Fort Wingate Depot Activity, Gallup

Source document Quoted word for word from HAER NM,16-GALUP,1-. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

The Fort Wingate Miltary Reservation was established in In the Ordnance Department assumed control of the reservation and build magazines for the storage of During World War II a new ammunition storage depot began to replace the earlier one. Historical Report Prepared by: Barbara E. Hightower, prepared for Transmittal by: Robie S. Lange, HABS/HAER, Fort Wingate Depot Activity HAER No. Page <3-

Executive Summary

Fort Wingate Depot Activity, a reserve storage facility under the command of Tooele Army Depot, is responsible for the maintenance, demilitarization and storage of ammunition. A part of the U.S. Army Depot System Command (DESCOM), it is located on acres in McKinley County, New Mexico, approximately 130 miles northwest of Albuquerque and 32 miles east of the New Mexico-Arizona border. The Fort Wingate area was the location of early Indian trade routes and habitation sites, as evidenced by the ruins of an Indian village in the ammunition storage area near the depot's western boundary.

Beginning in the the military posts of Forts Fauntleroy, Lyon, and Wingate were built nearby, and the 100 square mile Fort Wingate Military Reservation, which included the land occupied by the present installation, was established in The reservation was later reduced in size through transfers of land to other federal agencies, and its early fortified structures are now located outside the depot's boundaries. In the Ordnance Department assumed control of the reservation and built magazines for the storage of These structures remained in use through World War II but were demolished following the war. Late in work began on a new ammunition storage depot, and by war's end 747 of the installation's current 869 structures had been erected.

Since 80 additional storage igloos and a small number of ammunition maintenance and demilitarization facilities have been constructed at Fort Wingate. There are no Category I, II, or III historic properties at the Fort Wingate Depot Activity. Fort Wingate Depot Activity HAER No. Page 3 CONTENTS Executive Summary PREFACE 1 1. INTRODUCTION 3 Scope 3 Methodology 4 2. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 11 Background 11 Pre-World War II Land Use 13 World War II Construction 15 Post-War Construction 20 3. PRESERVATION RECOMMENDATIONS 25 Background 25 Category I Historic Properties 30 Category II Historic Properties 30 Category III Historic Properties 30 BIBLIOGRAPHY 32 Appendix A 34 Fort Wingate Depot Activity HAER No.

Page <-f PREFACE This report presents the results of an historic properties survey of the Fort Wingate Depot Activity. Prepared for the United States Army Materiel Development and Readiness Command (DARCOM), the report is intended to assist the Army in bringing this installation into compliance with the National Historic Preservation Act of and its amendments, and related federal laws and regulations. To this end, the report focuses on the identification, evaluation, documentation, nomination, and preservation of historic properties at the Fort Wingate Depot Activity.

Chapter 1 sets forth the survey's scope and methodology; Chapter 2 presents an architectural, historical, and tech- nological overview of the installation and its properties; and Chapter 3 identifies significant properties by Army category and sets forth preservation recommendations. Illustrations and an annotated bibliography supplement the text. This report is part of a program initiated through a memorandum of agree- ment between the National Park Service, Department of the Interior, and the U.S. Department of the Army. The program covers 74 DARCOM installations and has two components: 1) a survey of historic properties (districts, buildings, structures, and objects), and 2) the development of archeological overviews. Stanley H.

Fried, Chief, Real Estate Branch of Headquarters DARCOM, directed the program for the Army, and Dr. Robert J. Kapsch, Chief of the Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record (HABS/HAER) directed the program for the National Park Service. Sally Kress Tompkins was program manager, and Robie S. Lange was project manager for the historic properties survey. Technical assistance was provided by Donald C- Jackson. Fort Wingate Depot Activity HAER No. Page S Building Technology Incorporated acted as primary contractor to HABS/HAER for the historic properties survey. William A. Brenner was BTI's principal- in-charge and Dr. Larry D. Lankton was the chief technical consultant. Major subcontractors were the MacDonald and Mack Partnership and Melvyn Green and Associates.

The author of this report was Barbara E. Hightower. The author gratefully acknowledges the help of Adrian Bond, the installation's Support Division Chief, and Bill Brewster of Roads and Grounds. The complete HABS/HAER documentation for this installation will be included in the HABS/HAER collections at the Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, under the designation HAER No. Fort Wingate Depot Activity HAER No. Page Q, Chapter 1

Introduction Scope

This report is based on an historic properties survey conducted in of accessible Army-owned properties located within the official boundaries of the Fort Wingate Depot Activity. The survey included the following tasks: Completion of documentary research on the history of the installation and its properties. Completion of a field inventory of accessible properties at the installation. Preparation of a combined architectural, historical, and technological overview for the installation. Evaluation of historic properties and development of recommendations for preservation of these properties. Also completed as a part of the historic properties survey of the installation, but not included in this report, are HABS/HAER Inventory cards for 39 indi- vidual properties.

These cards, which constitute HABS/HAER Documentation Level IV, will be provided to the Department of the Army. Archival copies of the cards, with their accompanying photographic negatives, will be trans- mitted to the HABS/HAER collections at the Library of Congress. The methodology used to complete these tasks is described in the following section of this report. Fort Wingate Depot Activity HAER No. Page 7 METHODOLOGY 1. Documentary Research The Fort Wingate Depot Activity was one of the first World War II ammunition supply depots constructed by the Army Ordnance Department.

The majority of its structures were built in on the Fort Wingate Military Reservation which was established in Documentary research conducted at the Fort Wingate Depot Activity and the Gallup, New Mexico Public Library focused on the physical development of the present installation and on the former military use of the land. The New Mexico State Historic Preservation Office was contacted about possible historic properties at the Fort Wingate Depot Activity, but no properties were identified through this source.

Army records used for the field inventory included current Real Property Inventory (RPI) printouts that listed all officially recorded buildings and structures by facility classification and date of construction; the installa- tion's building information schedule; and base maps and photographs supplied by installation personnel. A complete listing of this documentary material may be found in the bibliography. 2. Field Inventory The field inventory was conducted by Barbara E. Hightower during a two-day period in February Adrian Bond, Chief of the Support Fort Wingate Depot Activity HAER No. Page Division at Fort Wingate Depot Activity served as the point of contact for the surveyor and provided access to installation maps, drawings, and historical records.

Bill Brewster of Roads and Grounds was the survey escort. Field inventory procedures were based on the HABS/HAER Guidelines for Inventories of Historic Buildings and Engineering and Industrial Structures. All areas and properties were visually surveyed. Building locations and approximate dates of construction were noted from the installation's property records and field-verified. Field inventory forms were prepared for, and black and white 35 mm photographs taken of all buildings and structures through except basic utilitarian structures of no architectural, historical, or techno- logical interest. When groups of similar ("prototypical") buildings were found, one field form was normally prepared to represent all buildings of that type.

Field inventory forms were also completed for repre- sentative post-1945 buildings and structures except where prohibited for security reasons (see Appendix A). Information collected on the field forms was later evaluated, condensed, and transferred to HABS/HAER Inventory cards. 3. Historic Overview A combined architectural, historical, and technological overview was prepared from information developed from the documentary research and Fort Wingate Depot Activity HAER No. Page \ the field inventory. It was written in two parts: 1) an introductory description of the installation, and 2) a history of the installation by periods of development, beginning with pre-military land uses. Maps and photographs were selected to supplement the text as appropriate.

The objectives of the overview were to 1) establish the periods of major construction at the installation, 2) identify important events and indi- viduals associated with specific historic properties, 3) describe patterns and locations of historic property types, and 4) analyze specific building and industrial technologies employed at the installation. 4. Property Evaluation and Preservation Measures Based on information developed in the historic overviews, properties were first evaluated for historic significance in accordance with the elegibility criteria for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places.

These criteria require that eligible properties possess integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and associa- 3 tion, and that they meet one or more of the following: A. Are associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history. B. Are associated with the lives of persons significant in the nation's past. C. Embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period or method of construction, represent the work of a master, possess high artistic Fort Wingate Depot Activity HAER No. Page ]0 values, OP represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose com- ponents may lack individual distinction. D. Have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in pre-history or history.

Properties thus evaluated were further assessed for placement in one of five Army historic property categories as described in Army Regulation Category I Properties of major importance Category II Properties of importance Category III Properties of minor importance Category IV Properties of little or no importance Category V Properties detrimental to the significance of of adjacent historic properties Based on an extensive review of the architectural, historical, and techno- logical resources identified on DAR.COM installations nationwide, four criteria were developed to help determine the appropriate categorization level for each Army property.

These criteria were used to assess the importance not only of properties of traditional historical interest, but of the vast number of standardized or prototypical buildings, structures, and production processes that were built and put into service during World War II, as well as of properties associated with many post-war technological achievements. The four criteria were often used in com- bination and are as follows: Fort Wingate Depot Activity HAER No. 1) Degree of importance as a work of architectural, engineering, or industrial design. This criterion took into account the qualitative factors by which design is normally judged: artistic merit, work- manship, appropriate use of materials, and functionality.

2) Degree of rarity as a remaining example of a once widely used architectural, engineering, or industrial design or process. This criterion was applied primarily to the many standardized or proto- typical DARCOM buildings, structures, or industrial processes. The more widespread or influential the design or process, the greater the importance of the remaining examples of the design or process was considered to be. This criterion was also used for non-military structures such as farmhouses and other once prevalent building types. 3) Degree of integrity or completeness.

This criterion compared the current condition, appearance, and function of a building, structure, architectural assemblage, or industrial process to its original or most historically important condition, appearance, and function. Those properties that were highly intact were generally considered of greater importance than those that were not. 4) Degree of association with an important person, program, or event. This criterion was used to examine the relationship of a property to a famous personage, wartime project, or similar factor that lent the property special importance. The majority of DARCOM properties were built just prior to or during World War II, and special attention was given to their evaluation. Fort Wingate Depot Activity HAER No.

Page ^ Q~ Those that still remain do not often possess individual importance, but collectively they represent the remnants of a vast construction under- taking whose architectural, historical, and technological importance needed to be assessed before their numbers diminished further. This assessment centered on an extensive review of the military construction of the period, and its contribution to the history of World War II and the post-war Army landscape. Because technology has advanced so rapidly since the war, post-World War II properties were also given attention. These properties were evaluated in terms of the nation's more recent accomplishments in weaponry, rocketry, electronics, and related technological and scientific endeavors.

Thus the traditional definition of "historic" as a property 50 or more years old was not germane in the assessment of either World War II or post-war DARCOM buildings and structures; rather, the his- toric importance of all properties was evaluated as completely as pos- sible regardless of age. Property designations by category are expected to be useful for approxi- mately ten years, after which all categorizations should be reviewed and updated. Following this categorization procedure, Category I, II, and III historic properties were analyzed in terms of: Current structural condition and state of repair. This information was taken from the field inventory forms and photogaphs, and was often supplemented by rechecking with facilities engineering per- sonnel.

Fort Wingate Depot Activity HAER No. Page 13 The nature of possible future adverse impacts to the property. This information was gathered from the installation's master planning documents and rechecked with facilities engineering personnel. Based on the above considerations, the general preservation recom- mendations presented in Chapter 3 for Category I, II, and III historic properties were developed. Special preservation recommendations were created for individual properties as circumstances required. 5. Report Review Prior to being completed in final form, this report was subjected to an in-house review by Building Technology Incorporated.

It was then sent in draft to the subject installation for comment and clearance and, with its associated historical materials, to HABS/HAER staff for technical review. When the installation cleared the report, additional draft copies were sent to DARCOM, the appropriate State Historic Preservation Officer, and, when requested, to the archeological contractor performing parallel work at the installation. The report was revised based on all comments collected, then published in final form. NOTES 1. Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Re- cord, National Park Service, Guidelines for Inventories of Historic Build- ings and Engineering and Industrial Structures (unpublished draft, 2.

Representative post-World War II buildings and structures were defined as properties that were: (a) "representative" by virtue of construction type, architectural type, function, or a combination of these, (b) of obvious Category I, II, or III historic importance, or (c) prominent on the installation by virtue of size, location, or other distinctive feature. 3. National Park Service, How to Complete National Register Forms (Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, January 4. Army Regulation Historic Preservation (Headquarters, U.S. Army: Washington, 15 April 10 Fort Wingate Depot Activity HAER No. Page ! 4- Chapter 2

Historical Overview Background

Fort Wingate Depot Activity is a reserve storage facility under the command of Tooele Army Depot. The installation, which stores, maintains, and demili- tarizes ammunition, is located on acres in McKinley County, New Mexico, approximately 130 miles northwest of Albuquerque and 32 miles east of the New Mexico-Arizona border. The site's topography varies from the grassy flatlands of the Wingate Valley on the north to the mountains covered with cedar and pinon trees along the depot's southern border. (Illustration 1) Until the middle of the nineteenth century, the Fort Wingate area was the location of Indian trade routes and habitation sites, as evidenced by the ruins of an Indian village in the installation's ammunition storage area.

Beginning in the the military posts of Forts Fauntleroy, Lyon, and Wingate were built nearby, and the 100 square mile Fort Wingate Military Reservation, which included the land occupied by the present installation, was established in The reservation was later reduced in size through transfers of land to other federal agencies, and its early fortified structures are now located outside the depot's boundaries. In the Ordnance Department assumed control of the military reservation, redesignated it the Wingate General Ordnance Depot, and built magazines for the storage of These structures remained in use through World War II but were demolished fol- lowing the war. Work began at Fort Wingate in on what became one of the first World War II ammunition storage depots.

Between and 11 Fort Wingate Depot Activity HAER No. Page Illustration 1 Map of Fort Wingate Depot Activity. The installation is located on acres in McKinley County, New Mexico, approximately 130 miles northwest of Albuquerque. The administration area is situated on the flatlands at the north end of the site, and ammu- nition workshop and storage facilities cover the foothills and mountains to the south. (Source: Fort Wingate Depot Activity) 12 Fort Wingate Depot Activity HAER No. Page \ k> 747 of the installation's current 869 structures were erected. These included administration, maintenance, warehouse, and housing facilities as well as 650 ammunition storage igloos.

Following World War II and again after the Korean War, the depot was assigned responsibility for the mainte- nance, demilitarization, and long-term storage of ammunition, and subsequent major building and alteration projects were oriented to this task. The installa- tion was redesignated Fort Wingate Army Depot when it was assigned to the Army Supply and Maintenance Command in In it was placed in reserve status under the command of Pueblo Army Depot and renamed Fort Wingate Depot Activity. Four years later, the installation was placed under the command of Tooele Army Depot. PRE-WORLD WAR II LAND USE Fort Wingate has a lengthy history beginning with Indian occupation.

The Wingate Valley, protected by mountain slopes and red rock mesas, was long favored by Indians as a trade route and habitation site. The ruins of an Indian village, consisting of stone pueblos, kivas, and associated features, are 2 located in the ammunition storage area near the depot's western border. (Illustration 2) The valley's use by the military began in August when a garrison post was established at Bear Springs near the headwaters of the Rio Puerco. Originally named Fort Fauntleroy and renamed Fort Lyon in the post was abandoned in late when its troops were moved to Fort Wingate near San Rafael to prevent the advance of Confederate troops up the Rio 13 Fort Wingate Depot Activity HAER No. Page I'*) Illustration 2 View of Indian village ruins.

The Wingate Valley was used by the Indians for trade routes and habitation sites. These village ruins, consisting of stone pueblos, kivas, and other associated0 features, are located in the depot's ammunition storage area. (Source: Field inventory photograph, Barbara Hightower, Building Technology, Inc.) 14 Fort Wingate Depot Activity HAER No. Page \ % Grande into Colorado. Fort Wingate was abandoned in and moved to the old Fort Lyon site at Bear Springs. Two years later, the 100 square mile Fort Wingate Military Reservation, which included the new Fort Wingate, was established by the Army. The post remained in active use until and in it was once again garrisoned to guard Mexican troops and their families fleeing from the Mexican Revolution.

Fort Wingate was deactivated in and its late nineteenth and early twentieth century stone and adobe structures were transferred to the Bureau of Indian Affairs in In the Army Ordnance Department assumed control of Fort Wingate Military Reservation and redesignated it the Wingate General Ordnance Depot. By an underground magazine and 163 wood frame above-ground magazines (the latter were World War I portable barracks) had been built for the storage of The wood frame magazines were renovated and placed on concrete foundations beginning in but were demolished along with the underground magazine following World War II. Only their scattered foundations remain. The depot's stock of TNT was sold to the British Purchasing Commission in and shipped to Britain and France.

Later in the year, plans were made 4 to build a new storage depot on the site. WORLD WAR

Construction

Increased Congressional appropriations for defense after the fall of France in led to the expansion of ammunition storage facilities across the United States. Initial plans called for placing depots in the four corners of the country to support forces repelling attacks from any direction. In November 15 Fort Wingate Depot Activity HAER No. Page I \ the War Department announced that the Fort Wingate Ordnance Depot was to be the site of the country's southwestern depot. The site met the Ordnance Department's criteria for storage installations: it was situated far enough from the coast to be reasonably safe from attack, and yet close enough to the Pacific Coast to facilitate the shipment of supplies; a major transcontinental highway (U.S.

Highway 66) and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad bordered the depot on the north; the area was sparsely settled, decreasing the chance of damage in the event of an ammunition explosion; and the dry climate was ideal for the storage of explosives. More- over, the federal government already owned the site, thus avoiding the delay and expense of purchasing land. Work on the depot commenced in November when the design contract was awarded to T. H. Buell & Company and Prouty Brothers Engineering Company of Denver. While the two firms conducted engineering surveys, rail lines and roads were extended to provide access to the site.

Following completion of the surveys in January, construction contracts were awarded to Sharp & Fellows Contracting Company of Los Angeles; Armstrong & Armstrong of Roswell, New Mexico; R. Allison Company of Albuquerque; and A. Smith Construction Company, Inc. of Houston. Construction began in February and was largely completed by the end of the year. A Navajo "house blessing," recognizing the work of the tribal members who had formed a large segment of the depot's construction force, was part of the dedication ceremonies held on December 5, The depot was laid out in two major areas: administration and ammunition storage. Each is discussed below. 16 Fort Wingate Depot Activity HAER No.

Page 35 Administration Area As one of the first World War II ammunition supply depots, Fort Wingate fell under the Ordnance Department's program "A". Program "A" construction was characterized by the use of permanent masonry materials for key buildings since these materials were not in short supply before the spring of At Fort Wingate, brick was used for all structures initially erected in the adminis- tration area. The headquarters building (Building 1) is a two-story, flat-roofed structure of tan brick laid in common bond accented by dark brown brick header and soldier courses that form continuous horizontal bands around the building.

Tan brick with dark brown brick trim was used in the construction of all the buildings erected in the area in including a pair of two-story family duplexes (Buildings 3 and 4), a two-story fire station and dispensary that was converted to officers' quarters in (Building 2), a one-story motor fuel station (Building 6), a one-story paint storage warehouse (Building 7), a one-story paint shop (Building 8), and a one-story gate guard house (Building Larger structures, including a regimental garage (Building 5), a machine and carpenter shop (Building 9), a locomotive shop (Building and two inert materials warehouses (Buildings 12 and are one story high with stepped gables, steel sash, and overhead doors.

(Illustration 3) Almost all facilities erected in the administration area in and were temporary, wood-frame "theater of operations" or modified mobilization type structures of standardized design. An inert materials warehouse (Building a garage (Building a bachelor officers' quarters (Building and a stable for horses used by the depot's patrol guards (Building 17) were constructed in and the following year a second bachelor officers' quarters 17 Fort ingate Depot Activity HAER Page TO Illustration 3 View of the northeast side of Building 1. This two-story head- quarters building was one of the first structures erected on the Wingate Ordnance Depot in The use of tan brick accented with dark brown brick header and soldier courses is typical of initial construction in the administration area.

(Source: Field inventory photograph, Barbara Hightower, Building Technology, Inc.) **S Illustration 4 View of Igloos CHOI and and Storage Pad Between May and September 650 standard ammuni- tion storage igloos were built at the depot. Storage facilities were later expanded with the construction of 303 "Y" type open storage pads such as most of which were placed between the existing igloos. (Source: Field inventory photograph, Barbara Hightower, Building Technology, Inc.) 18 Fort Wingate Depot Activity HAER No. Page 3 9, (Building a dispensary (Building single family quarters (Building a cafeteria (Building a change house (Building a field office (Building and a field dunnage shop (Building 33) were added.

All are one- or two-story, gable-roofed, wood-frame structures clad with asbestos g cement shingles or corrugated metal. Three permanent structures were added in the administration area in In that year, the depot's fire station was moved into a new brick building (Building Consistent with earlier permanent construction in the administra- tion area, tan brick with dark brown brick trim was used for this one-story, gable-roofed structure. A small brick heating plant (Building 36) and a one-story, hollow clay tile ammunition, clipping, belting, and linking building (Building 29) were also erected in Ammunition Storage Area Work began on 650 standard ammunition storage igloos in May and was completed in September, four months ahead of schedule.

The igloos, 60- or 80-foot, reinforced concrete, barrel vaulted structures with single steel doors, were laid in parallel rows with a maximum of 100 per block, although the hilly terrain at Fort Wingate necessitated some variation from standard 9 Ordnance plans. Concurrently, 32 reinforced concrete shelters were con- structed throughout the storage area to provide personnel shelter in the event of an explosion. (Illustration 4) Twelve standard above-ground ammunition magazines (Buildings were built at the north end of the storage area in and They are 19 Fort Wingate Depot Activity HAER No. Page ^'5 constructed of clay tile walls on reinforced concrete foundations and have corrugated asbestos roofs supported by either steel or wood trusses.

Five sliding metal doors line concrete platforms on the side of the buildings ser- viced by rail lines. Due to deterioration of the clay tile, seven of the magazines (Buildings have been covered with metal siding. To facilitate the movement of ammunition, 14 loading docks (Buildings and were erected along the rail lines in the storage area in They are reinforced concrete platforms set on concrete piers and have small reinforced concrete, flat-roofed tool houses at one end. Seven small brick dunnage buildings (Buildings and were built near the loading docks in The depot's ammunition storage facilities were expanded with the construction of 303 "Y" type open storage pads, most of which are located in the open spaces between igloos. The pads are flat dirt areas surrounded by earth barricades.

An opening facing the road provides access to the interior. An ammunition workshop area was established at the north end of the storage area in the early years of the war.

Tan brick with dark brown trim was used in the construction of a single-story, hip-roofed surveillance laboratory (Building in Added the following year were two identical bundle ammunition facilities with hollow clay tile buildings and open concrete plat- forms (Buildings 503 and a brick ammunition packing, shipping, and receiving building with reinforced concrete blast walls and a gable roof (Building a small brick heating plant (Building and a reinforced concrete barricade (Building An inspector's workshop with hollow clay tile walls (Building and a heating plant constructed of brick (Building were built south of the earlier workshops in 20 Fort Wingate Depot Activity HAER No.

Page 54 Four lunch rooms (Buildings and were erected in the storage area in and These single-story structures with massive wood lintels above their doors and windows are built of random sandstone ashlar, a material abundant in the area. Each has projecting wooden roof beams or vigas typical of architecture in the southwestern United States. This nonstandard construction which reflects local materials and craftsmanship forms an interesting mix with the standard Army construction used elsewhere on the depot. (Illustration 5)

Post-War Construction

Following the war, the depot was charged with maintaining, demilitarizing, and providing for long-term storage of ammunition. Subsequent major building and alteration projects were oriented to this task. In a disassembly plant, consisting of a reinforced concrete remote control shelter (Building a hollow clay tile motor generator building (Building a reinforced concrete disassembly platform and barricade (Building a timber revetted barricade (Building and an earthen barricade (Building were built southeast of the World War II ammunition workshops. At war's end, the bundle ammuni- tion buildings (Buildings 503 and were converted into ammunition renovation facilities.

During a heating plant (Building a clean and paint building (Building an ammunition receiving building (Building a vacuum producer building (Building a deboostering barricade (Building and three service magazines (Buildings and were built in the workshop area surrounding these converted facilities; all are hollow clay tile * structures. 10 21 V-" Fort Wingate Depot Activity HAER No. Page ,jfcas&i^s*sJkfi*V!&* A Illustration 5 View of the south and west sides of Building This building was one of four lunchrooms built in and in the ammunition area. Constructed of local sandstone, each has projecting wooden roof beams or vigas typical of architecture in the southwest. (Source: Field inventory photograph, Barbara Hightower, Building Technology, Inc.) 22 Fort Wingate Depot Activity HAER No.

Page &[& In 80 standard double door storage igloos were built in J block at the south end of the ammunition storage area. Two years later, an ammunition maintenance building (Building was constructed with a concrete frame and concrete block walls at the southern end of the workshop complex. The final major construction project at the depot was a concrete block and metal sided deactivation furnace building (Building erected in NOTES 1. Inland Pacific Engineering Company and Haworth and Anderson, Inc., Installation Environmental Assessment: Tooele Army Depot, Fort Wingate Depot Activity, Gallup, New Mexico (June p. 52; Fort Wingate Depot Activity, Installation Activity Brochure, DARCOM, December 31, 2.

Jane Whitmore, An Archaeological Survey in the Vicinity of the Fort Wingate Military Depot (Santa Fe, New Mexico: School of American Research, Contract Archaeology Program, May 12, p. 5; History of Fort Wingate Depot, Forts Fauntleroy and Lyon (Fort Wingate Army Depot, c. late p. 1. 3. History of Fort Wingate Depot, pp. 4. Ibid, pp. U.S. Congress, House, Ammunition Storage Conditions, Letter from the Acting Secretary of War Transmitting Proceedings oT the Joint Board Composed of Officers of the Army and Navy to Survey Ammunition Storage Conditions, Pursuant to the Act Approved December 22, (Public Law No. 2, Congress), Cong., 1st sess., p. 15. 5. Harry C. Thomson and Lida Mayo, The Ordnance Department: Procurement and Supply (Washington, Office of the Chief of Military History, p.

Daily Gallup Independent, November 7, and November 8, 6. Captain Evan M. Johnson IV, "Descriptive Report of Construction Methods Used on Igloo Type Underground Magazine at Wingate Ordnance Depot" (Fort Wingate, New Mexico: Wingate Ordnance Depot, September 22, Daily Gallup Independent, September 25, December 4, and December 7, 7. Thomson and Mayo, The Ordnance Department, p. 8. "The Master Plan, Wingate Ordnance Depot" (Wingate Ordnance Depot, New Mexico, c. pp. 23 HAER No. Page 9,1 9.

Thomson and Mayo note that the igloo type of magazine had been preferred by the Joint Army-Navy Ammunition Storage Board and the Ordnance Safety Board for all types of ammunition except small arms since the late These structures, called igloos because of their resemblance to Eskimo shelters, were shaped to direct the force of an explosion upward rather than outward to prevent sympathetic explosions in surrounding igloos. Thomson and Mayo, The Ordnance Department, pp. 361 and 10. "The Master Plan," pp. History of Fort Wingate Depot, p. 45. 11. History of Fort Wingate Depot, p. 45. 24 Fort Wingate Depot Activity HAER No. Page &% Chapter 3

Preservation Recommendations Background

Army Regulation requires that an historic preservation plan be developed as an integral part of each installation's planning and long range maintenance and development scheduling. The purpose of such a program is to: Preserve historic properties to reflect the Army's role in history and its continuing concern for the protection of the nation's heritage. Implement historic preservation projects as an integral part of the installation's maintenance and construction programs. Find adaptive uses for historic properties in order to maintain them as actively used facilities on the installation. Eliminate damage or destruction due to improper maintenance, repair, or use that may alter or destroy the significant elements of any property.

Enhance the most historically significant areas of the installation through appropriate landscaping and conservation. To meet these overall preservation objectives, the general preservation recommendations set forth below have been developed: Category I Historic Properties All Category I historic properties not currently listed on or nominated to the National Register of Historic Places are assumed to be eligible for 25 Fort Wingate Depot Activity HAER No. Page ^ nomination regardless of age. The following general preservation recommendations apply to these properties: a) Each Category I historic property should be treated as if it were on the National Register, whether listed or not. Properties not currently listed should be nominated.

Category I historic properties should not be altered or demolished. All work on such properties shall be performed in accordance with Sections 106 and of the National Historic Preservation Act as amended in and the regulations of the Advisory Council for Historic Preservation (ACHP) as outlined in the "Protection of Historic and Cultural Properties" (36 CFR b) An individual preservation plan should be developed and put into effect for each Category I historic property. This plan should delineate the appropriate restoration or preservation program to be carried out for the property. It should include a maintenance and repair schedule and estimated initial and annual costs.

The preservation plan should be approved by the State Historic Preservation Officer and the Advisory Council in accordance with the above referenced ACHP regulation. Until the historic preserva- tion plan is put into effect, Category I historic properties should be maintained in accordance with the recommended approaches of the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation and Revised 2 Guidelines for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings and in consultation with the State Historic Preservation Officer. 26 Fort Wingate Depot Activity HAER No.

Page SO c) Each Category I historic property should be documented in accor- dance with Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record (HABS/HAER) Documentation Level II, and the documentation submitted for inclusion in the HABS/HAER 3 collections in the Library of Congress. When no adequate architectural drawings exist for a Category I historic property, it should be documented in accordance with Documentation Level I of these standards. In cases where standard measured drawings are unable to record significant features of a property or technological process, interpretive drawings also should be prepared.

Category II Historic Properties All Category II historic properties not currently listed on or nominated to the National Register of Historic Places are assumed to be eligible for nomi- nation regardless of age. The following general preservation recommendations apply to these properties: a) Each Category II historic property should be treated as if it were on the National Register, whether listed or not. Properties not currently listed should be nominated. Category II historic prop- erties should not be altered or demolished.

All work on such prop- erties shall be performed in accordance with Sections 106 and of the National Historic Preservation Act as amended in and the regulations of the Advisory Council for Historic Preservation (ACHP) as outlined in the "Protection of Historic and Cultural Properties" (36 CFR 27 Fort Wingate Depot Activity HAER No. Page 3! b) An individual preservation plan should be developed and put into effect for each Category II historic property. This plan should delineate the appropriate preservation or rehabilitation program to be carried out for the property or for those parts of the property which contribute to its historical, architectural, or technological importance. It should include a maintenance and repair schedule and estimated initial and annual costs.

The preservation plan should be approved by the State Historic Preservation Officer and the Advisory Council in accordance with the above referenced ACHP regulations. Until the historic preservation plan is put into effect, Category II historic properties should be maintained in accordance with the recommended approaches in the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation and Revised Guidelines 4 for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings and in consultation with the State Historic Preservation Officer.

c) Each Category II historic property should be documented in accor- dance with Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record (HABS/HAER) Documentation Level II, and the documentation submitted for inclusion in the HABS/HAER 5 collections in the Library of Congress. Category HI Historic Properties The following preservation recommendations apply to Category III historic properties: 28 Fort Wingace uepot "^ivuy HAER No. Page 35.

a) Category III historic properties listed on or eligible for nomination to the National Register as part of a district or thematic group should be treated in accordance with Sections 106 and of the National Historic Preservation Act as amended in and the regulations of the Advisory Council for Historic Preservation as outlined in the "Protection of Historic and Cultural Properties" (36 CFR Such properties should not be demolished and their facades, or those parts of the property that contribute to the historical landscape, should be protected from major modifications. Preservation plans should be developed for groupings of Category III historic properties within a district or thematic group.

The scope of these plans should be limited to those parts of each property that contribute to the district or group's importance. Until such plans are put into effect, these properties should be maintained in accordance with the recommended approaches in the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation and Revised Guidelines for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings and in consultation with the State Historic Preservation Officer. b) Category III historic properties not listed on or eligible for nomination to the National Register as part of a district or thematic group should receive routine maintenance. Such properties should not be demolished, and their facades, or those parts of the property that contribute to the historical landscape, should be protected from modification.

If the properties are unoccupied, they 29 Fort Wingate Depot Activity HAER No. Page J3 should, as a minimum, be maintained in stable condition and prevented from deteriorating. HABS/HAER Documentation Level IV has been completed for all Category III historic properties, and no additional documentation is required as long as they are not endangered. Category III historic properties that are endangered for operational or other reasons should be documented in accordance with HABS/HAER Documentation Level III, and submitted for inclusion in the HABS/HAER collections in the Library of Congress. Similar structures need only be documented once. CATEGORY

Historic Properties

There are no Category I historic properties at Fort Wingate Depot Activity. CATEGORY II HISTORIC PROPERTIES There are no Category II historic properties at Fort Wingate Depot Activity.

Category Iii Historic Properties

There are no Category III historic properties at Fort Wingate Depot Activity. n9 NOTES 1. Army Regulation Historic Preservation (Headquarters, U.S. Army: Washington, 15 April 2. National Park Service, Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation and Revised Guidelines for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings, (Washington, Preservation Assistance Division, National Park Service, 30 Fort Wingate Depot Activity HAER No. Page 3^ 3. National Park Service, "Archeology and Historic Preservation; Secretary of the Interior's Standards and Guidelines," Federal Register, Part IV, 28 September pp. 4. National Park Service, Secretary of the Interior's Standards. 5. National Park Service, "Archeology and Historic Preservation." 6. National Park Service, Secretary of the Interior's Standards. 7.

National Park Service, "Archeology and Historic Preservation." 31 Fort Wingate Depot Activity HAER No. Page 3S

Bibliography

Building Information Schedule, Fort Wingate Army Depot, 1 June Lists building materials, original use, current use, date of construction, square footage, and number of stories for all structures on the depot in Daily Gallup Independent, November 7, November 8, February 6, July 26, August 16, September 18, September 25, October 2, December 4, and December 6, Local newspaper articles reporting progress of construction. Fort Wingate Depot Activity. Installation Activity Brochure. DARCOM, December 31, DARCOM brochure. Fort Wingate Ordnance Depot. "Historical Program, Fort Wingate Centennial, August 25, 26, 27, 28, Fort Wingate Ordnance Depot, Includes a history of the Fort Wingate Military Reservation and the pro- gram commemorating the fort's centennial. Historical File.

Headquarters Building, Fort Wingate Depot Activity. Includes land and personnel records, photographs of old Fort Wingate, a small number of photographs of World War II construction on the depot, and correspondence concerning initial construction. History of Fort Wingate Depot, Forts Fauntleroy and Lyon. Fort Wingate Army Depot, c. late Relates the history of Fort Wingate from to the and its predecessors Forts Fauntleroy and Lyon. Inland Pacific Engineering Company and Haworth and Anderson, Inc. Installation Environmental Assessment: Tooele Army Depot, Fort Wingate Depot Activity, Gallup, New Mexico. June Johnson, Captain Evan M. IV.

"Descriptive Report of Construction Methods Used on Igloo Type Underground Magazine at Wingate Ordnance Depot." Fort Wingate, New Mexico: Wingate Ordnance Depot, September 22, Includes information on contractors, materials, and construction of the depot's ammunition storage igloos. "The Master Plan, Wingate Ordnance Depot." Wingate Ordnance Depot, New Mexico, c. Provides descriptive information on existing facilities and proposed construction, alterations, and demolition as required by the Ordnance Department in the immediate post-World War II period. Post Planning Board. "Analysis of Existing Facilities, Wingate Ordnance Depot." Wingate Ordnance Depot, New Mexico, c. Includes information primarily on temporary structures located on the depot. Thomson, Harry C. and Mayo, Lida.

The Ordnance Department: Procurement and Supply. Washington, Office of the Chief of Military History, Useful source for placing the development of the depot into the context of overall development of American ordnance supply depots during World War II. 32 HAER No. Page 3te U.S. Army DARCOM. Real Property Inventory, Fort Wingate Depot Activity March U.S. Congress. House. Ammunition Storage Conditions, Letter from the Acting Secretary of War Transmitting Proceedings of the Joint Board Composed of Officers of the Army and Navy to Survey Ammunition " Storage Conditions, Pursuant to the Act Approved December 22, (Public Law No. 2, Congress^ Cong., 1st sess., Notes that the depot is well adapted for the storage of explosives and describes the magazines as war-time portable barracks.

Whitmore, Jane. An Archaeological Survey in the Vicinity of the Fort Wingate Military Depot. Santa Fe, New Mexico: School of American Research, Contract Archaeology Program, May 12, Briefly describes a pueblo site located in the ammunition storage area. 33