Madison Township (part 12 of 20)

he came to the United States and entered the seminary at Cleveland, Ohio, which he attended six years, receiving a thorough philosophical and theological education. After completing his studies there, he came to Gibsonburg, in July, 1901, as pastor of St. Michael's: Church. The high character of his work here and the good he has accomplished are well known to the people of the community, among whom he is popular.

WENDELL SPRANG, one of Green Creek Township's most substantial citizens, is the owner of 210 acres of land in that township, located about five miles east of Fremont. His career presents an interesting record of what may be accomplished by hard work and close application to business, frugal living and intelligent investment. He was born in Baden, Germany, September 19, 1833, and is a son of Thomas and Eupheme (Myers) Sprang.

Thomas Sprang was born and reared in Germany and was the owner of a small farm in Baden. In 1852, he brought his family to the United States, the voyage in a sail boat consuming twenty-eight days. He at once located in Sandusky, Ohio, where he lived some years, and then located in Green Creek Township, Sandusky County, where he died at the age of 69 years. His wife survived him many years and died at the age of 82. They were parents of seven children, all of whom were born in Germany and three of them died in that country. The four who grew to maturity were: Philip, deceased; Wendell; William, deceased; and Mary Eva, widow of Godfrey Young. William Sprang was a soldier in the Union Army and carried the flag in the thickest of the fights without injury, only to meet his death years afterward in a railroad accident.

Wendell Sprang was reared on the home farm in Baden and attended the common schools. When a small boy he did much of the cooking at home and looked after the smaller children, while his mother worked in the field. His elder brother, who had gone to America, wrote for our subject to join him, and as a result his father sold the farm and the entire family set sail for the new country. After locating at Sandusky, Ohio, Wendell worked at odd jobs for a time and then went to work on the Lakes, for which he received $16.00 per month. He continued at that work for two years and sent his money to his parents, with which to build a home in Sandusky. The year before his marriage, he saved $250. When times on the Lakes got bad he gave up that work and in 1859 moved to Sandusky County. He bought twenty-five acres of land in Green Creek Township, for $19.00 per acre, and made a first payment of $200 upon it. He put up a log house and a stable, and worked out by the day to make a living, putting in his spare time in clearing the farm. He soon turned his attention exclusively to farming, and as he prospered added from time to time small tracts to his original purchase until he now has 210 acres in his farm. This farm represents seven distinct purchases, it being his desire not to incur too large an indebtedness. He also owns a farm of eighty acres in Fulton County, Ohio. In 1902, he erected the large brick home in which he lives, and later built the brick house in which his son lives.

In 1857. Mr. Sprang was united in marriage with Mary Yeager, who three years before had come to this country from Germany. They had one son, John, who lives on a part of his father's farm and is himself the owner of forty acres. He married Elizabeth Phronizer and they have three children: Henry, William and Lester. The wife of our subject died in 1905, at the age of 70 years. In May, 1906, he formed a second union with Mrs. Matilda Boose, who has three children by her first husband, namely: Lewis, Abraham and Clara. Politically, Mr. Sprang is a Democrat. In religious faith, he is a member of the German Catholic Church at Fremont.

JOHN M. SHERMAN, cashier of the First National Bank of Fremont, and treasurer of the Fremont Home Telephone Company, came to this city on February 1, 1891, and has been identified with the First National Bank ever since. He was born on his father's farm in Wakeman Township, Huron County, Ohio, July 29, 1860, and is a son of John G. and

Justin Sherman came to Huron County from Connecticut, in 1823, and erected the first frame house in Wakeman Township, building after the old New England style. He lived happily in that house, which reminded him continually of his early days, and died there in 1865. In the old colonial house his son, John G. Sherman, was born in 1830. He made it his home through life and died there in 1893. His widow survived until 1907.

John M. Sherman was born in his grandfather's old mansion and was reared on the home farm and attended the country schools and the village schools of Wakeman, after which he entered the preparatory school at Oberlin, Ohio, where he remained until June, 1880. On January 1, 1881, he entered the First National Bank of New London, Ohio, beginning as collector and janitor, advancing to be bookkeeper and three years later was made cashier, a position he acceptably filled for seven years and only resigned it in order to become general bookkeeper for the First National Bank at Fremont. In January, 1892, he was appointed assistant cashier and in 1903 became cashier. He has been one of the directors of this bank ever since he became connected with the institution. Mr. Sherman has many additional interests of large importance. He is treasurer of the Price Lumber and Manufacturing Company; is a director of the Simple Account Sales Book Company; owns oil property and valuable real estate, much of the latter being in Fremont, where he owns, with other tracts, the Sherman block, which is situated on the corner of West State and Front streets. His beautiful home is situated at No. 613 Birchard Avenue.

In 1886 Mr. Sherman was married to Miss Jennie Middlewarth, a daughter of John Middlewarth, and they have two children: Helen L. and John Homer. Mr. Sherman is prominent in Masonry, having attained the thirtysecond degree, and he is associated with Brainard Lodge, No. 336, Fremont Chapter No. 64, Fremont Council No. 56, Toledo Consistory and the Mvstic Shrine.

RD. REYNOLDS, M. D.,. proprietor. of the Bath House, at Green Springs, Ohio, has been a resident of this place since October, 1899. Dr. Reynolds was born at Mentor, Ohio, December 25, 1866, and is a son of Charles G. and Catherine M. (Wright) Reynolds. Dr. Reynolds can claim an American ancestry of many generations, his forefathers having come to the shores of what is now the United States from England, as early as 1635.

Charles C. Reynolds, the father of Dr. Reynolds, was born in the State of New York and was two years old when his father, Gurdeon Reynolds, brought him to Lake County, settling on a farm. There Charles C. Reynolds grew to manhood. For a number of years he engaged in business as a miller, at Cleveland, and later conducted a grocery store at Chicago. Subsequently he returned to Mentor and bought the old homestead and there he died when aged 70 years, in 1899. His widow still survives. She is a native of Zanesville, Ohio.

The boyhood of Dr. Reynolds was spent mainly on the home farm. He was given excellent educational advantages and after graduating from the Painesville High School, entered Adelbert College, from which he was graduated in 1890. For three years he then engaged in teaching at the Green Spring Academy, in the meanwhile beginning the study of medicine, and in 1897 he graduated from the Medical Department of the Western Reserve University. For one year afterward he served as house physician and surgeon at the Charity Hospital and then located for practice on Kelley's Island. Dr. Reynolds continued there until October, 1899, when he came to Green Spring. In 1902 he purchased the Spring Wood, in which he drilled several artesian wells and in 1904 and 1905 erected and opened the Bath House, which attracts a considerable patronage. He has also erected a number of cottages and is at present constructing a dining hall.

WILLIAM KEIL, president of the Woodville Savings Bank Company and a prominent hardware merchant, has been engaged in business at Woodville, Ohio, longer than any other resident of the place, his career there extending over a period of more than half a century.

Mr. Keil was born in Germany in 1838, and is a son of Nicholas Keil, who was a brewer and cooper. William Keil came to the United States in 1852 and for some time was located at St. Louis, Missouri. In 1857 he started a tinshop at Woodville, Sandusky County, Ohio, and was conducting that shop at the time the He enlisted October 14, 1861, as a member of Company D, 72d Ohio Vol. Inf., and was in the service a little less than one year. He participated in a number of engagements, including the Battle of Shiloh, in which he was wounded so badly as to incapacitate him for further service. He was honorably discharged on September 15, 1862, and returned to his home in Woodville. He started the hardware business in 1865 and in 1894 erected the building, the ground floor of which is occupied by his store. He carries a full line of hardware, building materials and farming implements, and enjoys a liberal patronage from the public. He was one of the organizers of the Woodville Savings Bank Company, capitalized at $25,000, and has served as its president since its organization. The other officers are B. S. Otten, vice president, and Henry Rancamp, cashier. The substantial brick building occupied by the bank was erected at the time the institution was organized.

On January 23, 1862, Mr. Keil was united in marriage with Miss Mary Lowe, and they have four children: Edward, who is associated in business with his father, conducting a branch store at Pemberville; Gussie, whose death resulted in 1900 from a gas explosion; George, who also is in business with his father ; and Hattie, who lives at home. Edward Keil married Julia Carman, of Bradner, and they have two children, Ruth and Rhea. Politically, William Keil is a Republican, and fraternally is a Mason.

W. W. Wilder was born in Clyde, August 28, 1872, and there received a good educational training in the grade and high schools. At the age of 18 years he went west to Portland, Oregon, where he completed a course in Holmes Business College, from which institution he was graduated in 1891. He then spent several years in the employ of a wholesale hardware firm in that city, and in 1895 returned to Clyde, Ohio. He at that time entered the firm of Wilder, Estill & Company, grocers and successors to Wilder Brothers. He continued in that business until goo, when he disposed of his interests to Mr. Estill and became identified with the Clyde Kraut Company as secretary and treasurer. This company was established in 1891 and the plant covers about an acre of ground along the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railway tracks. They have a capacity of 200 cars and give employment to some ninety men. The company also operates a plant at Jackson, Michigan, where a specialty is made of pickles. The Silver Fleece trade mark of this firm is one familiar to the people and represents careful preparation and quality.

September 25, 1895, Mr. Wilder was married to Miss Hallie McCleary, a daughter of Capt. Charles H. and Clarissa (Brown) Mc- Cleary, and they have one son, H. Triston. Politically, he is a Republican. He resides with his family in a comfortable home at No. 207 George Street, in Clyde.

FRED TRAPP, Jr., who is engaged in general farming in Section 21, Madison Township, where he owns forty acres of valuable land, was born in Germany, March 20, 1864, and is a son of Fred and Sophia (Asmus) Trapp.

Fred Trapp, Sr., was born in Bremen, Germany, in December, 1843. He was there married to Sophia, daughter of Fred and Mary Asmus, and they have had twelve children, namely: Rickie, Fred, Charles, Mary, John, Christian, Theodore, Caroline, George, Imma, Genia and Annie. After marriage, Mr. and Mrs. Trapp continued to live in Germany until after the birth of three children, when they came to America, and to Sandusky County. He lived on rented farms for some years and then bought his present one of 120 acres, to which was added twenty more by inheritance. At that time land was so densely wooded that a place had to be cleared in the forest before a house could be built. The present buildings on the farm are the second set erected, the first ones having burned down. For a number of years Mr. Trapp has been agent for the German Insurance Company. In politics he is a Democrat and in religious faith he is a Lutheran.

Fred Trapp, Jr., was permitted to go to school until he was 14 years of age, attending both at Gibsonburg, where there was a German school, and in Madison Township. He grew up strong and sturdy and when 14 years old was as able to swing a cradle in the grain field as successfully as his father. He became very helpful to his parents and remained at home until his marriage, when he settled on a nearby farm of eighty acres. Later he moved to another eighty-acre farm which he rented in Scott Township, and from there moved to Gibsonburg and during the two years he lived there he worked as thresher and also in a stone quarry. He followed threshing for ten seasons all told, and for two years worked in oil fields. From there he moved on his present farm, buying forty acres and building house, barn and sheds. He has his entire property cleared and about one-half well tilled. He also cultivates an additional ten acres, which he has rented for several years. There may be oil underlying his land, but Mr. Trapp has never made any tests.

On September 15, 1887, Mr. Trapp was married to Miss Mary Shutt, who is a daughter of John and Rickie Shutt, and they have had the following children: George, John, Fred, Minnie, Sophia, Luther, Caroline, and Augusta. Mr. and Mrs. Trapp have been sorely afflicted in the loss of all but two of their children, the survivors being the two last named. They adopted a son, Chester, who was six years old at the time. Mr. Trapp is one of the liberal supporters of the German Lutheran Church. In politics he ts a Democrat and is so highly valued in his neighborhood that he has been frequently elected to township offices, serving several years as supervisor, six years as constable and for ten years as school director.

HARRY CLARK HEFFNER, §assistant cashier of the People's Banking Company and a member of the well known insurance firm of Fuller & Heffner, is also treasurer of Green Creek Township. He is one of the most successful of the younger generation of business men of Clyde, and certainly has bright prospects for the future. He was born in Clyde, September g, 1880, and is a son of B. F. and Lou L. Heffner. He is one of three children born to his parents, having two sisters, Miss Nellie and Miss Edith Heffner.

Harry C. Heffner was graduated from Clyde High School in 1899, and in March of the following year accepted a position as bookkeeper in the First National Bank of Clyde. He was with that institution for one and a half years, resigning in 1901 to enter the People's Banking Company in a similar capacity. He was shortly advanced to the position of assistant cashier, which he has since filled with ability. He is engaged in the insurance business in partnership with Mr. D. E. Fuller, cashier of the bank with which he is identified, and the firm of Fuller & Heffner carry a full line of fire, life and accident insurance, representing some of the best companies operating in this country. The subject of this record is a Republican in politics, and is now serving his second term as treasurer of Green Creek Township.

October 14, 1907, Mr. Heffner was united in marriage with Miss Alice Stillman, daughter of the late R. L. Stillman of Painesville, Ohio, and they have one son, Will S. The family home is on Buckeye Street. They are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and Mr. Heffner serves as superintendent of the Sunday School. Fraternally he is affiliated with Clyde Lodge, No. 244, F. & A. M.

WILLIAM O. MUCHMORE, who conducts the Glenn Hill Nursery in Ballville Township, Sandusky County, owns the two acres of valuable land on which he lives and in association with his mother, owns twenty acres more. He was born August 6, 1855, in Spring Creek Township, Black Hawk County, Iowa, and is a son of Joseph D. and Elizabeth H. (Rideout) Muchmore.

Joseph D. Muchmore was born in Hamilton County, Ohio, June 5, 1825. and died in Ballville Township, October 4, 1906. He was married April 25, 1850, to Elizabeth H. Rideout, who was born in Ballville Township, Sandusky County, Ohio, November 4. 1830. She still survives. Her parents were John S. and Sarah (Randall) Rideout, the former of whom was born in Maine and the latter in Connecticut. He served in the War of 1812, being very young at the time, and when he came to Ballville Township, bought the land on which he and wife died. Of the nine children born to Joseph D. Muchmore and wife, only two survived infancy: John S. and William O., the latter being the only one living, his brother's death occurring on March 27, 1896, when aged forty-five years.

When he was about ten months old, the parents of Mr. Muchmore moved from Iowa to Nebraska, where the father followed farming eight years and then came to Ballville Township, Sandusky County, and in 1864 started until his death. To this large enterprise William O. Muchmore succeeded, during his father's lifetime having learned all the details of the business. He carries a large amount of first class nursery stock, such as will flourish in this climate, and his business is in a prosperous condition.

On May 22, 1877, Mr. Muchmore was married to Miss Abbie L. Plantz, a daughter of Peter and Alice (Entsminger) Plantz,. and they have had the following children: Delila M., James G., Clarence B., Bessie A., William H., Grace E. and Irene. Delila M. who died at Battle Creek, Michigan, February 13, 1909, was the wife of C. E. Baldwin, and left two sons. James G. resides at Fremont, Ohio, married Oliva De Mars. - William H. resides in Ballville Township, married Emma Creagar and they have one child. The other members of the family still reside at home. The family belongs to the Evangelical Church. Mr. Much- more has always been an active and useful citizen in his township and at various times has been elected to local office. He served for sixteen years as a school director. He was a member of the Ancient Order of United Workmen.

WILLIAM H. ROLF, wagon manufacturer and proprietor of a general blacksmithing establishment, also carries a full line of wagons and buggies and does repair work of all kinds, has the largest business of the kind in the vicinity of Woodville, and is liberally patronized by the people of the community. He was born across the line in Wood County, Ohio, October 28, 1849, and is a son of Frank and Mary (Hilker) Rolf.

Frank Rolf was one of the early farmers of Wood County, Ohio, where he located when he was 18 years old. He followed farming all his life and died in that county at the age of 78 years. He was married to Mary Hilker and they became parents of nine children, of whom the subject of this sketch is the eldest living. The second son enlisted for service in the Union Army when 18 years old and died at the front.

William H. Rolf received a public school education in his native county, and after leaving school started in his present business at Woodville. He formed a partnership with a brother and they continued together until the latter's death, when he purchased the outstanding interest and has since carried on the business alone. He also owns one-half of the property which the enterprise occupies, the other half being owned by the widow of his brother.

Mr. Rolf was joined in marriage with Miss Juliana Tape, of Wood County, whose death occurred in 1901. They reared one daughter, Mary, who was the wife of W. F. Meinert, the well known merchant of Woodville. She died in 1905, and is survived by her husband and one daughter, Esther. Two children born to Mr. and Mrs. Meinert are deceased, Marcus and Nelda. Mr. Rolf is a Democrat in politics and was formerly a member of the village council. Religiously, he is a member of the Lutheran Church.

GEORGE DWIGHT TIFFANY, cashier of the Clyde Savings Bank Company, has been engaged in the banking business throughout his active career. He is thoroughly familiar with it in all its many details and is recognized as an able and conservative business man, on¢ well qualified for the important position he fills He was born at Medina, Ohio, April 10, 1869 and is a son of Henry B. and Elizabeth (Nick: erson) Tiffany.

Henry B. Tiffany was born in a log cabin on his father's farm in Medina County, Ohio, December 12, 1833, and is a son of Dr. Henry Tiffany, who came from Connecticut to Medina County, Ohio, in 1831. The latter was born at a place known as Barkhamsted, in Litchfield County, Connecticut, and was a young man when he moved to Medina County. There he purchased a heavily timbered farm for $5.00 per acre, and while living there studied medicine and later was graduated from medical college at Cleveland. He then sold his farm and engaged in practice at Medina for many years, also conducting a drug store for a time in partnership with his son, Henry B. He died there at the age of 57 years and was survived some years by his widow, who died at the age of 72. She was in maiden life, Lydia Bradford, and was descended in the ninth generation from old Governor Bradford. They had two children, Henry Bradford, father of the subject of this sketch, and Dwight, who died at the age of nineteen while in attendance at Oberlin College.

Henry B. Tiffany, when a young man, worked at the trade of a carpenter and thus earned enough money to enable him to attend Oberlin College for two years. He then read law at Medina under the direction of Hill & Prentiss for two years, and in June, 1861, was graduated from Cleveland Union Law School. He immediately thereafter began practice at Lima, Ohio, but after a short time returned to Medina and formed a partnership with his former preceptor, Mr. Hills. He practiced successfully until an accident to his left ear affected his hearing, then gave up his profession to embark in the drug business in partnership with his father. He continued in the drug trade at Medina until his store was destroyed by fire in 1870, and on October 21st of the same year moved with his family to Clyde, Ohio, where they have since lived, having a residence on West Buckeye Street. He has a drug store at this place and is one of the foremost business citizens. On December 1, 1865, Mr. Tiffany was married to Elizabeth Nickerson, and they have a family of six children: Henry A., a druggist of Toledo; George Dwight; Charles J. postmaster of Clyde; Dr. Willard B., of Clyde; Fannie; and Florence.

George D. Tiffany was about a year and a half old when brought to Clyde, where he grew to maturity and received an educational training in the public schools. During his junior year in high school, he left on June 29, 1886, to enter the Farmers and Traders Bank at Clyde, as bookkeeper. In a short time he was advanced to the position of assistant cashier, and after the name of the institution was changed on January 8, 1890, to the First National Bank, he continued in the same capacity until February 7, 1895, when he was made cashier. On July 2, 1906, the institution was again changed, at that time to the Clyde Savings Bank Company. He still serves as cashier of this institution, of which he also is a stockholder. He is a Republican in politics, and served two terms as treasurer of Green Creek Township, and in 1907 was elected treasurer of Clyde. He is a member of the insurance firm of. Tiffany & Clapp, and is also one of the directors of the National Ticket Company, of Cleveland, Ohio.

On November 24, 1892, Mr. Tiffany was united in the bonds of matrimony with Miss Estella Robinson, a daughter of Dr. W. S. Robinson, of Bellevue, Ohio. They have two children, Thomas G. and Russell B. Their residence is on West Buckeye Street, in Clyde. Mr. Tiffany is a prominent lodge man and is affiliated with Monticello Lodge, No. 244, F. SA. Me; Clyde" Chapter, ik: An NVA Glyde Council, No. 1503, R. A.; Clyde Lodge, No. 126, Knights of Pythias; Clyde Council, No. 637, Knights and Ladies of Security; and Clyde Tent, No. 30, Knights of the Maccabees.

since July 2, 1896, having an office in the Birchard Block, is a native of this city, his birth having occurred here on January 16, 1877. He is a grandson of Gervas Wolf, who was born in Germany, and who, having lost his wife, came to the United States with his remaining family about 1863. They had an unfortunate passage, as they were twice shipwrecked. The vessel in which they embarked was destroyed by fire, but the crew and passengers were rescued and transferred to another ship, which in turn was wrecked, going ashore on the Cape Verde Islands. On the next night they were picked up by a British manof-war, Mr. Wolf having clung to a rock from 9g o'clock at night until 9 the next night. Being landed at Liverpool by the war vessel, they made their way from that port to New York, and so arrived in the Land of Promise after a most adventurous and circuitous journey.

Stephen Wolf, son of Gervas, and father of the subject of this sketch, was born in Guenelingen, Baden, Germany, November 22, 1851, and accompanied his father on his eventful voyage to America, being about I1 years of age at the time. He remained a short time in New York after their arrival here, but subsequently went to Philadelphia, and thence successively to Cincinnati, Cleveland, Sandusky and Fremont, Ohio, the year of his advent of the last mentioned town being 1868. He was then a young man of 17. His first employment in this country was as driver of a bakery wagon in New York City, but soon after coming to Fremont he became interested in the real estate business, in which he has since continued. having been very active and successful in the building up and development of the city. He has erected in all about eight hundred houses, more than any other three men, and Wolf Avenue was named in his honor. He was married in Fremont and has two sons, Jerome Garfield and Scott Stephen. He resides on West State Street in a very beautiful home. In his building operations he employs from twenty-five to thirty people, his son Jerome G. acting as foreman. The latter married Cecelia Ronsky and they

Scott S. Wolf received his educational training in the public schools of Fremont and in the Sandusky City Business College. Upon leaving that institution he engaged in the grocery business in Cleveland and continued in that business for a time and then entered into the insurance field in that city and was thus engaged there for three years. He then returned to Fremont, where he has since taken high rank in business circles, having continued in the same line of industry. He handles plate glass, fire, lite, accident, liability, tornado and burglar insurance, and his business has grown to large proportions. He is a member of the Ohio State and National Fire Insurance Asso- Cciations and is now serving his third term as a member of the executive committee of the State Association. He has served as delegate to three national insurance conventions - at St. Paul, Minnesota, Richmond, Virginia, and Indianapolis, Indiana, and he is president of the Sandusky County Fire Insurance Association. He is an active member also of Croghan Lodge, No. 77, I. O. O. F., and of Dickinson Tent, meer, ik. O. To. M:

In politics he is a staunch Republican and cast his first vote for President McKinley, and served as central committeman for six years, and as secretary of city central committee at one time.

Ex.-Gov. Myron T. Herrick, Atty.-Gen. U. G. Dennison, and State Treasurer D. S. Creamer he holds as his personal friends, while Congressman C. C. Anderson, of this district, is an old schoolmate and they played together as boys.

NORTON G. RATHBUN, formerly commissioner of Sandusky County, Ohio, is a prominent farmer of Green Creek Township, where he is the owner of 145 acres of valuable farm land. He has forty acres in his home farm, located on the Green Springs road. Mr. Rathbun comes of one of the pioneer families of the county. He was born in the township

The paternal great-grandfather of the subject of this sketch was Jonathan, who came from England to the United States and located in Vermont. He moved to New York State, thence to Sandusky County, Ohio, where he died. Among his children was Chaplin Rathbun, who was born in Vermont. After his marriage to Lucinda Sutliff and the birth of a number of their children, in 1826 they moved from New York to Ohio, entering Government land in the woods of Green Creek Township, Sandusky County. They wrought a home out of the wilderness and lived here until their respective deaths. They had eight children, as follows: Saxton S., Brace, Jonathan, Jeanetta, Catherine, Sarah, Lucinda, and Eliza.

Saxton S. Rathbun was born in New York State in 1813, and was thirteen years of age when his parents moved west. The Indians had not yet departed from Sandusky County at the time of their arrival, and he frequently played and danced with the young Indians. He followed farming throughout his active career and lived"¥o reach the age of eighty-one years. His wife died the year previously, at the age of seventy-seven years. They were parents of thirteen children, as follows: Clark, deceased ; Edwin, deceased; Norton G.; James, Burton; Thadeus, deceased; Chaplain L.; Lucinda, wife of Charles Storer; Norman; Brace; Orvilla; wife of Horace Sackrider; Jacob, deceased ; and John.

N. G. Rathbun was born in a log cabin which his father had built about the time of his marriage, and grew up on the home place, which he helped to clear. When he was nineteen years of age he went to Kansas for a year, then returned home and remained for one and a half vears. At the end of that time he went to the Pacific Coast and for four years worked in the mines in California. Returning to Sandusky County, Ohio, he again took up farming, which he has since followed except for the time spent in public office. He is a Democrat in politics and was elected on that ticket as infirmary director. After serving six months he resigned and was made superintendent of the County Infirmary. He filled that position four years, and was then elected county commissioner. His six years in the commissioner's office were marked by conscientious service to the county, and his record found approval in the eye of the public.

On December 25, 1868, Mr. Rathbun was married to Miss Elizabeth Hufford, of Sandusky County, and they have three children, namely: Edwin, who married Fanny Noah and has two children, Irving and Allen; Arthur, who married Edith Huber; and Herman, who married Irene Bimer. Fraternally, he is a member of the Masonic Order at Fremont.

WILLIAM E. PROCTOR, a man of large business interests, ample fortune and civic importance, has been vice-president of the Croghan Bank, at Fremont, since the second year of its operation. He was born July 20, 1842, at Bloomfield, Ohio, the only child of William E. and Lucy F. (Morgan) Proctor.

William E. Proctor enjoyed excellent educational advantages and completed his studies at Oberlin College. At the beginning of the Civil War, he enlisted in the Federal Army and served in an artillery regiment for some months. He then decided to embark in the mercantile business, locating at Geneva, Ohio, store until 1877, when he removed to Cleveland and went into the wholesale trade. In 1885 he opened up a large retail store at Fremont, which he conducted prosperously for almost twenty years. He then disposed of his mercantile interests and retired from that line of activity. In the meanwhile he had other important business concerns, as early as 1873 having engaged in manufacturing at Geneva, and still continues to be vice president of one of the two skewer companies doing business in the United States. The main office of this company is at Muncie, Indiana, and it has a capital stock of $400,000, Mr. Proctor being a very large stockholder. He also is one of the proprietors and. stockholders of the Fremont Kraut Company. While his business interests have not all been centered at Fremont, Mr. Proctor has made this city his chosen home for many years and has always taken a deep

Mr. Proctor married Miss Martha Turner, a daughter of Asaph Turner, formerly of Geneva, Ohio, and five children were born to them. The beautiful family home is located at No. 812 Garrison Avenue, Fremont. His political affiliation is with the Democratic party. He has membership with the Grand Army of the Republic and also belongs to the Masonic fraternity.

ALONZO J. WILDER president of the Clyde Kraut Company, an important business enterprise at Clyde, Ohio, was born January 14, 1841, on his father's farm in Granger Township, Medina County, Ohio, and is a son of William and Elsie T. (Hatch) Wilder.

William Wilder was born at Barkhamstead, Connecticut, in 1789, and died in Medina County, Ohio, in 1876. In young manhood he started out to make a home in what was then the wilderness of Ohio, bearing his ax on his shoulder and walked the whole distance, finally locating in 1818, in Medina County. In 1819, he was married to Elsie T. Hatch, who had come to Medina County in 1817, walking a part of the way from Onondaga County, New York, where her father had one time been the owner of the whole of North Bristol Township. William Wilder and wife established and maintained a happy home in the forests of Medina County and there reared a large family. Indians were numerous, but as far as the records go, they never seriously disturbed the Wilder family. The old homestead of sixty acres in Granger Township became a fertile and valuable property and the productive orchards came from the seed that William Wilder carried in his pockets, from Connecticut. The following children were born to William Wilder and wife: Lucy A., who is now deceased; \Villiam H., who went overland to California in 1849, died there in 1858; Calvin H.; Annis, who is deceased; Charlotte E.; Martin J., who is deceased, taught music for thirty years in New York: Sophronia A., who is the widow of D. H. Beeman; and Alonzo James, Nathan Thomas, and Janette, the last named being deceased. The mother of the

Alonzo James: Wilder spent his boyhood and youth on.the home farm in Granger Township, securing his education in the country schools and the Granger Academy. Like other members of his family, he is musical and he taught music when about twenty-six years of age. In 1868 he came to Clyde and bought the Metcalf grocery business, but, having had no experience in this line, in 1870 he took C. A. Miner into partnership. For six years the firm of Miner & Wilder continued, and then Mr. Wilder bought Mr. Miner's interest. In 1882 his brother, Nathan T. Wilder, entered the business as a partner and the firm style became Wilder Bros., and in 1889, the firm sold onethird interest to W. G. Estell, a former clerk, and the firm style became Wilder Bros. and Fstell. To their already large stock of crockery and groceries they now added produce and built a cold storage plant for their consignments of butter, eggs and apples. In 1890, Mr. Wilder established the kraut business, one which has been of great importance to the farmers in this section from whom supplies are obtained. The name given the new enterprise was the Clyde Kraut Company and it soon grew to such proportions that in order to handle it advantageously, the old grocery business had to be given up by the Wilders and in 1896 thev sold out to W. F. Estell and to W. W. Wilder, the latter a son of Alonzo J. Wilder. From this time until 1900, the kraut enterprise was conducted and managed as the Clyde Kraut Company by the two brothers. It was then incorporated and at that time W. W. Wilder, son of Alonzo J., and C. N. Wilder, son of Nathan T., with B. E. Babcock, son-inlaw of N. T. Wilder, came into the firm. The officers are A. J. Wilder, president; Nathan T. Wilder, vice president; and \W. W. Wilder, secretary and treasurer. A branch house has been established at Jackson, Michigan, for the manufacture of kraut and pickles. The registered trade mark of these delicacies is "Silver Fleece.' The excellence of the goods has carried their use all over the world.

daughter of William Hough, of Wayne County, Ohio. She died in 1874. He was married (second) to Mrs. Nealie Watterson, a daughter of Rev. George R. Brown. Mrs. Wilder died in January, 1895. Mr. Wilder was married (third) in March, 1808, to Mrs. Rosaline Bemiss, a daughter of Daniel White. Mr. Wilder has two children and three grandchildren, namely: William W., who married Hallie McClary, a daughter of Captain Charles McClary, has one son, H. Triston; and Helen M., who is the wife of Karl S. Breckinridge, who is the Chicago manager of the American Can Company. They have two children: Lois and Florence. In his political views, Mr. Wilder is a Republican, but business claims more of his attention than politics.

JOHN C. KANNEY, proprietor of a grocery store at Green Spring, Ohio, and owner of a farm of eighty acres in Green Creek Township, Sandusky County, Ohio, has been a resident of this village since 1869. He was born February 12, 1855, on his father's farm in Reed Township, Seneca County, Ohio, and is a son of Jacob and Mary (Reamer) Kanney, both of whom were natives of Germany. His father came to this country at the age of thirteen years and subsequently located on a farm in Seneca County, where he died at the age of seventy-two years. There were eleven children born to the parents of our subject, all of whom are deceased but the following: Albert, Anthony, Frances, and John C., the subject of this record.

John C. Kanney was about thirteen years old when he went to Lodi, Ohio, where he worked as a clerk in a grocery store for some time, later going to Republic, Ohio, where he entered the employ of Mr. Ogden, in whose service he continued many years, having been a clerk in Mr. Ogden's store in Green Spring for a period of ten years after locating in this village. He then established his present place of business, where he has since continued and carries on an extensive and lucrative business. Mr. Kanney was one of the organizers of the Kraut Company of Green Spring, of which he is one of the directors. He is president of the Green Spring Telephone and Electric Com- pany and is a stockholder in the bank of that village. In politics he is identified with the Republican party and is, fraternally a member of the Masonic Lodge, No. 427, at Green Spring.

FRED H. HARTMAN, president of the School Board of Woodville and identified with large business interests in this section of Sandusky County, is a member of the firm of Hartman Brothers, owners of much property and active in the oil industry in Ohio. Mr. Hartman was born in 1861, and is a son of Rudolph Hartman, who came to Sandusky from Wood County, Ohio, about 1869. He was a man of capital and for many years carried on large agricultural operations on his farm adjacent to Woodville. At the time of his death he was aged seventy-one years.

Fred H. Hartman was educated in the schools of Woodville and then engaged in agricultural pursuits with his father, later entering into the oil business with his two brothers, Hon. L. H., who is the mayor of Woodville, and George H., under the style of Hartman Brothers. The firm owns 500 acres of land in Sandusky County, having disposed of large holdings in Wood County.

Mr. Hartman married Miss Elizabeth M. Brand, a daughter of Henry Brand, and they have three children: Oscar, who is attending the Ohio State University at Columbus; Lydia, who is a graduate of the Woodville High School; and Reta, residing at home. In 1900, Mr. Hartman built a very fine modern residence, equipping it with the latest conveniences. In politics, he is identified with the Democratic party and takes an active interest in all that pertains to the welfare of Woodville. He has served in numerous local offices and at present is president of the School Board and chairman of the Committee on Public Affairs. He is one of the directors in the Woodville Savings Bank and is a stockholder in other concerns. With his family, Mr. Hartman belongs to the Lutheran Church.

JOSEPH A. WALDE, one of the foremost business men of Clyde, Ohio, is manager ot the Clyde Cooperage Company and vice-president of the Clyde Produce Company. He is a son of Julius Walde, of Fremont, who, with his partners, J. W. Worst and Jacob Sherrer, organized the former company at Clyde in IQol.

Julius Walde was born and reared in Germany, where he learned and followed the trade of a cooper. Upon coming to America he located at Fremont, Ohio, where he followed his trade and later engaged in the brewing business. He was married to Mary Commer, of Fremont, where they now reside on Birchard Street. They became parents of four children: Mamie, wife of F. C. Schmidt; Joseph A.; Maude, wife of Dr. H. C. Scharple; and Irene.

Joseph A. Walde was born at Fremont, Ohio, August 1, 1877, and after completing a preliminary education in the grade and high schools of that city, attended Notre Dame University. Since 1902, he has had full charge of the plant of the Clyde Cooperage Company, succeeding in that capacity a son of Jacob Sherrer, one of the founders. This industry covers three acres of land along the Wheeling and Lake Erie and the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railwavs and gives employment They manufacture about 600 barrels per day, getting the timber from their own forests in West Virginia, and make a specialty of oil, whisky and lard barrels: They also furnish barrels for the different kraut industries, for which Clyde is so well known. Mr. Walde has been vice-president of the Clyde Produce Company continuously since its organization.

On April 18, 1901, the subject of this sketch was united in marriage with Miss Margaret Arlin, a daughter of W. H. Arlin, of Clyde, and they have one daughter, Edwina. Fraternally, he is a member of the Knights of Pythias at Clyde. In politics, he is a Democrat. Mr. Walde resides with his family in a handsome residence on Duane Street in Clyde.

of October, 1818. At the age of twenty years he removed to Malone, New York, and four years later became a resident of Cleveland, Ohio. At the age of twenty-seven he had completed a course of theological study at the Western Reserve College, located then at Hudson, Ohio. In September of the year following, being 1845, he was married to Miss Harriet H. Fuller, of Malone, N. Y., who in all the years since has been his faithful companion, and still survives to mourn his loss. For a short time he preached at Clarendon, N. Y. In May, 1846, he came to this city, then a village of one thousand inhabitants, and assumed

As a minister he is remembered by only a few, but those few remember him as a tireless worker on behalf of his people. His conception of the gospel ministry was entirely worthy of a man of such breadth of thought, and he honestly endeavored to realize it in his ministerial service. His own words, uttered on the occasion of its semi-centennial, give not only some characteristics that belonged to him in those days, but his conception of the ministerial calling as well. Speaking of his pastorate here he said: "I was a worker, as I must needs be in whatever calling. I knew the people and could call the children bv name. I was credited also with one excellent gift, viz.: brevity. But experience proved to myself at least, that I was deficient in one great ministerial gift. If I may be allowed to define that gift I would say it is a lofty and sustained enthusiasm, wrought by faith and the indwelling Spirit in a nature responsive to all divine truth. By this enthusiastic faith the true minister is lifted up despite all weights and by it he lifts up other souls also to the things unseen, to the truth and life universal and eternal, the heights of God; by this faith he walks on those heights, and in the light as seeing him who is light and in whom is no darkness at all. I know indeed that every soul seeking after God and goodness possesses some measure of this gift, for by it the soul enters the kingdom of God, and becomes a citizen of the divine commonwealth. . But the man who would speak to others the words which are spirit and life, even the words of the Great Teacher, with freedom, fullness and power, must possess this gift in no common measure."

These words, through which, "he being dead yet speaketh," reveal a lofty conception of ministerial qualification and a spiritual insight only gained by much study and meditation. And these words came from his lips, not as a minister but as a man of multiplied business cares. The very language, so nicely accurate and choice, shows the trained thinker and the class student. His literary appreciation and judgment challenged our admiration. If, indeed, he lacked in the one qualification of "a lofty and sustained enthusiasm," he possessed in an eminent degree many other gifts which qualified him for the ministry.

But causes were at work which led him finally to abandon his chosén profession. In June, 1852, on account of a throat disease which rendered public speaking no longer possible, he resigned the pastorate of this church and was granted the relation of an honorably retired minister by the Presbytery of Huron. His resignation as pastor was not an abandonment of church relations. To.the day of his death he was a church member in the same sense that every other minister in the Presbyterian Church is a church member. His name is still on the roll of the Presbytery of Huron.

With the resignation of the pastorate his active business life began. To use his own words, it was with a feeling of surprise that he learned after a brief experience, that he possessed in an unusual degree the elements of a successful business man. Unconsciously to process of training and development during the years of his ministry. His habits of economy and of careful observation and analysis - his mental training and discipline, gave him a great advantage in the world of business. These, together with his tremendous will power and tireless energy were large elements in his financial success, which was mostly in large real estate transactions.

gained through methods unworthy of a Christian man. For over thirty-eight years he was identified with the business interests of this city, and in all these years he maintained a character of rigid honesty and integrity. As he left the pastorate with no stain upon his ministerial character and with the confidence and respect of his parishioners, so he left the business world, with no stain upon his uprightness, and with the profound respect of his fellows. This is high praise, and especially when we remember the vast power which he held in his hands and the temptation which ever comes to use power unlawfully and selfishly. But the principles of practical life which he had preached with such directness and power, were the principles which he endeavored to embody in his life. They gave him that stability of character which enabled men to know always and unerringly where he could be found on all questions involving right and justice. His sternness for the right made him a terror to the dishonest and untrue. He was kind and generous and helpful to the true and worthy and his generosities were manifold and multiplied. But falsehood and deceit he hated with a burning hatred.

Mr. White was a scholar of broad education. He loved literature, and often regretted that his active business life left so little time for this pursuit. He was an entertaining conversationalist, a concise and pointed writer. He was an ardent Renublican, though he never took an active part in politics or sought political preferment. He was a man of the strictest integrity.

In later years he was more and more a benefactor. His study was how to benefit and advance the interests of the citv, and out of that study and practical help has grown the encouraging prosperity which we have enjoyed. None among those who were identified with him in business enterprises will-chide me for saying that he carried the great bulk of the burden and responsibility and without him our present prosperity could not have been realized. His principle, often repeated, that "every man is bound to contribute to the public good," is true and worthy of all acceptation. The other principle that "individual selfishness is public suicide" is also true. In seeking the material prosperity of the city he was seeking the good of all. Those who knew him the most intimately believe that self interest was not the ruling motive in his business career. His greatest enterprises were conceived with a wise reference to the highest advancement, moral and material, of the whole community. While he was 'diligent in business" as by temperament and conviction he must needs be, he was not in bondage to sordid motives. His strong and masterful religious convictions controlled him in all relations.

Most have lived long enough to know that there are various types of true Christian faith, but that there are certain fundamental things that belong to all. The type of piety which was witnessed in the life of Mr. White was not emotional, it was not philosophical. His religion was not a sentiment, nor a matter of forms, but always and intensely it was practical. In certain realms of generally accepted religious teaching, he had his doubts and his misgivings. They were partly due to temperament and hereditary tendencies. But they did not affect the great fundamental principles of Christian faith upon which his life was built. The things that he believed he believed with all his heart and mind and soul and strength. No man among us had stronger convictions of the existence of a personal God - and of human responsibility to that God. To him, God was not an abstraction, not an influence, but a living person ruling in the affairs of men.* No man among us believed more profoundly in the teachings of the Old and New Testaments, and felt a deeper obligation to observe and obey these teachings. No man believed more firmly in the doctrine of salvation through Jesus Christ. No man conceived more clearly of the necessity and nature of personal faith, and no man believed more fully on the guidance of the divine Spirit. In all his wide reading and study and in all his experience of life, he never diverged from these high and essential things of the Christian faith. He felt that whatever theories men might hold, certainties could only be found in that faith.

CHAPLIN L. RATHBUN, a veteran of the Civil War and a lifelong resident of Green Creek Township, Sandusky County, Ohio, is the owner of a farm of ninety-five acres located west of Clyde on North Ridge. He was born on a farm in this township June 5, 1845, and is a son of Saxton S. and Barbara (Huss) Rathbun.

Jonathan Rathbun, great-grandfather of the subject of this sketch, came to this country from England and located in Vermont. He later located in New York State, and from there made his way west to Sandusky County, Ohio, where he entered Government land located west of Clyde. There he lived until his death.

Chaplin Rathbun, grandfather of Chaplin L., was born in Vermont and from there moved to New York State, where he was married. He moved from there to Black River, Ohio, and in 1826 he moved west to Sandusky County, Ohio, making the journey by way of the lake, and entered forty acres where our subject now lives in Green Creek Township. He put up a log cabin in the woods and then struggled along clearing the land and managed to eke out an existence out of practically a wilderness. He rented the old saw-mill owned by the Indians and some of the lumber is still in use in the barn which stands upon his old farm. He lived there until his death at the age of 71 years. He married Lucinda Sutliff, who was born in Pennsylvania and was of German descent, and they had the following children: Saxton S., Brace, Jonathan, Jeanette, Catherine, Sarah, Lucinda and Eliza. All are now deceased.

Saxton S. Rathbun was born in New York State in 1813, and was 13 years of age when he accompanied his parents to Sandusky County. He was a playmate of the Indians in his youthful days, and was at one time employed to hoe corn for Chief Old Hickory, with whom he was very friendly. He lived with his parents until his marriage, then moved onto an eighty acre farm north of the home place, which he entered from the Government, and on which he made a clearing and erected a cabin. He cleared the farm and resided upon it for forty-one years, at the end of which time he purchased the old home place, which he bought from the other heirs. His wife died on this place at the age of 77 years, and he survived her one year, dying at the age of 81. He was married to Barbara Huss, who was born in Pennsylvania, and came to Sandusky County with her father, Noah Huss, and the rest of his family. They were parents of thirteen children, as follows: Clark, deceased; Edwin, deceased; Norton G.; James, who served in the 21st Ill. Vol. Inf. during the Civil War; Burton, who also was in the Civil War and was a member of Company F, 72d O. Vol. Inf.; Thadeus, deceased; Chaplin L.; Lucinda, wife of Charles Storer; Norman, Brace; Orvilla, wife of Horace Sackrider; Jacob, deceased, and John.

Chaplin L. Rathbun was born in the cabin built by his father on his original farm, and spent his boyhood attending the district school and working in the woods. He lived at home until he went to the war, enlisting in 1864 as a member of the 169th O. Vol. Inf. He served in Company F, under Capt. Charles Thompson, and was out 100 days. At the end of the war he returned home first, and then moved west, running on a steamboat from St. Louis to Port Benton for one summer. Returning to Sandusky County in 1869, he again took up farming operations, which he has since followed successfully. He bought his farm partly from Christian Hintz, who had bought it of the Rathbun heirs. He has a good comfortable home on the north side of the road, and on the south side has a large new barn.

On November 25, 1869, Mr. Rathbun was united in marriage with Miss Mary A. Grover, a daughter of Asa Grover, who was an early settler of Bellevue, Ohio, and they have had the following children: Harry, who married Marv Bradford and is farming the home place; Edith, wife of Carl Voss; Fanny, wife of Burt Huber; James, who married Lida Bensley; Nina, wife of David Shell; Lucy; Olive, wife of Frank Mc-

PROF. E. F. WARNER is the able superintendent of the public schools of Bellevue, Ohio, coming to this point in 1886 from Doylestown, where he had an honorable record of four years behind him, in the same capacity. He was born west of Massillon, in Stark County, Ohio, and is a son of George and Mary (Selders) Warner.

George Warner was born in Franklin County, Pennsylvania, a son of George and a grandson of George Werner, the latter of whom was a Revolutionary soldier. The Warner or Werner family, originated in Hanover, Germany, and its American founders came to Pennsylvania in 1765 and settled in Lancaster County. George Werner, the paternal greatgrandfather of Prof. Warner, was a member of Captain Abraham Forey's Company, Third Battallion, of Lancaster County Militia. In the same company served George Hauenstein, also an ancestor, of German birth. Still another ancestor, Christopher Ackerman, came from Germany in 1750, while the maternal greatgrandfather, George Selders, came to the colonies in 1760. The original spelling of the to Warner by the father of Prof. Warner, who desired to make it thoroughly American. Prof. E. F. Warner spent his early life on his father's farm and from the country schools entered the Wilmot Academy at Wilmot, Ohio. He was also a student at Smithville Academy. He was little more than a boy when he began to teach school. Later he entered Mt. Union College at Alliance, Ohio, where he was graduated in 1877. He has pursued special studies at the Ohio State University at Columbus, and at Wooster, Ohio. From 1882 until 1886, he served as school examiner in Wayne County, Ohio, and since 1903 has filled the same office in Sandusky County. He has long been recognized as a leading factor in the educational field in Ohio and has been called to many different counties for institute work and addresses on education. He was principal of the high school at Dalton, Ohio, for five years and also was school superintendent, in 1882 becoming superintendent at Doylestown and four years later coming to Bellevue. Since 1883 he has been a member of the Ohio State Teachers' Association, since 1886 has been a member of the Northwestern Ohio Teachers' Association, and has served as president of the latter and as first vice president of the former organization. His name is well known in educational centers in different parts of the State and his work is appreciated by the large body of educators with whom he has been associated so long. He was granted a high school life certificate in 1883.

Prof. Warner married Miss Rebecca Cupples, of Stark County, Ohio, and they have had three children, Gertrude Ethel, who is a graduate of the Ohio Wesleyan University at Delaware; Winifred Marion, who is a student at Oberlin College; and Guy, who died when aged nine years. Prof. Warner and family are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church and he is superintendent of the Sunday school at Bellevue. He is identified with the order of Odd Fellows. He takes a lively interest in public affairs, and gives hearty support to all measures that make for good and efficient government.

HON. JOHN H. RHODES, residing at Clyde, is a prominent member of the Sandusky County bar and in 1866 and 1867 served in the General Assembly of the state of Ohio. He is a veteran officer of the great Civil War.

Colonel Rhodes was born in Westfield Township, which was then situated in Delaware, but is now Morrow County, Ohio, on February 8, 1836. After one year in the university at Delaware, Ohio, under the late Dr. Thompson, he entered upon the study of law, in 1860, which was interrupted by his enlistment in the Federal Army, in 1861. He served through the entire period of the war as a member of the 43rd O. Vol. Inf. and was honorably discharged and was mustered out with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. Colonel Rhodes resumed his law studies after his military service was over, completing his course with Attorney Homer Everett, at Fremont, and in April, 1870, he was admitted to practice and has maintained his office at Clyde ever since. From 1871 to 1876 he practiced in connection with Basil Meek, now of Fremont. He is recognized for his legal ability as one of the county's prominent professional men and his citizenship has always been of such character as to bring about the confidence and respect of his associates.

Colonel Rhodes was married December 28, 1867, at Brooklyn, New York, to Miss May Antoinette Brown, who died December 15, Ig01, and they had three children. Colonel Rhodes married (second) Mrs. Ida Keating, on September 16, 1903.

JOHN CLEMENTS, who is living in practical retirement at Woodville, Sandusky County, Ohio, was formerly an oil producer and contractor and was identified with all of the important oil fields of the country at one time or another until recent years. He was born in New York City, August 26, 1849, and is a son of Thomas and Jane (Barkley) Clements.

Thomas Clements was one of the pioneer oil men of the country, moving from one oil field to another from 1861 until he died at the age of 76 years. He was born in 1814 and was married in New York to Miss Jane Barkley, who was a native of that State and was of Scotch-Irish descent. They had nine children, of whom three are now living.

John Clements spent his early boyhood in New York City and in Pennsylvania, in which State he received a public school education. He became identified with the oil industry as a boy, and has continued in it from the time he was about I2 years of age down to the time of his withdrawal from business affairs. His family moved from one oil field to another, wherever the territory gave the greatest promise, and about the year of 1888 John Clements moved to Findlay, Ohio. Shortly afterward he moved to Portage, Ohio, and about the year 1892 located at Woodville, where he has since resided. He has met with good success and has productions in Wood and Sandusky Counties at the present time. He has been assisting the United States Government in a history of the oil business, being recognized as an authority on the subject. He 1s

County 1697

COUNTY 1697 a Democrat in politics and has been on the council for eight years. He was president of the Board of Public Service for six years.

parents of seven children: W. H. Clements, of Toledo; Robert J., who died in infancy ; Lillie Rose, who died at the age of 10 years; John T. Clements, who is in the oil business and lives at Nowater, Oklahoma; Minnie May, wife of George Schumaker, of Woodville; DeWitt, who lives at home; and Pearl, wife of W. W. Rogers, who is superintendent of the Ohio Oil Company, operating in Illinois. The family belongs to the United Brethren Church. Mr. Clements is affliated with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and the Order of Foresters.

JOHN F. GOTTRON, one of Fremont's leading business men, a member of the firm of Gottron Brothers, dealers in building stone, builders' supplies, lime and coal and operating a grain elevator, is at the head or identified with many other of the important business enterprises of this section. He is vice-president of the Sandusky County Building and Loan Company; vice-president of the Simple Account and Sales Book Company; president of the Safe Storm Shield Company and also of the Metal Reversible Window Device Company, all of Fremont, and is a director of the Fremont Mitten and Glove Company. Mr. Gottron was born at Fremont, Sandusky County, Ohio, July 21, 1855, and is a son of Philip and Clara (Fertig) Gottron.

The parents of Mr. Gottron were natives of Mumbach, Germany. The father was born September 13, 1812, and there became not only a successful man of business but also one of prominence in public affairs. He served his native city in many offices, including that of mayor. In 1854 he crossed the Atlantic and settled at Fremont, Ohio, investing in a hotel property and starting a brick yard. He had been engaged in the lime business in Germany and after purchasing the large quarries at Fremont, which his sons still operate, he engaged in the lime business and made this his main interest as long as he continued active in business. He had married before coming to America and his wife lived until April 26, 1871, he surviving ten years longer. They were devoted members of the Roman Catholic Church. They had the following children: Mrs. Margaret Engler, of Fremont; Mrs. Clara Setzler; Herman, who died when aged thirty-four years; Frank; Mrs. Anna Hodes; Anthony N.; Mrs. Rosa Geier; Mrs. Barbara Andrews; and Adam, John F. and Philip.

John F. Gottron attended school until he was thirteen years of age and then went to work in his father's lime quarry. He continued thus engaged until 1875, when he accepted a position under a_ brother-in-law at. Cleveland, but in; 1877 he. returned to Fremont and this city has been his field of business ever since. In association with his brother, Adam Gottron, he started into the lime business, at that time with a hmited capital. The young men prospered and by 1890 they were able to assume the leading place in their line of business; in addition to lime they are now very large dealers in many commodities. As business men they enjoy the confidence of the public, while as citizens they stand in the front rank. Their dealings include the shipment of lime to states both east and west, and the furnishing of building stone for any kind of construction work, and they also handle a complete line of building material, and have a grain elevator located on the L. E.& W. R. R. which has a capacity of 20,000 bushels. Employment is given a large force all the year round and they pay out a considerable amount of money in wages.

Mr. Gottron was married October 3, 1882, to Miss Bertha Andrews, a daughter of Christopher and Mary (Fertig) Andrews, both of whom resided in America from childhood, but were born in Germany. Mrs. Gottron has two brothers and one sister, namely: William, T. M., and Catherine, who is the wife of A. N. Gottron, of Fremont. Mr. and Mrs. Gottron have three children: Mrs. R. E. Bowlus, John F. and Robert E. They reside in a beautiful home at No. 1100 Birchard Avenue, the construction of which Mr. Gottron completed in 1894.

Mr. Gottron served as president of the Fremont City Council from 1885 to 1889 and through his energy, enterprise and public spirit many of the permanent public improvements of the city were carried to completion. He has served in other city offices, evincing a hearty interest in all that concerns the welfare of the city, entirely aside from personal considerations. With his family he belongs to the Roman Catholic Church. He is connected fraternally with the Elks and the Catholic Knights.

JOHN D. FINCH, a prominent member of the bar of Sandusky County, Ohio, is engaged in practice at Clyde, where he has resided continuously since 1871. He was born in Green Spring, Sandusky County, Ohio, November 17, 1845, and is a son of Dr. Stephen T. and Lois A. (Finch) Finch.

hio, making the trip on horseback; it was not his first visit there, as he had previously been over the route while engaged in selling clocks. The Mad River & Lake Erie Railroad was being constructed at that time, making the hotel business good, and on account of these prospects he became proprietor of the Bellevue House. The officials of the new road stopped with him, and he and his wife accepted their: invitation to ride on the first train run over the road. About the year of 1838 he moved to Clyde and for two years conducted an old blockhouse tavern on the Maumee Pike, which was then being built. In 1840 he entered upon the study of medicine in the office of Dr. L. Q. Rawson at Fremont, and after= ward was graduated from medical college at Willoughby, Ohio. He opened an office for practice at Green Spring, where he continued until 1869, in the winter of which year he moved to Clyde. Here he practiced until his death, October 20, 1871, being killed in a railroad accident. He was a man of wide prominence in this vicinity, and led a very useful life. He was married to Lois A. Finch, a distant relative, who was born in February, 1816, and died December 12, 1907, at the remarkable age of almost ninety-two years. They were parents of the following: Stephen T., Jr., deceased; L. Josephine, wife of E. F. Graham; John D.; Clara A., wife of L. C. Sprague; Alfarata M., deceased wife of F. S. Foote; Emmogene, deceased wife of F. Rader, and Rosa Belle, wife of W. F. Pardee.

John D. Finch attended the district schools and in his early career was employed as clerk in various stores. He took a course in pharmacy at Baldwin University at Berea, Ohio, after which he engaged in the drug trade at Green Spring as junior member of-the firm of S. T. Finch & Son. He continued in that business from 1866 until 1871, in the latter year moving to Clyde, Ohio. Here he engaged in the lumber business for three years, and in the meantime prosecuted the study of law in the office and under the direction of John M. Lemon. He was admitted to the bar in 1874 and formed a partnership with his pre-~ ceptor under the name and style of Lemon, Finch & Lemon. This firm continued until 1883, when Mr. Finch formed a partnership with Thomas P. Dewey, under the firm name of Finch & Dewey. This partnership was dissolved in 1906, since which time Mr. Finch has practiced alone, maintaining an office at his residence on East Forest Streetz

County, Ohio, was born March 26, 1865, on his present farm, containing 100 acres of fine land situated three miles north of Woodville. His parents were Harmon and Julia M. (Myers) Kruse.

Harmon Kruse was twelve years old when he came from Germany to America. He was born in 1832, the son of poor parents who could help him very little in making his way in the world. He came to Sandusky County, Ohio, with no capital but his health and courage and lived until he was one of the substantial men of Woodville Township, as the result of his own industry. His first purchase was of forty acres, to which he subsequently added. All the comfortable farm buildings he put on the place, erecting the barn in 1866. He died, respected 'and esteemed, in 1907. He married Julia M. Meyers and they had four children born to them, namely: Henry H., John H., George and Emanuel. Mrs. Kruse died at the Asylum in Toledo, August 21, 1894, aged fifty-one years.

John H. Kruse obtained his education in the schools in the neighborhood of his father's farm and he then worked at home until he was twenty-four years old. For a short time he lived at Genoa and then embarked in a hardware and implement business at Woodville, which he conducted for four yéars, when he transferred his stock and business back to Genoa, where he continued until 1894, when he settled on his present farm. He carries on a general farming line and grows some fruit and raises enough stock for his own use,

Mr. Kruse married Miss Louisa Meinert, a daughter of Louis and Eliza (Myers) Meinert, of Woodville, and they had two children born to them: Walter, who is learning telegraphing in the Pennsylvania Railroad offices; and Marcus, who died when aged one year and eight months. Mr. Kruse and family are members of the Luth. eran Church. In politics he is a Democrat. In 1904 he was elected township assessor and is serving also in the office of constable.

WHITMORE-DAVLIN FAMILIES - JoHN. WHITMORE was born in Leicester, Livingston County, New York, May 29, 1816. When a boy of fourteen years of age he moved with his parents, George and Margaret Whitmore, to Margaretta Township, Erie County, Ohio, and settled on what is known as the old Wadsworth farm. In 1837 Mr. Whitmore was united in marriage to Marcia Swift Chapman, of Erie County, Ohio, and settled in Townsend Township, Sandusky County, Ohio. At this time the county was new and heavily very little cleared up. Many remember "Uncle John," as he was familiarly called, by his friendly acts of charity and kindness to those needing assistance, as a most successful farmer, and a large stock raiser and one who was noted for his thrift and business qualifications, and with his indomitable pluck and many ox teams cleared and opened up his large farm and made it one of the finest tracts of land in Northern Ohio.

His good wife, who died January 17, 1864, had many of those grand qualifications and industrious habits which so greatly assisted Mr. Whitmore to the success which he achieved.

Shortly after Mr. Whitmore settled in Townsend Township he opened up a small store where the few settlers could purchase provisions without making a long drive to Sandusky Citys

Marcia Swift was married to Jay Chapman and of this union three children were born, as follows: Jane, the wife of Enoch Beebe; Jay, who married Mary A. Childs, and Henry, who died when a boy. She afterward married John Whitmore and to this union was born one child, Ann J., now deceased, who was united in marriage to Walter Davlin of Erie County, Ohio, on May 10, 1863. Mrs. Davlin was noted for her many charitable deeds and benevolences and was always willing with a helping hand to aid those in distress or need.

Mrs. Davlin united with the Episcopal Church of Clyde, Ohio, in 1886. Her death, which occurred August 16, 1900, was deeply mourned by all who knew her. She is survived by her husband, Walter Davlin, and seven chil- dren. Mr. Whitmore had at his- death, which occurred January 1, 1881, accumulated about 1,300 acres of land, which he left to his only child, Ann J. Davlin. He was a lifelong Democrat in politics.

WALTER DAVLIN, one of Townsend Township's representative citizens and substantial, reliable men, is well known all through Sandusky County, of which he has been a resident since May 10, 1863. He was born in Delaware County, New York, March 8, 1833, and is a son of Walter and Jane (Foster) Davlin.

The father of Mr. Davlin came from Ireland and settled in New York in 1826. In 1837 he brought his family to Ohio and settled on what was known as the "fire lands" in Erie County.

Walter Davlin grew to manhood in Erie County and then came to Sandusky County. For forty years he has been one of the foremost business men of the county. He has been extensively engaged in farming and stock raising and at one time owned 1200 acres of fine land in Sandusky and Erie Counties. He also managed the immense estate of his wife, who inherited about 1,300 acres from the estate of her father, John Whitmore. For twenty years Mr. Davlin was engaged in a mercantile business at Whitmore and was postmaster of the In politics Mr. Davlin has always been identified with the Republican party. In May, 1863, Mr. Davlin was married (first) to Ann J. Whitmore, who died August 16, Igoo. She was a daughter of John Whitmore. To Mr. and Mrs. Davlin were born the following children: William W., residing in Townsend Township; Marcia H., wife of Elmer Dills, residing in Clyde; Sally W., wife of Charles Neill of Sandusky; Margaret, wife of Lewis Quinn; Ann J., wife of William Quinn; Mrs. Henry Wilbert and John Whitmore, step-children. Shortly before the first Mrs. Davlin died the Davlin and Whitmore estates, amounting to 2,500 acres, were divided among the children. Mr. Davlin was married (second) October 15, 1903, to Miss Maud Hull of Fremont, daughter of James and Elizabeth Hull. They now reside on a finely improved farm on the state road in Townsend Township.

HARMON BECKER, a retired farmer and highly respected citizen of Woodville Township, residing on his valuable farm of 166 acres, situated just beyond the village of Woodville, has been a witness of much of the development of this section from the wilderness, having lived on his present place for over forty years. He was born in 1831, in Hanover, Germany, and is a son of Everett and Dorothy (Turman) Becker.

The father of Mr. Becker brought his family to America from Germany in 1833. They resided one year at Buffalo, New York, and then moved to Toledo, Ohio, the father following his trade of tailor, at both places, dying in the latter city when aged thirty-five years. He left four children, all of whom survive, namely: Mrs. Mary Bodette, living at Genoa, Ohio; Henry, residing at Pemberville, Wood County; Kate, living in Michigan; and Harmon.

Harmon Becker attended school at Toledo for a little: time, but was yet young when his mother brought him to Woodville Township, where he has lived for over seventy years and enjoys the distinction of being its most venerable resident. He has done his part in developing this section and is numbered with the honored pioneers. He remained at home until he was nineteen years of age and then learned the carpenter trade, which he followed for fourteen vears and assisted in the building of many of the old township landmarks. He was active during the height of the oil industry here and has three unproductive wells on his own land. He has owned two farms, the first one containing sixty acres, which was located above his present one, which he bought about 1869.

Mr. Becker married Anna Bredenwisher, who died in 1897. They had six children born to them, namely: Henry, who operates the home farm, a prominent citizen of the township and a member of the School Board: Louisa, who died when aged eight years; Caroline, who resides at Woodville; August, who died in 1904; Eleanora, who is now deceased; and Matilda, married, who lives at Cleveland, Ohio. Mr. Becker is one

County 703

MAURICE L. HUSS, head of the firm of M. L. Huss & Company at Clyde, dealers in automobiles and farming implements of all kinds, has been a lifelong resident of Green Creek Township, and has lived in Clyde since 1903. He was born on his father's farm in Green Creek Township, March 31, 1848, and is a son of Christian and Catherine (Rathbun) Huss, and a grandson of Noah and Mary (Burkholder) Huss.

Noah Huss, the grandfather, was born in Germany and was young at the time he accompanied his parents to the United States. They located in Pennsylvania and Noah lived at Little York for some years after his marriage, then in the middle twenties moved to Sandusky County, Ohio. He located upon what is now known as, the Kirnehan farm in Green Creek Township, which they obtained from the Government for $1.50 per acre. He cleared this farm and lived upon it until his death. His wife also died on that place and both were buried in the Bakertown Cemetery.

Christian Huss was born in Little York, Pennsylvania, in 1815, and was about ten years of age when his parents moved to Green Creek Township, Sandusky County, Ohio, where he grew to maturity. He later bought a farm across the creek from the home place and had over three hundred acres of land, which is now divided into three farms and is owned by three of his sons. He was married to Catherine Rathbun, a daughter of Chaplin and Lucinda Rathbun, early residents of Sandusky County, and they became parents of the following children: Chaplin R.;: Eliza M.; Shannon, who died at the age of two years; Noah B.; Darius, who died at the age of fourteen years: Burr; Maurice Lemmon, subject of this record; Jane, deceased; Barbara; Saxton P.; and Earl C. Mr. Huss died in 1864 in the prime of life, aged forty-nine years and six months, and was survived

Maurice L. Huss attended the district school in his home vicinity, it being a oneroom building, into which were crowded some seventy pupils. His schooling was very limited, as his services were required at home in helping to clear the farm. He lived on a farm the first fifty-five years of his life and in 1903 moved to Clyde and embarked in his present business, which is under the direct management of his son-inlaw, Ernest Van Schoten, who is a partner in the business. The office and store building 1s located on West Buckeye Street, near Main, and they deal in the Reo, Regal and Brush automobiles, as well as every make of farm machinery. They do automobile repair work as well as the ordinary repair work done ina place of the kind. Mr. Huss still owns his farm of sixty acres on which he lived so many years, and also has a tract of sixteen acres about two miles west of Clyde. He has an apple orchard of 250 trees, which was set out twenty years ago and still bears abundantly. He has a cherry orchard of 200 trees. He is a Democrat in politics and served ten years as school director in his district, two terms as township trustee and two terms as infirmary director. The fact that he was elected in a strongly Republican district is a pleasing tribute to his personal popularity and his standing in the community.

On February 22, 1871, Mr. Huss was married to Miss Henrietta A. Storer, a daughter of Samuel and Sarah Storer, and she died September 24, 1908, leaving two children, Ruth and Dwight B. Ruth Huss was married to Ernest Van Schoten and they have three children: Alta, Inez and Leon. Dwight B. Huss is an expert machinist and is associated with the Brisco Manufacturing Company of Detroit, Michigan. He was the first man to drive an automobile across the United States, driving in an Oldsmobile from New York to Portland during the Portland Fair. The trip took forty" days. «LHe, miarried. Misss Bessie Wilson.

The subject of this record .has been a member of the Odd Fellows' order for thirty-eight years, having membership in the lodges both at Green Spring and Clyde. He is also a charter member of the Grange at Clyde, and has belonged to that useful order for thirty-five years.

HON. GEORGE W. GLICK, ex-governor of Kansas, was born at Greencastle in Fairfield County, Ohio, July 4, 1827, and with his parents moved to Sandusky County and settled with them in Ballville Township in 1834. His parents were Isaac and Mary (Sanders) Glick.

George W. Glick received his common school education in Ballville Township and attended a select school under the able instruction of Horace E. Clark, one of the most noted teachers of that vicinity. His higher education was obtained in attendance at Central College, near Columbus, where he became proficient in higher mathematics and in Latin but did not remain to graduate.

In March, 1848, he commenced the study of law in the office of the firm of Buckland & Hayes, composed of R. P. Buckland and Rutherford B. Hayes, the former afterward a general in the War of 1861, and the latter President of the United States. He remained in that office two years and received from Mr. Buckland a very flattering certificate of qualifications for admission to the bar, Mr. Hayes having moved to Cincinnati in 1849. In March, 1850, he was admitted to the bar by the Supreme Court, then in session at Cincinnati, Ohio. Of the committee who examined him for admission were the following prominent lawyers: Mr. Pendleton, father of George H. Pendleton, who was later a United States Senator; Mr. Gwynne, author of "Gwynne of Sheriffs ;" Alexander Long, later a member of Congress, and two other lawyers. Two years later he was admitted to practice in the United States Court, by Justice McLean, at Columbus, Ohio. In the spring of 1850 Mr. Glick opened a law office and commenced the practice in Fremont, Ohio, and at once became successful, and his practice extended to the adjoining counties of Seneca, Huron, Ottawa and Erie. Ralph P. Buckland, Cooper K. Watson, John L. Greene, Sr., Brice J. Bartlett and T. P. Finefrock were then at the head of the bar in Sandusky County.

In 1857 Mr. Glick moved to Sandusky City, Erie County, where he remained until March, 1859, when, catching the Western fever, he leit Sandusky City and located at Atchison, in the then Territory of Kansas. He has resided at Atchison ever since his location there. He first there became associated in the law practice with Hon. A. G. Otis, and so continued for sixteen years, enjoying a large and lucrative practice in the State and Federal Courts. Business in those days was very profitable. Land titles, county-seat questions and overland transportation, all furnished much business for lawyers, frequently requiring attendance at the courts of the states of Missouri and Nebraska. He was general attorney at one time for two banks, three railroads and some other corporations, with good pay; his practice for twelve years paid him from ten to twelve thousand dollars per year. In 1874 Mr. Glick's partner, Mr. Otis, was elected judge of the district court and the firm was dissolved, Mr. Glick retiring from practice. He then devoted himself to farming and stock raising, his farm being known as "Shannon Hill Stock Farm," named for Governor Shannon of Ohio, who was also governor of Kansas Territory, and containing 640 acres. Special attention was given by him to raising Short Horn cattle and Berkshire pigs, which proved profitable. Descendants of his herds are now bred in eleven different states. The farm was sold by him and business discontinued in 1900, and Mr. Glick thereupon retired from active business.

From his first location in Kansas he was prominent in public affairs and served nine sessions in the Legislature of that state, in the House and Senate, and was always a member of the Judiciary Committee in those bodies, appointed by presiding officers different in politics from him. It was his ambition to have the laws of Kansas as neatly as possible a transcript of those of his native Ohio. In 1882 he was elected governor of the state of Kansas, on the Democratic ticket, and has the distinction of being the only Democratic governor of that state. He served with credit and as a wise and able chief executive and remained in' that office but one term. Governor Glick served two terms as pension agent of the United States, under President Grover Cleveland, and during his incumbrance of that office disbursed $85,000,000 to pensioners. He has been for more than thirty-five years a member of the Kansas State Board of Agriculture and frequently its president. He is now president of the Kansas State Historical Society. In 1875-76 he was a member and treasurer of the Board of Managers for the state of Kansas of the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia, and was also a member of the Board of Managers for the state of Kansas in the Columbian Exposition at Chicago in 1892-93, and was also a member and president of the Board of Managers of Kansas, at the Omaha Exposition.

On September 17, 1857, Mr. Glick married Elizabeth Ryder, at Massillon, Ohio. Thev live in peaceful retirement at their home in Atchison, spending their winters in Lakeland, Florida, where they have a wintet home and an orange grove. Hon. T. P. Finefrock and he are the only survivors of what is known as the "Pioneer Bar" of Sandusky County, Ohio, a bar noted for its able and distinguished members.

HORACE H. RAYMOND, whose death occurred August 10, 1904, was a well-known citizen of Riley Township, Sandusky County, Ohio. He was born in St. Lawrence County, New York, December 2, 1838, and was a son of David Raymond.

The subject of this record was educated in the public schools in his native county and in the New York State Normal School. He took up the profession of teaching and for a period of twenty years followed that

706 HISTORY OF vocation in the state of Texas. He was for years principal of Tyron Academy in that state. In 1897 he located in Riley Township, where he thereafter resided until his death. He was a man of scholarly attainments and was a credit to the profession with which he was identified for so many years. He was married May 11, 1897, to Miss Elizabeth Meek, who comes of a prominent old family of Riley Township.

Mrs. Raymond was born in Riley Township and is a daughter of Samuel and Sarah (Farber) Meek. Her father was born in Virginia and her mother near Canton, Ohio. Her grandfather, Samuel Meek, Sr., was born in the British Isles and established this branch of the Meek family in Virginia. The father of Mrs. Raymond moved to Riley Township about the year 1848 and farmed here until his death in December, 1890. His wife died August 27, 1900.

Mrs. Raymond was reared in her native township and for more than a quarter of a century was an instructor in the schools, principally those of Riley Township. She also taught some in Wood and Seneca Counties, Ohio. Mr. Raymond was a Republican in politics, and at the time of his death was a member of the United Brethren Church. He was in earlier years affiliated with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. Mrs. Raymond also is a member of the United Brethren Church and takes an active interest in church work. She is the owner of a splendid farm of 160 acres on which she lives, and is surrounded by many friends of long years standing, in whose regard she stands high.

HON. CARL C. ANDERSON, now serving in his second term as mayor of Fostoria, Ohio, and who was elected a member of Congress from the 13th Congressional District of Ohio in November, 1908, enjoys unusual distinction for one of his youth and is a notable example of the enterprise and energy that characterize the American young man in modern days. He was born at Bluffton, Allen County, Ohio, December 2, 1877, and is a son of John J. and Mary L. (Barringer) Anderson.

The father of Mr. Anderson is one of the representative business men of Fremont, Ohio, and is the capable manager of the Jackson Shear and Razor Company of this city. He married Mary L. Barringer and they have three children.

Carl C. Anderson was brought by his parents to Fremont when young and obtained his education in the Fremont schools. He began his business life early, as a little boy becoming a news carrier, and when he saw more profit in driving an express wagon, he took that position. His next step was a clerkship with the Lake Erie & Western Railroad and later, after a season with the Lake Shore road he became a cashier for the Lake Erie Company, later becoming its agent. When the A. H. Jackson Company made him a good offer he went on the road for them and sold their underwear for five years and out of his salary he erected a fine brick block at Fremont. Mr. Anderson then went into the manufacturing of underwear on his own account, starting at Fostoria and in the following year building a factory at Findlay. During these years while making great headway in material things and honestly accumulating a fortune through his own industry and business capacity, he was likewise cementing friendships and becoming acquainted with people all over the state and particularly in the 13th District. His sterling qualities as a citizen were recognized at Fostoria, where, in 1905 he was elected mayor of the city and in 1907 was re-elected, and further approval was shown him when he was made the Democratic candidate for Congress and was elected in the fall of 1908, over Hon. G. E. Mouser, by a majority of 4742 votes. Mr. Anderson will have the distinction of being the youngest member on the floor of Congress.

Mr. Anderson married Miss Nellie Ford, a daughter of William H. Ford, and they have had two children, Carl Ford, and one that died in infancy. Mr. Anderson holds membership in all the leading fraternities and is connected with many social organizations.

Anderson

largely interested in farming and identified also with the oil industry and livestock dealing, owns valuable property in this township, consisting of one farm of 130 acres in Section 8, and a second farm of thirty-two acres in Section 9g. He was born September 30, 1872, at Buffalo, New York, and is a son of Richard and Elizabeth (Plato) Baker.

The parents of Mr. Baker settled in Lenawee County, Michigan, when he was young, and he was reared on a farm and went to school at Palmyra. The father still resides in Michigan, making his home at Deerfield, where his wife died May 26, 1905.