Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse, East intersection of Main & Bearline Streets, Gallup

Source document Quoted word for word from HABS NM-194-A. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

From the National Register Nomination Form: "Until the late [Fort Wingate was] one of the best preserved military establishments in the southwest. .. the importance of the fort is primarily its role in southwestern frontier history and because of the individuals at the fort who later achieved military prominence" (Cook 1. 1 The Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse is situated within the previously defined Fort Wingate National Register District (Project n. p.) which includes in alphabetical order: A Barn, No.72, built B. Barracks, No.46, built C. Officers' Club. No.61. built D. Power Plant, No.84, built E. Public School, No.51, built? F. Residence, No.52, built G. Residence, No.55, built H. Residence, No.57, built I. Residence, No.59, built J. Residence, No.62, built K.

Residence, No.64, built L. Shop, No.88, built * Originally designated the Subsistence Storehouse. FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No. NM-194-A (Page 2) PART I. lllSTORICAL INFORMATION A. Physical History: I. Date of erection: [east-west wing addition 2. Architect: U.S. Army Quartermaster, Department of Missouri 3. Original and subsequent owners: Original: U.S.Army Fort Wingate New Mexico Current: Wingate Elementary School BIA-NAO Gallup, McKinley County, New Mexico 4. Original and subsequent occupants: Same as 3 above 5. Builder, contractor, suppliers: Builder: U.S.

Army Troops, some locally hired laborers Contractors: Various local tradesmen Suppliers: Locally cut timber, locally quarried limestone, locally 2 On early military maps of Fort Wingate; (see Map 1, Map 2, and; Map 3, this structure is labelled the "Subsistence Storehouse" and is numbered 34. Later documentation used the number 61 to refer to the building as the "Fort Wingate Officers' Club" or the "Bachelor Officers' Quarters" (Henderson n. p.) or "Officers' Club/Officers' Quarters" (Hewat perhaps reflecting a change in the utilization of the property.

During the later use of the property as a boarding school, it is known as "Building 61: Wingate Elementary School" and on at least one occasion it is referred to as the "Employees' Club" (Ahearn Herein it is referred to as Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse. FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No, NM-194-A (Page 3) made adobes and various local businesses 6. Original plans and construction: Not available 7. Alterations and additions: Built on a T-plan, the north-south wing was built first and an east-west wing was added later FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No. NM-194-A (Page4) B.

Historical Context: Introduction: The activities that led to the establishment of Fort Wingate occurred in the Southwest in the period culminating in the fort's establishment. From to Fort Wingate served a military function garrisoning troops and supplies to police the frontier and maintain order. The buildings created for this purpose were conceived and designed by the Quartermaster General of the Army for utilitarian functions; these are some of the buildings inherited by and used by Wingate Elementary School. From forward, Fort Wingate was utilized as a BIA sponsored boarding school. During this period, and especially in the New Deal era, buildings were handcrafted in a Southwestern style and function.

After WWII, new construction drifted away from both the military and the New Deal philosophies and became more utilitarian in a modem sense: mass produced and standardized. In its history, Fort Wingate has the unusual distinction, at least at Navajo 3, of representing elements of many phases of development oflndian-Anglo relationships in the Southwest. To understand the role and importance of Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse in the history of Fort Wingate, this narrative begins on the Southwestern frontier. 1. The Southwest in the The situation in the Southwest in the late to early was unsettled.

The westward expanding United States was warring with Mexico over boundary disputes There were sporadic Indian uprisings focused mostly against the Mexican settlers in territory which would ultimately become parts of Arizona and New Mexico. Settlements in the area were dispersed over great distances, were situated in resource poor conditions and were hard to protect, and, in the Southern U.S., rumblings of Civil War were heard. 3 Threinen (1981a:28) notes that the first government sponsored Indian school was"... established in at the Yakima Indian Reservation in Washington. . .. as many Indian schools were to be [it] was located at an abandoned military post".

Considering this option, in Congress passed "An Act to provide additional industrial training schools for Indian youth and authorize use of abandoned military barracks for such purposes" (Jackson and Galli 151 quoted in Threinen 1981a:29-30). FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No. NM-194-A (Page 5) General Stephen Watts Kearney's primary mission in the west was to wage a war of expansion against Mexico (Higgins The story of Fort Wingate begins in when, on August 15, Kearney proclaimed that he would be the "protector" of the New Mexican population then beset by Navajo raiding (James On September 18, he dispatched three Missouri Volunteer companies under command of Lt.

Colonel Cosgrove Jackson to Seyboyeta, approximately ten miles north of present day Laguna. His strategy, however, did little to deter raiding. New approaches were needed. In November Colonel Alexander W. Doniphan, representing Kearney, met with Navajo leaders at a location called Shush B'Toh (Bear Springs).

After long negotiations, Doniphan and fourteen Navajo chiefs (Higgins Simmons signed a treaty on the that stipulated that 1) the Navajo would cease hostilities against American settlers and travelers (and now military) in the territory; 2) that attacks on residents ofNew Mexico would cease; 3) that stolen goods and livestock would be returned, and; 4) that Mexican captives would be released (James The intent of this new approach was to quell hostilities between the Navajo and Mexican populations in the area and to open a new relationship between ethnic factions. 2. Fort Defiance Not apparent to Kearney, the presence of a "foreign" military garrison in Dine Bikeah (homeland of the Navajo people) led to further distrust.

From to the Kearney treaty, and other subsequent agreements, failed to gain control (James As hostilities increased between and Colonel Edwin Vose Sumner devised a plan to move the existing garrison at Fort Marcy (Santa Fe) to Fort Union and on September 18, he authorized construction of Fort Defiance (at Tse Hot Sohih, meadows between the rocks) nearer the center of Navajo activities (James Fort Defiance would garrison five companies. Using a strategy of moving posts into Navajo territory, Sumner sought to cultivate a friendship with the Navajo by entering into trade with them. He established quartermaster stores which provided much needed goods and foodstuffs during difficult winters.

Although the next decade or so saw sporadic incidents of raiding, Sumner handled them tactfully without resort to warfare (James 3. Fort Fauntleroy Several treaties (Meriwether Bonneville attempted to demarcate the territory of the Navajo. While traditional Navajo lands were included within these FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No. NM-194-A (Page 6) boundaries, the attempt to restrict activities to specified areas was not a Navajo custom; they were nomadic and were adapted to freedom of movement (Simmons This action, combined with the harsh winters and difficult conditions, resulted in an attack on Fort Defiance on April 30, by an estimated warriors.

Fighting continued all day until evening when the Navajo retreated to the hills (James This prompted movement of additional troops -- companies E, F, and K, Third Infantry (Higgins into the area and on August 31, establishment of Fort Fauntleroy at Shush B' Toh (named for Department Commander Colonel Thomas Turner Fauntleroy). The fort was sited at the location of a series of springs in a small valley on the north slopes of the Zuni Mountains, the site ofthe signing of the treaty (Tiller Initially, Fauntleroy served as a tent camp outpost of Port Defiance. A full scale campaign to contain the Navajo continued into early 4. : A Horse Race and Hostilities In September of conflict erupted between Navajos and members of the New Mexico Volunteers.

Both groups, bored and starved for amusement, enjoyed horse racing. On ration day, September 22, a great race was staged between a horse belonging to Dr. Kavanaugh5, the post surgeon, and a horse belonging to a Navajo, Pistol Bullet (Higgins Simmons Shortly after the race began, the Navajo horse developed trouble, possibly because of a partially severed rein. Arguments that ensued over the origin of the slash in the rein escalated into a riot followed by gunfire and several deaths. As Higgins writes: "Thus were treaties destroyed". Other events, however, were tugging at the military's attention: the South had seceded from the Union and there were rumors of a Confederate invasion of the desert southwest. On April 25, Department Commander Colonel Edward S.

Canby abandoned Fort Defiance, dispatching the garrison to Fort Fauntleroy, thereby concentrating his troops nearer to the Rio Grande, which was the suspected route of Confederate attack. 4 According to Threinen (198la:9) there were warriors. 5 Higgins identifies Kavanaugh as a "Confederate who "swore secret allegiance to the Confederacy" She also notes that later Kavanaugh and three other conspirators took over a garrison at Cubero on March 3, holding it until March 5, when Confederate soldiers arrived. FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No. NM-194-A (Page 7) On February 14, Confederate troops under the command of General Henry H. Sibley began a march up the Rio Grande valley.

On the they met Union Forces at Fort Craig in the Battle of Valverde. Encouraged by victory, they marched into Albuquerque on March 2nd and Santa Fe on the (James On March and however, the Confederates were stopped at the battle ofGlorieta Pass (southeast of Santa Fe). Defeated, they marched back over previously captured territory and returned to Texas. Yet another military problem arose as experienced officers abdicated. Fauntleroy resigned his commission to join the Confederate Army in 6, and Fort Fauntleroy was renamed Fort Lyon on September 28, (James Higgins Tiller 5. (Old) Fort Wingate Taking full advantage of the military's diversion caused by the Confederate invasion of the desert Southwest, Navajo raids increased markedly.

Once disengaged from the Confederates, Brigadier General James H. Carleton devised a plan to move all the Navajos into a single location and resolve the Indian problem once and for all. He proposed to name this outpost in the Zuni Mountains Fort Wingate (RG n. The site was Ojo del Gallo (Chicken Springs) near San Rafael. The purpose of this post was to serve as headquarters to round up Navajos for transport to Fort Sumner (Tiller Commissioned on October 22, construction of the new fort was slow using salvaged materials from Fort Lyon. Historian Higgins described construction during the early part of During May and June of the troops were engaged in erecting buildings, cutting timber, making roads, etc.

During May there were 25 citizen employees, and about 75 or 80 extra-duty men engaged in the various departments such as Carpenters, Millwrights, Masons, Timber Cutters, Road Makers, Adobe makers, and the like. A contract for making adobe bricks was awarded to Messrs. Pool and McBride, to be used for erecting the Officers and Company Quarters, Quartermaster 6 Higgins recounts this date as May 13, 7The post was established on October 22, pursuant to special orders No. Headquarters Department of New Mexico, September 27, FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No. NM-194-A (Page 8) Storehouse, and Hospital. The target date for completion of the fort was late summer or early fall.

In November of Carleton authorized another post, Fort Sumner, to serve as the holding facility for the Navajos. It would be located about 165 miles from Santa Fe at Bosque Redondo (James 6. Kit Carson In early Ft. Wingate included four companies of the Fourth New Mexico Mounted Rifles, one company of California Volunteers, and three companies of the First New Mexico Volunteers under the command of Colonel Christopher "Kit" Carson. Old Fort Defiance was the staging area for Carleton's round-up of the Navajo. On July 28, he dispatched Carson on the first sortie. Some 180 Navajo had surrendered8 but many had not. By the end of the Navajo approached desperate straits. Crops had been destroyed, winter had set in, food was in short supply and they were essentially homeless.

On January 12, Carson captured many of the remaining Navajo at Canyon de Chelly (James and sent them to Bosque Redondo. on what is known as the "Long Walk". The effect on the Navajo was immense. Threinen (1981a:10) summarizes: Although few Navajos were killed in the roundup itself, many died from the hardships of the Long Walk. Perhaps worse, the roundup and Long Walk were culturally devastating to the Navajos because they were transformed overnight from the strongest, richest group in the Southwest, to a straggling, starving band. Carson's actions tied up men and equipment (McNitt men who otherwise would mount patrols into Navajo country. Those Navajo who surrendered as well as those who were rounded up later had to be escorted to Bosque Redondo.

The corrals and provisions of the fort had to be guarded. These activities severely depleted men available to work on construction at the post (McNitt Despite this,"... as many as fifty civilian carpenters, masons, and laborers worked on Wingate's buildings from May through December of then, as though admitting defeat, construction all but ceased" (McNitt 8 For details on this pre-round up effort, see Higgins1960:1 l. FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No. NM-194-A (Page 9) On assuming command in Major Ethan W. Eaton commented on the camp's deficiencies noting that the "companies were in tents that were so old and torn :from use that ... they could hardly be made to stand".

9 On wet ground, the adobe walls of the buildings were melting. Eaton recommended that if Fort Wingate were to be a permanent facility, the fort be moved and started over :from scratch (McNitt Carleton disagreed. After repeated complaints, Carleton finally sent Captain Asa B. Carey to Wingate for an inspection. Carey noted the low, wet conditions and, assuming Carleton's authority, issued orders to refocus work efforts and reroute drainage to ensure drier conditions. Reduced crews of civilian workers continued sporadically to work on construction (McNitt By that time, Carleton had been replaced by Major General George W. Getty. Butler formed a board of inquiry :from his own officers and forwarded their report to Getty who requested details :from Butler.

Obligingly, he sent details of the alkaline soils and their effect on adobe walls, of wet conditions that permeated the grounds and of the general poor state of buildings. He recommended that a new fort be built :from local stone (McNitt Getty, in turn, recommended to his superiors at the Military Division of the Missouri that Butler's recommendations be implemented. General William T. Sherman agreed and Getty moved swiftly. The new site was to be Shush B'Toh (Bear Springs on June 9, orders were issued to move over half the existing garrison to the new location to begin preparations to receive some Navajos that had been rounded up and the troops for the new post (McNitt 7. (New) Fort Wingate During these years, the Navajo and a few Apaches were moved to Fort Sumner.

Conditions at Bosque Redondo were poor and complaints about miserable conditions issued forth :from many quarters ( see Threinen 1981a:10-11 ). Finally, a Congressional investigation resulted in the June 1, 11 negotiation of a treaty with the Navajo which stipulated their return to traditional lands (James 9Eaton to Carleton, June 13, NA, Record Group 98, "Fort Defiance Letter Book," Letters Sent 10 This is the location of the original treaty. Its strategic orientation is more central to Navajo activity. 11 Concluded June 1, ratification advised July 25, proclaimed August 12, (15 Stat. FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No.

NM-194-A (Page 10) The boundaries established by the treaty were as follows: bounded on the north by the degree of north latitude, south by an east and west line passing through the site of old Fort Defiance, in Canon Bonito, east by the parallel of longitude which, if prolonged south, would pass through Old Fort Lyon or the Ojo-de-oso, Bear Spring, and west by a parallel of longitude about 109 degree 30' west of Greenwich, provided it embraces the outlet of Canon-de-Chilly, which canon is to be included in this reservation ... (Treaty: The treaty further specified that the Navajos stop raiding and send their children to school; the government would provide schools and teachers.

The treaty reads (Treaty: the United States agrees that for every thirty children between said ages [six to sixteen] who can be induced or compelled to attend school, a house shall be provided, and a teacher competent to teach the elementary branches of an English education shall be furnished, who will reside among said Indians, and faithfully discharge his or her duties as a teacher. Further, once situated on their reservation, the government would supply breeding livestock. In addition, rations would continue for ten years. The key elements of this treaty - creation ofreservations and education - are at the center of the assimilation philosophy to" ... integrate Indians into Anglo-American society as quickly and inexpensively as possible" (Threinen 198la:28).

Shortly after signing the treaty, some Navajos walked back home. They went first to Fort Wingate and after several months went north to Fort Defiance (Threinen 198la:36). But with the Navajo back in their homeland, a military presence would be required, at least for the treaty years In a letter concerning Fort Wingate, Major General Pope summarizes the threat on the frontier: [I] need not point out to the Division Commander that in view of the great strength of the Navajoes, and the narrow escape we [recently] had from a serious outbreak [illegible] to which we may at any [time] again be exposed, a sufficient [garrison] should be permanently stationed at Wingate FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No.

61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No. NM-194-A (Page 11) to secure us against [illegible] peril in which that post and [illegible] were so recently placed. It is not likely that the Navajoes, [if] let alone, will themselves begin hostilities but the foolish theories and conduct [of] any overzealous and inexperienced [Indian] Agent, such as the one we have recently displaced, may at any moment jeopard peace with them (Pope to Whipple The treaty stipulated that the Navajo will " ... make no opposition to the military posts or roads now established, or that may be established" (Treaty: With the return of the Navajo, (Old) Fort Wingate was too far removed to be effective as a police force (Higgins and Fort Canby was in ruins. General G. W.

Getty decided that the most suitable location for such a force would be Fort Lyon - old Fort Fauntleroy. He further decided to call it Fort Wingate and decreed that the post at Ojo del Gallo would henceforth, be known as "Old Fort Wingate" (James (New) Fort Wingate would become the only fort in Navajoland. It served to maintain order on the Navajo Reservation and to protect travelers in the area. In this effort, a letter by James A. Sheridan, Deputy QM Genl., Brig Genl U. S. Adj (Sheridan to Meigs, June 16, quotes from a correspondence by Lieut. Col. M. J. Luddington which states in part: In compliance with the instructions of the Maj. Genl.

Commanding, I have the honor to submit herewith plans with estimates of materials and cost for building a Post at the Ojo del Oso on the site known as New Fort Wingate (and near the Reservation for the Navajo Indians) to accommodate two (2) companies of Cavalry and two (2) Companies of Infantry. On the issue of necessary supplies to construct the facility, he inventoried the resources, equipment and labor on hand to process raw materials and to do the actual work.

He writes (Sheridan to Meigs, June 16, A Government Steam Saw Mill with Shingle Machine attached to same power is now in perfect operation at the proposed site of the Post and all the lumber, shingles and lath required can be had at a very cheap price, and in the manufacture of the adobes and certain other work the labor of the Navajo Indians at a low rate per diem is available. FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No.

NM-194-A (Page 12) With the advantage of stone in close proximity while all the lumber, shingle and lath required, can be obtained near and sawed at the post it is thought that a neat and suitable Post can be constructed most advantageously for the Government and possibly at a less figure than stated in the enclosed estimate of cost. To this proposal, Maj. Genl. S. C. Easton QM Genl. makes the following endorsement: Ifit is the intention of Major Genl. Commndg. the Dept. that a Post of 4 Companies should be built at Ojo del Oso, I recommend that the plans and estimates herewith be approved, and that orders be given at once for the construction of the Post so that work can commence as soon as Spring opens. Maj. Genl.

Sheridan adds the following endorsement: Approved and respectfully returned the Chief Quartermaster of the Department. The plans and estimates should be forwarded to the Quartermaster General of the Army thru QM Div. of the Missouri for approval of the Secretary of War. The foregoing was complied with March I respectfully submit the subject to the Quartermaster General for instructions. Very Respectfully Your Obedient Servant James A. Sheridan Deputy QM Genl. Brig. Genl. U.S. Adj. On February 18, President Grant set aside 100 square miles on which to construct the fort (Higgins JAG thirty additional square miles were added on March 26, The new site was sixty five miles from the old post and the garrison had already moved to the new site on July 22, (RG 393 :n. d. ).

The original plan for the fort included a circular ring of buildings inside FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No. NM-194-A (Page 13) a square encampment. It was drawn up by economy experts who neglected to consider future expansion of the facility and the plan was rejected in favor of a more standard military style layout (Higgins Construction at the fort began soon after lands were appropriated using adobe (early construction), sandstone (later construction) and locally available wood. Construction utilized doors, sashes and vigas from the location of the old fort (Higgins Life at the post was routine consisting of patrols, surveys and other daily military functions.

By a map of facilities at Fort Wingate shows four rectangular C-plan structures labelled "Company Quarters"on an E-W alignment along Main Street on the northern edge of the parade ground 12 Behind each is a "Wash House" and a "Sink". This group of buildings is immediately south of the parade ground facing the Officers' Quarters across its expanse 13 The easternmost is at the future location of Buildings 16 & 17 Barracks, built in At this date there were no numbers assigned to the structures. To the immediate east is the "Q M & Company Storehouse" and to the southeast is the "Guard House." Although not indicated on the map, Main Street separates these two structures from the bank of "Company Quarters".

In there is no T-plan building similar to what is the modem floor plan of Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse. On July 2, fire swept through Fort Wingate, destroying many of the structures and appurtenances including three of the four "Company Quarters". Built in Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse apparently escaped the fire of which destroyed many buildings, for it appears on a map (Map 1, Fort Wingate, NM, On this same map, there is no barracks at the (now) Building 16 & 17 location.

There is, however, a cluster of three buildings nearby including the Guard house the U-plan building labelled "QM Storehouse" and the T-plan building labelled "Sub.[sistence] Storehouse" The "Guard House" and the U-plan building remain at the location where they were illustrated in The T-plan building, ultimately to be known as Building 61, is 12Main Street approaches the military compound from the north and upon reaching the parade ground, forms a loop around it; structures were sited and built around the central parade ground.

13 It is interesting that during this period, (later) General Douglas MacArthur lived at Fort Wingate as an infant when his father was stationed there in command of Company K, United States Infantry (Higgins FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No. NM-194-A (Page 14) MAP 1: Photocopy, Fort Wingate NM, Water Sewer and Irrigation , National Archives, Record Group No. 92, and Reservation Fiil:es, Bil:ilieprint No. 2. FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No. NM-194-A (Page 15) labelled number 34.

From existing maps it appears to have been built between and from written accounts it is known to have been built in Map 2 illustrates a plan for new sidewalks at the fort; it dates to It also shows Building 34 in relationship to other contemporary structures, in particular, Building 16 and 17, the Barracks. Map 3 displays the building again in relationship to other contemporary structures. Map 4 provides a floor plan for the structure. Map 5 provides a detail of the orientation of Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse (labelled Building 61) relative to the Barracks (Building 16 & 17 Main Street and Bearline Street and Map 6 shows the entire complex including Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse. Continuing, by both the north-south and the east-west wings are in place.

It is concluded that the north-south wing was built in the construction date that appears in the records, and that the east west-wing was added between and By the latter date, there are no barracks illustrated at what would later be the location of Building 46 (barracks). The map (Map 1, Fort Wingate NM, does not illustrate the sidewalk at this location. It also does not show the north or east steps, the power line or the steam lines. It does illustrate a sewer line that passes under the house in the east end of the east-west wing near the kitchen area. It is assumed that the house was connected by It also shows the water supply for the building entering on the east end of the east-west wing near the kitchen.

The symbols used to illustrate the line in the legend are labelled "new water supply" suggesting that this was the plan used to provide water to Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse. On a map dated (Map 2, Fort Wingate NM, the "Guard House (No. the "QM Storehouse (No. the "Subsistence Storehouse (No. and the "Bakery (Number are all illustrated in the positions indicated in However, across Main Street, at the location of the easternmost original company quarters are four buildings labelled Nos. 14, 15, 16, and 17. The western most two, 14 and 15, occupy the space indicated by the Company Quarters building that survived the fire. The easternmost two, 16 and 17, are at the former location of the eastern Company Quarters.

With a cornerstone dated these maps neatly bracket the construction of Buildings 16 and 17 which would later become known as Building 46, Barracks. Reinforcing these conclusions, a map made a year later in (Map 3, Fort Wingate, NM, illustrates the same buildings in the same locations and with the identical numbers assigned to them. FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No. NM-194-A (Page 16) MAP 2: Photocopy, Fort Wingate, NM, Proposed New Sidewalks, Original on file at National Archives Record Group 92, Post and Reservation Files, Blueprint File No. 9. FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No.

NM-194-A (Page 17) MAP 3: Photocopy, Map of Fort Wingate, New Mexico, September Original on file at National Archives Record Group 92, Post and Reservation files, Blueprint file No. 15. FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No. NM-194-A (Page WJI 6 There are additional construction details on the map. The steps leading up to the north entrance to the building are illustrated although those to the east entrance are not. Nor is the northeast addition shown. The sidewalk to the front door, probably put in place only recently, is illustrated.

The water line approaching the building is depicted as entering the building on the south side of the east-west wing, near the kitchen area; steam pipes are not shown. The power line and sewer utilities are missing but the legend indicates that the building is constructed of adobe. The map provides some additional information. Drawn to illustrate new sidewalks being added to the facility, it depicts the walkway up to the main entrance on the west side of Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse, but not beyond. It can be assumed that the sidewalk was added in or about The map provides no other details about water, steam, sewer or other facilities nor does it depict the north or east steps or the addition to the northeast comer. 8.

Interim Fort Wingate/Wingate Depot Fort Wingate was deactivated on February 4, (RG n. d.) 14 and was abandoned except for a small garrison which stayed in place until March 19, (Tiller The facility was placed in charge of a caretaker. It saw brief duty from as a camp ground for Mexican Federalist troops fleeing from the Pancho Villa uprising in northern Mexico. They were guarded by Infantry from Fort Bliss who probably used the abandoned barracks (Buildings 16 & 17 to house their garrison and used Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse and others, as officers' quarters. In the Ordinance Department took over Fort Wingate, converting it into a storage facility for high explosives. Shortly thereafter, the Ordinance Depot was moved to new facilities closer to the railroad (DeMarcay n.

The base was finally abandoned in During the military years and in the years before transfer to the BIA, Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse saw several functions. Newcomb writes that Fort Wingate, 14 Per General Orders No. War Department, November 16, JAG notes that per Executive Order (May 31, and consequent General Order 80 (June 14, "the entire reservation was made part of the Zuni National Forest: but to remain subject to the unhampered use of the War Department". FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No.

NM-194-A (Page Subsistence Storehouse was first occupied in and last occupied in the early Newcomb further writes that the building was built on a T-plan and that the west wing (the north-south striking top of the T) contained the main entrance, sleeping quarters, a living room and a fire place. The east wing (east- west striking) contained an enclosed wood porch, a kitchen area and a large dining room (Map 4). The sleeping quarters appear to be apartments suitable for occupancy by one person each. That, and the historic references to the structure as a bachelor officers' quarters, an officers club or related uses, suggests that these were quarters for single officers assigned to the post or for visiting officers.

Floor plans (Cook indicate nine separate apartments, at least four baths (probably shared), a large kitchen and food preparation area on the east end, a main activity room or dining room and a common living room with a fireplace. In its military years, the building probably provided comfortable quarters. Two maps were located depicting Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse during or shortly after the base transfer. Although titled "Charles H. Burke School," the map legend on both reads "Compiled from Q.M.G.O. [Quarter Master General's Office] Plan". Here school administrators are clearly using the earlier military maps of the facility to plan for the layout of the school. The first depicts the hydraulics of the facility (Plot Plan, 1925a).

From this representation it is seen that water came into Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse in the kitchen area on the south side of the property or near the southeast corner of the east-west wing. It is interesting, given the fire, that fire hydrants have been installed by this mapping. Although sewer locations are illustrated around the facility, there does not appear to be a hook up to Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse. As a note, in the legend the property is identified as Building 17, "Employees Quarters-Mess" and it is listed as "Frame" construction. While this map illustrates the steps on the north entrance of the structure, the east steps and the northeast side addition are not shown.

The second map from (Plot Plan, illustrates some of the core buildings, fences, ditches, walkways, bridges and the steam supply lines in the complex. This map shows a "walk" approaching the building from the south which would have been a sidewalk passing the front (west) side of the building. Steam lines approach it from the west and branch perpendicularly into it again on the south side near the southeast corner of the property. Entering the building from the main entrance and proceeding through the parlor with the :fireplace into the dining room, the steam entered on the right wall just beneath the windows depicted in NM-194-A-9. Very likely buried, the 1 Yi inch input line would have tied into the FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No.

34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No. NM-194-A (Page}J1;)0 courses of pipe beneath the floor and along the basement ceiling. From there it flowed into the radiators placed inside the property. The 1 V4 inch return line left the building at the same location that the feed line entered and emptied into the main line just south of the house. On this map, Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse is labelled '"Employees Qts-Mess (Frame)"; there are no steps indicated on either the north or the east of the building and the addition to the northeast side is not depicted. 9.

Early Wingate Elementary Schoo 1 The initiaL permanent military construction at Fort Wingate began in the Its plan focused on a central parade ground with Officers' Quarters to the south and Company Quarters to the north. Following the fire, only a few of the original buildings remained including Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse, 64, 66, 98, 110 and 111 (Threinen 198la:104) 15. In the grounds which contained the barracks, parade field, enlisted and officers quarters and other administrative facilities were transferred to the Indian Service (BIA) for use as a boarding school (Higgins The surviving buildings above, as well as structures built following the fire, were among those transferred. These buildings and the military landscape became a BIA holding.

At this point there are two Fort Wingate facilities, the Ordinance Depot and Wingate Boarding School. The Depot played only a minor role in the development of Wingate School. Wingate School is the focus of the remainder of this narrative. At the time of transfer, it was one of eight schools in Navajo Land. Initially it was the primary vocational high school for Navajos and, ironically, it was the only one off reservation (Threinen 1981a:58). School officials used the barracks and officers quarters as dormitories and staff housing, respectively (Yazzie Personal Communication16). The parade ground became an athletic field. Other buildings were utilized as classrooms, administrative facilities, maintenance shops, residential units and other functions.

15 During this period, from approximately to John J. (Blackjack) Pershing was stationed at Fort Wingate as a lieutenant (Higgins 16 Alice Yazzie was a student at Wingate School from to the end of the New Deal influence. She returned in as a teacher and is still on staff. September marked 40 years service for her. She agreed to an interview about the school. FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No. NM-194-A (Page PJ) Records further indicate that the east barracks (Buildings 16 & 17 became the boys dormitory and the west barracks was for the girls.

On a Department of the Interior map, the "Dormitory -- Boys" is labelled as "Building the first noted use of this designation (Plot Plan, The Master Plan for the building indicates that it was used into the as a dormitory The former Officers' Quarters, Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse housed the staff and teachers of the school. During this period, following the transfer from the military and before the New Deal changes began, Wingate School built additional structures for diverse functions. These additions include: Building name # Const date Comments Power Plant 84 stone Shop 88 stone Barn 72 stone Built in utilitarian styles, these structures neither echo the previous military architectural style nor foreshadow the New Deal construction to come. 10.

The New Deal and Wingate School The election in November of put Franklin D. Roosevelt in the White House. He immediately began his New Deal program focused on easing or ending the depression. The influence of this initiative effected nearly every segment of the federal government. Roosevelt selected Harold Ickes to serve as the Secretary of the Interior and Ickes, in turn, chose John Collier as Commissioner oflndian Affairs. Collier took office on April 21, Collier was a reformer. In the early he worked in the New York tenements championing the idea of "communal existence" (Threinen 198la:39). During a visit to New Mexico, he saw the plight of the Navajo people and decided that their lives could be improved by adopting a communal lifestyle, with which he was familiar.

He worked on several Indian rights committees and came to better understand the Navajo and the Pueblo tribes. As head of the Indian Rights Welfare Committee (Philp he was well known among legislators and representatives of the government's New Deal, including the BIA. FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No. NM-194-A (Page To Collier, the Navajo, already recipients of federal assistance in several capacities, provided the ideal testing ground for his reform movements. Following his taking office as Commissioner, Collier developed two major goals. First, he would provide modem education to the Navajo through establishment of day schools to replace the then operational boarding schools.

These were to allow"... children .. . to benefit from a modem education near home and ... not to be isolated at boarding schools away from their culture and heritage" (Hamilton Second, he intended, through the appropriate handling of curricula, to reawaken pride in being Indian and to improve Indian lands (Threinen 1981a:39; Philp These were not new ideas but through New Deal programs like the Public Works Administration and the Civilian Conservation Corps, Collier was able to actually provide funding to address these particular goals as part of his general notion of self government and self sufficiency for the Navajo. Collier took action on self governance by promoting the building of the Navajo capitol at Window Rock.

Completed in this construction laid the foundation of the soon to emerge Navajo Nation Council (Hamilton In the realm of education, Collier utilized the tenets of Title II of the National Industrial Recovery Act designed to put construction workers back on the job. This, combined with a shortage of adequate schools for Navajo children, resulted in a new day school program. Collier considered day schools preferable to boarding schools. Threinen (1981a:63) summarizes his logic: He considered day schools to be more suitable than boarding schools because they were cheaper to operate and they allowed education within the Indian's cultural milieu.

An article titled "PWA Makes Needed Improvements Near Here" appeared in and noted some of the projects in the area (Gallup Gazette 1939a:l): Among the projects approved in the state which will get aid thru the Department of the Interior in the immediate region of Gallup are the following which are under construction or will begin soon: Fort Wingate Power Plant Improvement, Fort Wingate Sewer System, Fort Wingate for quarters ... Upon receipt of funding, the BIA engaged the New York firm of Mayers, Murray and Phillip to design plans for buildings to comprise the day schools and the Navajo capitol. FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No.

NM-194-A (Page)4r?3 In developing architectural styles for New Deal buildings, administrators and designers stressed the use of the"... prevailing type of architecture in the immediate vicinity; suitability of the plan to the surrounding landscape; the availability of native building materials; ... simple design; and maximum opportunity for Indian employment" (Collier in Hamilton The selected style at Navajo was Pueblo Revival, often rendered with heavy massing in the walls and external features, exposed lintels, supporting vigas and redwood canales. Because of the fragile nature of adobe, construction at Navajo frequently used Dakota sandstone instead, a much more lasting medium (Hamilton Most of the buildings observed Navajo tradition with doorways facing east and windowless north walls.

Given the need to spend money expeditiously, two general formats were designed for the boarding school buildings: a flat roof type with an overhead or a flat roof version with a parapet. The themes were repeated across the Reservation. Altogether forty six schools were planned and BIA representatives R M. Tisinger and Alan Hulsizer used demographic and other data to select their locations. Because of the widespread settlement pattern of the Navajo, and because trading posts were notable as gathering locations, preference was given to locations near them (Threinen n. p.) Using local materials and labor, the day schools were to provide much needed income for Navajo workers and, at the same time, create schools for the Navajo children.

Based on the tenets of self sufficiency and self governance, the day schools developed a curriculum focused on crafts and skills. The curriculum was pragmatic17 As Threinen (1981a:41) writes, courses were offered in" ... health, 17The early curriculum is described in articles from the Gallup Gazette. The first, titled "Progress at Wingate" describes courses for boys and girls (Gallup Gazette Seven of the Indian boys who have taken the 14-week sheep training course at the Sheep Laboratory here are back at their studies. They learned a great many things about wool, lambs, feeding, watering, salting, etc., which will be useful with their family flocks at home.

Navajo girls, taking the weaving courses, are learning how to make the enduring vegetable dyes from sumac cedar, cliff rose, sage and rabbit brush which their grandmothers used so well. FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No. NM-194-A (Page ( use and control of reservation resources, civic participation and use of manual skills" all with a direct element of self sufficiency and an indirect overtone of self government.

Other courses included such things as weaving, arts, sheep husbandry, irrigation and farming, all geared toward teaching Navajo children how to be self sufficient (Holmes Collier's influence on the philosophy of the schools, although intangible, is visible in the curriculum and focus of the schools across Navajo land; little of this remains today. However, his influence on the physical, tangible, schools remains behind in the form of buildings for day and boarding schools.

Beginning in about the BIA added buildings at Wingate School using random ashlar style masonry The staff expanded the curriculum to other than a student audience as indicated by the following excerpt: Summer school for Indian assistants, engineers, teachers and nurses will be held at Fort Wingate this summer beginning July Twenty different courses will be offered. Public school teachers and others may take the courses and receive credit in the accredited colleges of the U. S. Another article in the Gallup Gazette, also appearing in is titled "Indian Youths Get Practical Training at Ft. Wingate". It reads in part (Gallup Gazette The very practical nature of the instruction given the Navajo and Indian children at Fort Wingate is certainly to be commended.

Along with their book "larnin" they are getting instruction in sheep grazing and breeding, weaving, carpentry, dyeing wool, leather and silver work, cooking and home making. Even the girls are taught light blacksmithing so that they can make their own meat roasters, metal boxes and other conveniences. The boys are learning the heavier arts of ranch and farm, which will stand them in good stead when they return to their reservation homes. Dooley Shorty is silversmith instructor, A. P. Johnson teaches tanning, Mr. Koenig auto mechanics. Agriculture they get from Walter J. Byrne, S. D. Johnson instructs in blacksmithing and Lincoln Gillespie teaches practical agriculture in the class room in the barn near the animals and machinery.

FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No. NM-194-A (Page~ construction. Based on existing records, Table 1 indicates that the following were constructed between Building name No. Const date Comments Residence 57 wood Residence 55 wood Garage 56 wood Storage 58 wood Residence 59 wood Residence 62 wood Offices 31 stone, Pueblo Revival Garage 53 wood Residence 94 stone, Pueblo Revival Residence 95 stone, Pueblo Revival Residence 52 wood As buildings were added, the campus grew.

Describing its layout in Holmes writes: The campus included two stone classroom buildings, one on the east side of the campus for academic subjects and one on the west side for domestic science; one stone administration building on the northeast comer; a stone kitchen-dining hall between the two dormitories; a stone laundry behind the girls dormitory; a brick hospital to the southeast comer; and a stone power plant, barn, and industrial arts classroom to the northeast, behind the main classroom building on the campus quadrangle. Addressing the quality of education provided, Holmes ( 1) reports that in the the Fort Wingate staff took pride in their character as a boarding school and made great efforts to supply quality education to the Navajo children under their tutelage.

Self sufficiency was a lesson both in the operation of the schoo 1and in the classroom. The physical school was constructed from locally available resources in styles reflecting Native American culture and the curriculum offered secondary education in practical fields. Holmes writes: 18 Holmes dates this structure to stating that based on personal communication (Paul Merrill), it was" ... built as emergency war time duplex housing for officers of the nearby Fort Wingate Depot". Note the construction of officers' quarters during the operation of Wingate as a school. FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No. NM-194-A (Page Among the best known courses of instruction ... [was] ...

silversmithing, taught by Ambrose Roanhorse, a well-known artist, and weaving, taught in conjunction with an experimental sheep breeding station near the school. The staff sponsored annual craft shows and a craft guild for the students. Some other courses offered included agriculture, stock raising and breeding, leatherworking, plumbing, homemaking, child care, etiquette and Indian art. Emphasizing Native American crafts, a article highlights dyeing and weaving, offered at the school through the Home Economics Department. Nonabah G.

Bryan, a Navajo weaver, employed her skills to experiment with dyes used to color wool for weaving (Young Using techniques she learned early in life and exercising her experimental nature, she reconstructed or created a range of dye colors using plants and minerals occurring naturally on the reservation. Working with the school, these experiments were recorded and passed on to other weavers and to students. Valuable insights into the use of the school during this period were gained on April 13, in an interview with Alice Yazzie. She indicated that as a girl she attended Wingate School from to her early years there overlapping with the New Deal period. At the time she attended, Wingate was a vocational school where girls learned weaving and cooking and domestic skills.

She recalled personally participating in the collecting of plants to be used for preparation of dyes. She also remembered fields to the north and barns with milk cows, pigs, chickens and other domestic animals. The older boys harvested crops and cared for the animals; she used to help with harvest. Unlike the day schools with modern structures, Wingate inherited military style buildings designed by Quartermaster General architects in the period including Buildings 16 & 17 Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse and 42 A map depicts several of the buildings on campus including Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse (Topographic Map, Although not labelled in the legend, a pair of parallel lines represents a sidewalk extending right to the front (west) door of the building.

Perpendicular to this are the steam lines on the south side of the building and on the west (front) side a sewer line is indicated with an angle point very near the front door. No clear connecting lines for either utility are illustrated approaching the building although it is qualified with a note on the map that reads ''No accurate data available as to underground lines." Also indicated on this map, the construction material of Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse is listed as "Adobe" more accurately depicting its actual composition FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No. NM-194-A (Page 7 than the "Frame" assessments.

With numbers apparently arbitrarily selected by the cartographer, it is listed as "2" and described in the legend as "Club". The addition to the northeast end of the east-west wing is not shown nor are the steps on either the north or the east sides of the building. Collier's day schools were only moderately successful for several reasons. First, the Navajo were nomadic, moving from summer to winter homes as the seasons dictated. Many children also worked on the family farms or in the fields and, therefore, were unable to attend a day school all year round. Second, the day schools provided only one meal a day and no clothing allowance. The boarding schools, however, offered a full diet and they also supplied clothing and other forms of support to the children.

These were important amenities to those Navajo with little financial stability. Third, those schools built in a traditional Hogan style were not popular. The Navajo wanted modern, progressive schools, not dirt floor traditional buildings (Hamilton Threinen 1981a:41). The Navajo preferred ''modern facilities and a disciplined atmosphere within which to teach their children (Philp 198 in Hamilton Fourth, Threinen (198la:15) explains that, even as recently as many Navajo lived in isolation; they knew very little about the modern, outside world. As one result, these isolated Navajo families" ... were reluctant to send their children to school because they saw no need for formal education".

She continues that among the traditional Navajo, all things are acts of the gods and they (the Navajo) could not understand the Anglo logical or scientific connections between events, the very associations that were taught at school. Finally, a protest faction formed in opposition to the federal closing of two boarding schools. Regarding this event, Holmes writes "The anti- government faction ... bitterly attacked the government for closing two boarding schools". Under the leadership of Jacob Morgan, this group (educated in boarding schools) recognized the regimentation of the schools and saw the use of the English language as essential to future success (Holmes Holmes further writes that FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No.

61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No. NM-194-A (Page Perhaps because of the strong support found within the Navajo Tribe for the BIA boarding schools, Fort Wingate during the era of the New Deal, became the showcase boarding school for the Navajo. In sum, as a traditional and oral culture, the Navajo changed their ways slowly. The BIA, a bureaucracy suddenly flush with funding and a directive to spend it quickly, changed its ways rapidly. These differing philosophies, in combination with mandated stock reduction, fostered a mistrust on the part of the Navajo and one reaction was to boycott federal programs like the day schools. Overall, enrollment in the day schools was lower than expected. During WWII, there were funding cuts that adversely effected the schools.

Transportation systems were not dependable and teachers could not be found. During the war, Threinen 2) writes,"... parents built dormitories at some of the schools because the transportation system broke down" thereby effectively changing the day schools into boarding schools. By the end of WWII, many had closed and were boarded shut; many of those that remained open were converted to boarding schools (Threinen 1981a:43). For all these reasons and misunderstandings, the New Deal philosophy quickly dissipated as Roosevelt finished his third term and his Indian Commissioner of twelve years, John Collier, departed in During the New Deal era, Fort Wingate continued to build new structures to serve a variety of uses (see Table 1 above).

One of these is the Administration Building, 19 built in 193 7 and executed in a classic Pueblo Revival style, very characteristic of the New Deal construction. Two other residential buildings, 94 and 95, also were built in a Pueblo Revival style. Holmes notes that several 'hogans' were added as "demonstration buildings for the home economics program". These additions, she writes,"... reflected a new building ethic which permeated the BIA at this time, which was to build school buildings in regional styles". Threinen (1981a:58) adds that there are another twenty-two structures built before which are described as"...

simple wood frame cottages and garages" which do not, like 31, 94 and 95, reflect the New Deal influence but which met the demand for housing pragmatically and cost effectively. As Holmes notes these additions maintained the original military plan of building around the central parade ground, and, when space became short, the 19 Holmes writes of the addition of a" ... new stone economics building (building 31 )" ascribing a slightly different function to this property. Later in the same paragraph she refers to this as the "home economics" building. FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No. NM-194-A (Page school continued to build in concentric rings more or less in a similar orientation.

This is visible on a September map (Plot Plan, which depicts the older military buildings and many of the newer facilities. Just to the north of Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse is a cluster of structures including Building 64 (the old Bakery), 62 and 63 (cottage and coal shed) and 65 (warehouse), 66 (garage) and 67 (shed). All except Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse 20 and 64 were gone in November Just to the south ofFort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse is Building 1 (Office) at the approximate location of the former Guard House. Further to the south beyond the parade ground are residences and there is a tennis court now within the parade ground. The general concentric theme, however, remains visible.

Several details are depicted on the same map (Plot Plan, The sidewalk that approaches the front of the building is not shown. Both the water and the "heating" line are indicated. The connection to the water line enters the house in the southeast comer near the bathroom just off the kitchen, consistent with its location on other maps. The "heating" line, however, is shown entering the house not on the south side of the east-west wing as represented elsewhere, but on the south side of the north-south wing, or into the south segment of the older wing. Just to the east of the building is a six-inch sewer line that passes by it; no hookup is indicated.

Finally, while neither the north nor the east side steps are depicted, the addition to the northeast side of the building is clearly included in this drawing. 11. WWII and More Recent Construction Little construction occurred on the Navajo Reservation during WWII with the exception of war-related facilities. Even so, both Crownpoint and Shiprock saw the development of tract housing for war industry employees. Threinen (1981a:81) makes an interesting point comparing contemporary construction: "The Navajos built simple, indigenous stone structures for themselves. The war-related projects made use of mass-produced, industrial materials and forms." War time construction at Fort Wingate occurred at the Ordinance Depot and the Helium Plant.

The war time introduction of mass-produced and prefabricated construction replaced the more expressive and handcrafted stone building style of the New Deal 20 In Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse is labelled "Employees Club" and there is no indication that it is fenced; it apparently is still in use. FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No. NM-194-A (Page era. Labor intensive cut stone was replaced with cinder block; modular or mobile structures replaced stone and wood bungalow residences. Architecture at this point " ... was no different from the inexpensive, standard building found elsewhere" (Threinen 1981a:81).

In the the emphasis of the school changed from the primarily vocational New Deal thrust to a more academic and college preparatory curriculum. As indicated above, Alice Yazzie attended the school from to she returned in as a teacher. When she returned, the fields and the livestock that she remembered were gone and the school had abandoned this element of the curriculum. Records indicate that the farm equipment was sold in the fields were left fallow and the irrigation systems were abandoned (Paul Merrill, Personal Communication, cited in Holmes Yazzie, Personal Communication, An interesting photograph from this period shows school activities in the (Wingate Vocational School, on file Navajo Nation Museum, Window Rock, Az.).

In the background to the left are Buildings 16 & 17 and to the right is Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse, both apparently in use as school facilities in the late to early while Ms. Yazzie was in attendance. When she was a student, building 42 previously a bakery) was a house and she remembered people, probably staff, living in it. Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse was the Employees Club providing apartments for single teachers. When she returned in both buildings were boarded up and no longer in use. In the a new high school, dormitories, and teachers' quarters were constructed in the now fallow fields and the old boarding school was made into an elementary school, thereby dividing the upper and lower grades.

New building took on a changed appearance and the older orientation around the parade ground began to fade. Holmes writes that in there remained scattered structures dating to the early military period, including Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse and the later New Deal period structures; at that time they were no longer in use. Buildings constructed after the New Deal era were more utilitarian and were of " ... standard CMU construction. Their utilitarian aspect contrasts sharply with the handcrafted PWA day school buildings" (Threinen Cinder block construction replaced cut stone masonry; prefabricated metal units replaced the handcrafted stone structures. Slowly the sense of order and symmetry centered on the parade ground dissipated.

A topographic map prepared in1970 illustrates Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse in its T-plan footprint (Topographic Map, However, it is FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No. NM-194-A (Page ~'3 \ labelled "Old Club" with the number It can be speculated that the selection of the name of the building implies that it no longer is in use and, while conjectural, the use of 60 is probably an error. If it is correct that it is not in use then it can further be assumed that its condition is at least fair, for there is no fence surrounding it as of this mapping. This map does illustrate the north steps, the east steps and the northwest side addition to the property.

Power and telephone lines attach to the southeast side of the north-south wing but although a sewer line passes very near the north end of the north-south wing, there is no connection indicated. 12. Modem Wingate School In recent years, several reports focused on Fort Wingate have been prepared in response to cultural resource management legislation including Tiller DeMarcay Stewart Henderson Brandt Kakos Kelley Warner and Bradley Recognizing the importance of the military element of Fort Wingate, researchers have defined and nominated portions of the original garrison and parade grounds as a National Register of Historic Places District including 160 acres with discrete boundaries set on May 26, (Project n. d.: 2; Cook supplemental map).

Although some work has been done with the Fort Wingate District, there has been no concerted effort to understand the wealth of information potentially available. Even so, in generally managing the property, the BIA and the Navajo Nation Historic Preservation Department Facility Management Program have developed several Research Topics useful for site related studies (Treatment Plan n. including: 1) a study of the contrast of military and educational facility architecture and artifacts; 2) the anticipation of subsurface historical archaeological deposits; 3) the presence of design and construction flaws vs. maintenance problems, and; 4) archaeological monitoring during construction activities at the fort.

In Tiller writes: "Fort Wingate has at least four buildings that are abandoned military era buildings -- 61, 46, 64, 66 (p. 3). These abandoned and deteriorating buildings have been identified as access [sic, excess] to the Bureau oflndian Affairs' current needs". This is reflected in a Utilities Plot of the central portion of the facility (Utilities Plot Plan, On this map, Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse is illustrated as being in place but enclosed within a fence. The legend in the margin lists it as the "Employee's Club Building". Clearly by this time it is abandoned and dangerous enough to be restricted. Even so, this map FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No.

NM-194-A (Page shows the north steps into the building and the northeast side addition. It also shows the steam tunnels to the south and, although not clearly marked, possibly a second steam connection entering on the south side of the north-south (older) wing of the building. A 1 ~ inch water line enters approximately where the bathroom is just off the southeast comer of the kitchen. From the north entryway, very near the steps, a hook up into the sewer lines is indicated and there is a power line entering near the middle of the south side of the east-west wing. The steps on the north side of the building are shown; those on the east end are not.

In IHI Environmental prepared a report on the presence of asbestos in Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse which they call the "Employee Club" (Ahearn According to Alice Yazzie, that was the function of the property until the when it fell into disuse (Personal Communication, In Threinen, in a publication titled ''Navajos and the BIA" describes Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse, the "Old Officers' Club", as a stucco and adobe structure now in deteriorating condition. In a Table of Mitigation Recommendations and Chart of Structures Surveyed, Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse is described as "stucco/adobe, significant, National Register" despite its deteriorating condition Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse is again considered in a recent (ca.

dateline memorandum listing significant dates for demolition and other events upon properties at Wingate Elementary School. Pertinent to Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse in that document are (Hamilton - Fort Wingate placed on state register of historic places - May 26, Fort Wingate listed on National Register - October 8, Iyanbito Chapter Resolution supporting preservation and restoration of buildings. - October 11, Congressional hearings of the Interior and Insular Affairs Committee, testimony on salvaging Ft. Wingate buildings. - December 9, Historical and Architectural Documentation sampling from the National Archives for Fort Wingate completed. - November 30, BIA meeting on short and long-term action plan for historic buildings at Wingate.

Long term measures included feasibility study on reuse and recordation. - May 30, Initiated consultation with Advisory Council on Historic Places (ACHP) to secure buildings 46 and 61. ACHP concurred on June 19, FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No. NM-194-A (Page - April 13, NNHPD/BIA condition report of buildings 46, 61, and 94. - May 4, Meeting regarding buildings 46 and 61 including representatives of School Board, Congressman Richardson's office, New Mexico Senate, BIA, Navajo Nation office of the President and Vice President, Red Rock Chapter, Iyanbito.

The Wingate Elementary School task force was formed to consider the future of subject buildings (Hamilton In a memorandum (Dewaynie, buildings 46 and 61 are discussed as being in poor condition: "These buildings are identified on the real property inventory at Building No. 46-Dormitory (the old military barracks known as the 'Hogan'); Building No. 61- Quarters/Mui[?] (the old Bachelor Officer's Quarters or BOQ)." In recent years, there have been several inspections of the buildings from a safety standpoint and to determine the presence/absence of asbestos and other contaminants and to make recommendations for removal of same. In FKW Inc., and again in EMC Inc., inspected and reported on the condition of the properties.

In IHI Environmental prepared a report on the asbestos problem in Buildings 16 & 17 "Dormitory") and 34 "Employee Club") (Ahearn In their report, they identify and describe the locations ofhazardous materials and recommend precautions when using the properties (Ahearn The Master Plan for management of buildings 16 & 17 and Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse reports that both buildings were abated of asbestos in by Navajo Area BIA Demolition Crew. Since preparation of this dateline summary, efforts have been made to develop a memorandum of agreement with regard to several of the structures dating to the military period.

At this point, the BIA has requested that Buildings 16 & 17 and Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse be recorded using HABS level 1 documentation, the subject of this effort. Several agencies have continued to discuss the fate of the Wingate properties including Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse. In meetings were held at Wingate Elementary to discuss the topic (Agenda In the Navajo Area Facility Management Office recognized the need for active oversight of buildings 46 and Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse and, along with New Mexico SHPO office, the BIA, and the prepared a Master Plan for that purpose. After reviewing information about construction history, floor space and other details, FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No.

61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No. NM-194-A (Page '. they reiterate that both properties were abated of asbestos in February-March by Navajo Area BIA Demolition Crew. The authors also report that in a meeting among the New Mexico State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO), BIA, and it was concluded that 16 & 17 and Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse should be documented with HABSIHAER processes and then Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse demolished (Bitsie to Downer, and 16 & 17 renovated for use as (Master Plan "Administrative offices, Library, Conference Room, and classrooms for Music, FACE, Cultural, Computer, Art, Science, and other [programs]". In this plan Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse is described as in a"...

highly deteriorated state [and] determined to be incompatible with economic repair". Further, it represented real safety issues for the boarding school. FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No. NM-194-A (Page W'3 PART II. ARCHITECTURAL INFORMATION A. General Information: 1. Architectural character: At the time of its construction and during the military use of Fort Wingate, this property was known as Building 34, the "Subsistence Store House".

Since then it has been renumbered as Building 61 and known as the 1) "Fort Wingate Officers' Club"; 2) the Bachelor Officers' Quarters (Henderson 3) the "Officer's Club" or "Officer's Quarter" (Hewat 4) "Building 61: Wingate Elementary School" and; 5) the "Employees Club" (Ahearn General agreement exists that it was built in and, today, according to Hewat it is one of three military buildings left at Fort Wingate. It has one floor and a basement with dirt floor below and covers approximately square feet (EMC The building is built on a T-plan with the top of the T (north-south wing) being older and the stern (east-west) more recent in construction (Map 4 2 1). Ahearn writes "The west wing was believed to have been built first, with the east wing added later. Both wings are single story.

The construction of Building 61 is believed to date to the The north-south wing contains the main entrance, sleeping quarters, living room and a fireplace; the east-west wing has an enclosed wood porch, kitchen area, large dining room with an unfinished basement below each wing (Newcomb The building faces Main Street which crosses in front of it north-south and looks down Bearline Street stretching off to the west (Maps 5 and 6). 2. Condition of fabric: At the time of inspection (November the building was in poor condition. Both the southeast and southwest corners of the north-south wing are severely damaged. The ceiling plaster and much of the wall fabric (lath and plaster) has fallen to the floor. It has been assessed to be in a hazardous condition (Cook see NM-194-A-1-7).

21 Notice in Photograph 1 that there is a power/telephone pole to the right of the photograph in the proper location suggested by maps of the facility. Also note on the south end of the north-south wing, directly beneath the peak in the gabled roof, two attachments that may have served to anchor power/phone lines to the structure. FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No. NM-194-A (Page~ j& B. Description of Exterior: 1. Overall dimensions: The north-south wing is east-west x north- south. The east-west wing is east-west x north-south. A food storage addition to the northeast comer of the east-west wing measures east-west x north south. 2.

Foundations: The foundation of each of the wings is rough hewn stone (Ahearn very likely quarried nearby. 3. Walls: The exterior walls are stucco over adobe. The adobe is eroding as a result of water coming in through a leaky roof. In Henderson wrote "If measures are not taken ... to reduce water damage on adobe walls of this abandoned building, the building will collapse. The adobe bricks on the southwestern comer of this building are now completely exposed". The exterior walls are covered with stucco (Cook but some of the exterior stucco is missing and the adobe has melted. Because of continuing deterioration, Cook recommended that the exterior walls be supported with raker shores for, at several locations, the exterior walls are severely damaged and potentially could collapse.

The walls were shored in 4. Structural systems, framing: Because of wall and ceiling fall, and because of exterior adobe melt, some of the wood framing supports are in danger of collapse. Some floor joists have failed and cracked and that, with the falling walls, has caused loss of support for roof trusses. Generally the structural system is poor. 5. Porches, stoops, balconies, bulkheads: There is a porch on the east end of the east- west wing that allows access into the food storage area and thence into the kitchen. At the time of inspection, it was in poor shape. A second, small porch is situated at the north end of the north-south wing. Only wide, it provides access into the walk in basement under this portion of the building. 6.

Chimneys: Across the room from the main entrance on the west side of the house is a fireplace (NM-194-A-10); an enclosed chimney rises above it to exhaust over the roof. A single hewn stone forms the mantle. 7. Openings: a. Doorways and doors: There are four exterior doorways. The first is the main doorway on the west side of the north-south wing. After removing FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No. NM-194-A (Page '31 the plywood that blocked it, access into the structure was possible. It was in poor condition. It is visible behind a tree in photos (NM-194-A-l, 2, 3 and 5). Daylight is visible inside where the adobe is missing above the door frame.

The second doorway is on the north end of the same wing 194-A-7). Also in deteriorated condition, it provides access to the structure and to the basement below this wing (NM-194-A-13). The third doorway is on the east end of the east-west wing and opens into the food storage area and 7). It is situated above a rickety frame stairway and porch. The final door is in the center of the east end of the east - west wing and provides access to the basement below this wing which contains the main wooden support members of the east-west wing (NM-194-A-11). b. Windows & shutters: The exterior windows were boarded at the time of inspection, however, see the description of the interior windows below. 8. Roof: At the time of inspection, the roof of the building was in poor condition.

Shingles had blown away and the sheathing underneath was partially exposed. The original roof appears to have been hand hewn split shingles. In it was suggested that temporary roofing be applied (Henderson to stop water from coming into the structure (NM-194-A-3, 5 and 7). Because portions of the interior walls have collapsed, support for the roof has diminished to a point of potential failure. a. Shape, covering: The earlier portion of the building has a moderately low gable roof running the long axis of the building (north-south; see A-1-3). The more recent wing also has a moderately gabled roof running its long axis (east-west; see NM-194-A-4 and 5). The two intersect in a T where the two portions of the building meet (NM-194-A-7).

Many of the shingles that once covered the roof are missing and some of the trusses showed signs of water damage. b. Cornice, eaves:N/A c. Dormers, cupolas, towers: NIA C. Description oflnterior: 1. Floor plans: The structure consists of two wings, one earlier and one more recent that join to form a T-plan (NM-194-A-14). FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) BABS No. NM-194-A (Page 3g. 2. Stairways: The only stairway present is on the east-west wing on the east end. It provides access from the ground level to the door via a narrow landing at the east end of the wing. At the time or inspection, it was loose and unsafe. 3.

Flooring: Several floor joists have cracked and the floor sags in at least one area. In his inspection, Ahearn noted of the flooring "The main floor is wood". A closer examination revealed that it was tongue and groove flooring. 4. Wall and ceiling finish: Interior walls are exterior wood panel covered with lath and plaster over adobe. The walls, floor and roof are wood framing (Cook Much of the original ceiling material has fallen to the floor below (NM-194-A-8, 9 and "Interior walls and ceilings are mostly plaster, though some drywall has been used in some renovations" (Ahearn The interior walls are falling from decomposition (Newcomb Ahearn writes further "The roof formerly had asphalt shingles on wood trusses (probably replacing original wood shingles).

However, weathering and wind has removed virtually all of the roofing. As a result, the interior ceilings and walls (lath and plaster) are heavily damaged". The ceiling also was lath and plaster with chicken wire mesh used to secure the plaster. 5. Openings: a. Doorways and doors: All four doors (above) were in deteriorated condition at the time of inspection. b. Windows: Although boarded outside, the inside detail of the windows could be seen in a couple of examples (NM-194-A-8 and 9). On the north wall of the east-west wing two four-over-four casement windows were noted (NM-194-A-8). On the opposite wall, was a series of six-over-six double-hung windows with sturdy wood sills and surrounds (NM-194-A- 9).

Floor plans locate some twenty solitary windows in the east-west wing and another twenty three in the north-south wing. The windows are placed at irregular intervals along the front side punctuating the exterior and providing symmetry. 6. Decorative features and trim: The fireplace is constructed of carefully cut and placed stone with a single hewn mantel (NM-194-A-10). The stone is symmetrically placed and there is a single stone slab across the top of the hearth opemng. FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No. NM-194-A (Page 7. Hardware: At the time of recording, the doors and windows were boarded and the original hardware was missing.

In the parlor just beyond the main entrance is a fireplace set into a comer. Made of cut stone with a single slab mantle, it vents upward through a chimney. 8. Mechanical equipment: In the extreme east segment of the east-west wing is a kitchen area with a small bath in the southeast comer. Between the kitchen and the "activity room" was a pass-through window used to transfer cooked food into an open dining area. In the north-south wing there are four baths. On the south end of the wing is a pair of apartments that shared a single bath. On the north end of the wing is a series of five additional apartments with baths placed on the west side of a central hall. a.

Heating, air conditioning, ventilation: While it is doubtful that there ever was any type of central air conditioning in the structure, it was well ventilated by numerous windows placed around the outer walls. Perhaps in its later use by the school, window fans or even window mounted air conditioning units were installed. Heating in the central room was supplied by a fireplace. According to Ahearn "The building was heated using radiators on the first floor. Steam and condensate return pipes loop around the basement/crawl space". Some of the original iron radiators remain in place; they are uniform in design and show ornate detailing. b. Lighting: Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse was well lit by operational windows in all rooms.

With usage into the an electrical system was added although little remains in place now. c. Plumbing: Steam and condensate pipes are distributed around the basement. With a total of nine bathrooms, there undoubtedly was plumbing under the flooring as well as pipes in the basement. The plumbing appears to have been installed about (Plot Plan 1925a). D. Site: 1. General setting and orientation: When Wingate was a military facility, this structure would have been on the north and east side of the post somewhat beyond the main activity area. It faced west toward the Company Quarters (Map 5 and 6) FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No.

NM-194-A (Page and probably is contemporary with the organization of the parade ground. 2. Historic landscape design: Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse originally was part of the military compound. While many of the military buildings, quarters and barracks were built around the parade ground, Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse is set off onto a secondary street. Other utility buildings including Building 42 the power plant and the facility management structure, also are situated along this side street in a cluster to the northeast of the Parade Ground. 3.

Outbuildings, surrounding buildings: Prior to construction of Port Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse there were a "QM & Company Storehouse to the east, a "Guard House" to the southeast and a series of wooden "Company Quarters" to the west. Once completed, Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse, the Fort Wingate Officers' Club/Officers' Quarters, joined with these existing structures to form the northeast quadrant of the military facility, situated off the northeast comer of the parade ground. In fire destroyed the Company Quarters across Main Street leaving the remaining structures in an isolated cluster. In a new Company Quarters' building was situated across the street.

As the years passed by, the remaining structures were demolished or were destroyed such that by the time of current investigations the only two buildings that remained of this original group were the Old Officers' Quarters (Fort Wingate, Subsistence Storehouse) and the bakery later used as a residence (Building Most remaining elements of this original quadrant of the military Fort Wingate have since been demolished or otherwise removed. Only the two structures and the centrally situated parade ground (now used as an athletic field) provide reminders of the original military presence while the barracks and other buildings represent military upgrading and rebuilding following original construction. FORT WIN GA TE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No.

34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No. NM-194-A (Page 0 PART III. SOURCES OF INFORMATION A. Architectural drawings: n. d. "Building #61 - First Floor Plan". No date. On file at Facility Management Program. (See FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No. NM-194-A (Page~l-j ;;2 B.

Source document Quoted word for word from HABS NM-194-A. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

Ahearn, William C. "IHI Environmental Asbestos Inspection Report for Wingate Elementary School Buildings 46 and 61 ". Unpublished Manuscript on file at Facility Management Program. Bradley, John E. "Archaeological Monitoring of Ground Disturbance Associated with the Relocation of Five Portable Classrooms at Fort Wingate, Ojo Encino and Lake Valley Schools in McKinley and San Juan Counties, New Mexico". Prepared by BIA, Navajo Area Office. Prepared for Waterman, Inc. Unpublished Manuscript on file at Facility Management Program. Brandt, Carol B "Monitoring ofa Gas Pipeline Trench at Fort Wingate, McKinley County, New Mexico. Prepared by Zuni Archaeology Program. Prepared for BIA, Navajo Area Office". Unpublished Manuscript on file at Facility Management Program.

Collier, John "Indian Reservation Buildings in the Southwest". American Architect and Architecture. Vol. CL (June) Pp. Cook, Daniel W. "Preliminary Structural Evaluation, Buildings #46 and Fort Wingate, New Mexico". Unpublished Manuscript on file at Facility Management Program. DeMarcay, Gary B. "Cultural Resource Inventory for a New Sewer Lagoon at Wingate High School Wingate, New Mexico". Prepared by Unpublished Manuscript on file at Facility Management Program. EMC "Environmental Inspection Report Building #61 - Wingate Elementary Schoo 1, Wingate, New Mexico". Prepared for BIA, Facility Management Branch. Prepared by Environmental Management Consultants, Inc. On file at Facilities Management Program, Window Rock, Arizona.

FORT WIN GA TE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No. NM-194-A (Page FKW "Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act Inspection and Asbestos Management Plan". Prepared by FKW Inc., Oklahoma City. June. Unpublished Manuscript on file at Facility Management Program. Hamilton, M. Colleen "Dateline: Renovation and Demolition of Historic Buildings at Ft. Wingate Elementary School". Unpublished Manuscript on file at Facility Management Program. "United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Navajo Nation Council Chamber". Unpublished Manuscript on file at Facility Management Program.

Henderson, Mark "A Cultural Resources Survey Overview of the Proposed Wingate Phase III Facility Improvement & Repair (FI&R) ~roject, McKinley County, New Mexico (NAFM- Prepared by BIA, Navajo Area Office, Branch of Facility Management. Prepared for BIA, Office of Facility Management. On file at Facilities Management Program, Window Rock, Arizona. Higgins, Elaine W. (Compiler) The Bear Springs Story A History of Fort Wingate, McKinley County, New Mexico. Fort Wingate Centennial Commission Historical Committee. Holmes, Barbara "History of Building 52, Fort Wingate Indian School, McKinley County, New Mexico". Prepared by Zuni Archaeology Program, Zuni, New Mexico. Prepared for BIA, Navajo Area Office, Gallup, New Mexico. Unpublished Manuscript on file at Facility Management Program.

Jackson, Curtis E. and Marsha J. Galli "A History of the Bureau oflndian Affairs and its Activities Among Indians". San Francisco, R&E Research Assoc, Inc. James, HaroldL. "The History of Fort Wingate". In Guidebook of Defiance-Zuni-Mt. Taylor Region: Arizona and New Mexico. Frederick D. Trauger, Editor. New Mexico Geological Society, Eighteenth Field conference, October 19, 20, and 21, Pp. FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No. NM-194-A (Page Kakos, Peter "An Archaeological Survey of a Proposed Drainage Improvement for Bureau oflndian Affairs Facilities Management, Fort Wingate, New Mexico". Prepared by Navajo Nation Cultural Resource Management Program. Prepared for BIA, Navajo Area Office.

Unpublished Manuscript on file at Facility Management Program. Kelley, Klara B. "Archaeological Monitoring for Facility Improvement and Repair at Wingate Elementary School, Phase III". Prepared for Bradley Construction, Inc., Prepared by Navajo Nation Archaeology Department. Unpublished Manuscript on file at Facility Management Program. McNitt, Frank "Old Fort Wingate: The Inspection Reports". In El Palacio. Quarterly Journal of the Museum of New Mexico. Case Thompson Printing Company, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Newcomb, David K. "Code and Safety Evaluation of Fort Wingate Historic Buildings 46, 61 and 94. Prepared by BIA, Division of Safety Management". Unpublished Manuscript on file at Facility Management Program. Philp, Kenneth R.

John Collier's Crusade for Indian Reform, Tucson: University of Arizona Press. Project n. d. "Documentation for Determination of No Adverse Effect for Facility Improvement and Repair Projects at Wingate Elementary School Unpublished Manuscript on file at Facility Management Program. Simmons, Marc "Horse Race at Fort Fauntleroy: An Incident of the Navajo Wars". In La Gacet!!, Vol V, No. 1. Stewart, Phillip "An Archaeological Clearance Survey of three Tracts at Fort Wingate, New Mexico. Prepared by Navajo Nation Cultural Resource Management Program". Prepared for BIA, Navajo Area Office. Unpublished Manuscript on file at Facility Management Program. FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No.

NM-194-A (Page~ Threinen, Ellen 1981a The Navajos and the BIA: A Study of Government Buildings on the Navajo Reservation. BIA, Navajo Area Office. On file at Facility Management Program. ''National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form: Public Works Administration Buildings in the Navajo Area". On file at Facility Management Program. Tiller, Veronica E. "Fort Wingate: A Review of Historical and Architectural Documentation at the National Archives in Washington, D. C". Tiller Research, Inc., Albuquerque, NM. Unpublished Manuscript on file at Facility Management Program. Warner, Laurie "An Archaeological Survey ofFort Wingate Elementary School, McKinley County, New Mexico". Prepared by Navajo Nation Cultural Resource Management Program. Prepared for BIA.

Unpublished Manuscript on file at Facility Management Program. Young, Stella Navajo Native Dyes: Their Preparation and Use. The Filter Press, Palmer Lake, Colorado. (Originally published in by the U.S. BIA). FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No. NM-194-A (Page~ C. Correspondences: Bitsie, Joseph To Alan Downer, July. Wingate Buildings 46 and 61. On file at Facilities Management Program, Window Rock, Arizona. Cook, Daniel W. To Geraldine Arviso, May 15. "Preliminary Structural Evaluation, Buildings #46 and Fort Wingate, New Mexico". On file at Facilities Management Program, Window Rock, Arizona. Dewaynie, Rose To Colleen Hamilton, Navajo Nation Facilities Management Program, January 4.

Demolition of Unsafe Historic Buildings - Wingate Elementary School. On file at Facilities Management Program, Window Rock, Arizona. Eaton, Ethan W. To Carleton, June 13. National Archives, Record Group 98, "Fort Defiance Letter Book, Letters Sent 11 Hewat, James M. To Alan S. Downer, June 9. Demolition of Officer's Quarters, Fort Wingate. On file at Facilities Management Program, Window Rock, Arizona. Pope, Genl. To Whipple Correspondence to W. D. Whipple. October 23. National Archives, Washington, Sheridan, J. A. to Meigs To M. C. Meigs, June 16. National Archives, Washington, FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No. NM-194-A (Page D.

Maps: Fort Wingate NM, Photocopy, "Fort Wingate, New Mexico". National Archive Record Group 77 - Miscellaneous Fortifications File. Fort Wingate NM, Photocopy, "Fort Wingate, New Mexico, Water, Sewer and Irrigation Map". National Archives, Record Group No. 92, Post and Reservation Files, Blueprint File No. 2. Fort Wingate NM, Photocopy, "Fort Wingate, New Mexico, Proposed New Side Walks". National Archives, Record Group 92, Post and Reservation Files, Blueprint File #9. Fort Wingate NM, Photocopy, "Map of Fort Wingate, New Mexico". National Archives, Record Group 92, Post and Reservation Files, Blueprint File # 15. Plot Plan, 1925a 1925a "Plot Plan, Charles H. Burke School, Wingate, New Mexico. Compiled from Q. M. G. 0. Plan".

December 22, On file at BIA, Navajo Area Office, Gamerco Storage Facility, Gamerco, New Mexico. Plot Plan "Plot Plan, Charles H. Burke School, Wingate, New Mexico. Compiled from Q. M. G. 0. Plan". December 22, On file at BIA, Navajo Area Office, Gamerco Storage Facility, Gamerco, New Mexico. Plot Plan, "Plot Plan, Fort Wingate". September Department of the Interior, Office oflndian Affairs, Construction Division Field Office, Salt Lake City, Utah. On file at Drafting Department, Navajo Area Office, Gallup, New Mexico. Street Map n. d. Photocopy, "Street Map, Fort Wingate". No date. On file at Facility Management Program. (See FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABSNo.

NM-194-A (Page Wlf 0 Topographic Map, "Charles H Burke School, New Mexico: Topography". October 29, Department of the Interior, U.S. Indian Service, Navajo Agency. On file at BIA, Navajo Area Office, Gamerco Storage Facility, Gamerco, New Mexico. Topographic Map, "Topographic Map, Wingate Elementary School, Ft. Wingate, New Mexico". October 20, Department of the Interior, BIA, Washington, D. C. On file at BIA, Navajo Area Office, Gamerco Storage Facility, Gamerco, New Mexico. Utilities Plot Plan, "Utilities-Plot Plan". July 7, Department of the Interior, BIA, Navajo Area Office. On file at Drafting Department, Navajo Area Office, Gallup, New Mexico. Wingate Elementary School Campus Photocopy, "Wingate Elementary School Campus". Appears in Cook, On file at Facility Management Program.

(See FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No. NM-194-A (Page J?1;i E. Photographs: Officers' Club, Photocopy, "Officers Club, Fort Wingate". Appears in EMC, On file at Facility Management Program. (See Wingate Vocational School, Photocopy, "Wingate Vocational High School. Navajo Students Returning from Sherman Institute. 12 Greyhound Buses, 41 Students, May 23, On File at Navajo Nation Museum, Window Rock. Image Image (See FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary Schoo]) HABS No. NM-194-A (Page.,5-6160 F. Supplemental Materials Agenda "Agenda: Wingate Elementary School, Disposition ofBldgs. 46 & 61 ".

Unpublished Manuscript on file at Facility Management Program. Cook, Sylvia L. "National Register of Historic Places Inventory- Nomination Form: Fort Wingate Historic District". On file at Facility Management Program. Gallup Gazette 1939a "PWA Makes Needed Improvements Near Here." January 27, Number 14. Pp. 1 "Progress at Wingate". January 20, No. 18. Pp. 1. "Indian Youths Get Practical Training at Ft. Wingate". March 24, Number 22. Pp. 1. Judge Advocate General "United States Military Reservations National Cemeteries and Military Parks: Title, Jurisdiction, etc.". Prepared by Judge Advocate General, United States Army, Revised Edition, Washington D.C .. Master Plan "Master Plan for Disposition of Historical Buildings 46 & 61 ". Navajo Area Facility Management.

Unpublished Manuscript on file at Facility Management Program. Merrill, Paul Personal Communication reported in Holmes, Barbara, "History of Building 52, Fort Wingate Indian School, McKinley County, New Mexico". Prepared by Zuni Archaeology Program, Zuni, New Mexico. Prepared for BIA, Navajo Area Office, Gallup, New Mexico. Unpublished Manuscript on file at Facility Management Program. n. d. "Records of the United States Army Commands (Army Posts)". Records Treatment Plan n. d. "Treatment Plan to Support Determination of No Adverse Effect for Wingate Schools Facilities Projects and Unpublished Manuscript on file at Facility Management Program. FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No.

NM-194-A (Page Treaty Treaty between the United States of America and the Navajo Tribe oflndians; Concluded June 1, Ratification advised July 25, Proclaimed August 12, (15 Stat. Yazzie, AJice Personal Communication. April 13. FORT WINGATE, SUBSISTENCE STOREHOUSE (Fort Wingate, Building No. 34) (Fort Wingate, Building No. 61) (Wingate Elementary School) HABS No. NM-194-A (Page PART IV. PROJECT INFORMATION A. Preparers 1. Field team (addresses, names) - Engineering team - scale drawings: Holleyman & Associates Mike Holleyman, AIA, AICAE S. W. St. Suite F Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 1 405 691 Mholleyman@hollevman.com 2. Historic context and report preparation: White Oak Environmental Alliance, Inc. Joseph M. Nixon, RPA PO Box San Jacinto, California 1 909 658 whiteoak@koan.com 3.

Photographers: Rabinowitz Photography Jerry Rabinowitz B Severn Drive Boca Raton, Florida 1 561 jerry@jrabinowitz.com B. Sponsor: Bureau oflndian Affairs - Navajo Area Office Gallup, New Mexico C. Historians: JosephM. Nixon, RPA M. Colleen Hamilton, M. A., RP A \,\/bite Oak Environmental Alliance, Inc.