in all local afifairs ; he was a strong Democrat, but never aspired to office. In his earlier years he was a member of the Free Will Baptist Church, but later united with the Cumberland Presbyterian. His estimable wife did not survive him long. They reared four children : William M., of this sketch ; Jane, deceased, who was the wife of Robert Yancy ; Alvis, of St. Joseph. Missouri; and Elias, of Topeka, Kansas.

In the region where our subject ])assed his boyhood, progress had not yet establislied public schools. The only opportunities the children enjoyed were those afforded in subscription schools, the sessions being held in a log cabin, with split-slab seats, and under this humble roof Mr. Kernes received the onlv school instruction he ever had. His lot was like that of many of the pioneer youths who developed into the State's best citizens, - hard work and plenty of it, - until he was 21 years of age. After his marriage, he located at Easton and for a numl)er of vears worked there as a blacksmith and as a hand in a saw and grist mill. After 12 years of residence in the town, through hard work and provident economy he had accumulated sufficient capital to buy his present farm, and in 1865 he purchased 118 acres of wild land in section 33, Marion township. It was rough prairie and years of hard work and careful management were required to bring it to a finished state of productiveness, but Mr. Kernes' enterprise was equal to the task and he now owns one of the really fine farms of the township, improved with everything necessary for a comfortable countr}- home. He has found the raising of wheat, corn, oats and hay profitable and has given much attention to good stock and high-grade cattle.

On July 27, 1857, Mr. Kernes was married to Elizabeth Deagle, who was born in Pennsylvania, and they have five children : George, a farmer of DeKalb County, Missouri ; Benjamin, a farmer of Clarion township ; Allen, a farmer of Marion township ; Jacob, a farmer on the homestead ; and Lucy, wife of Joseph W. Baker, of Marion township. ^Ir. and jMrs. Kern.cs have the satisfaction of knowing that their children are all well settled in life.

INIr. Kernes is a faithful fiicmber of the Free V\'i]l Baptist Church, a conscientious. Christian man. Politically, he has always voted the Democratic ticket and in every way has performed the duties of a good citizen in his township, serving, as occasion demanded, in local offices and for 21 years was a school director. He is well known all over his section of the county and is highly respected. In the years of the Civil War he was a member of the "Paw-Paw Militia," a sergeant in Company H, 81 st Regiment.

one of the leading and experienced medical practitioners of DeKalb, Buchanan County, a member of the wellknown drug firm of F. C. Reed & Company, of this place, is a citizen who is held in high and deserved esteemed throughout Buchanan County. Dr. Holloway was born at Rockport, Missouri, August 13. 1856, and is a son of William and Caroline ( Mullins) Holloway.

Both parents of Dr. Holloway are natives of Missouri and both are living. They had a family of five sons and one daughter born to them, namely : Charles L., of this sketch ; Thomas, a farmer of Auburn, Nebraska ; Baslia and William, twins, the latter of whom died March 6, 1897; Allie M., a farmer of Auburn, Nebraska; and Oliver M., a mechanic of St. Louis, Missouri.

Dr. Holloway's boyhood was spent on his father's farm and in attending the public schools of Rockport, in the near vicinity. He subsequently spent three years in the State Normal School at Kirksville, in his native State, and then entered the Ohio Medical College, at Cincinnati, where he was most creditably graduated in 1878. Although entitled to practice and entering the field in 1879, Dr. Holloway continued to be a close student. After six years of practical experience in Cincinnati, he entered the Kansas City Medical College and was graduated there in 1885 and followed this with a post-graduate course in the College of Physicians and Surgeons in the city of New York. With this thorough medical equipment, he located at Forest City, Missouri, where he continued in successful practice for the succeeding 10 years, and then, in 1896, established himself at DeKalb. Here he has engaged in practice more or less continuously for the past eight years, building up a professional and business reputation. The drug firm of F. C. Reed & Company, in which he is interested, is a leading business house of the town, carrying a complete line of standard drugs, with a graduate pharmacist in charge to fill prescriptions.

OL. JOSEPH A. FINER, one of the best-known citizens of St. Joseph, of which city he was mayor for four years, is now living in retirement after many years of business activity. Colonel Finer was born in Boone County, Kentucky, in 1820, and there was reared and spent his boyhood days, receiving his education in the common schools. In the early "forties" he was appointed sherifif of Campbell County, Kentucky, by the Governor, and subsequently was elected to that office, being the first incumbent after its change from an appointive to an elective office. He was engaged in the banking business at Campbell County, Kentucky, until i860, and two years later came West to St. Joseph. He traded property in Newport for some located in this city, where he started a general store. He had the misfortune to lose his store through a destructive fire, and thereafter engaged in various lines of business at dififerent times. He purchased and operated sawmills at Lake Contrary, and several years later embarked in the omnibus and transfer business. This he conducted alone for some time, then took as a partner Col. Elijah Gates, the firm becoming Finer & Gates. This business was sold out to Amos M. Brown in the "eighties" and is still conducted by him. From 1878 to 1882, Colonel Finer served as mayor of St. Joseph, and because the city's finances were in a depleted state, inaugurated the system of paying city debts in scrip, sometimes called "Piner's Scrip." It was in the nature of "necessity" money : at a later date all the scrip was redeemed by the city. Colonel Finer was elected to the State Legislature in 1896, on the Democratic ticket, and was reelected in 1898. He has retired from politics and business, and resides at his comfortable home at No. 402 South Eighth street. When 19 years of age, Colonel Finer was joined in marriage with Elizabeth Mains, of Kentucky, who died leaving three children, as follows : C. A., who died in Kentucky in early youth; W. A., who died in St. Joseph in 1863, aged 20 years; and Mrs. C. M. Massey, whose husband was identified with Mr. Finer in the omnibus business, and died in St. Joseph in 1888. Colonel Finer was again married, in 1853, to Sophia Bennett, of Kentucky, who died in St. Joseph, June 8, 1890. In politics, he has always been an enthusiastic worker for Democratic success. He is the oldest Mason in the city, having been a member for more than 50 vears of St. Joseph Lodge, No. 78, A. F. & A.' M. Religiously, he is a member of the Christian Church. Fie owns considerable valuable property in the city. Although past the age of 80 years, he is a very active man whom many would take to be many years younger. His has been a most active and useful career.

ON. CHARLES FREMONT COCHRAN, Member of Congress from the Fourdi Congressional District of ]\lissouri, from 1896 to 1904, was born in Kirksville, Adair County, Missouri, September 2y, 1848, and is a son of Dr. W. A. and Laetitia (Smith) Cochran.

removed to Weston, Platte County, in i857,^and to Atchison. Kansas, in i860. At all these points Mr. Cochran attended the public schools and then learned the printer's trade. He continued to be interested in newspaper work, both as compositor and editor, up to 1872, finding time, in the meantime, to study law, and in that year he was elected justice of the peace at Atchison. From that time until 1884 he was actively engaged in a large private practice, was elected prosecuting attorney of Atchison County, Kansas, and served two terms. During this time he gained much prominence both as counselor and as a pleader.

He early became prominent in political affairs in Kansas, a loyal son of Democracy, and very soon was counted one of the party's most cogent reasoners and effective debaters. However, his interests were still in journalistic work, to some degree, and in January, 1886, he became part owner and managing editor of the St. Joseph Gazette and continued to direct the policy of this paper until 1896, when he was first elected to Congress. In 1890, Congressman Cochran was elected to the State Senate, from the district embracing Buchanan County, and served effectively for four years. In 1896 he was sent to Congress by an admiring constituencv and it is only just to record that few men were ever accorded a more flattering recognition than he received during his first terms. In 1898 he was reelected, again in 1900 and in 1902. and was again a candidate in 1904.

At this time Mr. Cochran was opposed bv Hon. Francis M. Wilson, of Platte Countv and the contest was the most stubborn and memorable in the histor\- of the Platte Purchase. The three candidates who finally came forward for the suffrages of the people were : ]\Ir. Cochran, with 43 delegates from Buchanan County ; ^Mr. \\'ilson. with 36 delegates from Platte. Atchison and Holt counties ; and Charles F. Booher. of Savannah, with 31 delegates from Andrew and Nodaway counties. The convention met and a deadlock appeared after the first ballot, which continued, the convention adjourning from dav to day, without change, until the 1.03 Tst ballot was reached, when Nodaway County left ]\Ir. Booher and cast its vote for 'Mr. ^\'ilson, which gave him the nomination.

In 1874. Congressman Cochran was married to Louisa M. Webb, who was born in Leavenworth. Kansas, and they have one son. Charles "Webb, v.ho is engaged in fruit-growing in Howell

During his long public career. Congressman Cochran has ever been a champion of the laboring classes and an enemy of trusts and corporations in their eft'orts to disregard the rights of the people. He was one of the earliest and ablest advocates of the silver cause and is well informed on matters of finance and political economv.

HARLES W. GOFF, one of the wellknown citizens and successful small farmers and fruit-growers of Washington township, Buchanan County, owning 20 acres of highly cultivated land in section i. township 57, range 35. was bom April 28. 1849, in Platte County, ^lissouri, and is a son of Abbott P. Goft', formerly one of the most prominent men of St. Joseph.

Abbott P. Goft' was born at Clarksburg, \\vginia (nov\- West Mrginia), where the Goft' family has been prominent for generations. His father was sherift' of Harrison County, and his uncle, Hon. Nathan Goff, was a member of Congress. In 1843. Abbott P. Goff came to IMissburi and located at L'nion Mills, Platte County, entering into the operation of a mill there for a time, but later removed to St. Louis, where he conducted a banking business for seven years. In 1863 he came to St. Joseph and engaged in banking, insurance and expert accounting. His death took place in this city in 1884. Politically, he was a Demacrat. Religiously, the Goffs were members of the Chtirch of Christ.

Our subject was reared and educated at St. Joseph and then went to ]Macon County, ^Missouri, where he spent 1 1 years engaged in farming and stock-raising. He has occupied his present farm for the past 14 years. It was originally owned by his father-in-law. George Whitman, who was born in Germany in 1818, and died in 1887. ^Ir. \\'hitman came to New York when 20 years of age and was engaged for 12 years in farming in the vicinity of Lockport. New York. In 1852 he came to St. Joseph and soon bought 200 acres of land, which he operated until the close of his life. He married Christina Rentz. who was born in Germany, and died in 1870. leaving five children, namely: Louisa (Mrs. Robert Richter) : Christina (Mrs. Charles Koch) : Caroline, wife of our subject: Sophia (Mrs. Charles Roth) and

In 1874, Mr. Goft" was married to Caroline AMiitman, who was born April i, 1855, on our subject's present farm, in a brick house which is still standing. Mr. and 'Sirs. Gofif have nine children, viz: Olive (]\lrs. Lawrence Ozenberger) ; Addie (^Irs. William Boswell) ; Abbott P., who manages the farm ; George W., of Goldfield. Nevada ; William A., of St. Charles, Missouri ; Horace R., of the United States Navy ; David O. ; Susan J. ; and Louis F.

Mr. Goff and his son Abbott P. make good use of their rich farming land. They devote five acres to strawberries and two acres to blackberries and they give attention to 20 acres of rented land in addition to the amount contained in the homestead, raising fine vegetables and grains. The location, three miles east of the city limits of St. Joseph, makes their land especially valuable and gives them the best of markets for their produce. Politically, Air. Goft' is a Dem.ocrat.

ILLIAAI W^\RNER, a prominent farmer and stockman of ^^'ashington township, Buchanan County, owning in partnership with his brother George a fine farm of 210 acres in section 36, township 58. range 35, was born at St. Joseph, Missouri, March 15, i860. His brother GeTrge was born in Buchanan County, July 24, 1857. They are sons of George and Bclvina (Reastcr) Warner.

The father of our subject was born in Germany in 1 8 16, and came to America in young manhood, locating at St. Louis. He resided there imtil 1854, when he came to St. Joseph, where he lived one year and then rented a farm one mile east of the city, which he operated for five years. He then bought 50 acres of timberland, which is now included in the home farm, and this he cleared and cultivated until his death, which occurred in 1875. He was a very highly res])ected man and was an active member of the Republican party. He married Belvina Reaster. of St. Louis, who was born in Germany. She still survives and resides with her sons on the home farm. The family comprised two sons and two daughters, namely: Elizabeth, George, William and Mary, all at home.

210 acres. They have not only developed the land but have engaged largely in stock-raising and now own 25 head of cattle and 75 head of hogs. They devote 35 acres to corn and 20 acres to other grains, and have fine pastures, orchards and gardens. The family home is beautifully situated on an eminence and its surroundings sliow thrift and good management.

Politically, our subject and his brother are identified with the Republican party. In religious faith, they are Catholics. As honest, industrious, rc:-])onsible men, they enjoy the esteem of the neighborhood in which they have passed their entire lives.

ALL AS \^ELMAN, one of the substantial citizens and large farmers of ^^'aync township. Buchanan County, who resides on his fine farm of 338 acres, situated in section 30, was born November 14. 1844, on a farm about 13 miles southeast of St. Joseph, Missouri. He is a son of Dr. Peter C. and Keziah (Wadkins) \'elman. The Velman family is of Holland extraction, and Dr. Peter C. Velman was born at Amsterdam about 1798. He was educated there in medicine and for three years prior to coming to America served as surgeon on a Russion man-of-war. He was a man of 34 years when he came to the United States, landing at New York. Shortly afterward, he removed to Clay County, Missouri, where he resumed the practice of medicine. There he married a Mrs. Tolbert, who died soon after, and in 1839 he came to Buchanan County, locating one mile east of Agency Ford, where he continued to practice medicine until 1849. He then visited the gold fields of California, from which he returned in 185 1 with a fortune. Hesettled then in Wayne township, where he remained until the close of his life, in 1863.

Dr. Yclman was married a second time, in 1840, a lady of English jjarentage, named Keziah Wadkins, becoming his wife. They had issue as follows : Henry : Hamilton; Dallas: Louisa; Allison; Peter, of .\ndrew County, r\[issouri ; Elizabeth and Matilda (twins) ; and Ann Eliza. The mother of this family survived her husban ' almost 20 years, dying in 1882. Dr. Velman in addition to being a physician of skill, was a gifted linguist, fluently speaking six dift'erent languages. Dallas \^elman, our immediate subject, never had his father's educational advantages, having had the cares of the large family thrown upon his shoulders when only 19 years of age. Inherited mental quickness and an observing nature had to take the place of schooling, and that he is now a man better informed than the majority of his neighbors is owing entirely to his own individual efforts. He remained with his mother until he was 26 years of age. In 1871 he married and then moved to his present farm where he has been engaged in farming ever since.* In addition to this valuable propert}', he owns a farm of no acres in Brown County, Kansas.

On July 13, 1871. Mr. Velman was married to Sarah S. Mark, a daughter of Joseph Mark, a farmer of Buchanan County, and they have had four children, viz: Martin H., who died at the age of 17 years; a child which died in infancy; Luretta Vernon, who married Charles E. Matthews, a farmer of Wayne township, and has one son, - \^elman ; and Cassie, who resides at home. The family home is one of the most comfortable and attractive ones in Wayne township, - an elegant residence surrounded by well-kept grounds.

Mr. Velman may be called a self-made man for his success in life has all been achieved through his own efforts. He is respected and esteemed by all who know him and his acquaintance is wide.

EXERAL W. CARREL. .St. Joseph, Missouri, has, among her many esteemed residents, a number of retired farmers, who, after years of industry in agricultural pursuits, elect to spend their evening of life in comfort and well-earned ease in the social environments of city life. One of the well-known men of this class is found in General W. Carrel, whose comfortable home is situated at No. 514 North 22nd street. Mr. Carrel was born in Clay County, Missouri, in September, 1832 ,and is a son of John and Elizabeth (Stubblefield) Carrel.

The parents of our subject were born, reared and married in Tennessee. John Carrel was probably of Irish extraction. At a very early date in the settlement of Clay, County, Missouri, he located there with his family, securing a large tract of the wild prairie land to which he added by purchase. Later in life he removed to De- Kalb County and there both he and his wife died. Their children were: Nathaniel, Robert, William, George, Major and Nancy, all deceased; Fannie; Martha, deceased; General \Y., of this

The boyhood of our subject was spent in hard work on his father's farm, with absolutely no chance to attend any kind of a school. He grew to manhood well-trained, however, in all agricultural pursuits and possessed of that sound business sense which, under all conditions, is the foundation of all practical success. He married at the age of 20 years and started into farming for himself, buying land in DeKalb County. Later he traded this for land in Clay County, but bought a second time in DeKalb County and was operating a farm there when the Civil War broke out.

In 1862, when excitement ran high, Mr. Carrel enlisted for army service, at Stewartsville, Missouri, entering Company H, Fourth Reg., Missouri A'ol. Cav., and was soon thereafter sent to Jefferson City. During the whole two }ears of service, Mr. Carrel was in poor health, not sick enough to be discharged, but too ill to perform his duties with any degree of comfort. It was during this enforced period of absence from home that he realized the noble qualities of his most estimable wife. Left alone on the farm, with five little children, she bravely took upon herself not only the accustomed duties of her absent husband, but cared for and provided for her young family. She cut wood, operated the farm, harvested the crops and hauled her wheat to St. Joseph and sold it there. Every part of the farm was forced to add to the income, and her poultry, eggs, butter and cheese were all disposed of by herself in the neighboring city. Mr. Carrel remained on the farm in DeKalb County until 1 87 1, when he rented it. He sold it subsequently and bought his present comfortable home in St. Joseph in 1872. Since locating here he has done some teaming, but for the past four

In 1852, Mr. Carrel was married to Virginia Bays, who was born in Fayette County, Virginia, and is a daughter of W^illiam and Margaret (Jenkins) Bays, both of whom were born in Fayette County. They were the first settlers in DeKalb County, Missouri, where Mr. Bays was a large flax grower and a man of considerable prominence. Both he and his wife died in that county. Mr. and Mrs. Bays had 11 children, the three stirvivors of the family being: }iiilcs. of Caldwell County, Missouri; ]\lartha, wife of

Mr. and j\Irs. Carrel have had seven children, namely: Sarah, who is the wife of Marshall Smith, of Clarksdale, Missouri ; William, who is a carpenter, living at Clarksdale ; Edward Alexander, who is a carpenter at Portland, Oregon ; Jackson, who is a farmer in DeKalb County ; Burr H., who resides at Clarksdale ; and Margaret and Belle, both deceased.

Although he has never sought office, Mr. Carrel has always been interested in public affairs and has actively supported the principles and candidates of the Republican party. Both he and his wife are members of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church.

Hard toil and persevering industry were required of our esteemed subject and his estimable wife for many years. They thus converted their wild land into a comfortable home. Conditions in this section of Missouri were very dififerent 50 years ago and the hardships faced by Mr. and Mrs. Carrel were such as tried their endurance but never weakened their affection for each other. Their "Gc*den Wedding," which anniversary was celebrated on June 20, 1901, was an occasion long to be remembered. Surrounded by their children, whom they had reared with prudence and wisdom, preparing them for all the duties of life, and congratulated by friends of many years, they passed this milestone, happy that they had been spared to reach it together. Mr. and Mrs. Carrel, whose portraits are shown on a preceding page, are much beloved in St. Joseph and their many friends hope that they may be able to see other pleasant anniversaries.

RANK J. MOSS, one of the prominent business men of St. Joseph, who is president and manager of the Huttig- AIoss Alanufacturing Company, of this city, was born ]\Iarch 20, 1863, at Portage City, Wisconsin, and is a son of Thomas and Fannie (Bonell) Moss.

The parents of Mr. Moss, who were born at Liverpool, England, came to the United States in 1847, settling on a farm near JMoundsville, Wisconsin. In 1861. Thomas Moss enlisted in the Union Army, entering Company I, Eighth Wisconsin Heavy Artillery, under General Guppy. His service was confined to the West. At IMissonary Ridge he was so severely wounded that he was sent home and died nine da}-s later, leaving his widow with seven children, - two daughters and five sons, - of which family our subject is the youngest. The mother still survives and lives at the old home at Portage City, Wisconsin.

Frank J. Moss was employed on the farm until the age of 16 years and secured his education in the schools of his native place. He entered into business in the employ of his brother, T. F. Moss^ who conducted a picture frame and molding manufactory at Hudson, Wisconsin, and there he learned all the practical details of the business during his two years stay. He then traveled a year as a representative of the Eastman Dry Plate Company, of Rochester, New York. ]\lr. Moss then conducted a photographic and picture frame business at Iowa City, Iowa, for one year and then entered into the employ of the Huttig Brothers' Manufacturing Company, at Muscatine and traveled for this house, making large jobbing points from Philadelphia in the East to many sections of the South and West. In 1893 he came to St. Joseph as the firm's representative and established a branch house here.

In the following year this business was incorporated and Mr. Moss became manager and president of the company. He has other business interests, being secretary and general manager of the Huttig-]\ioss Lumber Company of Louisiana, which was incorporated in 1902. He is also vicepresident of the Waverly Wooden Works, a corporation which has just been formed in St. Joseph.

When Mr. Moss first took charge of the business of Huttig Brothers here, the plant was located in a two-story iron-clad building, 100 by 200 feet in dimensions, located on Fourth and Locust streets. It now occupies two city blocks with 163.000 square feet of floor space. The offices and warehouses occupy a two-story brick building 241 feet long and no wide, on the west side of Fourth street, and another frame building 366 feet long by 40 feet in width, also two stories in height. On the east side of the street is the factory, three stories and basement, 90 by 200 feet, and the remainder of the building space is covered with lumber sheds. The company gives employment to 200 men and the pay-roll is $135,- 000 annually. Eight traveling men cover the trade territory, which extends 150 miles to the East, as far West as the Pacific Coast and as far South as the Gulf of Mexico. The Huttig-Moss Lumber Company owns 200,000,000 feet of

In 1896 JMr. AIoss was married to Grace Flint, who was born at St. Joseph and is a daughter of John D. and ]\Iary (Bell) Flint. They have one daughter, Frances, now six years of age. Mr. Moss belongs to the Country, Benton and Commercial clubs and is an Elk. As a good citizen he is interested in politics and is identified with the Republican party. He is vice-president of the Missouri World's Fair Commission at St. Louis.

AWSON ELLIOTT, one of the prominent farmers and mtich respected citizens of Rush township, Buchanan County, who resides on his well-improved farm of 200 acres in section 25, was born in Aladison County, Kentucky, January 28, 1833, and is a son of Burgess and Nancy (Larimore) Elliott.

This family originated in England and was founded by an early ancestor in Virginia, whence drifted one branch to Kentucky, where Burgess Elliott was born. He was reared and educated in Madison County, where he followed farming until April, 1845. "^vhen he came to Buchanan County, Missouri. Here, in the same pursuit, he spent the remainder of his active life, dying in 1880.

Burgess Elliott married Nancy Larimore, who was also born in Madison County, Kentucky, and was a daughter of Abraham Larimore, who was a farmer and blacksmith there. They had issue as follows : Abraham, deceased ; Dawson, of this sketch : Henry, a farmer of Oklahoma Territory : Burgess, deceased ; Elizabeth, wife of Madison Fenton ; Phoebe, wife of Greenup Sutton ; Nancy, wife of Julius Perkins, of Plattsburg, Missouri ; Levi P., deceased ; and Milton and Mary, deceased. Burgess Elliott was a consistent member of the Christian Church and for many years was a deacon and elder. Politically, he was a Democrat.

Dawson Elliott, our immediate subject, was afforded excellent educational opportunities, attending school until he was 21 years of age and completing the course of the Irvin Valley Pligh School. On starting upon his own business career, he chose farming as his occupation and settled in Rush township, having here a farm of 200 acres, which he has placed under the highest state of cultivation. His improvements include a beautiful home with pleasant surroundings, and barns, buildings and orchards, in fact all that contributes to the pleasure and profit of agricultural life.

On July 9, 1854, Mr. Elliott was married to Elizabeth Argabright, who was a daughter of John Argabright, a farmer and carpenter now living in Nebraska. Mrs. Elliott died February 5, 1894. She was a faithful member of the Christian Church. They had a family of nine children, as follows : Nina, who married Monroe T. Connor, of Nebraska, and has six children, - Lemuel, Eva, Gertie, Earl, Ray and Mabel ;Emma, who died in childhood ; Nellie, wife of James Keller; Edmund, of Omaha; Dawson, Jr., a promising youth, who died while attending school at Platte City ; Betty, who married Thomas Allison, a farmer of Rush township, and has six children, - Grace, Guy, Vivian, Eunice, Jasper D. and Lois ; Lulu ; John, who married Katherine Reesner, of Kansas ; and Rosa, who died in infanc}".

During his long residence in Rush township, IMr. Elliott has always taken an active part in all that has promised to add to the public welfare, has contributed liberally to educational and religious organizations and has ever given his infiuence in the direction of temperance and morality. He is well known and most highly respected. His political sentiments are in accord with the Democratic party. For many years he has been a leading elder in the Christian Church at Sugar Creek.

OHX GLEICH. one of the highly respected and substantial farmers of Buchanan County, owning 220 acres of fine land in section 25, township 58, range 35, and section 30, township 58, range 34, in Washington township, has retired from business activity after an active life of many years. He was born in Germany, April 15, 1830. ]\Ir. Gleich obtained his schooling in his native land and came to America in 1854. He made the voyage in a sailing vessel, which kept him on the stormy ocean for 43 days, but finally landed him safely at New Orleans. From that city . he went to St. Louis, Missouri, and two months later came to St. Joseph. Here he followed the baker's trade for several years and then bought 40 acres of land in Marion township, on the Platte River. This he farmed until 1865. when he bought his present farm, where he has lived ever since. He owns 220 acres, and, considering that he came to the United States with little capital except his youth, energy and habits of industry, it is a A'cry good showing. Although he always worked hard until he retired, he is still ver\" active and is one of the best informed men in his locality. His farm produces very abundantly, grain being grown very successfully, with otlier products. The land is now under rental.

Mr. Gleich was united in marriage with Rebecca Brosi. who was born in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. They have had four children, the three survivors being : ]\lartha, Emma N. and Frank, of St. Joseph. Henry is deceased.

\MES M. WILSON, one of the leading members of the Buchanan County bar, was l:)orn December 29, 1857, near De- Kalb, Buchanan County, Missouri, and is a son of Jasper and ^lary (Garton) Wilson.

The Wilson family, in some of its branches, can still be found in di liferent parts of North Carolina, in which State Jasper Wilson, the greatgrandfather of James ]\I. Wilson, was born, and there married Jane Shannon, of Scotch-Irish descent. Four sons and one daughter were born to them, viz : James, William. Jasper, Quentin, and Annie, who became the wife of Joseph Chenowelh. In 1812 they removed to Orange County. Indiana, settling in the woods on the confines of civilization, and there a home was made and the great-grandfather died in June., 1826, on Honey Creek. His widow, born in 1774. survived him manv years, dying in Illinois in 1855.

James W'ilson. the grandfather of James M., was born in North Carolina, in January, 1797. and was 15 years old when he accompanied his father to Indiana. He continued his father's farming operations in Orange County, and married Priscilla iNIoore, who was born in 1798 in Tennessee. Their children were nine in number, the father of our subject being the second in order of birth. In t8i8 James Wilson received a commission as captain of militia and took part in numerous skirmishes with the Indians. He also served as a justice of the peace. In i8;^5 he was at Chicago and he took part in the Black Hawk War. In T837, James Wilson moved into Missouri and settled with his family in the woods in Buchanan County, before it was organized as such. Pie preempted a claim when Sparta was still known as Sactown and its site was covered with the wigwams of the Indians. Deer still freely roamed through the forest, many wolves and some bear still remained, while geese and wild turkeys gave abundant opportunity for the Inniter. The old preemption house on the present home farm stood imtil but recently and was probably the oldest house in the count}'. Both James Wilson and his son Hamilton were martvrs to their lovaltv. in 1861.

Jasper Wilson, father of our subject, was born in Orange County. Indiana, in 1822 and, after coming- to ^Missouri, with his brothers assisted his father in clearing up the farm and fencing the place. Oxen were used to break up the land and grub out the roots. Although the first corn was planted almost on the top of the ground, the soil was so fertile that a good }ield was realized and he was able to raise plenty of vegetables without much effort. All the grinding had to be done at Smithville, a distance of 30 miles, the trip to and fro, with the ox team, consuming from 10 to 12 days. Later, mills were erected much nearer, at Platte City in Platte County, the schools and churches and other improvements which had been started by his father grew and flourished and the tide of civilization continued to sweep on. Many of those who wrought and toiled did not live to see the realization of their hopes, but their descendants enjoy the fruits of their endeavors.

Among Jasper Wilson's recollections of those pioneer days are many of a most interesting character. He recalls when fires were made by means of the flint and on manv occasions he has gone to a neighbor to borrow "a little fire." The evening lamp in the early days consisted of a cup of lard with a twisted wick, but later 'Sir. Wilson assisted his mother in the molding of candles. Plis present farm of t6o acres is located in section 14, Bloomington township, this being the first land he cultivated after reaching his majority. He later removed to section 22, where he lived for 19 years near Sugar Creek. It contained 130 acres which he cleared and fenced and otherwise improved, but in 1867 he moved back to his present farm.

Jasper Wilson married Tvlary Garton. who was born in 1824 and died in 1887. She was a daughter of Zachariah Garton. who came to Buchanan County in 1838 and located near DeKalb. where he died in 1853.

ing the Civil War he was in the army for a time, with the rank of lieutenant. He has always taken a prominent part in local matters, assisting in the building of schools, the improving of the highwa}s and the founding of churches and charitable institutions. He served many years as a school director and was also road overseer for a considerable period. Although now past 82 years of age, he retains in a remarkable degree the vigor of youth. He has done so much, has seen so much and can intelligently look back over such a long period of the exciting history of Buchanan County, that a visit to him, on the old farm, is one of the greatest enjoyment and profit.

James M. Wilson grew up on the old home in Bloomington township and received his early educational training in the log school house which stood near his home. He remained with his father until 188 1, and then engaged in teaching school, at the same time entering upon the study of the law. In May, 1886, he passed his examinations and was admitted to the bar, and has continued in active practice ever since, and has made an enviable name for himself in Buchanan County.

On July 19, 1892, Mr. Wilson was united in marriage with Gertrude Minor, who was born at Stockbridge, Missouri, and is a daughter of the late Dr. John Elinor, a very prominent physician of that locality. Mr. and Mrs. W^ilson have two children, Robert Nye and Bernice.

Mr. Wilson naturally is a Republican, both by inheritance and conviction. On a number of occasions he has been honored by his party by being selected as a standard-bearer, and in 1888 was defeated for city attorney by a very small majority. In the same year he was nominated for prosecuting attorney, but declined to accept. From 1898 to 1900 he served as chairman of the Republican County Central Committee. He now holds the office of city counselor of St. Joseph, having been appointed to that position by ]\Iayor C. J. Borden in April, 1903.

Fraternally, Mr. Wilson is a member of Enterprise Lodge, No. 282, I. O. O. F. ; Zeredatha Lodge. No. 189, A. F. & A. M. : Pride of the W^est Lodge, No. 42, Ancient Order of United W^orkmen ; and Missouri Camp, No. 1883, Modern W'oodmen of America.

Mr. Wilson is a worthy representative of one of the oldest and best families of Bloomington township, but this is not his only claim to the high esteem in which he is held. As a citizen of St. Joseph, he has taken an active part in her upbuilding, has been interested in various successful business enterprises and has honorably and ably filled a place in his profession.

HOMAS BUFORD ALLEN, senior member of the well-known, reliable law firm of Allen & Mayer and the popular aspirant for judicial honors on the Circuit bench of Buchanan County, is a son of the late Judge N. B. and Sarah (Bollinger) Allen and belongs to a family which has given to Missouri more than her quota of lawyers and some of the most brilliant legal lights of the State. His brother^ Albert O. Allen, is State Auditor, an office previously held for two terms by a brother-in-law. Judge Thomas Holliday, while Hon. James D. Fox (whose wife is a first cousin), occupies a seat on the Supreme bench of the State. The ancestors of Mr. Allen have been so closely identified with the growth of Missouri since its earliest days that the facts have become a matter of history and need no especial mention by us. The Bollingers were among the earliest pioneers and it was in their honor that the county of that name was called. There Sarah (Bollinger) Allen was born, while Fredericktown, which was named for her uncle Frederick, was ""the birthplace of her son Thomas Buford Allen, who was born March 26, 1868. Judge N. B. Allen was born in Madison County in 1821, was a man of much more than ordinary ability and gained and held an envied place among the leading attorneys of the State. As probate judge he was admitted to have few equals, his fair and impartial interpretation of all points winning the good will and friendship of all counsel, even in the most bitterly contested cases. He was serving his fifth term at the time of his death in July, 1902. His brother, L. C. Allen, is a colonel in the United States Army (regulars), being a graduate of West Point.

After attending school in Fredericktown and teaching a few terms in Madison County, Thomas Buford Allen entered the State University of Missouri at Colvmibia, where he was a close student for three years. He read law with Hon. B. B. Cahoon, of Fredericktown. for a time and then entered the law school of Georgetown University, at Washington. D. C, from which he graduated with the class of 1891 ; in the following year he took post-graduate work. In the meantime, from Ojctober. 1889, until .August. 1893, he had been employed in the office of the Judge Advocate General, in the War Department at Washington, receiving the appointment after a competative examination under the civil service law. Not wishing to spend the best years of his life in this manner, ^Iv. Allen resigned in August, 1893, and returned to his native State where he at once formed a partnership with Air. Sherwood, with whom he was associated at St. Joseph, under the name of Sherwood & Allen until July, 1898. He has established a reputation as a keen, clearsighted and careful lawyer and has the confidence of the public which has resulted in a large patronage among the most desirable class of clients. Mr. Allen puts his entire energy into his work and it is this vim and ardor which has led to his remarkable success. He has acted as attorney for the county collector for the past five years, and for six years has been a member of the faculty of Ensworth Medical College, in which he is professor of medical jurisprudence.

Air. Allen was married in New Madrid, Missouri, November 10, 1892, to Emma Hunter, daughter of Joseph Hunter. On March 20, 1903, she entered the life beyond and was laid to sleep beneath the budding branches of a newly awakening springtime. Two little children were left to comfort their father: Joseph Hunter Allen, aged six years ; and Thomas B. Allen, Jimior, aged three. Mr. Allen is prominent in fraternal circles, being a member of the Knights of Pvthias ; M. W. A. ; B. P. O. E. ; I. O. R. M. ; Knights and Ladies of Security ; Yeomen ; and American Guild. He is attorney for several of the local lodges and also for the mercantile agency of R. G. Dun & Company. He is an active Democrat and a very popular gentleman.

RCH. COOPER, one of the prominent and enterprising men of Rushville, Buchanan County, operating a grain l)usincss and a butcher shop in the town, was born in Daviess County, Missouri, October 9. 1854, and is a son of Charles and Aramantha (Powell) Cooper.

The father of our subject was born in 1834, at Greenwichburg, Kentucky, where he followed the vocation of farming until he came to Alissouri, a pioneer settler in Daviess County. He cleared up a farm there and operated it until 1869. when he came to Buchanan County, located in Rush township and continued to farm until his death, in 1904. He married Aramantha Powell, a daughter of Benjamin Powell, a well-known farmer of Greenwichburg, Kentucky, and they had a family of 11 children, of whom only two - Arch, and James - are now living. Barney, Frank, Benjamin, Elizabeth and Levi are among those deceased. Frank, who was a resident of Arkansas, died November 6, 1904. The mother of this family died in 1895. Air. Cooper was a prominent and influential member of the Democratic party, but never sought office.

Arch. Cooper attended school in Daviess County and completed his education in the schools of Buchanan County at the age of 14 years. He then began farming on the home place and assisted his father until he attained his majority. His inclinations not being in the direction of agriculture, he has devoted his attention mainly to mercantile pursuits, for 10 years operating a general mercantile business at Rushville. At present he deals only in grain and since June, 1904, has operated a first-class meat store. He is accounted one of the leading business men of this busy town, a man of honesty and uprightness, who commands the respect of his fellow citizens.

On August 18, 1879, ^^i"- Cooper was married to Alollie Gabbert, a- daughter of Ransom Gabbert, a prominent farmer of Lake township. They have three children : Nettie, Ruby and Archie.

Air. Cooper has always been identified with the Democratic party. Like his father, he is no office seeker, upholding only the principles he believes to be right, without a desire for political reward.

OSEPH LILIGER, one of the prominent and successful farmers of Washington township. Buchanan County, residing on a well-cultivated farm of 58 acres located in sections 30 and 31, township 58, range 35, not far from the City \\'ater-\\'orks of St. Joseph and the Alissouri River, was born in Prussia. Germany, in September, 1831. He was reared a farmer, that being the calling of his parents, Frank and Alaria (Parker) Liliger.

After obtaining a good, common-school education, he learned the trade of blacksmith and worked at it until he came to the United States, in 1853. Landing at Baltimore, Alaryland, he spent some time in New Orleans, then came to St. Joseph. Alissouri, in 1858. Here he opened up a blacksmith shop and worked at his trade \-ery profitably until 1862, when he closed his shop on IMain street and retired to his farm, he had purchased in the previous year. Tliis was, at the time, all brush land and some 3-ears passed before ^Ir. Liliger had cleared it and brought it to a proper state of cultivation. It is now one of the best farms of the township, noted for its fertility. J\lr. Liliger has proven himself as good a farmer as he was a blacksmith and devotes the greater part of his attention to agricultural matters, although the little shop on his land shows that he still enjoys work at the forge and anvil. Probably this exercise in part accounts for his' activity, in spite of his 73 years. He raises corn, vegetables, grapes and fruit, and, account of his farm being situated only a little over two miles from St. Joseph, he has a fine market there. Mr. Liliger owns other valuable property, a farm of 320 acres, in Butler County, Kansas. He is considered one of the substantial men of Washington township, and has accumulated his property entirely through his own industry,

Mr. Liliger was married first, at St. Joseph, to Mary Stump, who died and left three children, namely : Frank ; Joseph, who manages the home place ; and Rachel. ]\Ir. Liliger's second marriage was to Mary Thomas, who was born in Hardin County, Kentucky, and came with her parents to Missouri in 1851, when six years of age. She is a daughter of William Thomas, who was a native of Kentucky, and later a prominent farmer of DeKalb County, Missouri. One son was born to this marriage, James. Mrs. Liliger is a most estimable lady, an excellent housewife and good manager. Mr. Liliger belongs to the Catholic Church and his wife to the Baptist Church. In politics, Mr. Liliger is a Democrat,

\TTONIO ARENA, president of the Arena Fruit Company, which conducts extensive business houses at St. Joseph and Kansas City, Missouri, is one of the most enterprising business citizens of the former city, where he has lived continuously since i88q. The business of which he is the head was established by him and is one of considerable importance in Western Missouri and the adjoining States.

removed to St. Louis and two years later, in February, 1880, came with his wife to St, Joseph, Missouri. Here he established a small fruit store on Market square, and met with such success as to necessitate a change to a more favorable location. In 1881 he moved to Frederick avenue, in 1883 to Edmond street, and still later to the corner of Third and Felix streets. At this time he formed a partnership with A. G. Ohio, under the firm name of Arena, Ohio & Company, which continued for three years. Mr. Arena then continued alone at Nos. 210-212 South Third street, where he has since remained. He was the very first to bring car-load shipments of bananas and other fruits to St. Joseph and became the leading merchant in the fruit and commission business along the Missouri River. In 1901 he established a fruit business in Kansas City, Missouri, and in 1904 his interests were incorporated under the title of the Arena Fruit Company, of which he is president. He does almost all of the buying himself, and frequently makes trips to California to buy fruit directly of the grower. He has a thorough knowledge of all the details of the business and is a man of keen foresight and good business judgment. The success attained by" him has come wholly through his own efiforts, and through honest business methods he has become firmly established in the good will of the people of this city and all with whom he has been brought in contact, either socially or in business. He is public-spirited and is deeply interested in all such projects and undertakings as 'tend to develop the city.

Mr. Arena was joined in matrimonv with Augusta A. Fossati, who was born in Bufifalo, New York, in 1862, and is a daughter of Joseph and Marie (Spaghettia) Fossati, both of whom were natives of Italy and late in life residents of St. Louis, Missouri. This union was productive of the following ofifspring: Vincent Mathias ; Joseph Fossati ; John Stern Antonio : Anthony S. ; Louis Gale ; and Sylvester C. Politically,^ our subject has always been independent and has voted for the men best qualified for office.

OHN KAY KERCHEVAL, who is now retired from business activity, is a wellknown citizen of St. Joseph, where he and his family were pioneers. He comes of a distinguished family, which has

The Kcrcheval family is of French origin. In 1635, during the oppression of the Huguenots, two brothers of this name went from France to London, England, where one subsequently died. The other, in 1699, came to America with his family and settled on the James River in \'irginia. In the line of descent we find that one of this famtly married Aliss Ball, a sister of George Washington's mother. John Kercheval, grandfather of our subject, was born in Tennessee and was an iron manufacturer. He conducted the old rolling mills at Fort Donelson until they were destroyed by fire and subsequently removed to Alissouri. W'ith his sons he entered land in Buchanan County, Missouri, in the early "forties."

Capt. Franklin B. Kercheval, father of John Kav, was born in Pulaski Countv, Tennessee, on July 9, 1817, and he and his wife preceded his parents to St. Joseph. He located on a farm four miles east of St. Joseph, and removed in 1849 to the city, where he conducted a hardware store for five years. In company with some other gen-' tlemen, he went to Louisville, Kentucky, where the steamer "Omaha" w'as built, and was made captain of that boat, which plied between St. Louis and Sioux City. Fie afterward built the packet boat "Hesperion," of which he was captain until it was destroyed by fire in 1862. Returning then to St. Joseph, he engaged in the wholesale grocery business for a time, then purchased the steamer "Omaha," which he conducted until 1864. His next commercial venture was in fitting out 50 wagons, four oxen to a wagon, to go to \'irginia City. Idaho. In that city he engaged with our subject in the wholesale grocery business for four years, and in 1868 returned to St. Joseph, where he built the Eagle mills, now owned by the R. H. Faucett Mill Company. During his last years he turned his attention to real estate, in which he had large investments. He became a very w^ealthy man and at one time was required to pay more in taxes than anv other man of the county. AMiile in Montana he laid out Kercheval City, at the mouth of Mussel Shell River. He was an elder in the Presbyterian Church, and was an active church worker. His death occurrred in ^larch, t886. The mother or our subject, whose maiden name was Helen Kay, was born in Hopkinsville, Kentucky.

John Kay Kercheval was born in Buchanan County, Missouri, in 1848, and received his education in the public schools of the county. He later attended the State I'niversity of Missouri, at Columbia. aft(M- which he engaged in business in Montana with nis father as related above. Returning to St. Joseph, he engaged in the grain business for many years, and met with a high degree of success. He also served as deputy city engineer during the Hosea administration, under his brother-in-law, Thomas M. Long. Politically, he is aftiliated with the Democratic party. In 1896. he sustained a stroke of paralysis, aiid has since that time lived in retirement. He is a man of strong character, and has many lifelong friends throughout the community.

On Alay 14, 1872, at Kansas City, Missouri, Mr. Kercheval was united in marital bonds with Ella Sites, a native of that city. Her father, Andrew J. Sites, was of English ancestry and came of a prominent Virginia family. He removed with his parents to Saline County, Missouri, in his youth. He located in Kansas City, where he was married and started on his business career, only to be cut down by the "grim reaper" - Death - at the early age of 22 years. His widow, whose maiden name was Ann Threlkeld, was born in Kentucky. Her father was one of the early settlers on the town-site of Kansas City, his large farm adjoining Market square. His wafe was Julia Kercheval, whose mother, a Reynolds, was directly descended frfom the noted artist. Sir Joshua Reynolds. Mrs. Threlkeld died in California in 1 89 1, aged 87 years, while on a visit to Los Angeles. Mrs. Sites, after the death of her husband, became tlie wife of Hon. M. D. Trefren, an attorney-at-law and judge of the Circuit Court at Kansas City. Mr. Kercheval has two living sisters, namely : Minie, wife of Thomas M. Long, of Alton, Illinois; and Fannie J., wife of John K. Thorpe, of St. Joseph.

Mrs. Kercheval, wife of our subject, received a superior education in Mary Institute at St. Louis, from which she was graduated with the class of 1868. Since her marriage she has resided at St. Joseph. For a period of 22 years she was editor of the society columns in the St. Joseph Gazette and Herald, and also wrote for the Kansas City and St. Louis papers for a number of years. A portion of this work she was obliged to give up because of the great demand upon her time and strength. She is considered a leader in the literary and social -circles of the city. For the past 22) years, Mrs. Kercheval has been identified with the public schools of St. Joseph, first teaching in the Washington School three years, and then becoming principal of the Floyd School. .She is first vice-president of the Women's Press Club, and president of the Kercheval Study

Jacob Madinger

Circle, of which she is the founder. Mr. and Mrs. Kercheval are well-known to the citizens of this city and vicinity, where they, have many friends of long years standing.

ACOB MADINGER. The death of Jacob Madinger, on May 2'^, 1897. at his beautiful home on the corner of Scott and 20th streets, St. Joseph, removed from this city one whom his fellow citizens had many reasons to esteem and revere. He was at the head of many of the earlier enterprises which resulted in permanent good to the city and was ever ready, through life, to contribute time, talent and means to promote its welfare.

The late Jacob Madinger was born in Stuttgart. Wurtemberg, Germany, February 10, 1822, and was a son of Jacob Madinger. who died at the age of 96 years. The latter served in the German Army through the war of 181 2- 15 and was given a medal for valiant services.

Mr. Madinger was the eldest of his parents' four children. He remained at home until 1834, when he came to America, in company with an uncle, Emanuel Siebold, locating first at Louisville, Kentucky. There he was apprenticed to the butcher business and his first wages were $60 a year. In 1849 he made a trip to the West and visited Buchanan County, being particularly pleased with the business prospects of St. Joseph. He had the ability to foresee what this straggling town might become, from its geographical location, and ere long had decided to cast in his lot with the residents here. His father had been a farmer and vine grower and the youth had learned much of the business. In the fall of 1850 he settled permanently at St. Joseph and immediately began a vineyard, which was the first one laid out in the county. Two years after his arrival, he had 400 vines in growing condition, having bought them at Cincinnati and shipped them by boat to St. Joseph. These were mainly of the hardy Catawba and Isabella varieties, and they flourished in their new situation so well that Mr. Madinger felt encouraged to make more outlay. He began buying every new variety that had been developed and these he studied and propagated, so that he had at one time in his vineyard as manyas 60 dififerent varieties. His fruit farm became a great attraction and brought people from long distances to see something so complete and so novel. Mr. Madinger did not confine himself to his graperies, but extended his enterprise. He had large greenhouses and fountains plaved in various parts of the grounds, being supplied from hidden, reservoirs.

In the spring of 1852 he purchased a farm of 20 acres which was then two miles from St. Joseph, but is now included within the city limits. Here he laid out a new vineyard and devoted three acres to orchards. He also built a vault and a wine cellar, intending to go largely into the manufacture and storage of port wine.' His business was in a very prosperous state when the Civil War broke out and many of his plans were overturned. His sympathies were with the Union forces and he served all through the war as a member of the State militia, belo'nging to the first company organized at St. Joseph.

Mr. Madinger had many practical and progressive ideas. Soon after locating here, he built on Market square, a small shop, 10 by t6 feet in dimensions, which was the third building put up near the square and for the building of which he had to bring lumber from Savannah. At a later date, when the city built a Market House, he took the first two booths, which he occupied until he sold out to Benjamin Ullman. For a number of years he had a contract for supplying the best river boats with meat, - a large commission. It was Mr. Madinger who built the first ice house at St. Joseph and proved boweasily this luxury could be made a necessity.

On May 15, 1848, at Louisville, Kentucky, Mr. Madinger was married to Rosina Yant. She is a daughter of Jacob Yant, who w^as born in Switzerland and came to America in 1817. He was a cabinet-maker by trade and located in this business at Pittsburg. Pennsylvania. In 1834 he removed to Louisville, Kentucky, and embarked there in a cooperage business wdiich he followed until 1850, when he removed with Mr. and Mrs. ALadinger to St. Joseph, where he died at the age of 84 years. Mrs. Madinger is the second member of a family of eight children. One of her brothers, Jacob Yant. deserves especial mention as he died a martyr to his country. He was in the Union service, a member of the 80th Illinois Regiment, with the rank of sergeant. After being taken prisoner, he was incarcerated at Andersonville Prison, from which place he finally escaped, but was wounded at the l)attlc of Lookout Mountain and died luly 3, 1864. ill a hospital at Nashville.

which his widow still occupies, at No. 2002 South 20th street. In 1891 he laid out 10 acres of his place in lots, which are called Madinger's First Addition to St. Joseph. He assisted in securing the Hannibal &St. Joseph Railroad, helped in the purchase of the Fair Grounds and was foremost in all that pertained to the city's development. Formerly, he was a member and director of the Buchanan Agricultural and Horticultural Society, of which he was vice-president for a number of years.

Politicaliv, Mr. ]\Iadinger was a stanch Republican. He assisted in starting the first lodge in ]vIasonry at St. Joseph and belonged also to the Druids, but in his advanced years became inactive in both organizations. He was a most worthy member of the German Lutheran Church, to which his widow also belongs, and was always a liberal contributor to its support. There are many men in the world but there are none too many of the strength and moral fiber of the late Jacob IMadinger, whose portrait is shown on a foregoing page.

E\'. ^ I ART IX HUGHES, who is widely known throughout Northwestern Missouri, which was the field of his long service in the ministry, is now living in happy retirement in the companionship of his wife at their home on Ashland avenue, just without the limits of the city of St. Joseph. He is one of the pioneer resident of this county, having lived here since he was nine years of age.

Mr. Hughes was born in Lee County, Virginia, January 15, 1828, and is a son of Elias and Rachel (Gi'lley) Hughes. His grandfather, Isaac Hughes, was born in Ireland and came to 'Virginia with his father when young. Elias Hughes was born in Russell County, \' irginia, in 1803, and in 1837, when our subject was nine years of age, came to the Platte Purchase in Missouri, locating in wdiat is now Buchanan County. He acquired a claim, but after a short residence of three years moved with his family to Andrew County, where he farmed until death overtook him at the advanced age of 85 years. He was a Democrat in politics and w-as quite active, serving at different times in Andrew County as sheriff, assessor and county judge.

Martin Hughes, having come to this county in 1837, is perhaps the oldest of the pioneers now living. He attended in his youth a subscription school that was conducted in a log school house in this county, and later went to school in Andrew County. He then entered Chapel Hill College in Missouri, completing his education there in 1849. He then engaged in his life work as a Presbyterian minister, and followed it throughout his active career, his charges being mainly in St. Joseph and the vicinity. He has led an exemplary life, and has accomplished much good in his various charges. He is well-known and loved by the people wherever he has cast his lot. In 1899 he retired from active church work, and lives on his home place on Ashland avenue, which has been his home for more than 16 years. His house is built of brick and was erected by its owner Henry Morris some 55 years ago. His farm of 160 acres of valuable land is rented out. Politically, he is a Democrat.

Rev. Mr. Hughes was married to Ellen "Maxwell, a daught.er of Logan A. Maxwell, a pioneer of this county. She died in 1863. He formed a second union with Mrs. Matilda (Connett) Hodges, a daughter of Major Connett. She died in 1876, leaving four children by this union: William, Aura. Ellen and Celina. His third marriage was with Mary Jane Brandon, a native of Missouri. The twilight of life is being spent in comfort, amid pleasant surroundings, and our subject and wife are very hospitable in the reception of their manv friends at their home.

ARRIS B. ADLER, M. D., a prominent member of the medical fraternity, at St. Joseph, justly ranks high in his profession. The fact that his superior attainments and thorough professional training are the results of years of persistent study and self-denial, unassisted by any agency outside his own energy, but adds to the confidence, respect and esteem in which he is held by his fellow citizens.

Dr. Adler's early history is of such absorbing interest, disclosing not only the qualities which enabled him to emerge from penury to his present honorable position, but also the social conditions of the time and locality, that the biographer hesitates to change one word of his own graphic story. It is a story of pathetic interest. It has no feature of "frenzied finance" nor of giant stock speculation bv which the poor young man of todav becomes the millionaire of to-morrow, nor does it deal w-ith any of the "luck" which the romancer is fond of picturing as awaiting the poor boy by some happy turn of the cards. It is sordid, but it is human, and nothing could more forcibly emphasize the results of indomitable energy, tenacity of purpose, self-control and manly self-reliance.

"I was born in a little town in Prussia, on the Russian border, in 1858. My father had been settled there for many years in the capacity of theological instructor, and there my early chilhood was spent. When I was eight years old, I was sent to a German school and there pursued my studies until I was 12 years of age. As there was no longer a school in this town in which I could advance, my father made preparations to have me admitted to an institution suitable to my age and mental acquirements, but unfortunately, just at this time, he contracted typhoid fever, and, after seven weeks confinement, died at the age of 39 years. This left my mother with four boys, of whom I was the oldest, and two girls, one four years older than myself, in the most deplorable financial condition imaginable.

"My ambitions for future study were at an end, since upon me and my older sister devolved the duty to support the whole family. She had learned the art of wig-making and it did not take me long to also acquire it, and thus we managed to support ourselves, I laboring almost night and day until I was 13 years old. I had heard of America and the great opportunities in the wonderful land across the ocean, and I secretly resolved to make the attempt to get there, but, when, one fine day, I announced my intention to go to America, my mother took it merely as a childish jest. I had managed to save the sum of $7 and with this capital and only the clothes on my back I left my mother, sisters and brothers and my native town and on the same day I arrived in a small town called Stalluponen. where I took the train. I went in the fourth-class department, which has no seats. When the passengers get tired, they simply slip down on the floor, in such positions as best suit the space afiforded and their convenience. About eight o'clock of the same evening, I arrived at Konigsberg and found a lodging for the night, leaving for Pjcrlin on the following morning. From Berlin I went to Hamburg, where I landed without a silbergrochen or a place to sleep. On making incjuiry, I was told that at No. 10, Wud Newman Strasse, there was a Jewish hotel, run by a Polish Jew,