Monroe Township (part 4 of 6)

"In fact, such a theory is irreconcilable with the human understanding of the nature and relation of things. The mind must be educated to such theories before it can see any thing in these works to justify them, that these ancient Americans, like the ancient Egyptians, Phoenicians, Assyrians, Chinese, and other original tribes or nations, may have been superstitious in some things, and behind the present age in the arts and-sciences, may be quite true, but that isno reason why we should attribute to them intellectual inconsistencies that would sink them below the wild tribes, that roved through our forests when first found by the people of Europe. How many of us can give a rational account of the original design of the pyramids of Egypt? We may think we know, but with an unbroken chain of history reaching nearly back to the probable period of their erection, we still know but little about them; yet they are there, and were erected by the most learned nation of that age.

"There are at least eight forts 01 circumvallations in the county that | know of, that are not noticed by any of those writers, except three mentioned by Mr. Smucker, and there cannot be less than three hundred mounds that are not noticed at all; yet when they are viewed as a whole, they present a very different feature than when seen in isolated parts, though these parts may have been the most prominent portion of the works. They must be examined from the center to the circumference, and the relation of the several parts to the whole, as well as the scientific harmony of those relations, must be studied to fully comprehend their use. Let any person that is well acquainted with the face of the country inform himself as to the location of fifty or one hundred of these seattered mounds in Licking county, and then let him ascend a few of them and imagine the timber all removed, and he will be astonished at the harmony of their relations. Nearly all will seem to be in plain view from And, further, that nearly all seem to have been built with reference to the works in Cherry valley as a comman center. Cherry valley is that part of Licking valley, west of the city of Newark, that lies between the Pataskala and the Raccoun branches of the Licking river, extending from their junction up the Pataskala to the mouth of Auter creek, and up Raccoon creek some three miles to the range of hills dividing the Raccoon and Auter creek valleys. It is a beautiful plaln, the soil is gravelly but very fertile. It embraces about three thousand acres of land, and lies nearly in the shape of an equilateral triangle. On this plain are situated several of the largest and most singular artificial works to be found in the country. The principal one of these (so called) fortifications, which contains about thirty acres of land, is owned and occualmost every point.

Pied by the Licking County Agricultural society, and the place where they hold their annual fairs. This part of the valley seems to constitute a central point in the extensive cluster of works lying in this and adjoining counties.

"After becoming satisfied in my own mind, by observations from various elevated points, that the arrangement and location of the works of Licking would justify the theory that Cherry valley was-the central point, whence radiated the power that controlled and gave vitality to this great city, whose inhabitants perhaps numbered but little less than the present population of the whole State, this! beautiful valley and its works began to as- Sume an importance in this field of antiquities that I never had thought of before, though familiar with its curious works all my life. Now every antique artificial feature about it became an object of importance, that might have wrapped up in it volumes of valuable history. Not having found anything in 'Alligator mound' that I thought would justify the idea of its being considered an object of idolatrous worship, and having found the triangle in several of these artificial works, which is an ancient Symbol of the true God, I concluded to again visit the great work owned by the agricultural society, and examine 'Eagle mound.' I went there without any doubts about finding the Tepresentation of an eagle spread out on the surface in the center of the area enclosed by these great walls. But when I came to examine its form and proportions, I could not see the 'eagle' mor anything that would justify the idea that the mound was ever intended to represent any living thing. It could not have been intended to represent a bird, because there is neither head, neck, or tail, and the wings do not taper towards the points, but on the contrary are even larger towards the extreme ends. The abdominal dimensions are much too large to be in proportion with the other parts. While the Alligator mound below Granville strikes conviction to the minds of all that see it, even at first sight, that it was intended to represent the great American crocodile, it cannot but require a great stretch of the imagination, to find any animal characteristics whatever in this so-called 'Eagle mound.' At least, such were my impressions; my feelings would have harmonized much better with the idea of call ing it a representation of a man, in the act of swimming, without any legs, which it might be said to represent pretty fairly. Ido not think that it was intended to represent any thing of the kind; but on the contrary, that it is the ruins of a massive temple, or palace of a ruling prince, that had been erected with perishable material, such as unburnt brick.

'The main part of it appears to have been about fifty by one hundred and eighty feet, with vestibule and tower in front, and wings extending to the right and left some sixty feet in length from the main building. The wings fall back some twenty to twenty-five degrees from a right angle with the main building, and probably had towers atthe extreme ends. This is indicated by the larger pile of earth at the end of the wings. My reasons for calling this the ruin of a large building are, first - its form being that of a large building, with wings to the right and left, and vestibule and towetin front, and second, its situation; it being a little in the rear of the center from the great gate of the court that surrounds it, and fronting the entrance, or gate, of the court, just as I think a skilful draughtsman of any age would place such a building to be in harmony with its surroundings. In the third place, its materials; all the plain on which these works in Cherry valley are situated, is full of gravel, or pebble stones, even to the surface, and the walls of the court that surround it are of the same character, while the mound, or ruin, is composed of good brick-clay, free from gravel, and foreign to anything to be found in this vicinity, 'There is also another slight elevation of this same kind of clay outside of the court. It is situated to the right of the road, leading from the gate of the court towards the Pataskala, or South fork of Licking river, and indicates the former existence of a block of buildings, or guard houses, that extended some three or four hundred feet from the walls of the court, to, and beyond the site where the trustees are preparing to erect a hotel building for the use of the park. This bed of clay is from twelve to sixteen inches deep, resting on gravel, while but a few feet from it the gravel is found to come to the surface. This debris, lying, as it does, by the side of the passway to the only entrance to this royal court, and between the parallel walls, that jt is generally believed were erected to protect the passway from this sacred precinct to the river, is' strongly suggestive 'of the location of a series of guard houses, to prevent the promiscuous entrance of improper persons to this well guarded seat of royalty."

It would be impossible, at this day, even were it necessary or desirable, to locate all the earthworks and mounds within the limits of Newark township. The Cherry valley seems to have been literally filled with them, and they were thickly placed over a broad territory, including the site of the city of Newark and much of the Raccoon valley, while, as Mr. Park savs, there are a hundred or more mounds on the surrounding hills that overlooked this great mound city in this valley.

There is a mound within a short distance of the court house that is passed by scores of people, daily, on their way to and from business, that is scarcely noticed. It is located in the old cemetery on Sixth street, and'is eight or ten feet in height, and, perhaps, twenty-five or thirty feet in diameter. Some one has used it for a burying ground, and erected a: monument over their dead on its side. The fact of its being inclosed within the cemetery has pre~ served it from destruction by the plow.

A curious group of mounds that attracted the attention and wonder of the pioneers, were unfortunately destroyed by the building of the Central Ohio railroad. 'They were not far from the Old Fort, and stood just at the foot of Cherry valley, and a little east of the Ohio canal, where the above mentioned railroad crosses it. Three of these mounds stood in a line north and south; the fourth was a little east and between the two northern ones. They were all joined together at the base. In the destruction of this remarkable group of mounds, many interesting relics and facts were unearthed that appear worth preservation. 'The mound far- thest south was included in the embankment of the Central Ohio railroad, and was first destroyed. The other three were greatly injured by the earth being taken to make the railroad embankment. The northern mound was the largest, and was about twenty feet high. This was finally leveled to form a site for a rolling mill. The upper eight feet of this mound was composed almost entirely of black loam, which appeared in layers. These layers or strata had seams where the earth did not unite, although it appeared to be of the same character. Between these layers there were often marks of fire; and in one place, from four to six inches extending across the mound, there were strong marks of fire, with charcoal and ashes. The different layers of earth did not often pass all over the mound - sometimes not over more than a fourth of it, and often overlapped each other at the edges.

on at considerable intervals of time, first on one side and then on the other, the different sides of the mound varying in structure. In the upper eight feet of this mound no human or other bones were found. Seyeral fine sheets of mica were taken out. A hole near the center was observed to continue down very near to the bottom of the mound. In some places this was filled with sand, differing from the earth around it. In the lower eight feet of the mound quite a number of these perpendicular holes were observed. One on the east side was filled with fine charcoal and ashes, and extended fully four feet below the surrounding surface of the earth. The whole base of this mound was of disturbed earth, four or more feet below the surrounding surface. Some six or eight of these post holes were discovered, but none but the center one continued for more than a few feet. They were mostly filled with fine sand. About one half of the lower portion of the mound was made of layers of blue clay; then there was a layer of sand, followed by one of cobble stone, which appeard to be immediately over a strong burning. This layer of stone was about five feet from the base. In the middle mound the layer of cobble stone was about eight feet from the base, was in the center of the mound, sixteen inches thick, and extended all over it, thinning out toward the edges. The cobble stone, in all places, seemed to be put on immediately over the burning, none of the stones having the marks of fire, except those coming in contact with the burnt earth. The heat of the fire must have been intense, for the small stones in places were quite friable, and in places strongly marked with oxide of iron. This iron appearance led many to think that iron tools might have been placed there and rusted out.

In the fourth mound the cobble stones were placed over burnings and on a level with the surrounding surface, and covered with creek sand. The blue clay in the northern mound must have been brought from a distance, there being none near like it.

About three feet below the surrounding surface of the earth, and near the bottom of the large mound, the workmen, in digging the pit for the flywheel, found several pieces of bones and a part of the lower jaw of a human being with one tooth yet remaining in it. All the bones gave evidence of great age, and were in small pieces.

The cobble stone layers in these mounds and the post holes are unusual features. Could the latter have been for a frame work, from which to suspend victims for sacrifice?

Surrounding this entire group of mounds was a cobble stone way, about eight feet wide. This is yet plainly to be seen north of the railroad, but the remainder has been destroyed. This oblong circle of stone must have been one hundred yards in its north and south diameter, and sixty-six yards east and west. Within sight of this gronp of mounds were Originally about one dozen. Many of these have been destroyed. The digging of the pit for the fly-wheel revealed, the lower portion of this mound, better than examination heretofore made, and showed plainly that human beings had been buried at least four feet beneath the surrounding surface of the earth.

The greater portion of these mounds being composed of sand and loam may account for the paucity of bones found in them. The best preserved skeletons are found where the ground is mostly clay.

Indians buried their dead in and about these mounds; but these burials were thought to be easily distinguishable from those of the Mound Builders.

Several skeletons were found buried near these mounds, which were, no doubt, those of Indians, the bones indicating no great age, and having copper implements buried with them. Near one was found two copper quivers for arrows, and a large shell, which had apparently been used as a drinking cup. Another small skeleton had by its side a quiver for arrows and a copper hatchet, with beads and other trinkets. These Indians and Mound Builders appeared to have two things in common; one is the copper implements, and the other the sheets of mica. This latter is found in their mounds and mixed with their pottery. The small Indian skeleton referred to above was partly covered with mica, some of it adhering to the bones. Another skeleton was found covered with arge sheets of mica; at least half a peck of mica with the bones were brought to town; this, at the time, was supposed to be the remains of an Indian. All the copper yet found in the mounds in this region has been native, unsmelted.

According to some antiquarians these mounds would be ealled sacrificial or altar mounds, but the truth is that most, if not all, in this vicinity, are of a similar character, and might, with the same propriety, be called sacrificial, for, as a general thing, a skeleton, or sometimes two or three side by side are found, covered with earth, then evidences of fire, then another skeleton covered in the same way, and so on; but these skeletons and evidences of fire do not extend regularly over the mound. Sometimes a skeleton and a burning will be found only on one side, and then again on the other, ata different elevation; but almost always in every mound is found one grand burning extending all over the mound, as if there had been a grand ceremony for the benefit of all those buried beneath. In the large mound above mentioned there were two of these general burnings. Sometimes human bones are found with the marks of fire, indicating the probability of human sacrifice.

Chapter Lxvi

Its INDIAN HisToRY--ORGANIZATION - TOPOGRAPHY - STREAMS - PONDS AND STAGNANT WATERS - -THE FIRST RACE CouURSE - DEPTH OF SOIL - AN UNHEALTHY DIsTRICT - DR. WILSON'S CONTRIBUTION ON THE EARLY DISEASES AND

Their Treatment

'There truth and'beauty are, for there is nature, Serene and simple. She will be our priestess, And in her calm and uncomplaining face We will read well her rubric and be wise." - Joaquin Miller.

UT little, if any, Indian history connected with this township has been preserved. A few temporary camps are remembered, and that they roved freely through these beautiful valleys, hunted, fished and paddled their canoes along these wild and pretty streams; sang their war songs, danced their war dances, fought, loved, married, ate, drank and died, is not doubted. 'They have left behind them history enough from which to glean this much, however worthless it may be. They seem to have been a worthless race, hence, in the economy of the univerce, they must perish to give place to those who develop and make better use of Nature's unlimited resources.

son, deputy surveyor under Rufus Putnam, then surveyor general of the United States. It is number two, range twelve, and contains sixteen thousand four hundred and thirty-eight and nine-tenth acres. Number one, or the northeast quarter of the township or section was located by John Rathbone, and contains four thousand two hundred and eighteen and nine.tenth acres. This section was sold to Colonel Benjamin Wilson of Clarksburgh, Virginia, and has since been known as the "Wilson section." Quarter township number two, is the northwest section, and was located by George Jackson. It contains four thousand acres. Section number three is the southwest quarter, and was located by Adam Harborson. It contains four thousand acres, and is called the Cherry Valley section. Number four is the town section, and was located by J. A. Cummins and John and George W. Burnet. It contains four thousand two hundred and twenty acres.

There were many acts of Congress touching the manner of disposing of the unoccupied lands of the United States military tract, of which this township was apart, up to 1812, when the land department was reorganized; but none of them had any effect on this township, for the sections had all been located very early.

Nearly the whole of this township lies in a sort of funnel-shaped basin, with the neck toward the Licking Narrows. It is watered by the North fork of Licking, which enters the township from the north, near the center of its northern line, and passing southeast joins the main stream near its eastern border; and by the South fork of Licking, which forms the southeastern line of the township to within a few miles of Newark,, joining the North fork within the city limits, and by the Raccoon fork, which coming from the west, thrugh Granville township, passes across this township a little south of its center, and joins the South fork within the city limits. In addition to these streams, which are all of good size, Ramp creek crosses the southern part of the township, emptying its waters into the South fork, within its limits; and numerous smaller streams, tributaries of those named, cross the township in different directions.

bottom lands widen out abruptly. The highlands north of the city run nearly at right angles with the Licking river, forming the east bank of the North fork, and the highlands south forming the east bank of the South fork. This area of apparently level land, extends up the North fork to the mouth of Brushy fork, thence west and south along the base of the Welsh hills to Licking summit at the South fork, and down that stream to Newark. This constitutes the body of the "funnel", and contains twenty-five thousand acres of excellent land, that one would suppose, from a glance over it, was almost level; yet from its western terminus to the "Black Hand" there is a fall of at least one hundred and forty feet in this distance of twelve miles.

It will be observed that in almost every part there are gentle terraces downward, to all the various streams making all the surface of very easy drainage. The highlands north and south of Newark appear to be the western terminus of the great coal fields which extend to the Alleghanies. This large basin, or area of comparatively level land, in which Newark is situated, was once, like the bottom lands of the Licking, covered with a dense forest, and undergrowth of bushes and wild vines; and on account of the numerous and rapid streams which centered large quantities of drift wood blocked the streams and lay piled in every conceivable shape and direction causing the waters to overflow and inundate a great portion of this basin whenever there was an unusually heavy fall of rain. When the floods subsided large pools of stagnant water were left here and there, which were the cause of much sickness among the early settlers. Perhaps in no other portion of the township was this so obviously the cause of sickness as in the vicinity of Log-pond run. About one and a half miles northwest of Newark, this little stream, passing through this level ground, became obstructed, and spread over about thirty acres of woodland, causing the large timber to die and fall down, thus covering this large area with fallen timber, which could only be traversed by footmen walking on the logs. This was called the "log pond," and gave name to the stream. A little further north was another pond, clear of trees, called the "Goose pond," which covered seventy-five or eighty acres at times, and was a famous resort for deep. It gave rise to much speculation among the settlers, who were unable to account for the fact that some seasons, when there was abundance of rain, the pond would nearly dry up; and again in other very dry seasons, the pond would be full of water. Regarding this, Dr. J. N. Wilson, from whose article this topographical matter is mainly taken, says: ''My attention was called to the drying up of this pond one summer soon after the water was let into the canal for the first time. Owing to the character of the sub-soil in most of this region, which is made up mostly of loose gravel and sand, the water percolated through it, filling up the wells and cellars all along the canal in its vicinity, but as the bottom became puddled the percolation ceased. Recollecting this fact, and remembering that the previous fall had been very dry, followed by a very cold winter which caused the water to be frozen toa great depth, thereby effectually breaking up the puddling at the bottom of the pond, at once explained to my mind the disappearance of the water the following spring There was no stream of water run- It was located just

There is another fact which, no doubt, had a great influence in retaining in this funnel-shaped basin the poisonous miasms formed in it. The highlands, as above described, forming the sides of the basin, were covered with very lofty trees, principally oak, with a dense undergrowth, mingled in many places with spruce and other evergreens, which came to the very edge of the Licking river, and in many places the tops of these large trees nearly came together from the opposite sides the winds, and damming up, as it were, the outlet of this funnel. This obstruction was not greatly | disturbed until the construction of the Ohio canal, and subsequently by the building of the Ohio Central & Steubenville railroads. The quarrying of stone and the clearing of the forests has at last made a complete outlet for the winds, which may now sweep freely through this passage and give complete ventilation to the basin above. This has no doubt played an important part in improving the health of this great basin. 'The cultivation of the soil, the drainage of the ponds, the clearing away of the drift-wood from the streams, and the building of good houses, and other comforts, have converted this once sickly locality into a region as healthy and beautiful as can be found in the State. The alluvial as well a diluvial deposit is by no means of uniform depth in this basin. It may be a hundred feet in places to the bottom, yet in others, as where the Central Ohio railroad crosses the Licking river, the original rock comes to the surface; and again two miles up the North fork the rock appears. The great amount of decomposible matter contained in this gravelly plateau 'has disappointed many in their estimates of the durability of the soil for tillage. The very early settlers feared that as soon as the vegetable mould that formed the surface should be exhausted by tillage, the soil would become sterile and worthless. Fifty years ago it was said that such and such fields were about worn out, but the recuperative power of this soil, by the decomposition of the limestone and other earthy compounds, is wonderful, and these same fields continue to yield the best crops, equal to any of the newer lands, and making more certain crops from the fact that they are less affected by any excess or want of rain than Whatever else was produced in this basin, it was very certain to produce, in pioneer times, an abundant crop of fever and its accompaniments, and verified the saying of the Indians "that the Lick-Licking was a bad place to raise

And it is a mistake to suppose that it took but few years to change this miasmatic region into a healthy one. It was soon found that where the trees were cut down and the under-brush cleared

; > pms Hs ae away, there immediately sprang up in the places thus exposed to the sun, the most luxuriant growth of weeds, grasses, vines and plants, covering all the partly cleared lands, which more than compensated for the removal of the trees. 'This growth was very vigorous, and formed a covering for many wild animals as well as large numbers of venomous reptiles. 'These were a continual dread to the early settlers, and not only to the settlers, but the horses and cattle were in constant fear of them, and often suffered from their poisonous fangs.

Dr. John Newman Wilson was one of the early and prominent settlers of Newark, and identified with its interests and prosperity during his long life of seventy years. His father came here in 1806 with a numerous family, all of whom left the mark of their individuality upon this county. Dr. Wilson was long an honored member of the pioneer society here, and died in October, 1868. 'The following regarding the early diseases prevalent in Newark and vicinity, is from one of his interesting and valuable papers. From it may also be gleaned other matters pertinent to the early history of Newark:

'My father and family moved to and settled near this city in 1806, when I was a small boy, and consequently I must rely on older and earlier settlers for most of my facts, and from none have I received information, more capable of giving it, than from my medical preceptor, the late Dr. John J. Brice. Dr. Brice, in his youth, resided in the healthy county of Harrison, West Virginia, where he had the advantage of a good preparatory education. He read medicine in Pittsburgh and Uniontown, Pennsylvania. During his studies he obtained some notoriety by being, perhaps, the first to practice vaccination west of the mountains, which I think was in 180r.

'His preceptor had obtained some vaccine matter from a then representative of Kentucky, as he passed by Uniontown on his way home from Congress. 'Ihis virus had been sent to the President of the United States by Dr. Jenner, of London, to be distributed to members of Congress.

'(His preceptor, Dr. Simonson, having little faith in this innovation turned the matter over to his pupil, 'Jack Brice," who immediately began his tests. interest,

Itsoon created widespread Dr. Brice, thereafter, always took great interest in the subject of vaccination, and was the most careful physician I ever knew in the selection of virus, was peculiar.

His mode of vaccination He made it a rule, whenever he could, about the tenth day after vaccination, to examine the pock, and if well matured, he would make a slight puncture with the lancet, take some virus and insert it in the other arm of the same person, so, as he said, to go through the same process as the first, and destroy any remaining susceptibility that might exist. I have yet to learn that any of the early settlers who were vaccinated by Dr, Brice, have had even varioloid. He must have vaccinated hundreds of families in this county.

"Dr. Brice located in Newark in November 1803, I think, ~ having a good opinion of his qualificaticns ; and many of his oll acquaintances having settled in and about Newark, they : gave the commencement of his professional career an impetus, - and he had high expectations of success.

"In the beginning of his practice he had. to deal principally with inflammatory diseases, particularly pleurisy, which he said was much more common at that time than in after years. In his treatment of inflammatory diseases his success equaled his expecjations, except in that of rheumatism,*which was then as stubborn as it has ever since been. In his treatment of inflammatory fevers, cathartics, antimonials and the free use of the lancet with blisters, usually effected a cure. Most of the early settlers were from the healthy regions of Virginia and Pennsylvania, and he thonght they bore blood-letting better than they did after remaining for a time in this unhealthy and miasmatic section--as it then was. When the summer and fall diseases began he found they did not so readily yield to the lancet and his doses of ''tenand ten," as taught by Dr. Rush, a famous Philadelphia physician, but he persevered. .

'He found that by his treatment the remittent fevers seemed to yield, in part, and assume the intermittent or ague form; but when winter came plenty of his patients were stil] shaking, yet he did not give up the use of the lancet, but tried it in every stage of the disease; often bleeding just before, as well as in, the cold stage, and sometimes with success; but when. he saw the result in many cases, such as enlarged spleen, dropsy and other sad consequences, together with the murmuring of his patients, he felt but little flattered by his success. It is true he did not confine himself entirely to the remedies above mentioned, but sometimes used emetics, Peruvian bark and opium, though sparingly. He also made some use of Virginia snake root, poplar bark, willow, dogwood and cherry.

''Dr. Brice having founded his practice on the theoretical views of Dr. Rush, believing with him that yellow fever was only a higher grade of bilious fever, ih all its forms; and that if Dr. Rush succeeded by giving his doses of ''ten and ten" of calomel and jalap, and in the use of the lancet, he could not conceive why the milder forms of the disease should not yield to the same treatment. He felt so vexed with his want of success, and so disappointed in his expectations, that he returned to his friends in Virginia, determined to abandon the profession and look up some other vocation in life. His brother, however, dissuaded him from this, and induced him to visit Philadelphia and consult Dr. Rush. He attended part of one course of lectures there, and related to Dr. Rush his disappointments. The latter took'an interest in his statements, and advised him to return to his field of labor, telling him that Dr. Caldwell, who had been his student, was then engaged in translating a work from the Latin he thought would be of great service to him; advised him to procure a copy and be governed by it in his practice. This work he obtained in 1805, before leaving Phila. delphia. I am certain that this book must have saved the lives of many of the pioneers.

"Dr. Brice haying purchased a good supply of medicines in Philadelphia, including a good quality of chinchona bark, an article not always easily obtained, returned to Newark and resumed his practice. The lancet was used more sparingly, and only to relieve some organ from the violent action of the heart. Calomel and jalap were used to disgorge the bilious matter and correct the biliary secfetions. This, with the free use of the bark during the intermissions of the fever, became the founda-

"The country was sparsely settled, and he made long rides into the country, often going into adjoining counties. At that time it was the remittent form of fever that gave the most per plexity, this sometimes proving fatal. In accordance with Se. nac's advice, he gave up bark during the remission in cases where he apprehended danger. In many of these cases coma often occurred early; in these his main reliance was on the bark. His favorite mode was to give it ina decoction, acidulated with sulphuric acid; but in ordinary cases it was taken in doses of a teaspoonful in wine every hour, or mixed with a decoction of Virginia snakeroot. A very common way, too, was to administer it in doses of a teaspoonful in the common beverage of the country, whiskey.

"An old and popular psescription was: bark, one ounce; Virginia snakeroot, one-half ounce; sal tartar, twelve grains; whiskey, one pint: drink ad /iditum.

"Tt was not long until a prejudice arose against the use of barks by those who had protracted ague, they attributing to the remedy what was the result of the disease, saying they could feel the effect of the bark in their bones, as people often now Say their bones are full of quinine. (Quinine was first used here in 182s, the first ounce costing sixteen dollars.)

'It is a mistake to suppose that typhoid fever did not occut among the early settlers. My eldest brother laid the greatet part of the year 1805-6 with this fever. It was then called typhus.

'In the winter of 1812-13 snow was sufficient for the running of sleighs and sleds most of the winter; there was, perhaps, bet_ ter sleighing than has been known since, so that corn, oats, pork, flour, etc., were taken to Sandusky and other points on the lakes, from this place, on sleds. This wasnot only a great advantage to the pioneers, but a God-send to the army then fight_ ing the British. Near the close of the war an epidemic of the most fatal character prevailed, known by the name of 'Cold plague. The attack was mostly violent chill followed by fever and se- Vere pain in some region, gewerally in the lungs, but often in the brain, and sometimes in the bowels or limbs, the pain often preceding the chill. Delirium soon attended and the patient sank; the disease often proving fatal in forty-eight hours. If it lasted several days the symptoms were generally of a typhoid character. At first most of the cases proved tatal; bloodletting was found to be injurious, and medicines of all kinds seemed equally so. The practice finally adopted was that of putting the patient to bed and dosing with warm teas and warm applications to the exterior surface. 'The boughs of the spruce pine were extensively used for this purpose, and it was thought the pine had some peculiar virtue in this disease. This fatal epidemic swept over the country at that time, much the same as the cholera has since done.

'The measles and whooping-cough prevailed with the early settlers as they have since; also colds and influenza. Diarrhoea never prevailed as an epidemic in our early settlements until the approach of the cholera in 1832. Dysentery was also unknown until 1826. It then made its appearance in the neighborhood of Brownsville, in this county, and was called the bloody flux. We had many cases in Newark in the fall of this year, and it prevailed with great violence the following summer, and was attended with greater fatality throughout the summer than any other disease has ever been.

"Scarlatina was unknown in Newark until 1831, The first case was a boy in the family of the late Lucius Smith, who then lived in a brick house since used for the Baltimore & Ohio railroad depot. The disease soon became a severe scourge and many children died with it.

"What has been said about diseases in Newark will apply equally to other portions of the county, except the highlands, where intermittents were less prevalent. In the northwestern portion of the county milk sickness was not uncommon, and a number of deaths were caused by it. at irregular intervals until 1835.

'The first physician in Newark, as far as I am able to learn, was a Dr. Allen. He came from New York with a Mr. 'Rathbone, aland agent. He left a few years after Dr. Brice settled There was a Dr. Ager in Granville, in an early day, but he soon retired from business.

"Dr. Noah Harris came here probably in 1808, and was martied in 1810. Dr. Brice soon formed a partnership with him. He wasa good physician and a popular and useful man."

Medical attention was hard to secure in those days, on account of the sparsity of the population and the condition of the roads. Physicians went altogether on horseback, with their pill bags buckled to the saddle. Wheeled vehicles were first used by the physicians about 1830. Medicines were hard to procure; it took several weeks to get them from eastern cities, and often they were worthless. Peruvian bark, especially, was high in price and often of no value. Drs. Brice and Harris controlled the practice of medicine about Newark for twenty-five years.

Most of the early-time physicians of Newark are named in this chapter. Those of a later date, who practiced their profession between the years 1825 and 1850, were Dr. Elisha Cooper, Dr. Daniel Marble, Dr. Edward Stanbery, Dr. J. N. Wilson, the Drs. Dickinson, father and son, Dr. Z. C. McElroy, and Dr. Thomas H. Roe, all of whom have deceased, except the two last named. Dr. McElroy has been a successful and respectable physician of Zanesville for about thirty years, and also an extensive contributor to the medical periodicals of Europe and America. Dr. Roe still devotes himself to the practice of his profession in Newark and vicinity, making surgery, as he has always done, a specialty. Dr. Cooper was from New Hampshire, Dr. Marble from western New

Hy Tory Of Lickingcounty

York, Dr. Stanbery from Zanesville, and the Dickinsons from England. They were respectable and successful practitioners, as was also Dr. J. N. Wilson, of whom a full biographical sketch is given in connection with the genealogy of the Wilsons. Among those most prominent of a later day were Drs. J. H. Hamill, A. Barrows, L. T. Ballou, J. R. Black, B. F. Spencer, and others, most of whose names will be found among the members of the Licking County Medical society, given elsewhere in this history. Of the foregoing all are living and in full practice, except Dr. Ballou, of whom an extended biographical sketch is given elsewhere in this volume. Dr. Black has been a voluminous writer on subjects chiefly bearing on hygiene and medical science generally. His work entitled ""Ten Laws of Health," and his contributions to scientific journals, and to the annual pub. lications of the "American Health association" of which he is a member, have met with a good degree of public favor.

Chapter Lxvii

First SETTLERS AND SETTLEMENTS - - GENERAL WILLIAM C. SCHENCK - LAYING OUT THE TOWN OF NEWARK - A Co oO THE ORIGINAL RECORD - THE SETTLERS OF 1802 - FIRST SALE OF LOTS IN NEWARK - FIRST BUILDINGS ERECTED - REV. JOHN WrIGHT - WHAT Mrs. HAUGHEY SAYS - THE EARLY TAVERNS - WHAT DR. WILSON SAYS - THE OLp Court House, JAIL AND WHIPPING PosT - A BRIEF SKETCH OF THE SCHOOLS OF NEWARK FROM THE FIRST TO THE

N the two previous chapters on this township, an effort has been made to impress upon the mind a picture of the country as it appeared just prior to its occupation by the white-race, and this picture, it will be perceived, was not, a flattering one, though believed to be a faithful one. The picture was beautiful to the eye, the surface was diversified and lovely, but beneath that surface lurked the savage, the wild animal, the venomous reptile and the malarial poison that insidiously and stealthily attacked the vital powers of the pioneers. All these in addition to the dense forest were to be conquered and put out of the way. This was done but it cost many lives, like the fighting of any other great battle.

Up to the year 1801, no white settlement existed within the limits of the township. A few settlers were in the Licking valley, and the Staddens had erected their cabin, and settled very near its eastern line. It was up the Licking valley, from the direction of Zanesville, that the first settlers came, over roads of their own construction. During the year 1801, four families settled within the limits of this township, and the record does not show which of these came first. One of these was Samuel Parr, who settled in the Licking valley, just below the junction of the North and South forks, and first above the Staddens, on what was afterward known as the "Miller" farm. James Macauly and James Danner located near the mouth of the Ramp creek, in the southern part of the township, - where the first named built a "tub mill" or "corn cracker," the first water-power concern within the present limits of the county. There were other settlers, also, in this year, on Ramp creek, not far from its mouth. These were Phineas and Frederick Ford, and Benoni Benjamin. Phineas Ford settled in Union township; Frederick very near the present line between Union and Newark town- : ships, but Benjamin settled within the limits of Newark township, near where the canal feeder crosses Ramp creek. It is believed these four families constituted the entire population of this township in 1801. In 1802, however, immigrants came in greater numbers, and from this time forward there was a steady stream of immigration. The most important arrival in this year was that of General William C. Schenck, who laid out the town of Newark, calling it after his native place, Newark, New Jersey. This territory was then in Fairfield county, and continued so until 1808.

Hon. William.C. Schenck was an early emigrant to the Miami valley, where he was a large landholder. Heand Daniel C. Cooper were proprietors of the town of Franklin, in Warren county, Ohio, situated on the Big Miami river, which they laid out in 1795. There Mr. Schenck resided and some of his descendants are yet living in that vicinity.

In 1799 Mr. Schenck was chosen secretary of the first council of the Northwest Territory, and served also at the second, and probably the third and last sessions.

In 1803 he was elected a member of the first senate of Ohio, serving two years. In 1820 he was elected a member of the house of representatives of Ohio, and died at Columbus during his term of service, January, 1821. He was a manof character, ability and enterprise, and _ greatly esteemed by his fellow pioneers of the Miami valley. -He was father of Rear Admiral James F. Schenck, of the United States navy, and of General Robert C. Schenck, who is known to the whole country as an old time member of Congress, a Union general and a minister to foreign courts.

William C. Schenck was an officer in General Harrison's army in the War of 1812, and was best known as General Schenck. He was a true patriot, a gallant soldier, and was conspicuous for heroism in the heroic age of the great northwest.

He became part owner of section four in this township, his partners being G. W. Burnet and John N. Cummins; and being a practical surveyor, came over here from Warren county to survey their land and ascertain its exact location. He brought with him the plats of the surveys of this and the adjoining townships, and boarded with Isaac Stadden, while engaged in his work. He was soon able to inform the settlers here, who were the 'owners of the land. No one in what is now Licking county, in 1801, was living on his own land except John Van Buskirk; all the rest were squatters,

After locating their land, it appeared to these men that the forks of the Licking was a good place for a town, and Newark was accordingly platted. The surveying was done by a well known early settler, Samuel H. Smith. of the original record:

"In conformity to a law of the territory northwest of the Ohio, now in force, this plat and description of the town of Newark is made for the purpose of being recorded.

"The town is laid out in blocks or squares of twenty-five perches, each block is subdivided into lots, and has an alley¥ one pole wide, running through the center each way, and crossing at mght angles. Each lot contains seventy-two square poles, and is six perches in breadth, and twelve in length. Main street is eight poles wide, the other streets are each six poles wide. The common or public ground may be appropriated to county purposes by consent of two-thirds of the inhabitants of the town, and not otherwise, excepting one hundred and fortyfour square poles in the centre of said public ground, which is given for county or State purposes, to be applied to no other purposes whatever.

'"'The ground between Front street and the river, all the streets and alleys and the public grounds, except as before excepted, are given perpetually for the use of the inhabitants of the town of Newark.

"The course of Main street is south sixty-five degrees west, and vice versa, and the other streets run at right angles from it except East and West streets which run parallel with it. The out-lots are twenty-six poles square, and contain four acres and thirty-six perches, and between every two tiers of out-lots.is 'an alley two poles wide.

You are requested to record this plat and description of the town of Newark. WILLIAM C. SCHENCK, For himself and agent for John N. Cummins and John Burnet. ''FAIRFIELD COUNTY, S.S.:

Before me Joseph Vandorn, one of the justices of the aforesaid county, personally came William C. Schenck, and acknowledged the foregoing and within to be a true description and plat of the town of Newark, and saith he wished it to be recorded as such, as witness my hand and seal, the sixteenth day of March in the year of our Lord 1803.

Joseph Vandorn

In addition to the plat and destription of the town of Newark, we, the subscribers, inhabitants, of the town of Newark, do certify that the following alteration in the plan of the town of Newark was made by William C. Schenck previous to his making sale of lots in said town, and that the said alteration was made by and with our advice and consent, to-wit: A street four rods wide on the north, south and west sides of the town, and alleys two rods wide, extending from the said street on the north side through a tract of land reserved by the proprietors to the alleys running between the out-lots; also no more common may be left between the upper block of in-lots and the river than a street six rods wide, and that an alley two poles wide may be continued from that street to the lower side of the out-lots, and along the same to the river; and we do hereby request that said alteration may be made, as we are certain it will be highly advantageous to the inhabitants of the town. RICHARD PARR, SAMUEL ELLIOTT, Jk., HENRY CLAYBAUGH, JAMES BLACK, SAMUEL PARR, ADAM HATFIELD, SAMUEL ELLIOTT. To the Recorder of Fairfield county, Newark, eighteenth March,

In addition to the names on the above record, the following constituted the entire number of inhabitants then in Newark township, so far as can be astertained: Mrs. Catharine Pegg, Abraham Miller, James Macauley, Benoni Benjamin, James Danner, James Jeffries and Beall Babbs.

In October of this year (1802) quite a little colony came from Washington county, Pennsylvania, and settled in Newark and Cherry valley. These were Abraham Johnson, Abraham Wright, William B. Gaw, James Petticord, Edward Nash, Carlton Belt, Benedict Belt, Acquilla Belt, Little John Belt, Black John Belt. These Belts were also joined in a few years by Long John Belt.

In the winter of 1802-3 James Petticord and Little John Belt began the erection of a mill which became the Buskirk mill in 1804. John Van Buskirk run this mill more than thirty years. To the names above may be added that of John Warden who, with Abraham Miller and Henry Claybaugh, came from the south branch of the Potomac, settling in the vicinity of Newark - Warden

The first sale of lands in this township occurred May 20, 1802, and was made by Messrs. Schenck, Cummins and Burnet, to John Warden, who purchased two hundred and eighty-five acres of land on the east side of section four. On the same day the same party sold to Anthony Miller three hundred and fifteen acres of land adjoining Warden's. Both of these deeds were acknowleged before Isaac Stadden, then justice of the peace.

The city was laid out in the spring of 1802, though the plat of the same was not recorded until March, 1803. The original plat and much of the

South and Raccoon forks of Licking river. It is situated on a beautiful, level plateau of sandy loam, the original plat extending from Front street along the North fork on the east to Fifth street on the west, and from Walnut street on the south to Locust on the north. It is a square of which the public square is the center. Its surveyors had little regard for points of the compass, the streets in the original plat running at a right angle with the North fork, which here bears northwest and southeast.

It is very evident that General Schenck was a liberal minded gentleman, from his manner of laying out this town. Its very broad streets and ample public square testify to this. His views were broader than those of others who have since made additions to the place, as nearly all the streets outside of the original plat are cut down to ordinary, and some even less than ordinary width. Many additions have been made from time to time, the growth of the city having been mainly west and north.

The first sale of lots was to James Jeffries, who purchased out-lot number three and in-lot number fifty-nine. The first cabin was erected by James Black, on lot eighty, where the Park house now stands, and was used as a hotel. It was the first in the new town, and was called ''Black's tavern." About the same time Samuel Parr erected a cabin on lot seventy-three (the Culley lot), now occupied by Kellar's livery stable. Samuel Elliott built the first hewed-log house. It stood on lot seventy-nine, where Mrs, Fullerton now resides. Beall Babbs built on lot seventy-eight, where Matthew Newkirk now lives. Mrs. Catharine Pegg erected a cabin on the lot afterward occupied by the Episcopal rectory, but now the property of Mrs. Blandy. These were probably all the buildings erected in Newark in 1802; and all were built after July and before October.

It is rather difficult to follow closely the settlements after 1802, as the settlers came in rapidly from that time forward. In the summer of 1803 Rev. John Wright visited the place for the first time. He was a Presbyterian minister and the second one of that denomination to visit the place - Mr. Mc Donald being the first. His brief experi- ence will enable one to form an opinion regarding the then little hamlet in the wilderness. He arrived on a Saturday afternoon, and learning that there was but one Presbyterian in the place, and being unwilling to intrude upon him, as he was in very humble circumstances, he concluded to stop at Black's tavern, the only place of entertainment in 'town. The proprietor informed him that it would be necessary for him to sleep on the floor, as his sleeping apartments, which were not numerous nor Spacious, were occupied by persons who were attending a horse-race. This, Mr. Wright readily consented to do. On the following day (Sunday) arrangements were made for a repetition of the race, which had not terminated very satisfactorily on Saturday.

Though during the forenoon of that Sabbath the chief interest of the little community was centered in that horse-race, Mr. Wright preached, and held a second service in the afternoon, at which he preached a sermon on the "observance of the Sabbath," to an audience largely composed of those who had attended the horse-race.

At the close of this service one of his hearers arose and said the preacher had told them the truth, and proposed that a collection be taken up for him. The hat being passed around seven dollars was contributed.

A story was afterward published in connection with this visit of Mr. Wright, to the effect that about the middle of the night of Saturday he was aroused by a gang of drunken roughs, who swore that as a stranger he must stand treat or be ducked under a pump near by, but that he escaped and spent the remainder of the night with his Presbyterian brother. The truth of this is doubted.

John Warden has been mentioned among the settlers in Newark in 1802. He succeeded Isaac Stadden in the office of justice of the peace, and was the first office-holder within the limits of Newark township. Isaac Stadden has been mentioned by some authorities as a resident of this township, but this is an error; he resided in Madison township, very near the east line of Newark township.

crop here in 1802, and then, in the fall of that year, returned to the south branch of the Potomac and married, returning with his wife in tbe spring

Nancy Cunningham, wife of John Cunningham, and daughter of David Lewis, born October, 1803, is the next oldest. She is yet living, in good health, on Mt. Vernon street. These two old ladies have noted the mighty changes of more than three-fourths of a century in this one spot.

Patrick Cunningham was born in Tyrone county, Province of Ulster, Ireland, and came to the Licking valley in 1801, settling near the cabin of John Jones, on the Munson farm, in Granville township. He built the second cabin in that township. In 1803 he removed to Newark, where he became quite a character. His nephew, John Cunningham, who married the second white child born in the town, above mentioned, is yet living on Mt. Vernon street.

From 1801 to 1810, Newark barely had an existence, containing a score or two log cabins, erected in the midst of a great forest, but upon the ruins of an ancient city of the Mound Builders. Black's "tavern" was a log building, on the east side of the frog pond, now known as 'the public square. It was, probably, the most important building in the place, standing high and dry on an elevated piece of ground, which has since been leveled. Whether this elevation was an artificial one the record does not say. Some years afterwards this log building was replaced by a brick, which was painted a bright green color, and was called the "Greentavern." That building in turn gave way to the present substantial one. It has, in all these years, changed hands many times. Some of its early landlords were, James Black, James Taylor, Thomas Taylor, Major Huston, Willard Warner, G. C. Harrington, and others.

"Taverns" were busy places in those days. Immigrants came rapidly and they were all hungry and dry; consequently the little log taverns were generally "packed" at night and the bar, inseperable from the business of hotel keeping, was well patronized. They were often noisy places, people in their neighborhood resorting to them for the purposes of drinking, frolicking, wrestling, pitching quoits, and often fighting. A specimen of a country tavern was located about half way between Newark and Granvilie in an early day, called the "Tar tavern." It was the half-way house for sleighing parties, and travelers from one town to the other. Some of the performances at the Tar tavern were not always creditable to those engaged, but this class of houses has long since disappeared.

Every tavern had its sign, an article considered of great importance. Something must be painted upon it that would attract attention; in this they took lessons from across the water, following closely the habit of the English inn. George Washington's head frequently appeared on tavern signs, as well as that of General Wayne and other noted people, while horses, dogs, and every species of animal and bird were frequently painted in the brightest colors, life size, framed and swung to the This sign was generally tastened to the top of a large post which stood in front of.the tavern door, and served as a hitching post.

The second hotel in Newark was started by Abraham Johnson, in 1803. It wasa log building and stood on the corner of Church and Third streets, Immediately in rear of what is now the Lansing house. This house was also kept by Mr. Spellman, and was subsequently purchased by William Trindle, and called the "Ohio house." The present brick building was erected for and used some years as a hotel. It was called the "Green Tree" house, having a tree painted on the sign.

The third hotel was erected by Maurice Newman, who came to Newark in 1804. It stood on second street, facing the square, on the site of the residence of the late S. D. King.

The fourth was the "Cully" or "Black Horse" tavern, started about 1807, by John Cully, in the log house built by Samuel Parr, in 1802. This was, probably, the most popular of the early taverns; the most prominent thing about it being the sign, upon which was painted a black horse. It is hard to say what made the place popular, as it always appeared to be a tumble down old rookery, and its outward appearance was anything but inviting, but Cully seemed to be a favorite with the traveling public and the place was well patronized. The north end of the building was two stories in height, the upper story being fitted up as a lodging room for guests. This was called the "potter's field," a place where everybody slept. This tavern stood opposite the Park house, on the site of Kellar's livery stable.

About 1812 or 1814, Colonel William H. Gault came and erected a hotel on the south side of the square. 'The sign of the tavern was a big bell, and it was called the "Bell tavern." By this time and for some years before, VanBuskirk's saw-mill had been at work, and lumber could be procured for building purposes. Gault's tavern was frame, or it was at least weather-boarded. Subsequently this was torn down and a brick erected on the spot for the same purpose, which in turn gave way to was an ambitious, stirring business man, and occupied the positions of county commissioner, sheriff, auditor, and also represented the county in both branches of the legislature at different times.

"We had at that time several log houses, as well as some frame ones, but so scattered as to give but a faint idea of the shapeand form of a town. These houses stood mostly north and northeast of the square. Scarcely could there be found in existence just north of Church street, along Fourth, with a gully running down by the corner of Church and Third streets, to near the southwest corner of the square, with a large pond just northeast of the old wooden jail which stood there in the center of the square. This large pond remained for a dwelling place for frogs, and a resort for ducks and geese, in some degree, as late as 1837."

Mrs. Haughey says the old jail above mentioned stood near the south side of the present park, and was a squatty, round-log building, though two stories in height. The jailor, Adam Hatfield, lived in the lower part, and the prisoners were kept in the upper part. It was probably erected about or after 1808. She remembers that the whippingpost was brought into requisition at one time. A man by the name of Courson was bound to the post, which stood near the jail, and whipped by a man named Zeigler, who was employed for that purpose. This punishment was meted out to Courson for stealing a sack of wheat from the Van Buskirk mill. All the citizens of the town wit-

"nessed the performance, the children being allowed 'the place of honor inside the ring formed around 'the post, the women being next, and the men around the outside.

She says the VanBuskirk mill was a log concern, and not much of a mill at the beginning. The Indians had an encampment a short distance be- 'yond the mill, and were to be seen in town every

1830; the present frame structure was then erected by Bradley Buckingham, who was among the earliest merchants of Newark, and a man of wealth. He was probably a partner, at that time, of the VanBuskirk's. This mill always did a large business, and was run exclusively by water-power until two or three years ago, when steam was added. It is now owned by Mr. Montgomery.

In addition to the old jail the square contained another building of great importance to the pioneers, this was the first court house, probably erected in 1809 or 1810. It was a hewed-log building, and was said to contain but one room, with no floor for some time after it was erected, and the seats were slabs, laid upon logs. In this building, which Stood just north of the present building, were held the first meetings of the settlers. Probably the first schools were taught here and the first religious meetings held - or at least among the first. No doubt the earliest religious meetings were held in the open air and in the cabins of the pioneers.

Among the first school-teachers were James Maxwell, who came with John Larabee in 1801, to the Licking valley; Archibald Wilson, jr., Samuel English and a Mr. Mills. Maxwell was somewhat noted as a song singer. It is said he could sing a different song for each day in the year. He was elected the first constable in this territory in January, 1802, and made school-teaching his business. He married a daughter of Elias Hughes. :

One of the first schools was taught by Archibald Wilson, jr., on the south side of the square, ina cabin that had been used as a dwelling; and another by Samuel English near the Gault tavern. 'The first house erected for a school-house was a log building on the corner of Main and Fourth streets. A grocery now occupies the corner, Hlosmer Curtis was one of the early teachers in this house. Later, Mr. Mills taught school on Church street, just west of the Second Presbyterian church, in a cabin that had been used as a dwell- _ ing. John Johnson, the two Mrs. Haugheys and John Cunningham were pupils here at one time. Mrs. Haughey remembers attending school about one and a half miles north of the town on Mt. Vernon road, in a cabin erected for a schoolhouse; probably the first erected in this vicinity. She thinks this antedates the one erected in town.

the only schools were "subscription" schools, which were established in some deserted cabin or barn, by some individual who considered himself competent, without preparation or examination, and schools and pay the tuition out of their own pockets to the teachers. 'This tuition usually amounted « to two or three dollars per scholar for a term of three months. 'The would-be teacher went around

| When public funds were obtainable for school | purposes, there was a little improvement in the schools. . School-houses were erected, teachers | hired, who were required to present to the directors | a certificate of qualification, and the schools were regularly maintained a certain portion of every year - usually three or four months in the summer and the same time in the winter. 'This system of teaching was universal, and continued with little improvement half a and the greater number of the great men of the State and Nation received the rudiments of their education, and all the education they ever received inside of a schoolhouse, from this system of teaching. February 5, 1825, the general assembly passed an act empowering the school board to levy a tax of one-half mill on the dollar to be appropriated to the use of common schools. All the funds coming into the hands of the school board, other than these, were raised by direct taxation, and authorized only by a majority of the qualified When these funds were exhausted the schools The teachers were poorly paid, and, according to the general custom, "boarded round." All the children within the district limits between the ages of four and twenty-one years, were privileged to attend these schools. reading, spelling, writing, arithmetic, and further

Newark, probably, made greater effort to establish good schools than most other towns of its size. This was, probably, owing somewhat to the fact of the early establishment of Granville college; Newark did not like to be outdone in this respect by her sister town. In 1837 or 1838, a Miss Stimpson established the "Newark seminary for young ladies." This was worthy to be called a "select" schocl. And at the same time the "Newark high school" was opened for the reception of pupils, being conducted by Mr. R. K. Nash, and controlled by a board of trustees composed of Asa and George M. Young. The tuition fees were, reading, writing and arithmetic, six dollars per term of twenty-two weeks; English grammar and the higher branches of mathematics, eight dollars per term, and the languages ten dollars. - The school-room was over A. Beckwith's store. This school was continued during 1839, under the superintendence of Messrs. Smith and Cochran.

In 1848 an important change occurred. The schools were reorganized under what is known as the "Akron law," which is the foundation of the present school system in the State.

At a meeting of the teachers and others interested in education, held in the First Presbytetian church of Newark, February 28, 1848, it was resolved to organize into what was called 'The Educational society of Newark township," and to invite all others interested, to co-operate with them. At this meeting, a committee, consisting of A. W. Dennis, Isaac Smucker, and L. P. Coman, was appointed to draft resolutions. 'This committee reported the following, which were unanimously adopted:

'Resolved, That in our opinion teachers' institutes are the most efficient means of improving the teachers, and through them the common schools of the State, and the best calculated to render the profession of school-teaching more elevating and dignified.

'Resolved, That we heartily respond to the arrangement made by the executive committee of the State Teachers' association, to hold a teachers' institute in this county commencing on the twenty-seventh of March next, that we will procure a suitable building, and provide means toward defraying the expenses of the session, and we earnestly solicit teachers and friends of education in other townships in the county to cooperate with us in this matter, and that a committee be appointed to make arrangements for holding the institute in the town of Newark."

After the adoption of resolutions and the transaction of other business, the following gentlemen were chosen officers of the society: Rey. Alexander Duncan, president; Rev. George Dennison, and Isaac Smucker, vice-presidents, and C. P. Wilder, secretary.

As a result of this movement, the institute which followed, March 27, was well attended, and characterized by a lively interest in the cause of public schools. Mr. M. F. Cowdry, president of the executive committee of the State Teachers' association, and Mr. Lorin Andrews, served in the capacity of lecturers during the week of the institute, at the close of which a series of fifteen resolutions was adopted, setting forth the opinion of those in attendance, looking toward a more efficient system of public scools, a more thorough preparation of teachers, and a wider range in the course of studies.

848, a committee of twelve was appointed to irculate a petition to the town council for the pur- Ose of securing signatures of such of the quali- voters as were in favor of extending the rovisions of the Akron law to this town. This received about four hundred and _ fifty ignatures, almost a unanimous consent of the ters then within the corporation.

July 20th a notice was issued by the mayor, A, 1. Caffee, that an election would be held August 2th following, for the purpose of electing six shool directors for the town, in conformity with m act amendatory to the Akron school law, and pplicable to this town. This election resulted in te choice of Israel Dille, Isaac Smucker, Samuel » King, Adam Fleek, Abner W. Dennis and oshua Gibbs as the first school board of Newrk, under the organization of the graded 'plan.'

'he organization was further perfected at a meetag held August 16th, at which the oath of. office as administered by Samuel H. Bancroft, a justice ff the peace, and the following members were hosen officers of the board: Samuel D. King, resident; A. W. Dennis, secretary; and Adam 'leek, treasurer. A. W. Dennis and Israel Dille ere appointed a committee of correspondence. essrs. Dille, Smucker and Gibbs were appointed committee to procure rooms suitable for school rurposes ; divide the town into districts for primary schools; learn what number of pupils would want astruction in the higher branches, and make such ther arrangements for the year as the schools aight require. Correspondence was opened at mce with school officers at Lockport and Utica, Tew York, Akron, Ohio, and others in different arts of the country.

The town council was notified to appoint school "aminers, as required by law, and Messrs. Dille nd Dennis were appointed a committe to draft nes and regulations for the government of school yards and schools.

"Candidates for the office of teacher, under the supervision 'the Board of Education of the town of Newark, are hereby tified that an examination of such candidates will be holden ten o'clock A. M., on Wednesday, the eighth instant, in the partly by use of written questions, to which written answers will be required, 'By order of the Board of Education, J. BUCKINGHAM, Secretary."

November 16, 1848, the committee appointed to rent rooms for the use of schools organized on the graded plan, reported the following, which was accepted:

"School-house in rear of the First Presbyterian church, at one hundred dollars a year; room in the basement of the Methodist church, on Fourth street, at four dollars a month; room in the _ basement of the Episcopal church, at four dollars a month; school-room in rear of the Welsh church, at three dollars a month; house owned by Joel Arnold, corner of Fifth and Main streets, at one and one-half dollars a month; house of Israel Dille, on East Main street, at three dollars per month; two rooms in front of the Franklin house, east side of public square, at five dollars a month; room of A. J. Smith, in Appolo building, at twenty-five dollars a year; also two small buildings formerly used as school-houses, one on Walnut street, and the other in East Newark. The same committee also reported that the furniture and stoves necessary to furnish the rooms would probably cost one hundred and fifty dollars."

The following is the corps of teachers employed and the salary of each: L. P. Coman, superintendent of all the schools and principal of the high school, salary six hundred dollars; L. W. Gilbert, first assistant, salary twenty-six dollars a month; Miss Sophronia Hines, salary twenty-two dollars a month; Miss Cornelia Curtis, sixteen dollars a month; J. C. Miller, first assistant in the secondary department, salary twenty-four dollars a month; Miss Susan Bushnell, Miss Caroline Carter, Miss Amelia L. Ellis and Miss Caroline Seymour, in secondary department, salary sixteen dollars a month each; Miss Elizabeth Morgan, Miss Sophia Carter, Miss Mary Dunham and Miss Lydia M. Little, in the primary department, salary sixteen dollars a month each.

September 18, 1849, the board of education adopted a complete course of studies, the schools having previously been named and classified with respect to time as follows:

"Primary school embracing four years; secondary schooi embracing four years, and high scheol embracing four years, The course of studies for the primary and secondary grades embraced ail the common branches, and natural history the last year of the secondary course, making this the preparatory year for admission into the high school. The high school course included English grammar, composition, vocal music, rhetoric, botany, United States history, mental philosophy, logic, bookkeeping, higher arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry,

The following is taken from the first annual report of the board of education, after its organization under the Akron law, to the council, for the years 1848-9, dated February 19, 1850:

"During the first quarter, twelve schools were taught, consisting of six primary, four secondary and two departments of the In these schools fourteen teachers were employed, including the superintendent, three male and eleven female. During the second quarter the same number of schools were taught, and thirteen teachers were employed, the services of the assistant female teacher in the female department of the high school haying been dispensed with on the ground that an assistant teacher in this school was not absolutely necessary.

"The number of scholars enrolled during the winter quarter was three hundred and ninety-five males and three hundred and twenty-seven females; total seven hundred and twenty-two. 'The average daily attendance was two hundred and eighty-four males and two hundred and forty females. 'The number enrolled during the summer quarter was two hundred and twentynine males and two hundred and seventy-five females. The average daily attendance was one hundred and forty-two males and one hundred and ninety-two females.

"Amount collected from common school fund, United States military fund, county duplicates, delinquent school-house tax, and all other sources, two thousand nine hundred and thirty-one dollars, eighty-three cents and three mills; amount paid teachers, for rent, for fuel, for furniture and other miscellaneous items, two thousand ejght hundred and fifty-eight dollars and fifty-two cents; balance in treasury, seventy-three dollars thirty-one cents and three mills.

'"The most serious difficulty the board had to encounter during the year was the want of suitable school rooms, as they were under the necessity of relying solely on the rent of such rooms as could be obtained. Many of them are inconvenient as to location, unpleasant, and in many instances uncomfortable. Another difficulty was the classification of the scholars. When the town is supplied with convenient and well arranged school-houses, this important part of our schools may be improved.

"As the whole amount of school fund accruing to the town, under the general school law, and received into the treasury, was deemed insufficient to keep up the schools nine months in the year, the board was under the necessity of making an assessment for this purpose on each scholar whose parents or guardians were considered able to pay, taking special care not to exclude any who were justly entitled to free admission.

"As to the erection of a new building, it was first supposed tbat six or more primary school-houses, located in different parts of the town, would be first needed, but since they have effected a classification of scholars, and better understand their - wants, they are of opinion that the interests of the schools require that 'a central school-house be first erected for the accommodation of the secondary and high school scholars.

"When the town is supplied with suitable and well arranged school-houses, the board confidently believe that our public schools may be made equal to any schools in the State, either select or public, that the youth may be educated at much less expense in public than select schools, and that a large amount of money heretofore sent to other towns, for educational purposes, will be retained here for the improvement of our town, and for the benetit of common schools.

" Although the board have had an arduous duty to perform in organizing and classifying the several schools, they take pleasure in stating that the success of our common schools during the year may, in a measure, be ascribed to the common sense liberality of the citizens of Newark, for the last of which no better evidence need be required than that they contributed from private sources nearly twelve hundred dollars for the support of the public schools."

At the regular meeting in May, 1850, the board entered into contract with Messrs. H. Rogers and S. Ferguson for the erection of what is known as the Central school building on Church street, at a cost of twelve thousand dollars. Said building was to be two stories high, eighty feet long and sixty feet wide; to contain two school-rooms in basement, eight school-rooms, one office and one recitation room in the superstructure, and to be ready for occupancy at the opening of the schools in the fall of 1851. In 1854 the capacity of the central building not being sufficient for the accommodation of the pupils then in the schools, a third story, containing four school-rooms, and one recitation room was added to it.

Since the erection of this building, substantial two-story primary buildings were erected in East, South and West Newark. A handsome two-story building, containing ample corridors, one office and eight well arranged and furnished schoolrooms, with cloak-rooms connected, and all warmed with steam heating apparatus, was completed in September, 1875, in North Newark.

The following is a tabular form of the more important statistics since 1855, showing the growth and improvement of the schools, and the increase of funds expended for their support: when he transferred it to Mr. Lewis Glessner, who published it until April, 1866. Mr. W. W. Kingsbury became owner at this latter date, and remained sole proprietor until April, 1867, when he formed a partnership with W. D. Morgan, one of its former conductors. Mr. Kingsbury died in September, 1875, and the paper was continued by. Mr. Morgan alone untii March to, 1880, when it was purchased by the present proprietor, J. A. Caldwell.

The Advocate supported Henry Clay for president in 1824; General Jackson in 1828 and 1832; Martin Van Buren in 1836 and 1840; James K. Polk in 1844; Lewis Cass in 1848; Franklin Pierce in 1852; James Buchanan in 1856; John C.

Clellan in 1864 ; Horatio Seymour in 1868 ; Horace Greely in 1872; Samuel J. Tilden in 1876, and Winfield S. Hancock in 1880. It has been pubshed sixty years, and has been consistent as well as persistent in its advocacy of Democratic principles and in its support of Democratic candidates. Its first editor, Mr. Briggs, was a clear, forcible writer, much given to the use of strong Saxon words that vigorously expressed his ideas, and he never wrote without having ideas to convey. He wrote carefully, slowly, scarcely with ordinary facil- to orthography, and were short, generally amounting to less than a column. It was his practice to put his editorials (especially the shorter ones) in type without writing them. When he chose to be vituperative he generally succeeded. During his long residence in Newark he was a prominent citizen, and was identified with every project that tended to the advancement and welfare of the place and its people. He held various public trusts, being elected mayor of the city, and to both branches of the State legislature; he was also postmaster some years. Upon retiring from editorial life he removed to Washington city, where he spent several years. Death overtook him in his sixty-eighth year.

The second paper started in Newark was called Its first issue was by Rufus Henry & Company, late in 1827, and it was devoted to the advocacy of the election of John Quincy Dr. Daniel Marble was the company; he edited the paper and Mr. Henry printed it. In 1837 Mr. Clark Dunham became proprietor and remained such about ten years, except during the year 1841, when George M. Young and Samuel White were editors and proprietors. Messrs. George P. Conrad and William Richards succeeded Mr. Dunham about 1847. In 1852° Michael P. Brister purchased the Gazeffe and changed its name to the Newark Zimes. He devoted it to Americanism a year or two, and sold it, in 1855, to A. W. Stevens, who changed its' name to the Worth American, and published it asa Republican paper about three years and then sold it . to S. G. Arnold. W.C. Gray and M. L. Wilson continued the paper as the Zrue American in 1863 - In 1865 McAdam & Lee bought it.

Hood became the owners. Hood soon retired, and, in 1868, the concern was purchased by M. L. Wilson and A. B. Clark. During the following year Henry I. King purchased Mr. Wilson's interest, and Mr. Clark, in turn, purchased Mr. King's interest in 1873. The latter conducted the paper about one year alone. In March, 1874, Mr. I. N. Underwood, an old and experienced newspaper man, purchased a half interest in the concern. The Newark Gazette was the organ of the Whig party in this county, and as such supported Henry Clay for President in 1832; General Harrison in 1836 and 1840; issuing, in addition, the //arrisonian in 1840, and the Avckapoo in 1844, as campaign papers, both in the interest of General Har- 'They were made up principally of the In 1844 the Gazetfe advocated rison. Gazette editorials. the election of Henry Clay again; General Taylor in 1848, and General Scott in 1852. Soon after this the Whig party expired, and the successor of the Newark Gazedte, being now called the Worth American, sustained the candidate of the Republican party, Colonel J. C. Fremont, for President. The Newark American has since been the organ of the Republican party here, supporting all the Republican candidates for the Presidency since the organization of that party. Under its present management it is, probably, the best conducted and most ably edited county paper in central Ohio.

The Constitutionalist was the next paper started in Newark. by Rankin & Stadden, and supported the Democratic doctrines. Colonel William Spencer, Colonel Boring, W. P. Morrison, and John R. Petit were, at different times, associate proprietors with Stadden after Rankins' death in 1840, until late in 1843, and Abijah Baker and Messrs. George H. and C. B. Flood took a hand in the editorial management of it.

A campaign paper called the'Rasp was issued in 1840 from the Constitutionalist office. Both papers advocated the re-election of Martin Van Buren to the Presidency.

About 1842 a paper was issued from the Gazette office, called Zhe Laborer; it was edited by James Sloan, and advocated protective tariff notions. It lived about three months.

Late in 1843, Mr. Jacob Glessner purchased the Constitutionalist and changed its name to the Zizcking Herald. He remained the sole proprietor, supporting James K. Polk for President in 1844, until 1848, when he sold out to J. C. Springer. In 1850, Messrs. Harvey C. Blackman & Company bought it and supported Franklin Pierce for President in 1852. Soon after the election a Mr. Colburn owned it awhile. William Parr was proprietor in 1853, and E. J. Ellis then conducted it, except during a brief interval in 1856. Mr. Bristor having disposed of the Z7mes bought the /erald of Mr. Ellis, changed the name to the Mewark Times and published it as a Democratic paper a few months, flying the flag of James Buchanan for President. Mr. Brister's death occurred before the election, but the Zzmes was continued as a neutral or independent paper, devoted to news, miscellany and reform, by Mrs. Brister. in 1859.

advocated the principles of the Oriental Evanic order, and, though ably edited, it was short lived. It was the organ of the Newark Evanics, and of the "Concilium," the knighthood branch of the order.

The Voice of the People was started as a Douglas paper in 1860, by John H. Putnam, and was a squatter sovereignty advocate until the summer of 1861, when its editor "went to the wars," and his paper was swallowed up by the Advocate.

In 1863, Asa I.. Harris began the publication of the Licking Record in this city. It was devoted to Republicanism, but was short lived, enduring about a year.

In 1862, a campaign paper, styled the Zrwe Democrat, was published a few months. It advocated the election of an independant ticket, put in the field against the regularly nominated Democratic ticket. The paper was edited at first by a Mr. Whitely, and at last by Mr. Peter Long. Its ticket was defeated, and the Zrue Democrat was discontinued.

In 1866, Messrs. Caffrey & Tenney started the Reveille ant Woolgrower. Its publication was continued about a year, when it was merged in the Newark American.

James White and Dr. Tuller, in 1861-2 published a small semi-monthly paper called the Sower, at fifty cents a year. It advocated the three leading doctrines of the New Church, viz: First, that God is one in essence and in person, and that Jesus Christ is that one: Second, that the word of God is divine wisdom, and, therefore, the eternal fountian of divine truth: Third, that a_ life, according to this truth, is the way leading to usefulness, which introduces to heaven. The Sower lived a little over a year.

It is also worthy of mention that M. L. Wilson, at long intervals, got out an advertising sheet}; sometimes it took the shape of a holiday paper, especially about Christmas and New Years. He also issued a fifty cent paper at intervals of a month or Papers by the Way. This was made up of the matter of the American.

Spy was issued "semi-oceasionally." It was devoted to fun. The Ilonthiy Voice, a Swedenborgian Sunday-school paper was also issued many years 'ago, by M. I. Wilson. It lived a year or more.

by Milton R. Scott, the present editor and proprietor. It is independent in politics. _ In 1878, a paper, called the ational Advance, was issued by 'T. O'Donovan. It was a stock concern and advocated the principles of the National 'party. About a year later it was purchased by O'Donovan & Kuster, who changed the name to 'the WMewark Democrat, it also became a Demo- 'cratic paper. It was purchased by the proprietor of the Advocate, in the spring of 1880, and discontinued.

In the spring of 1880, Rev. O. J. Nave began the issue of the Wewark Pastoral, a paper devoted to the interests of the Methodist church. discontinued late in 1880.

A second attempt has been made to start a daily paper, and the first number of the Mewark Morning News was issued June 7, 1880. It was conducted by Charles F. Dutcher until August 9, 18$0, when it passed into the hands of Messrs. Stephens & Fant. It is Democratic.

In the spring of 1880, it began to dawn upon the Germans that they were in sufficient force in this city and county to sustain a paper printed in their own language; accordingly the first number of the Mewark Express made its appearance June 25, 1880. It is Democratic in politics, and is edited by F. Kochendorfer, who is also a teacher in the public schools.

It will be observed that Newark has, at present; four papers - one daily and five weeklies, viz: The Advocate, American, Banner, News, and Express. 'Three of these are Democratic, one Republican, and one independent.

Chapter Lxiii

"EARLY SETTLERS - FIRST CELEBRATION OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE IN NEWARK - NOMINATING A PRESIDENT - EARLY MAILs AND LisT OF PosSTMASTERS - THE EFFECTS OF THE NATIONAL ROAD AND CANAL - THE 'MEETING HouUSsE " - IsAAC SMUCKER'S RECOLLECTIONS OF NEWARK IN 1825 - NEWARK AS A TOWN AND City - List OF MAYORS - ISFFECT OF THE RAILROADS ON THE C1ITyY - A SUMMARY OF THE BUSINESS - THE YOUNG MENS' CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION - THE LADIES' LIBRARY ASSOCIATION - THE LICKING CouNTY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION - MASONS, ODD FELLOWS AND OTHER

**And so I have said, and I say it over, And can prove it over and over again, That the four-footed beasts on the red-crowned clover, The pied and horned beasts of the plain That lie down, rise up, and repose again, And do never take care, or toil, or spin, "Nor buy, nor build, nor gather in gold, 'Though the days go out and the tides come in, Are better than we by a thousand-fold ; For what is it all, in the words of fire, But a vexing of soul and a vain desire? - Joaquin Miller.

wood and, perhaps, one other; and in the latter,. on the "Wilson section," Jacob Wilson and Evan Payne. Sherwood was a native of Ireland, but married and lived some years in Shippensburgh, Pennsylvania, before coming to Newark. He became owner of alot on the southeast corner of First and Main streets, where he died in 1822. Wilson and Payne built a cabin on the North fork, but on the east side. Near the 'Big spring," close to his cabin, Jacob Wilson stuck into the ground a willow switch he had brought with him from the Alleghany mountains, which grew into a large tree and is still flourishing. He returned to Hardy county, Virginia, married in 1804, and returned to the wilderness with his bride.

When Mr. Wiison settled on the North fork everything about him was in its primitive state, and his cabin was in perfect keeping with his wild surroundings -

One morning in the autumn of 1805, Mr. Wilson was suddenly called to his cabin door by a great noise and commotion among his pigs, one of which had been seized for a breakfast by a panther. The noisy demonstrations of the pig had promptly drawn the attention of the hogs, and they attacked the panther successfully, and not only released the pig, but treed the panther. Just at this crisis the pioneer-hunter reached his cabin door, and instantly comprehended the situation; the dogs and hogs were holding the animal in check. 'Taking his rifle from its hooks, he stepped out and fired, the animal falling among his dogs at the foot of the tree.

Maurice Newman was one of the principal settlers in Newark in 1804. He was acting justice of the peace after Squire Wright, and the third tavern-keeper, as before mentioned.

John Van Buskirk was also a settler in this year, in Newark. He rebuilt the Petticord and Belt grist- and saw-mill, which he run persistently until his death in 1840.

David Heron, David Hatfield and Archibald Wilson, jr., came in 1805. Mr. Wilson was one of the first - if not the first merchant in Newark, but was soon followed by Bradley Buckingham and David Moore. Mr. Wilson's biography states that he kept store in Newark in 1804. This may be true, and if so, there is little doubt that he was the first merchant. The Wilson family was a large and influential one, and in some respects the most important one among the early settlers. Archibald Wilson, sr., was on the first board of commissioners of this county. He was born in the Shenandoah valley, Virginia.

One of the "queer" characters around Newark in an early day was John Sparks. He was generally seen barefooted, walking along the streets and alleys with a fishing-pole on his shoulder, for he was a true disciple of Izaac Walton. He had an overpowering repugnance to labor, and irresistable vagabondizing proclivities. He was born on the South branch of the Potomac in 1758, and when, in 1803, President Jefferson organized an exploring expedition to cross the continent, he joined it, and thus became a member of the Lewis and Clark expedition; from this fact, alone, he acquired his The expedition started in the spring of 1804, and from their next winter's quarters, on the Missouri river, sent John Sparks back to Washington with dispatches; where he arrived late in the summer, and was honorably discharged."

Sparks was vigorous, robust, and adapted to a life of hardship and adventure. He had no family, and lived a sort of haphazard, precarious, hard life, dying in 1846.

James Hendricks was one of the pioneers of this county. He came from Brooke county, Virginia, settling on land which he purchased from his brotherin-law, John Van Buskirk. He remained there a few years and removed to Newark, where he died in 1855, at an advanced age.

Mr. John Johnston, who died in Newark, March 4, 1875, aged seventy-three years, was the oldest inhabitant of the city at the time. His father removed with his family from Washington county, Pennsylvania, to Newark in 1802, and never changed his residence.

Hon. Frederick Dent, father of Mrs. General Grant, was about 1812 a merchant in Newark. He died in Washington city, aged eighty-eight years.

Among the later prominent and respected citivens of Newark were Hugh McMullen and C. A Darlington. The former was born in York couny, Pennsylvania, May 2, 1811, and came with his father's family (the late George McMullen) to this nounty in 1819. He died in Chicago, Illinois, at wn advanced age.

Carey A. Darlington was a resident of Newark en or twelve years, engaged in the mercantile gusiness, beginning in 1823. On account of his nealth, he gave up merchandising, and became a armer and stock-raiser in Marion county. He lied April 3, 1874.