The Caverns Historic District, Research Hut No. 8, Reef Top Circle, Carlsbad

Source document Quoted word for word from HABS NM-152-B. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

Research Hut No. 8 is located at Carlsbad Caverns National Park, 727 Carlsbad Cavern Carlsbad, NM This employee quarter or Research Hut is located northeast of the visitor center, on Reef Top Circle Road, seven miles west of Highway 62- at the end of State Route 7. Research Hut No. 8 is located at latitude: longitude: Coordinates were obtained in using Google Earth

Source document Quoted word for word from HABS NM-152-B. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

Research Hut No. 8 is currently not in use by the National Park Service as it is currently deemed unsuitable for human habitation and thus designated as vacant/maintained (mothballed). Prior to the Superintendent deciding to close the building until funding could be secured for necessary renovations, Research Hut No. 8 was used as housing for seasonal staff, visiting researchers, and NPS employees.

Source document Quoted word for word from HABS NM-152-B. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

In the National Park Service hired Thomas Boles to manage the park as its first superintendent. During this year, it is said that he designed Employee Residences 6, 7, 8, and 9, which cave guides built from The claim that Boles designed Research Hut No. 8 in the late remains unsupported by historic documentation; this discrepancy between archival sources and popular memory will be discussed in later sections. Instead, archival evidence suggests that these buildings were instead both designed and built by and for the cave guides to provide much needed housing for themselves. On May 14, Carlsbad Cave National Monument was renamed Carlsbad Caverns National Park, becoming one of the most popular destinations in the southwest.

The majority of buildings and structures built in the park s early years have not survived its expansion; thus, the significance of these huts is measured in their contribution to the architectural language that continues to shape development in the park today. Archeological evidence demonstrates that American Indians knew of and used the cave at Carlsbad Caverns for ceremonial and religious purposes since the prehistoric times, and continued to do so for thousands of years. European exploration and eventually settlement eventually paved the way for locals to begin mining the cave for guano decades before the first tourists arrived in the Only one year after the National Geographic Society CARLSBAD CAVERNS NATIONAL PARK,

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No. 8 HABS No. (Page 2) published a magazine spread on the caverns in the caves became so famous that President Calvin Coolidge signed legislation on October 25, to make it a National Monument under the recently-formed National Park Service. A whole economy developed around the caverns to meet the increasing demands of the tourists arriving to tour the caves, from infrastructure in and around the caves to camping and other lodging, meals, and other forms of entertainment. In the Carlsbad Chamber of Commerce hired Jim White, the first recorded explorer of the cave, to build a staircase from the natural entrance of the cavern. The construction of the staircase vastly improved the accessibility cave, allowing a greater volume and increased diversity of visitors.

Additionally, cave guides built a new, more passable road to the cave s entrance, replacing the functional yet dangerous path previously used for transporting guano. Historians: Kathleen Conti and Jamie Epley. November

Source document Quoted word for word from HABS NM-152-B. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

Historical Information A. Physical History: 1. Date of Erection: Construction on Research Hut No. 8 began in and was completed by the end of 2. Architect: None. According to his own claims and reports written decades after construction was completed, Superintendent Thomas Boles designed Research Hut No. 8; however, this statement is not backed up by any archival documents. In reviewing all of Boles diaries and superintendent reports submitted to the National Park Service, he made no mention of designing the buildings but left very detailed reports for all other projects he undertook. Documentation by the NPS written decades later lists him as the architect, but provide no evidence for this assertion.

Moreover, this claim is further suspect as these same documents, also state that the Civilian Conservation Corps built Research Hut No. 8 from which is impossible as President Franklin D. Roosevelt did not found the CCC as part of the New Deal until Researchers did not find any archival documentation listing the individuals who did build the huts. Given the repeated error of listing Boles as the designer and the CCC as the builders since the it is likely that identities of the cave guides who designed and built this employee quarter or research hut for their own use were never recorded and thus credit was given posthumously to Boles and the 1 National Park Service, List of Classified Structures, 2 John C.

Paige, The Civilian Conservation Corps and the National Park Service, An Administrative History, CARLSBAD CAVERNS NATIONAL PARK,

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No. 8 HABS No. (Page 3) 3. Original and Subsequent owners, occupants, uses: The National Park Service has owned, operated, and occupied Research Hut No. 8 since its construction. Originally, it served as employee quarter or research hut for cave guides. In more recent decades, it has been used for seasonal housing and visiting research housing and offices. 4. Builder, contractor, suppliers: No surviving records list specific contractors or suppliers. Thomas Boles monthly Superintendent Reports and his diaries both state that the cave guides themselves rallied together to build the structure using primarily local materials. 5.

Original plans and construction: Design drawings or plans have not been located, either in the official park management records or in the personal archive of Thomas Boles. Given the acute lack of housing and with the growing need for infrastructure to support the demands of tourism, it is likely that this structure was built rapidly without formal blueprints or plans. Physical evidence of this vernacular construction remains in the building, including substantially angled and sloped exterior walls; variation in construction details, such as shelves of slightly varied length, doors and frames that are not precise rectangles; and nearly all interior walls lack 90 degree angles.

While some of these features might be due to the age and natural settling processes of buildings over time, Research Hut No. 8 displays substantially more evidence of these features than other buildings within the park that were both designed and built by NPS architects and contractors. 6. Alterations and Additions: In NPS engineers from the regional office in San Francisco designed additions for Hut No. 7, 8, and 9. Surviving archival documents do not reveal why Research Hut No. 6, the first built of the four buildings in the same plan, was not also similarly altered. In the late some of the vigas and lintels that were damaged beyond repair were replaced3.

Throughout the years, the NPS has made small alterations, such as changes in plumbing fixtures, but these have not decreased the building s overall integrity and reflect its changing use over time. B. Historical Context: Carlsbad Caverns National Park lies within the Guadalupe Mountains, and was formed within large and unique geological formations. Although many knew of the caves for centuries, it was not until the that a steady stream of tourists and miners looking for guano began to popularize the cave beyond the region. In the later years of the the demand for tours increased enough for locals to begin charging fees and developing infrastructure; originally, one could only access the cave via a guano mining bucket lowered into the natural entrance.

Improving the accessibility of the cave meant that far greater number of tourists could descend into the cave per day. 3 Goodall, Harrison. Preservation Plan: Wood Exterior Elements, prepared for Carlsbad Caverns National Park by Conservation Services. September 29, CARLSBAD CAVERNS NATIONAL PARK, RESEARCH HUT No. 8 HABS No. (Page 4) While many claim to have been the first to discover the caves, most agree that local Jim White was the first to explore the caves beyond the main entrance within historic memory.4 By White s tours attracted national attention. Later that year, Robert Holley an official from the Government Land Office paid a visit to determine its eligibility for a National Monument.

He became so impressed with the handiwork of the Great Architect that he recommended it be made a National Monument as soon as possible.5 The National Park Service was still in its infancy, as President Woodrow Wilson established it upon signing the Organic Act on August 25, On October 25, President Calvin Coolidge designated the caves as Carlsbad Cave National Monument: [The Carlsbad cavern has] extraordinary proportions and of unusual beauty and variety of natural decoration; and WHEREAS, beyond the spacious chambers that have been explored, other vast chambers of unknown character and dimensions exist; and WHEREAS, the several chambers contain stalactites, stalagmites, and other formations in such unusual number, size, beauty of form, and variety of figure as to make this a cavern equal, if not superior, in both scientific and popular interest to the better known caves; and WHEREAS, it appears that the public interest would be promoted by reserving this natural wonder as a National Monument, together with as much land as may be needed for the protection, not only of the known entrance, but such other entrances as may be found.6 After this proclamation, journalists, photographers, and scientists traveled to New Mexico to see the wonders of the cave themselves.

Their publications help promote the caverns as a site of natural and scientific wonder. The rapid influx of tourists quickly overwhelmed the paltry infrastructure, yet the designation of National Monument status did not bring the necessary funds to facilitate tourism or protect the resources. By NPS engineers and architects started surveying the park and identified several sites surrounding the natural entrance for construction.7 The Caverns received their first full-time NPS employee two years after becoming a National Monument. Thomas Boles, the first official park Superintendent, worked there for over twenty years.

It was he who argued to Washington officials in that there was enough public excitement to develop "the Cave from a spectacular standpoint, rather than as a mere geological exhibit. 8 At this time, his staff lived in make-shift structures and tents until they built permanent stone buildings in the late As one of the earliest National Monuments and with the scarcity of infrastructure prior to 4 See: Ruth Caiar and Jim White One Man's Dream: The Story of Jim White, Discoverer and Explorer of the Carlsbad Caverns, 5 Typescript, Robert A. Holley, Report on the Carlsbad Cave, 9. Box Entry 10 - Central Classified Files, Record Group 79 - Records of the National Park Service, National Archives and Records Administration II, College Park, MD [hereafter Entry 10, RG 79, NARA II].

As cited in Lisa Pfueller Davidson, Historic American Buildings 6 Calvin Coolidge, Creation of Carlsbad Cavern National Monument, proclamation (1679-Oct. 25, Stat. 7 Davidson, Iceberg Rock, 7. 8 Letter, Boles to A. E. Demaray, Assistant Director, (21 November Box Entry 10, RG 79, NARA II. As cited in Davidson, Iceberg Rock, 7. CARLSBAD CAVERNS NATIONAL PARK, RESEARCH HUT No. 8 HABS No. (Page 5) Research Hut No. 8 represents the larger ideals of the NPS to provide facilities with minimal damage to the natural features of the park. These design ideals, known as Rustic Design, or Parkitecture, allowed for structures that mirrored their surroundings in form, material, and color. Closely associated with Parkitecture is the Pueblo Revival style in which Research Hut No.

8 and the other huts were built in as well. The NPS removed all previous buildings that did not fit this blend of styles. The master plan for Carlsbad Caves began to take shape under the direction of Thomas Vint, the Chief of the NPS Landscape Engineering Division in Los Angeles, California. The existing archival records show that he designed the landscape surrounding the structures and the majority of the buildings. Decades later, however, Thomas Boles claimed that he himself had designed the employee Hut No.s 6, 7, 8, and 9, despite the fact that none of his superintendent reports mention this. An avid dairy writer, Boles does, however, make detailed and repeated entries of the construction process.

Nevertheless, after he claimed this, nearly all park documents written afterwards accept his claim, though the National Register Nomination does highlight this discrepancy. Pueblo Revival style first emerged in California during the early as a blend of Native American Pueblo architecture and Spanish Colonial design and soon became popular in Arizona and New Mexico. E. P.

Ripley, the president of the Atchinson, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railway Company, advocated for the style to be used in hotels, stations, and other ancillary buildings along the railroad, which help spread and cement the popularity of the revival style.9 Pueblo Rival style became widespread across New Mexico after George Tight, an architect and president of the University of New Mexico, decided to remodel some of the campus buildings in this style in followed by the construction of the Santa Fe Art Museum in the same style. After New Mexico achieved statehood in several artists, archeologists, and historians in Santa Fe worked to protect and bolster the region s architectural legacy, cementing the style later employed at Carlsbad Caverns.

Typical features of the design included rounded corners, flat roofs, vigas, and earth-toned materials. Architectural critic Sylvanus Griswold Morley commented on the style in writing about the most important characteristics is that [t]he general effect is low and long. . . . The buildings appear to cling to mother earth and do not rear themselves ineffectual competition with natural elevations. 10 While many buildings in this style are built of adobe or stuccoed to mimic adobe, Research Hut No. 8, is built of locally quarried limestone in the Pueblo Revival style. Stone, although less commonly found in this style, is more typical of the majority of the pueblos the style is meant to evoke. 11 Later buildings within the park were built in adobe following the Territorial Revival style.

Research Hut No. 8, along with the other employee huts built in the late set a precedence for the rest of the park s built environment. Their unique style also served to increase tourism, as tourists enjoyed viewing them and often took souvenir photographs or bought postcards of them. After completion of the employee huts, Boles rightly boasted to Washington that these stone cabins fit in perfectly with the surroundings. 9 Sylvanus Griswold Morley, Santa Fe Architecture, in Ralph Emerson Twitchell, ed.

Old Santa Fe: A Magazine of History, Archeology, Genealogy, and Biography (Santa Fe: Old Santa Fe Press, 10 Ibid., 11 National Register of Historic Places, The Caverns Historic District, Carlsbad Caverns National Park, Eddy County, New Mexico, National Register CARLSBAD CAVERNS NATIONAL PARK, RESEARCH HUT No. 8 HABS No. (Page 6)

Source document Quoted word for word from HABS NM-152-B. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

Architectural Information A. General Statement: 1. Architectural Character: Research Hut No. 8 was originally constructed between as a simple one-story building in the Pueblo Revival Style. Character defining features of the style as seen at Research Hut No. 8 include rock-face limestone masonry exterior walls that flare at the base, wooden vigas and lintels, and a flat roof with crenellated parapets. The additions added to Research Hut No. 8 in continued with the Pueblo Revival Style, but included more carefully applied masonry techniques with the introduction of quoins around window and door openings, as well as at the corners of the new construction.

At the entrance, there is a small flagstone stoop and a retaining wall constructed of the same limestone as the main structure, mirroring the crenellation of the roofline. The main entrance to the structure is centered on the original facades and is flanked symmetrically by wooden double hung windows. Research Hut No. 8 is a contributing building to the larger Caverns Historic District as an example of the National Park Service s early years and its expansion into the region prior to the Great Depression. This building also exemplifies the efforts of the NPS to construct examples of localized building styles to blend in with and not detract from the natural wonders. 2. Condition of fabric: The exterior masonry of the Research Hut No. 8 is in good condition.

Most of the woodwork, however, continues to suffer from exposure to the elements. The exterior vigas and wood framing around all windows and doors are showing signs of cracking and delamination. The wooden lintels are cracking but are not as badly deteriorated as the vigas. As the building has been mothballed and unable to be used by park staff, various rodents and insects have visited and taken up residence inside but have not caused apparent structural damage. The interior surfaces are currently covered in a residue of rodent fecal matter and dust, but otherwise are in good condition. B. Description of Exterior: 1. Overall description: Research Hut No. 8 is a single-story, rough limestone Pueblo Revival building with an L-shape plan, and roughly 52 x 24 . Research Hut No.

8 was originally rectangular in plan but now is L-shaped with the later additions of a bedroom and bath on the west side, as well as a kitchen on the east. The vigas present on the exterior continue through the original portion of the structure (now the center room) and are exposed. The plaster around the jambs and head of the windows and doors in the center room curves into the millwork but does not in the newer additions. CARLSBAD CAVERNS NATIONAL PARK,

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No. 8 HABS No. (Page 7) 2. Foundation: The foundation consists of limestone 18 structural masonry foundation walls and wooden floor joists. 3. Walls: Research Hut No. 8 s exterior walls are randomly coursed rough limestone with quoins at all convex corners and rough openings. Vigas also line the north and south facades, but the ones in the central mass of the building go through the building. The vigas on the addition are false. Interior walls are metal lathe and plaster, with softly curved detailing at jambs and heads in the original room. Interior wall thickness is 5 within the scope of the additions, but the formerly exterior walls that separate the additions from the original structure are 22 thick. 4.

Structural system: The structural system consists of loadbearing masonry with wood framing and floor joists. 5. Porches, stoops, balconies, porticoes, bulkheads: It has flagstone stoops with stone steps at the eastern edges. These stoops have a partial height limestone wall roughly 18 thick along the south edges. The wall at Research Hut No. 8 terminates into the eastern face of the bedroom addition. 6. Chimneys: There are no built-in chimneys on either building. However, a gas stove with a ventilation stack has been fitted into Research Hut No. 8. 7. Openings: a. Doorways and doors: The main doorway is centrally located on the south elevations. All doorways have a half-log set into a concrete lintel. Trim and casings are all wood. Research Hut No.

8 has only one additional entry on the east. There are two large openings on either side of the central room that seems to indicate that there was originally an additional entrance from the west, but that entrance was removed once the additions were completed. The exterior doors are all plywood replacements. Screen doors are recent additions. b. Windows: The main entry door has windows on either side, and two extra windows on the southern elevation that are centered on the fa ade. All windows are aligned to a similar head height as the doorways. Original windows are wood double hung windows, half log lintels, and deep limestone sills. Windows on the additions to Research Hut No. 8 are steel casement windows with sashes of either four or eight lights.

The easternmost window on the south facade of Research Hut No. 8 is roughly half the height of the other windows, but is still aligned to the same head height as the rest. This shortened window is also about three times as wide as the other windows. CARLSBAD CAVERNS NATIONAL PARK, RESEARCH HUT No. 8 HABS No. (Page 8) 8. Roof: a. Shape, covering: The roof is flat with crenellated parapets, and originally was covered by asphalt and asbestos roofing system. This has since been replaced with a membrane roofing. b. Cornice, eaves: There is a small run of eaves on the northern edge of the roofing to allow for drainage away from the building. C. Description of Interior: 1. Floor plan: Research Hut No. 8 has an L shaped plan, with the main entry opening onto a living room/office space.

Within the living room area there are two small closets. The eastern closet contains a retrofitted HVAC unit, while the western closet is used as extra storage space. The kitchen lies through an opening on the east side of the living room and has a secondary entry. A small hallway on the west side moves into the bathroom and bedroom. The bedroom has a small closet on the north wall. 2. Flooring: The flooring in Research Hut No. 8 is vinyl, which is a consistent speckled grey color. 3. Walls and ceiling finish: The interior walls are metal lathe and plaster, with softly curved detailing at jambs and heads in the original room. Interior wall thickness is 5 within the scope of the additions, but the formerly exterior walls that separate the additions from the original structure are 22 thick.

The ceiling in the original Research Hut No. 8 has exposed vigas. The ceilings in the additions are plaster, with the exception of the bedroom which has some additional trim and millwork in a large grid. 4. Openings: a. Doorways and doors: Most of the interior doors have been replaced with simple hollow-core plywood doors, but some of the interior doors are original sugar pine random width tongue-and-groove planks tied together with oak splines. b. Windows: Storm windows have been attached to most of the interior faces of the windows. The windows in the living room have a painted wood sill and the plaster around the jambs and wooden head curve in toward the trim. The rest of the windows have plaster sills, not wood ones.

All of the interior faces of those windows have wooden sills and casing around the jambs and heads. c. Decorative Features & Trim: The doorway from the living room to the kitchen in Research Hut No. 8 has the same curved plaster edges around the lintel and jamb as the windows. d. Hardware and Light Fixtures: The kitchen cabinetry is original and still has most of the original hardware. The brass hinges on each cabinet are oversized with a triple leaf motif on either half of the hinge. The exact detail varies, but the motif remains. Brass drawer pulls are simple semicircles. CARLSBAD CAVERNS NATIONAL PARK, RESEARCH HUT No. 8 HABS No. (Page 9) D. Site: 1. Historic Landscape Design: Research Hut No.

8 is located along Permian Drive, a paved road built sometime between and This stretch of road is planted with native New Mexico species and lined with a one foot high limestone retaining wall about 12 thick. The native plant species fill all of the landscape around the structures that is not a delineated pathway. Early park designers deliberately planned the landscape in this fashion in order to minimize views of the asphalt roads, creating a rustic style. This road also connects to the terraced pathways designed by Harvey Cornell that lead to the Bat Flight Amphitheater at the mouth of the Caverns and connects to the Visitor s Center.

Source document Quoted word for word from HABS NM-152-B. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

Bailey, Vernon. Bats of the Carlsbad Cavern, New Mexico. National Geographic Magazine. . Animal Life of the Carlsbad Caverns. American Society of Mammalogists Monograph No. 3. The Williams & Wilkins, Co., Baltimore, Boles, Thomas. Superintendent s Report. On file at Carlsbad Caverns National Park. . Diaries. On file at Carlsbad Caverns National Park. Davidson, Liza Pfueller. Historic American Buildings Survey: Iceberg Rock Staircase. HABS No. On file at Carlsbad Caverns National Park. DeVoto, Bernard. Let s Close the National Parks . Harper s Magazine. Goodall, Harrison. Preservation Plan: Wood Exterior Elements, prepared for Carlsbad Caverns National Park by Conservation Services. September 29, National Park Service.

Mission 66 Prospectus, Carlsbad Caverns National Park, On file at Carlsbad Caverns National Park. . Carlsbad Cavern Resource Protection Plan: Implementation Plan and Environmental Assessment. National Park Service, Carlsbad Caverns National Park. . Cultural Landscapes Inventory, Caverns Historic District, Carlsbad Caverns National Park. National Park Service, Santa Fe. . Carlsbad Caverns National Park Images. On file at Carlsbad Caverns National Park. CARLSBAD CAVERNS NATIONAL PARK,

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No. 8 HABS No. (Page 10) . Carlsbad Caverns National Administrative Records. On file at Carlsbad Caverns National Park. . List of Classified Structures, for Caverns HD Employee Residences #6 & #8. On file at Carlsbad Caverns National Park. Nymeyer, Robert, and William R. Halliday. Carlsbad Caverns: The Early Years. Guadalupe Mountains Association, Carlsbad. B. Secondary Carr, Ethan. Mission 66: Modernism and the National Park Dilemma. University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst. CCC Legacy. CCCLegacy.Org. Electronic document, accessed October 5, Hoff, Bob. Carlsbad Caverns History Blog. Electronic document, accessed August 10, Kammer, David. The Historical and Architectural Resources of the New Deal in New Mexico, National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form.

Kayser, David W. A Brief Cultural History of Carlsbad Caverns National Park, Eddy County, Southeast New Mexico. Manuscript on file at Carlsbad Caverns National Park. Morley, Sylvanus Griswold Santa Fe Architecture, in Ralph Emerson Twitchell, ed. Old Santa Fe: A Magazine of History, Archeology, Genealogy, and Biography. Santa Fe: Old Santa Fe Press, Paige, John C. The Civilian Conservation Corps and the National Park Service, An Administrative History. Electronic document accessed December 1, Rothman, Hal. A Historic Resource Study of Carlsbad Caverns and Guadalupe Mountains National Parks and the Surrounding Areas. Electronic version of hardcopy book, accessed at Swanson, Betty.

National Register Nomination Form for the Caverns Historic District, Carlsbad Caverns National Park New Mexico, National Register No. Amended in CARLSBAD CAVERNS NATIONAL PARK, RESEARCH HUT No. 8 HABS No. (Page 11) C. Likely Sources Not Yet Investigated: Lee, Willis T. A Visit to Carlsbad Cavern, New Mexico. National Geographic Magazine . New Discoveries in Carlsbad Cavern, New Mexico. National Geographic Magazine . Carlsbad Cavern, New Mexico. Unpublished manuscript written sometime prior to On file at Carlsbad Caverns National Park. MacVaugh, Frederick Earle. Preserving the Underground: The Creation of Carlsbad Caverns National Park, Unpublished Master's Thesis, Department of History, University of Texas at El Paso. PART IV: Project Information The documentation of Research Hut No.

8 was undertaken in and by The University of Texas School of Architecture s department of Historic Preservation s Graphic Documentation Class, supervised by architect Benjamin Ibarra-Sevilla. The project was sponsored by the National Park Service s Intermountain Regional Office in Santa Fe, Julie McGilvray, Regional Landscape Architect and Carlsbad Caverns National Park (CAVE). Project planning was coordinated by Julie McGilvray, Benjamin Ibarra-Sevilla, and the Center for Sustainable Design at UT-Austin.

Graduate students at UTSOA Kate Clarke, Kathleen Conti, Jamie Epley, Katherine Hill, Jinwon Lee, Lori Martin, Sarah Medwig, Johanna Molander, Kelsey Riddle, Blagica Ristovka, Hannah Simonson, and Erin Smith conducted the fieldwork, produced the measured drawings, and undertook the large-format photography. The historical report was written by Kathleen Conti and Jamie Epley. Jinwon Lee finalized the drawings and compiled the report for final submission. Crucial assistance was provided by CAVE staff, especially archeologist Sam Denman. CARLSBAD CAVERNS NATIONAL PARK, RESEARCH HUT No. 8 HABS No.

(Page 12) Figure 1: Governor Seligman Jan 23, in Carlsbad Caverns National Park Source: Photographed by the United States Department of Interior Available online at and-governors-day CARLSBAD CAVERNS NATIONAL PARK, RESEARCH HUT No. 8 HABS No. (Page 13) Figure 2: Thomas Boles with cave guides, c. Source: The National Park Service website. NPSHC/CACA#7493A Available online at CARLSBAD CAVERNS NATIONAL PARK, RESEARCH HUT No. 8 HABS No. (Page 14) Figure 3: Amelia Earhart becomes a Cave Guide, standing with Thomas Boles and an unidentified friend, c. Source: The National Park Service, on file with Carlsbad Caverns National Park. CARLSBAD CAVERNS NATIONAL PARK, RESEARCH HUT No. 8 HABS No. (Page 15) Figure 4: Jim White, official discoverer of Carlsbad Caves, c. Source: Photograph by George Grant.

Carlsbad Caverns National Park, Catalog Number: Available online at CARLSBAD CAVERNS NATIONAL PARK, RESEARCH HUT No. 8 HABS No. (Page 16) Figure 5: Scrapbook page showing visitors and employees at the Caverns, c. July Source: From Carlsbad Caverns National Park archive, as photographed by employee Dave Mitchell. Available online at CARLSBAD CAVERNS NATIONAL PARK, RESEARCH HUT No. 8 HABS No. (Page 17) Figure 6: Two women explore the caverns, c. Source: Photograph by Ansel Adams, from the series Ansel Adams Photographs of National Parks and Monuments (National Archives and Records Administration) Available online at