Montgomery Powder Magazine, North end of Eugene Street, Montgomery

Source document Quoted word for word from HABS AL-1020. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

Northeast intersection of Riverside Drive and Eugene Street Montgomery Montgomery County, Alabama Easting: Northing: (collected March 2, A central location coordinate, accurate within +/- five meters was collected on March 2, using ArcMap in NAD Zone There are no restrictions on releasing the data to the public. Present Owner/ U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Mobile District Occupant:

Source document Quoted word for word from HABS AL-1020. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

In the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion A (military history) as one of two surviving (as of Confederate ammunition storage facilities in the State of Alabama. While the nomination form only noted its military significance, it did state that the building was architecturally interesting due to the triple barrel arches specific to blast protection. Historians: Patricia Stallings, Senior Historian, Brockington and Associates, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia, and William M. Brockenbrough, WMB Architectural Photography, Virginia.

Source document Quoted word for word from HABS AL-1020. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

The USACE has been instructed by Congress to convey the Powder Magazine Park and Recreation Area to the City of Montgomery, Alabama. According to 36 Code of Federal Regulations 800.5(a)(2)(vii), the transfer of the Powder Magazine from USACE ownership to the City is an adverse effect under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of The Powder Magazine may be removed from or incorporated into a neighboring park by the City. Therefore, this HABS project was undertaken to mitigate those effects. The City of Montgomery sponsored this documentation effort, under guidance of the USACE Mobile District, which consulted with the Alabama Historical Commission (AHC) and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No. AL-1020 (Page 2) (ACHP).

Most of the historical information presented in this document was originally collected and synthesized by Mr. Jeffrey W. Gardner in a report for the USACE. Ms. Patricia Stallings of Brockington and Associates, Inc., updated the historical documentation for the HABS documentation and prepared the architectural discussion. Mr. William M. Brockenbrough completed the large-format photography. Part I. Historical Information A. Physical History: 1. Date(s) of erection: 2. Architect: Pelham John Anderson (ca.

Montgomery, Alabama.1 While there are archival discrepancies for much of Anderson s early life, records suggest he was likely born in Ireland in and emigrated to New York in His father was English and his mother s parents were French.2 By he was living in the City of Montgomery and working as an architect, but little is known of his practice. One article from suggests he was working on several large projects as well as smaller residential designs. He married Mary E. Dickerson on January 9, and the couple had at least five children.3 During the he served as Register in the U.S. Land Office, and by city directories again list him as an architect.

Newspaper articles from the show him as a dealer of building supplies, and he appears to have retired by the 1 Unless otherwise noted, most biographical information for Anderson is derived from James A. Jacobs, Dexter Avenue King Memorial Baptist Church, HABS No. AL-994, Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS), National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, p. Available online at Where noted, some biographical information has been updated or corrected for the record.

2 The biography presented in the HABS documentation for the Dexter Avenue King Memorial Baptist Church notes that Anderson appears in ship manifests for the Mary Mitchell, which docked in New York on May 14, Historical records disagree significantly on his place of birth, with entries that he was born in England, South Carolina, New York, or Pennsylvania. Both the and census identify South Carolina as his place of birth, while Pennsylvania is listed for and Ireland for The Census, however, indicates he was born in England, and he is living with his sister Nancy. She is noted as having been born in New York in with both their parents born in England. Both Ireland and New York are listed as birthplaces in his civil service registrations for the U.S. Land Office.

In general, however, most of the entries suggest Ireland. See, Ancestry.com. U.S., Register of Civil, Military, and Naval Service, [database on-line] (Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 3 Ancestry.com, Alabama, U.S., Marriages, Deaths, Wills, Court, and Other Records, [database on-line] (Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., See also Findagrave.com, Pelham John Anderson, MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No. AL-1020 (Page 3) As an architect, Anderson is credited with design of the Temple Beth-Or (ca. in Montgomery and was also responsible for the design of the Second Colored Baptist Church (now the Dexter Avenue King Memorial Baptist Church [HABS No.

AL-994]), also in Montgomery, in the Other possible contributions include the Figh Block on Bibb Street, a school building near the Capitol, and Hammer Hall Seminary. 4 There is little information on other architectural designs. One article suggests that he built a three-story brick store on lower Commerce Street, but no mention was made of his designing the building.5 However, this may have been his building supply store. Another newspaper article notes that in his son was attending the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa, and Major Pelham J. Anderson might be trying to get a hand in the contract for the University Buildings.

6 One historian cited a newspaper that praised Anderson as an architect of great diversity of ideas, not the disciple of any particular order or style, but one who seems to be proficient in all alike. 7 Anderson died in and is buried in Oakwood Cemetery in Montgomery, Alabama.8 3. Original and subsequent owners, occupants, uses: Constructed in and contracted by the State of Alabama, the structure appears to have been designed to replace an earlier magazine in the City of Montgomery. The State purchased a 1.04-acre lot on March 7, from William P. Ashley. By March 27, construction was underway and the Powder Magazine was likely used throughout the Civil War.

The State rented the structure during the late nineteenth century, but little information is available regarding the tenants or contents. During the the building was rented as a residence. By the it briefly housed a small museum of Civil War artifacts. The building continued to deteriorate, and the Historic Montgomery Foundation conducted minimal restoration efforts. In the City of Montgomery purchased the structure from the State and in contracted with an architectural firm to begin additional restoration efforts. However, in the City sold the Powder Magazine to the United States, and the USACE developed plans to convert the surrounding area to a park and access point for adjacent Jones Bluff Lake.

Since that time, the Powder Magazine has remained part of the park, but is not open to visitors. 4. Builder/Contractor: George M. Figh Montgomery, Alabama. George M. Figh was born September 4, in Tuscaloosa County, Alabama, the son of John Poston Figh and Jane McCain. By he is living with his parents and siblings in the City of Montgomery and is identified as a bricklayer, as are his father and brother. In Figh married Georgietta A.E. Clark and they had at least five children.9 Census records for show George M. Figh as a master brick mason and he is reported as having constructed the Central Bank Building at Market and Court streets. He likely 4 See Jacobs, Dexter Avenue, 5.

5 It has Been Rumored, Montgomery Advertiser, May 16, 6 Personal [From the Tuscaloosa Times], Montgomery Advertiser, January 26, 7 Robert Gamble, Historic Architecture in Alabama: A Guide to Styles and Types, (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 8 Pelham J. Anderson Buried This Afternoon, Montgomery Times, January 11, 9 Ancestry.com, George McCain Figh, MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No. AL-1020 (Page 4) learned his trade from his father who was also a builder and owner of a local brickyard.10 Figh moved to Dallas, Texas, between and and, along with his son John R.

Figh, formed the firm of Figh and Son, Contractors, and constructed several churches, commercial buildings, and homes, as well as one part of the City s sewer system.11 Figh died in Texas on November 15, and his remains were returned to Montgomery for burial in Oakwood Cemetery.12 Records do not specify whether the laborers who constructed the Powder Magazine were white or enslaved. George M. Figh owned no enslaved people, according to the census. However, his father John P. Figh, also a contractor and owner of a local brickyard, owned thirty-six enslaved individuals, more than half of which were male. It is possible their skills were used in construction of the Powder Magazine.13 5. Original plans and construction: No original drawings exist.

Drawings were completed in and as part of multiple preservation efforts. 6. Alterations and additions: Records held by the USACE show that the building has undergone few significant alterations, although preservation efforts were initiated throughout the late twentieth century to stabilize the building materials, particularly the bricks and mortar. The most visible alteration includes a single replacement door. B. Historical Context:14 Some historical disagreement has existed over the construction date of the Montgomery Powder Magazine.

The nomination form records it as one of the two surviving Confederate storage facilities in [Alabama], and suggests that this magazine was copied from an earlier magazine constructed by the City of Montgomery.15 Alternatively, local historians suggested the 10 See Census, Population Schedules, Montgomery County Alabama. See Montgomery, her Business Prospects and Her Improvements, Montgomery Weekly Advertiser, September 17, See Robert Gamble, The Alabama Catalog: Historic American Buildings Survey, A Guide to the Early Architecture of the State (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 11 Ancestry.com, George McCain Figh, Also, Our Sewers, Dallas Weekly Herald, August 30, 12 Findagrave.com, George McCain Figh, at figh. 13 See Census, Slave Schedule, Montgomery County Alabama.

14 The historical and architectural information presented in this context was largely extracted from a previous cultural resources report prepared for the USACE Mobile District in (see Jeffrey W. Gardner, The Powder Magazine: Historical Documentation and Architectural Maintenance, Powder Magazine Park, R.E. Bob Woodruff Lake, Montgomery Alabama [Atlanta: Brockington and Associates, Inc., Document prepared under USACE Contract No. DACA01-97-D-0002, DO That document included a robust and thorough archival history; therefore, the current narrative was updated only with newly identified archival material, specifically in relation to its likely construction date, as well as the inclusion of more recent restoration efforts. 15 W.

Warner Floyd, Alabama Historical Commission (AHC), Powder Magazine, National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Section MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No. AL-1020 (Page 5) building was constructed during the or by the City as a municipal storage facility. In notes on file at the AHC and the Landmarks Foundation of Montgomery, Inc., these individuals contended that the construction of the magazine was necessitated by a City Council ordinance that made it illegal for merchants to have more than a small amount of gunpowder in their stores.

This contention is partially supported by various early nineteenth-century City records and pre-Civil War maps that document the construction of three powder magazines in Montgomery before and imply the presence of at least one more. However, the most likely scenario, based on a thorough tract title history and contemporary newspaper articles, is that the building was constructed in the Spring of Antebellum Montgomery Powder Magazines The first powder magazine in Montgomery may have been built as early as the On April 16, the Montgomery City Council awarded thirty dollars and seventy five cents [to] E. Wingate for removing the Powder Magazine. 16 No city records were found providing a construction date or location for this first powder magazine.

The removal of Montgomery s first powder magazine was immediately preceded by the construction of a second building for this purpose. In December a committee of two individuals, J. Wyman and Hugh W. Henry, were appointed to ascertain what it will cost to erect a brick house 10 by 15 feet suitable for a powder house and select a place to set it. 17 Wyman and Henry were asked to make a report at the next council meeting, but no report was apparently submitted; a second committee of two (B. Bradshaw and Wm B. Read) was appointed on October 25, to ascertain the probable expense of erecting a powder magazine.

18 Less than one month later, the Council reported that the committee appointed to receive proposals for building a Powder Magazine have rec d sundry proposals for building the same, beg leave to report that they have acceded to the proposal of Thomas Whitacre who proposes to complete the same for the sum of four hundred dollars.19 To begin the process of construction, J. Lambert and B. Bradshaw were appointed as a committee to procure a lot on which to build said Magazine on the most reasonable Terms. 20 The process of choosing and purchasing a lot took approximately five months, but on April 9, 8. The property was formally listed in (National Register reference number A copy of the file can be accessed at 16 Records of City of Montgomery, Alabama, City Council Minutes Container No.

on file at Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery. 17 Montgomery City Council Minutes 18 Montgomery City Council Minutes 19 Montgomery City Council Minutes 20 Montgomery City Council Minutes MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No. AL-1020 (Page 6) John Lambert was allowed the sum of thirty three dollars for a lot to build a powder magazine. 21 No specific location was given in the City Council records for this lot. By the fall of materials were being selected for the upcoming construction. On October 15, John Lambert, B. Bradshaw, and Isaac Ticknor were appointed as a committee to inspect [and] report the quality of the brick for magazine and report at the next meeting. 22 In November, the committee reported that the brick was unfit for that purpose.

23 It is likely that a new source was found, and the new powder magazine was constructed before April when the previous magazine was demolished.24 The Montgomery Powder Magazine was apparently in use until the late On June 28, the Montgomery City Council passed an Ordinance to Regulate the Magazine.25 The original ordinance included the following sections: Section 1. Clerk to be elected annually to receive and deliver all powder stored in magazine. Section 2. No merchant shall have more than one keg of powder in store; balance to be stored in magazine. Section 3. Tax of 25 cents on each keg, 12 cents on each or keg stored, to be collected on delivery of said powder. Section 4. Clerk to be paid be required to give bond of Section 5.

Fine for disobedience of law not to exceed The Council added another Section to the Powder Magazine Ordinance the following month. This new Section described the duty of Clerk of powder magazine to keep his office convenient to business part of city and at all times between sunrise and sunset deliver quantity of powder as owner may require. 26 In the fall of a committee of three was appointed to select a suitable place for building a powder magazine, ascertain the cost of erecting said building and report at the next meeting. 27 No reason was given for construction of a new magazine, but on November 8, the Council resolved that the Clerk be required to advertise for sealed proposals to build a powder magazine.

28 There was a delay of three months before action was taken on this resolution; on February 12, the Council resolved that sealed proposals be received until 1st April next for a plan of and building a powder magazine to be located on the site heretofore selected by Council. 29 No previous reference was found in City records for the location of this site. 21 Montgomery City Council Minutes 22 Montgomery City Council Minutes 23 Montgomery City Council Minutes 24 Montgomery City Council Minutes 25 Records of City of Montgomery, Alabama, City Council Minutes Container No. on file at Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery. 50. 26 Montgomery City Council Minutes 52.

27 Montgomery City Council Minutes 28 Montgomery City Council Minutes 29 Montgomery City Council Minutes MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No. AL-1020 (Page 7) Construction bids were closed in early April, and on April 22, James F. Keating was awarded the contract to build a powder magazine.30 The bid price was provided that Keating install a brick floor rather than wood over timber sleepers. Aldermen John P. Figh and James Bradley were appointed as a committee to supervise erection of the building. On May 6, Figh and Bradley asked the Council to pay Keating in advance.31 The location for the powder magazine in Montgomery was documented in the May 16, City Council Minutes.

On that date, the Council recorded that the proposed site for powder magazine [was on the] west side of Court Street between Fulton and Tallapoosa Streets. 32 The specific location was to be selected after the survey had been made. This intersection is on the east side of downtown Montgomery, approximately miles east of the current Powder Magazine Park. Keating required approximately one year to complete construction. On June 10, the Powder Magazine Committee announced completion of the building, according to contract, and recommended payment of the balance due (recorded as to James F.

Keating.33 The Finance Committee report for verified that had been paid for building the Powder Magazine.34 Supplies were probably moved to the new powder magazine soon after this date, and the old magazine was probably abandoned.

On October 14, the Council voted to give and brick from the old powder magazine to the Montgomery True Blues, a local militia group, to help them build an armory.35 The following month, the City Marshall was instructed to build a hog pound in the area of the powder magazine; presumably, this was at the location of the old magazine, after the building materials were removed, as the City continued to own this property.36 The last entry found in City records regarding the City Powder Magazine was on March 5, On that date, the salary of the powder magazine keeper was increased by per year. It is possible that at least one other powder magazine (the fourth) was constructed in Montgomery prior to the Civil War.

One historian provides an undocumented map showing the city s military facilities in including a powder magazine at the northwest corner of Bell and Hanrick Streets.38 This site, south of the river bend in the western part of the city, differs from the ca. location (Court Street between Fulton and Tallapoosa Streets). However, this 30 Montgomery City Council Minutes 31 Montgomery City Council Minutes 32 Montgomery City Council Minutes 33 Montgomery City Council Minutes 34 Montgomery City Council Minutes 35 Montgomery City Council Minutes 36 Montgomery City Council Minutes 37 Montgomery City Council Minutes 38 William Warren Rogers, Confederate Home Front: Montgomery During the Civil War (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 55. MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No.

AL-1020 (Page 8) depiction could also be the author s erroneous attempt to place the current Powder Magazine on a Civil War period map. Montgomery s Civil War Powder Magazine Archival research provides no support for a pre-1860 construction of the Montgomery Powder Magazine. Reported locations of two earlier documented Montgomery powder magazines do not match the current building s location. None of the pre-Civil War land transactions mentions a municipally owned or operated building on the property encompassing Powder Magazine Park. However, a combination of state and local records strongly suggests the building was completed in the Spring of The Powder Magazine is in Section 11 of Township Range 17E.

This portion of the Mississippi Territory (part of the Cahaba Land District of Alabama) was surveyed and sold to settlers in The east of the section acres) was sold to John Scott of Baldwin County, Georgia, on August 8, Scott was one of several early land speculators in the area, including Andrew Dexter and Willis Roberts. These men laid out their purchases in lots and sold them to European American settlers. No record was found of settlement by John Scott on the property after his purchase; however, Blue s A Brief History of Montgomery records that the first settler in the Montgomery area, Arthur Moore, had settled in the vicinity of this tract in James J. Stewart apparently purchased at least a portion of John Scott s property for speculative purposes.

According to marriage and property records, Stewart had arrived in Montgomery by the early On May 27, James J. Stewart married Elizabeth Ann McWhorter in Montgomery County.41 The following year (December 5, James J. Stewart purchased Lots 19 and 20 in Montgomery, located on the north side of Washington Street at McDonough Street, for from Andrew Dexter.42 Stewart probably had a business and real estate partner, William G. Wharton, at the time of his initial purchase, or Wharton may have purchased interests in the tract over time. Throughout the early nineteenth century, property in this area is referred to as part of Stewart & Wharton s Tract. By the middle to late nineteenth century, land sold in the vicinity was recorded as part of the Wharton Plat.

39 Records of Montgomery County, Alabama, Certificate/Warrant # 896 Records of Montgomery County, Alabama, Montgomery County Tract Book Records of Montgomery County, Alabama, Montgomery County Plat Book SG 87. 40 The property was in Montgomery County when the county was established in but remained outside the City of Montgomery until after Property records for the remainder of the early nineteenth century provide no evidence supporting or refuting the presence of a powder magazine on the property. 41 Records of Montgomery County, Alabama, Montgomery County Marriage Book D, 70. 42 Records of Montgomery County, Alabama, Montgomery County Deed Book Old Series MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No. AL-1020 (Page 9) On July 7, James J. Stewart and his wife, Elizabeth A.

Stewart, sold their one-half undivided interest in a 14.3-acre tract, referred to as Lot No. 3 of the Stewart and Wharton tract, to William G. Wharton for one dollar.43 Wharton had previously owned the other one-half interest in this lot. The record of this transaction includes a plat that shows three adjacent tracts bounded to the south by the Cahaba Road, to the east by the City limits, and to the north by the Alabama River and a steep bluff. Based on this plat, the powder magazine would be located in the central tract, identified as Lot No. 2. On July 13, six days after his purchase of Lot No. 3, William G. Wharton and his wife, Elizabeth V. Wharton, sold their one-half undivided interest in Lot No. 2 of the Stewart and Wharton tract acres) to James J.

Stewart for one dollar.44 As in the previous transaction, Stewart already owned the other one-half interest in this lot. This deed includes no indication of a municipally owned or operated powder magazine on this property. According to Montgomery County Estate Records, the owner of Lot No. 2, James J. Stewart, died before His wife, Elizabeth V. Stewart, was named executor of his estate. Estate records for Stewart list Elizabeth Stewart s home as Hickory Grove, Alabama, and record her paying debts on the estate from to Sometime prior to probably as part of the estate settlement, Elizabeth A. Stewart sold Lot No. 2 to William P. Ashley. The only record of this sale is included in Ashley s subsequent sale of a portion of this tract to the State of Alabama (see below).

This tract is described as commencing at a point four hundred feet west of the corporation line of the City of Montgomery on the Cahaba Road. 45 On March 7, William P. Ashley sold a 1.04-acre lot, the northwest corner of Lot No. 2 (recorded as acres), to the State of Alabama for This small tract is described as: including the bank or banks of the Alabama River down to said stream of low water mark bounding said acre lot on three sides, it being understood that the said acre is to be on the top of the bluff independent of and clear of the banks of the River. According to the form, the Powder Magazine was subsequently constructed on this lot. The location described above is logical for both strategic and practical purposes.

Access to and from the river was essential for efficient use of a powder magazine, but periodic flooding would have mandated placement of the building on high ground. The plat and transaction also provide the key evidence of a twenty-foot-wide access right of way, leading north from the Cahaba Road to the one-acre tract. According to the plat, the right of way followed the west edge of Lot No. 2, and is likely the location of the present Eugene Street. The description of this right of way and its associated lot left little doubt as to their importance to the Confederate States of America and strongly suggests it would become the site of the Powder Magazine.

This right of way was to 43 Montgomery County Deed Book, Old Series 6, 44 Montgomery County Deed Book, Old Series 6, 45 Montgomery County Deed Book, New Series 20, 46 Montgomery County Deed Book, New Series 20, MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No. AL-1020 (Page 10) continue so long as the State of Alabama or the Confederate States may own the said land or any part thereof and no longer. 47 Alabama had seceded from the Union two months previous on January 11, and so it is reasonable to conclude that construction of a new magazine became an early priority for the storage of both existing ordnance and any that may be confiscated from the United States possession. Attempts to find specific construction plans of the Powder Magazine were unsuccessful.

However, archival research suggests it may have been designed similarly to the City s existing magazine.48 Bids were solicited in early February Notice to Builders Sealed proposals will be received to the of February, for the building of a new Magazine for the City of Montgomery. The plans and specifications can be seen at Anderson s office, corner of Court Square and Montgomery Street, who will explain them. Dickinson, Building Committee.49 Local builder and brick mason George M. Figh drafted a letter dated February 22, to Andrew B.

Moore, Governor of Alabama, with his proposition: I propose to build a Magazine twenty-five ft by thirty-five ft according to the plan and specifications of the City Magazine, with the exception of the outside wall, which will be of common brick and four inches thinner than said plan requires. The inside wall and stone-work required will be dispensed with, but the ceiling will be plastered in lieu of the stone work for the sum of seventeen hundred and thirty dollars I will further agree to paint the outer wall with two coats of paint of such color as may be determined on by the Governor.50 It should be noted that the dimensions of the Magazine are similar, albeit slightly larger than noted in the article (although the interior dimensions are nearly exact).

An article from the Montgomery Advertiser dated March 25, reveals that the contract had been let to Mr. Figh: New Powder Magazine.-- The conclusion having been forced upon those having charge of the matter, that the old powder magazine is not sufficiently capacious to contain as 47 Montgomery County Deed Book New Series 20, Ashley s sale of this tract was officially recorded more than seven years later, after the Civil War, on April 3, 48 A letter from James L. Loeb (Landmarks Foundation of Montgomery, Inc.) cites an newspaper article (no reference provided) when stating that the Powder Magazine is a copy of an earlier Magazine built by the City of Montgomery.

Attempts to find this article during the previous and current archival research were unsuccessful; however, a letter from building George M. High to Governor Andrew B. Moore suggests that the plan was indeed based on the city s magazine design. For original citation, see AHC, Letter from James L. Loeb (Landmarks Foundation of Montgomery, Inc.) to General George B. Pickett (National Rifle Association), October 49 Notice to Bidders, Montgomery Daily Mail, February 11, 50 Alabama Digital Archives, Letter from George M. High to Andrew B. Moore, February 22, Copy available at MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No.

AL-1020 (Page 11) much of the villainous saltpeter, as might be needed in certain contingencies, have determined to build a larger one near the Montgomery and West Point Railroad depot.-- Our young friend, Pelham J. Anderson, is the architect, and George M. Figh the contractor. We doubt not it will be a substantial building. Another article in the same newspaper two days later, March 27, notes that construction was underway: Magazine A number of men are now at work on the new Powder magazine, which is being built on the river bank, near the West Point Railroad Depot. Mr. Pelham J. Anderson is the architect, and Mr. Figh the builder, which will be a good guarantee for its safety.

While the location of the powder magazine near the depot does not accurately correspond to its current location, the latter article does note it was being built on the river bank. Also, given the volatile nature of the storage contents, it was reasonable to expect its construction outside of the city proper. Finally, the articles dates are less than three weeks after Ashley s sale of the property to the State of Alabama. This strongly implies that the current Powder Magazine was the structure built in the Spring of and it appears they began building very soon after site acquisition. A formal bond between George M. Figh, with a security by his father John P. Figh, and the State of Alabama was filed on April 23, The bond clarifies that George M.

Figh had entered a contract with the state on April 12 for the erection of a certain building therein specified, called a powder house, together with its roof should be warranted for five years after completion. The powder house was to be completed according to enclosed plans and in a workmanlike manner [and kept] free from leaks .and the roof to be kept in good condition for five years beginning on June 1, While a copy of the plans is not provided with the bond, this may have simply been a reference to High s specifications proposed in his February 22, letter to the governor. Records do not identify the construction laborers or whether they were white or enslaved. George M. Figh had no enslaved people, but his father John P.

Figh, also a contractor and owner of a local brickyard, had thirty-six enslaved individuals, more than half of which were male. It is possible their skills were used in construction of the Powder Magazine. The Powder Magazine was probably used throughout the war. In April as Union troops approached the city, retreating Confederate troops burned the cotton warehouses to avoid their capture by Union troops.52 It is likely that troops also removed powder and munitions from the State s powder magazine for the same reason. 51 Alabama Digital Archives, Bond between George M. Figh, John P. Figh and the State of Alabama, April 23, Copy available at 52 Rogers, Confederate Home Front, MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No.

AL-1020 (Page 12) No photographs of the Powder Magazine during or immediately after the Civil War are available. The earliest depiction of the Powder Magazine was found in an perspective view of Montgomery (Figure A close inspection of the structure shows the Powder Magazine as a small, windowless building in a relatively isolated location above the Alabama River bluff. The State of Alabama retained ownership of the Powder Magazine and its surrounding tract for the remainder of the nineteenth century. Newspaper articles indicated that the state rented the building, but for what purpose is unclear.

One article listing state revenues for shows the state powder magazine was rented for The state also collected rent in in the amount of At the turn of the twentieth century, the property was located outside the limits of the City of Montgomery. The first actual deed reference to the Powder Magazine is an August 22, transaction, when the State of Alabama sold a one-acre tract, referred to as the Magazine Lot, to James Taylor Roberts for The sale was conducted under an act of the General Assembly of Alabama, approved on December 9, This transaction specifically notes that the brick building [the Powder Magazine, measuring 28 x 37 ] and an area measuring x around the building were expressly excepted from the property embraced in the above description.

Therefore, despite this sale of the property surrounding the Powder Magazine, the building itself and a 1 x 2 buffer around the building remained under State ownership. Two months earlier (June 7, James T. Roberts had purchased a right of way to the Magazine Lot from the adjacent Peoples Cotton Factory for According to the deed, this purchase was approved through a resolution of the Board of Directors of the Peoples Cotton Factory during their meeting on May 13, The area immediately south of the Powder Magazine became a part of the City of Montgomery after the turn of the twentieth century. A plat of the Midway subdivision (formerly Wharton s Lot No. 2) encompasses the area north of Bell Street and includes Eugene and Magnolia (now Gordon) Streets.

The Magazine Lot is shown at the north end of this subdivision.57 53 Henry Wellge, Perspective Map of Montgomery, State Capital of Alabama. (Lithograph) (Milwaukee: Beck and Pauli, Lithographers) 54 State Treasurer s Report, Montgomery Weekly Advertiser, November 23, State Receipts and Disbursements for Fiscal Year Ending September 30, Montgomery Advertiser, December 23, various years shown in Receipts and Disbursements, Montgomery Weekly Advertiser, November 18, The newspapers rarely differentiated between the state powder magazine and one that may have been retained by the City. Other articles suggest the city rented a magazine and certain merchants complained about the condition.

It is possible that the city rented the state building and then sublet for its own specific revenues, but no records were located to verify this. 55 Montgomery County Deed Book New Series 49, 56 Montgomery County Deed Book New Series 49, 57 Montgomery County Probate Records and Recording, Garrett Plat Book, 16. MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No. AL-1020 (Page 13) While the tract surrounding the Powder Magazine was in Robert s possession, he sold gravel from the property. The adjacent landowner, Mr. Chappell, filed suit against him (in equity court) to enjoin trespass upon said lands. At the November term, the Alabama Supreme Court ruled in favor of Roberts.58 Four years later, Chappell filed another suit of ejectment against Roberts.

On April 4, the Alabama Supreme Court again ruled for Roberts.59 Over the next ten years, the Powder Magazine tract exchanged ownership twice. On September 16, James T. and Katie S. Roberts sold the one-acre tract, again excluding the Magazine and property covered thereby, to I.O. Anderson, President of Anderson Sand & Gravel Company, for On April 10, the Magazine Lot (excluding the building) was sold to James Hodgson by the Anderson Sand & Gravel Company.61 James Hodgson died in the early and the First National Bank of Montgomery was named executor of Hodgson s estate.

A bill in equity was filed in the Circuit Court of Montgomery County, and a decree was made and entered by the Circuit Court on January 22, A compromise of all claims against the estate authorized the First National Bank of Montgomery to convey all of said one acre except the Brick Magazine and the land covered thereby, measuring feet x feet to Elizabeth N. Hodgson.62 On October 20, Charles W. Lee (Chief of the Alabama Division of Lands and Properties) submitted a report on the State Powder Magazine to the State Department of Finance. After providing a property chain of title, beginning at Alabama s purchase of the tract from William Ashley in Lee, the administrator of the estate of James Hodgson, noted that a Mr.

Revis was currently (October occupying the brick building as a renter from the First National Bank of Montgomery.63 As the building was owned by the State of Alabama, Lee had requested that the bank provide records of the amount of rent collected from Revis to date and then remit this amount to the State. Lee ended his follow-up report on the property (dated November 24, by stating the property has a very small value, and recommended it be turned over to the United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC) for a Confederate monument. Owen, of the Department of Archives and History, advised that the UDC would place a suitable marker at the site. Restoration and Development Efforts at the Powder Magazine 58 Alabama Supreme Court, Chappell vs. Roberts 140 Alabama:324.

59 Alabama Supreme Court, Chappell vs. Roberts 150 Alabama:457. 60 Montgomery County Deed Book New Series 61 Montgomery County Deed Book New Series 96, 62 Montgomery County Deed Book New Series 99. 63 A article notes that during the a large family lived there and discovered that the architecture designed to prevent explosions kept folks cool in the summer and warm in the winter. A article identifies at least two of the renters as a Raymond M. Revis and his cousin Oscar S. Revis. See Max York, Civil War Powder Magazine Unique, Montgomery Advertiser, February 13, Drowning Case Develops into Murder Mystery, Montgomery Advertiser, September 4, MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No.

AL-1020 (Page 14) Little information is available for the Powder Magazine in public records between and the early It first appears on Sanborn Maps for the City of Montgomery in when it is shown simply as a vacant brick building within what is labeled the State Magazine Lot. The first preservation efforts for the building were conducted by the Historic Montgomery Foundation under an agreement with the State Conservation Department between and and according to one article and photograph, it housed a small museum during the The Foundation s restoration efforts included removing trash, replacing fallen bricks, halting erosion that threatened to dump the old building into the river, and fixing the roof.

The Foundation also put a new whitewash on the ceiling, installed electricity, and allowed for the placement of Civil War relics and artifacts.64 The State of Alabama retained ownership of the Powder Magazine until the early An August 8, article in the Montgomery Journal announced the proposed development of a public park by the USACE, centered around the soon-to-be-restored Powder Magazine.65 The nomination form was completed for the building in December and the building was accepted for listing on April 13, (Figure 3). Early in the City of Montgomery and the USACE Mobile District began plans to develop a park around the Powder Magazine. A letter from John Dudley Scruggs (Scruggs and Hammond, Inc., architects/planners) to W.

Warner Floyd of the AHC dated March 12, describes a report on the Powder Magazine written by Scruggs using historical and architectural information provided by Joe Clark of the USACE.66 Two July newspaper articles describe plans for the City s purchase of the Powder Magazine property from the State and adjacent tracts from individuals, the sale of this property (totaling 60 acres) to the USACE as part of Jones Bluff Dam Recreation Area, and then the transfer of the combined tracts to the City Parks and Recreation Department.67 On November 7, under Act No.

Acts of Alabama, Regular Session of the State of Alabama granted the Powder Magazine and immediately surrounding land to the City of Montgomery.68 Three months later (February 22, LFM (representing the City of Montgomery) contracted with the Montgomery architecture and engineering firm of Tiller, Butner, Rosa & Seay for the first phase of building restoration. This phase consisted of architectural, structural, and electrical drawings (as needed), and specifications (Figures 64 Madera Spencer, Confederate Shrines Enrich Montgomery Scene, Montgomery Advertiser-Journal, November 9, also York, Powder Magazine.

65 Stan Bailey, Engineers Approve Park Plans for Powder Magazine, Montgomery Journal, August 8, 66 AHC, Letter from John Dudley Scruggs (Scruggs and Hammond, Inc., architects/planners) to W. Warner Floyd (AHC), March 67 Louis Berney, Commission Moves to Develop City Park Area, Montgomery Advertiser, July 25, also Harris to Introduce Powder Magazine Bill, Montgomery Journal, July 25, 68 Montgomery County Deed Book New Series 53. 69 Contract between Landmarks Foundation of Montgomery, Inc. and Rosa & Seay, February 22, The drawings were originally scanned as part of the documentation by Gardner, but the physical copies could not be relocated for higher resolution scanning and reproduction in Therefore, the scans are presented in Figures MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No.

AL-1020 (Page 15) A June 10, Narrative Appraisal Report completed for the USACE provides a pre- restoration assessment of the Powder Magazine. The fair market value for the 2.75-acre tract was but no monetary value was placed on the Powder Magazine. High ground was described as including an old civil war powder magazine. . . The building has had little or no care and as might be expected it is in rather poor condition.

70 On July 23, plans and specifications for development of the Powder Magazine Access Area, Jones Bluff Lake, were sent to the USACE, Atlanta for review and approval, and park construction was scheduled for fall The City of Montgomery sold the Powder Magazine Tract, consisting of approximately acres, to the United States of America on August 27, The following month, the USACE, Mobile began discussing possible lease arrangements with the City of Montgomery.73 The USACE stated that they would outgrant [under a long-term lease] the Powder Magazine Area of the Jones Bluff Project to the City of Montgomery for management and maintenance of the area as a park, and that initial development would be completed by the fall of A March 30, letter from Jim Robinson, the Mayor of the City of Montgomery, to Colonel Drake Wilson, the USACE, Mobile District Engineer, confirmed the two-part recreational development plans for the Powder Magazine site.

The upper portion (bluff-top) portion of the park was to include restoration of the Powder Magazine and construction of an overlook with toilets and parking. A boat launch, picnic area, portable toilets, access road, and parking were to be built in the lower portion, on the lake and lake terrace.74 Property transfers and development plans during the middle brought new emphasis to ongoing problems at the Powder Magazine. A Disposition Form submitted on November 27, by Robert M.

Creswell (Resource Manager, USACE) noted that the site was becoming a refuse dump, and suggested that the site should be posted and maintained.75 Creswell s April 22, memo described evidence of ongoing trash dumping, and USACE Rangers noted that the Powder Magazine was open to vandalism and a fire has been built in it recently. 76 By August 26, conditions had improved, and Creswell sent a letter to McFarland, Public 70 Alabama Office of Archaeological Services, Narrative Appraisal Report of the Powder Magazine, June Available in Real Estate Division Records for Jones Bluff Lock and Dam, US Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile District, 71 AHC, Letter from Colonel Drake Wilson (District Engineer, US Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile District) to James L.

Loeb (President, Landmarks Foundation of Montgomery, Inc.), July 23, 72 Montgomery County Deed Book New Series 73 USACE, Alabama River Lakes, Letter from Melvin W. Dovith (USACE, Chief of Real Estate Division) to Jay Aronstein (Director of Department of Planning, City of Montgomery), September 4, 74 USACE Alabama River Lakes, Letter from Jim Robinson (Mayor of the City of Montgomery) to Colonel Drake Wilson (USACE, Mobile District Engineer), March 30, 75 USACE Alabama River Lakes, Disposition Form submitted by Robert M. Creswell (Resource Manager, USACE, SAMOP, FO-AR), November 27, 76 USACE Alabama River Lakes, Memo from Robert Creswell (Resource Manager, USACE, SAMOP, FO- AR), April 22, MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No.

AL-1020 (Page 16) Works Director for the City of Montgomery, thanking City employees for cleaning up trash dumped at the Powder Magazine.77 Prior to development around the Powder Magazine and restoration of the building, the USACE submitted plans to the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP) and requested a determination of no adverse effect to this NRHP-listed property.78 On July 13, Robert M. Utley (Deputy Executive Director, ACHP) responded to Lawrence Green (Chief of the Planning Division, USACE, Mobile) by stating agreement on the determination of no adverse effect, under the following conditions: 1. USACE was to consult with Interagency Historic Architectural Services, National Park Service, regarding preferred method for cleaning brickwork; and 2.

USACE was to test samples of the brickwork for potential damage prior to cleaning the building. This letter was returned with USACE concurrence on July 22, acceptance of USACE concurrence and an agreement not to object to the determination of no adverse effect was sent by the ACHP to the USACE on July 27, A University of Alabama cultural resources survey provides a description and a photograph of the Powder Magazine prior to its restoration. The Powder Magazine was recorded as an archaeological site in the 58-acre Powder Magazine Access Area. Investigators repeated previous local accounts regarding an construction date for the building, and in describing its initial use as a commercial building.

They also quote local sources in describing the barrel vaulted roof originally conceived by the French architect Vaudan [sic; Vauban]. They observed that the building was generally sound, but not maintained and dilapidated (Figure An August 31, memo from Jerry Nielsen (USACE, Mobile) discussed the proposed rehabilitation of the Powder Magazine in accordance with a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) with the ACHP.81 Nielsen stated that the National Park Service had noted and requested 77 USACE Alabama River Lakes, Letter from Robert M. Creswell (Resource Manager, USACE, SAMOP, FO- AR) to McFarland (Public Works Director for the City of Montgomery), August 26, 78 USACE Mobile, Letter from Robert M.

Utley (Deputy Executive Director, ACHP) to Lawrence Green (Chief of the Planning Division, USACE, Mobile), July 79 USACE Mobile, Letter from Robert M. Utley (Deputy Executive Director, ACHP) to Lawrence Green (Chief, Planning Division, USACE, Mobile), July 27, 80 Carey B. Oakley and G. Michael Watson, Cultural Resources Inventory of the Jones Bluff Lake, Alabama River, Alabama. Report of Investigations No. 4 (Office of Archaeological Research, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, While the magazine was recorded as an archaeological site, the official site record contains only information about the building itself. Only one related artifact, the original door, has been located during excavations (see Gardner, Powder Magazine, 81 USACE Mobile, Letter from Robert M.

Utley (Deputy Executive Director, ACHP) to Lawrence Green (Chief, Planning Division, USACE, Mobile), July 27, USACE Mobile, Memo from Jerry Nielson (USACE, Mobile, August 31, MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No. AL-1020 (Page 17) information on several aspects of the restoration efforts, including whether the exterior stucco was original and whether the building interior required cleaning. Nielsen preferred no silicon coating on the building, and requested that mortar for repointing conform to preservation briefs and guidance. She also requested photographs of the four sides of building.

In a local newspaper stated that a contract for development of Powder Magazine Park had been awarded to a Columbus, Mississippi firm (Columbus Building & Supply Company) and quoted USACE personnel stating that restoration of the old Confederate Powder Magazine [was] to be complete by mid-May Park development plans included construction of a pavilion, walkways, and picnic tables, as well as landscaping 58 acres. James Dees (USACE, Alabama River Lakes Office) stated that work had been delayed by bad weather, but was to begin in the spring.82 The USACE made a number of inspection visits during the course of the initial development at Powder Magazine Park.

In May representatives from the USACE, the Alabama State Historic Preservation Office (AHC), and the construction contractor met on-site to discuss the upcoming work. This group discussed steam cleaning of the building exterior (to be monitored by USACE personnel), careful hand-removal of stucco patches on the exterior, interior cleaning to expose possible patching, retention of plywood roof decking (covered with slate), and the hiring of a brick mason for brick replacing and repointing. It was agreed that the interior was not to be whitewashed, despite inclusion of this task in the project specifications, and that another on-site meeting would be held after the interior and exterior cleaning had been accomplished.83 Following a June 19, inspection by USACE and AHC, Carl V. Kling Jr.

(USACE Architect) submitted a memo regarding steam cleaning of the exterior bricks. Steam cleaning was determined to be ineffective in general, but did not damage original brick on the upper portion of building. Steam cleaning was effective in removal of efflorescence that had developed from lime patching mortar and from previous stuccoing on patching bricks. The patching bricks that had been used did not match, but inspectors determined them to be tolerable; however, they found it disturbing that the patching mortar also did not match. Kling and Milo B. Howard (AHC) recommended cutting back and tuck pointing all exterior mortar joints.

Kling also referred to confusion in restoration specifications regarding the percent of brickwork requiring re-mortaring, and recommended a change order in the contract to cover cutting back and repointing 100 percent of the exterior.84 From late to late various individuals provided exhibit suggestions for the restored Powder Magazine and Powder Magazine Park. At the request of the City of Montgomery, James L. Loeb (President, provided several ideas, including the installation of plate glass in the 82 Powder magazine restoration among restoration projects, Montgomery Advertiser/Alabama Journal, March 26, 83 USACE Mobile, Memo from Jerry Nielson, May 30, 84 USACE Mobile, Memo from Carl V. Kling Jr. (Architect, EN-DA), June 28, MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No.

AL-1020 (Page 18) entrance, with iron gates closed in front; dim lighting in the building interior; adding appropriate furnishings (provided by erecting a State historic marker; and installing educational panels at the overlook describing the geological history of the Bluff and river valley, and outlining human habitation history.85 In the fall of Loeb corresponded with General George Bibb Pickett (President, National Rifle Association [NRA], Montgomery), requesting his help in determining furnishings and possibly sponsoring exhibits in the Powder Magazine.86 Pickett responded with an offer for his personal help and a promise to discuss the project with the NRA staff in Washington, On November 26, Loeb sent a letter to Montgomery Mayor Emory Folmar announcing Pickett s interest in leading a committee for developing exhibits at the Powder Magazine, focusing on Civil War artifacts, and stating that Aubrey Neeley would work with Pickett on descriptive plaques at the park overlook.87 Building restoration work continued through the fall of On September 19, Basil Dishongh, Jr.

(President, Columbus Building & Supply Company), sent a letter regarding their ongoing work at the Powder Magazine to the USACE Area Engineer.88 Dishongh noted that color photographs of the building sent to him by USACE representatives did not match the current bricks and mortar joints, and stated that more than five percent of the bricks would have to be removed. The contractor had been asked to complete the interior brickwork first, and was waiting for a requested contract change order before beginning outside brickwork. Dishongh estimated that the cost for additional work would be more than Correspondence indicates that development of Powder Magazine Park, including Powder Magazine restoration, was to be complete before management of the park was turned over to the City.

No documents were found that specify the date of park completion, but on July Melvin W. Dovith (USACE, Chief, Real Estate Division) sent the lease for Powder Magazine Park (signed by the Secretary of the Army on July 1, to the Mayor of Montgomery, and included a proposed schedule for inventory and condition reports. The park consisted of four tracts and comprising acres in the R.E. Bob Woodruff Project Area, designated for public park and recreation purposes. According to a July 6 Montgomery Advertiser article, the boat ramp was open (although unfinished) on the July 4th weekend.89 85 AHC, Letter from James L. Loeb (President, Landmarks Foundation of Montgomery, Inc.) to Milo Howard and John Vaughn December 21, 86 AHC, Letters from James L.

Loeb (Landmarks Foundation of Montgomery, Inc.) to General George B. Pickett (National Rifle Association), October 16 and 24, 87 AHC, Letter from James L. Loeb (President, Landmarks Foundation of Montgomery, Inc.) to Mayor Emory Folmar (City of Atlanta), November 26, 88 USACE Mobile, Letter from Basil Dishongh, Jr. (President, Columbus Building and Supply Company, General Contractors) to Area Engineer (USACE, Fort McClellan), September 19, 89 USACE Mobile, Letter from Melvin W. Dovith (USACE, Chief, Real Estate Division) to Mayor of Montgomery, July 3, MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No. AL-1020 (Page 19) Nearly a year passed between the signing of the lease agreement for Powder Magazine Park by the Secretary of the Army and signing by the City of Montgomery.

Delays were caused, in part, by disagreements over park maintenance responsibilities and completion of park facilities construction. Between July and December city officials and USACE personnel discussed aspects of boat harbor dredging. The city initially requested dredging by the USACE on an as- needed basis and questioned whether Powder Magazine Park was to be completed according to the plans and specifications originally submitted. Dovith (USACE) responded by citing a March 30, letter from former Montgomery Mayor Jim Robinson that stated that all park operations, including dredging, would be performed by the city.

In this letter, Dovith also stated that all facilities and improvements (except for landscaping) had been completed, and that a security fence had been erected as requested by the city.90 As indicated above, Powder Magazine Park lease negotiations were apparently completed in the spring of In early April a city official stated that the lease had been submitted to the mayor for his signature, but was unsigned, and that the lease was to be submitted to the city council within the next few weeks. On May 28, Creswell (USACE) sent a letter to McKinney (City of Montgomery) requesting the return of the signed Joint Survey and Inspection of Conditions of Leased Property forms that had been sent to McKinney on February 4.

In a May 29, response from McKinney (Montgomery) to Weiss (USACE, Acting Chief, Real Estate Division), McKinney advised the USACE that city action on the lease agreement would be completed by the third week in June and that the signed Joint Survey and Inspection of Conditions of Leased Property forms would be returned to Robert M. Creswell (USACE, Resource Manager) within the same time frame. 91 Project correspondence after the lease was signed and before late consists primarily of discussions between officials of the City of Montgomery and the USACE regarding administration and maintenance of Powder Magazine Park. General issues included boat harbor dredging, general maintenance activities, and repair and replacement of park facilities (e.g., restroom fixtures, water fountains, signs).

Other issues discussed in this period of correspondence include vandalism, littering, theft, and erosion. In the winter of USACE officials began to voice concerns for the deteriorating condition of the Powder Magazine. A May 22, memo from Hugh McClellan (Chief, Environment and Resources Branch, USACE, Mobile) to Ernie Seckinger (USACE, Mobile) requested an architectural inspection of the Powder Magazine and a report suggesting possible remedial actions. December photos enclosed with this memo showed areas of deterioration since 90 USACE Alabama River Lakes, Memo from Robert M. Creswell (Resource Manager, USACE, SAMOP, FO- AR), July 7, Letter from Reese McKinney, Jr. (Administrative Assistant to the Mayor of Montgomery) to Melvin W.

Dovith (USACE, Real Estate Division), July 17, and Letter from Melvin W. Dovith (USACE, Real Estate Division) to Mayor Emory Folmar (Montgomery), July 29, 91 USACE Alabama River Lakes, Disposition Form from Robert M. Creswell (USACE, Resource Manager), April 9, Letter from Robert M. Creswell (USACE, Resource Manager) to Reese McKinney, Jr. (Administrative Assistant to the Mayor of Montgomery), May 28, Letter from Reese McKinney, Jr. (Administrative Assistant to the Mayor of Montgomery) to Weiss (USACE, Acting Chief, Real Estate Division), May 29, MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No. AL-1020 (Page 20) completion of the restoration.

Remedial measures were to be coordinated with the AHC.92 A field inspection of the Powder Magazine was conducted by personnel from the USACE, Mobile on August 1, Accessing the building required cutting the lock. Lights were found to be inoperative, but inspectors noted the following observations: termite tunnels from ceiling, vent holes filled with red coarse sand, drip marks in debris at north wall base, north side of roof sagging, roof felt exposed at roof edge, and portland cement used as slate roof sealant. MacDonald Brooms and Elizabeth Brown (AHC) recommended removing hackberry trees and adding a course of slate at the building eaves.93 A memo from another member of the August 1 inspection team, Billy R.

Thompson, recorded: dampness and mortar deterioration on the lower half of exterior walls; algae growth on the brick cornice; minimal efflorescence on columns and interior walls; gaps in slate allowing water to enter wall cavity; sagging north slope of roof (possibly due to termites and water); wall cavity filling with spalled brick; interior spalling of brick and mortar; and termite infestation. Thomas provided suggestions for building maintenance, focusing on roof repairs, including removal of the roof (slates, clay tile ridge, hip members) and repair of the deck; addition of copper eave flashing and new roof felt; removal of material from cavity space and vent holes to restore wall ventilation; and treatment for termites.

This work was to be followed by reframing the roof with heart pine, removal of existing mortar to 1 deep, and tuck pointing with new mortar. Thomas also included photographs of existing conditions and cost estimates for stabilization and restoration.94 Based on stipulations in the lease agreement between the Department of the Army and the City of Montgomery, the USACE determined that repairs required to maintain the Powder Magazine are the responsibility of the City of Montgomery. However, the USACE expressed willingness to use Operations & Maintenance funds to perform repairs where damage is a result of inferior materials used or workmanship performed during the Corps restoration. 95 An undated Scope of Work for Roof Repair-Historic Powder Magazine Building, Powder Magazine Park, R.E.

Bob Woodruff Lake describes actions to be performed. This scope required the removal of the existing tile and slate and the existing wood structure. Framing and decking was to be replaced using treated 2 x 8 lumber and -inch CDX plywood. New copper flashing and new 30-pound felt was to be installed, and slate and ridge tiles were to be replaced using copper nails. The scope also included a suggested contractor (Standard Roofing of 92 USACE Mobile, Memo from Hugh McClellan (Chief, Environment and Resources Branch, USACE, Mobile) to Ernie Seckinger (PD-ER, USACE, Mobile), May 22, 93 USACE Mobile, Field inspection notes by Ernie Seckinger (PD-ER, USACE, Mobile), August 1, 94 USACE Mobile, Memo from Billy R. Thomas Sr. (EN-DA), August 8, 95 USACE Alabama River Lakes, Memo from William R.

Matkin (Chief, Management & Disposal Branch, Real Estate Division, USACE) to OP-R, August 23, MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No. AL-1020 (Page 21) Montgomery) and other potential bidders (Montgomery Roofing Company, Alabama Roofing and Sheet Metal).96 Bids for the proposed Powder Magazine work were received on December 11, (from Montgomery Roofing Co., Inc.) and on January 22, (from Standard Roofing of Montgomery, Inc.) to repair the roof of the Powder Magazine.97 On February 6, following approval of the Scope of Work by Elizabeth Brown (AHC), the bid from Standard Roofing of Montgomery was accepted.98 No USACE records were found specifically documenting roof removal, repair, and reinstallation. The Historic Properties Management Plan for R.E.

Bob Woodruff Lake, stated that the slate roof was replaced in The repeated observations and recommendations first provided in a March Historic Resources Site Inspection.100 The USACE inspector s comments reflected continuing concerns over building deterioration. Inspectors noted that many problems remain to be resolved before the structure achieves a stabilized state. These problems included sloppy grouting on the new ridgecap tiles, broken and missing slate shims (corner brick dentil supports), apparent settling of the northeast corner of the building, tunneling spiders, missing and loose mortar, rusted metal threshold, rotting wood doors, missing screens over vent holes, and lack of informative signage.

Based on these observations, the USACE recommended that a historic architect analyze the building and prepare a comprehensive plan for restoration and stabilization of the building. A May 5, Historic Property Inspection Summary records conditions similar to those noted five years earlier and recommends that an historic architect should prepare a restoration plan which should be executed with a professional services contract that will also record the buildings history, alterations, and provide a long-term maintenance plan. 101 The USACE s Historic Properties Management Plan for R.E. Bob Woodruff Lake, Alabama River, Alabama provided recommended management actions for archaeological sites and for the Powder Magazine.

These actions included: Regular monthly patrols Annual monitoring Restoration and maintenance plan 96 USACE Alabama River Lakes, Scope of Work for Roof Repair-Historic Powder Magazine Building, Powder Magazine Park, R.E. Bob Woodruff Lake, 97 USACE Mobile, Proposal from Montgomery Roofing Co., Inc., December 11, 98 USACE Mobile, Memo from Ernie Seckinger (PD-ER, USACE, Mobile), February 6, 99 USACE Alabama River Lakes, Historic Properties Management Plan: R.E. Bob Woodruff Lake, Alabama River, Alabama.

Prepared by Environmental Resources Planning Section, Planning and Environmental Division and Natural Resources Management Branch, Operations Division, 100 USACE Mobile, Updated Historic Property Site File for (Powder Magazine), originally prepared March 17, by Ernie Seckinger (PD-ER), March 14, 101 USACE Mobile, Historic Property Inspection form for Powder Magazine completed by John Bennett (USACE, Alabama River Lakes Office), May 5, MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No.

AL-1020 (Page 22) Restoration Resolution of caretaker responsibility Interpretation The USACE attempted to address caretaking responsibility in a June 18, letter to the AHC.102 In this letter, the USACE noted continuing maintenance problems and budgetary constraints, and requested that the AHC consider transfer of the building to them in fee simple. No records were found regarding the AHC s response. Powder Magazine Park was closed to the public in apparently due to on-going security and maintenance issues. In the USACE revisited maintenance and preservation strategies in an on-site meeting with contractors and stakeholders from the USACE and AHC.

A level of effort was developed based on comments and in consideration of the Secretary of the Interior s Standards for Preservation.103 That same year, contractors completed maintenance tasks to correct on-going structural deterioration due to moisture (Figures Those efforts included the removal of concrete and brick pavers around the building to re-establish positive drainage, repointing and repairing exterior brickwork, treatment of rust on interior iron supports, and floor cleaning. At that time, a detailed history was prepared, along with documentation of historical restoration and preservation efforts, and detailed drawings were also completed (Figures During the site grading, archaeologists recovered what was determined to be the original iron door.

The door was measured and documented, but due to the deterioration, after consultation with the AHC and USACE, it was discarded.104 In the USACE initiated an emergency assessment and stabilization project. The assessment determined that the original construction was completed with brick and mortar weaker than contemporary materials, which resulted in the problem of soluble salts carried by moisture rising up through the masonry. This process of rising damp results in the salts recrystallizing and expanding, which can fracture the softer brick and mortar. Investigators found that the gravel, installed in and intended to reduce splash back, had largely been infilled with grass.

Investigators found the building to be in poor condition primarily due to missing mortar, deteriorated brick, and a damaged column on the building interior. They provided management recommendations for the site, exterior brick, interior ironwork, roof, door, electrical and doorway stairs.105 102 USACE Alabama River Lakes, Letter from Curtis M. Flakes (Chief, Environment and Resources Branch, USACE) to F. Lawrence Oaks (Alabama State Historic Preservation Officer, Alabama Historic Commission), June 18, 103 USACE Mobile, Letter from Hugh McClellan (Chief, Environment and Resources Branch, USACE) to Elizabeth Brown (Acting Alabama SHPO, Alabama Historical Commission), dated April 16, approved by signature on June 8, 104 Gardner, Powder Magazine, 105 John J.

Cullinane, Mikel Travisano, and Stewart Dohrman, Emergency Assessment and Stabilization, Powder Magazine Montgomery, Alabama. Report prepared by SEARCH, Inc. for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile District, MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No. AL-1020 (Page 23) Part II. Architectural Information A. General Statement: 1. Architectural character: The Powder Magazine is a one-story brick structure measuring 39 x 29 . The walls are set in a common bond brick pattern and are 2 thick, divided by an air cavity. The exterior walls have a decorative corbel at the eave line and are vented to the inside and outside by off-set 4 square blast vents. The roof is slate, with molded concrete ridge tiles.

The walls are supported by four pairs of iron tie rods spanning the building; these rods interlock on the building interior. The floor is brick, and there is a rectangular pit for interior drainage in the southeast corner of the building. The triple-barrel vaulted brick ceiling is supported by four brick columns, spanned by two iron beams. 2. Condition of fabric: The building is in fair condition. Structurally, it appears to be sound, but has consistently suffered from mortar deterioration and spalling of brick. B. Description of Exterior:106 1. Overall dimensions: The Powder Magazine measures 39 -3 -long (east-west) x 29 -2 - wide (north-south). 2. Foundations: During excavations, archaeologists uncovered the foundation base, which includes stepped brick, ten bricks wide. 3.

Walls: The brick walls are set in a common bond pattern. The walls are 2 thick and consist of inner and outer shells, separated with an air cavity. This dead air space was likely designed to act as insulation to keep the ammunition and explosives dry as well as serving as a buffer. Both the inner and outer shells are three bricks wide. The walls have a decorative corbel at the eave line and are vented to the inside and outside by off-set 4 square blast vents. The vents appear beneath the cornice line and mid-wall of the structure on each elevation. There are five exterior vents on the south elevation, three on the north, three on the west, and four on the east. The blast vents are present in both the interior and exterior walls, but as noted they are offset.

There are two blast vents on the interior east wall, six on the north, two on the west, and six on the south. The primary function of the blast vents, in concert with the double-wall construction and barrel- vaulted ceiling, was to diffuse, disperse, and limit the force of exploding powder from inside the building. 4. Structural system: Barrel-vaulted brick. The walls are also supported by four pairs of iron tie rods spanning the building (north-south). Each pair of tie rods meets near the center of the building at integral interlocked hooks. 106 Much of the physical description has been adapted from Gardner, Powder Magazine, MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No. AL-1020 (Page 24) 5. Doorways and doors: A doorway is located on the east elevation and is topped by a flat arch.

As noted above, archaeologists discovered the original iron door (2 x 8 ) during excavations. The doorway is currently protected by a wrought iron gate. The replacement doors are double leaf, three-ply, wooden doors with tongue and groove exterior and interior wood panels set diagonally over a plywood core. The double leaf, steel frame/bar doors are made from channels and bar stock welded together, as is the transom. 6. Roof: The hipped roof is set on a wood frame and is clad in slate, with molded concrete ridge tiles. Some of these slates were replaced with new or salvaged materials during the preservation efforts.

At the base of the roof, at the intersection of the wood framing and the brick corbeling, is metal trim/flashing to prevent moisture infiltration between the roof and wall structures. The framing, slate, metal trim/flashing, and ridges were replaced as part of work in C. Description of Interior: 1. Floor plan: The interior cavity measures 35 -3 x 25 -3 . It is three bays wide by three bays deep, running from east (front) to west (rear). 2. Flooring: The floor is brick, and there is a rectangular pit (6 -8 x 13 x 2 -2 ), for interior drainage to keep powder in the southeast corner of the building. 3. Wall and ceiling finish: The triple-barrel vaulted brick ceiling is supported by four free- standing brick columns, spanned by two iron beams.

These vaults measure 9 -8 from the floor to the bottom of the arch, with another 3 -2 to the top of the arch. Each vault is approximately 8 wide. There are four engaged brick columns along the east and west walls. The columns support the arched ceiling, which is designed to provide an airspace between the ceiling and roof. The ceiling also retains traces of original whitewashing. 4. Hardware: Other interior structural elements include: four iron plates (one topping each brick column); two iron beams spanning the columns and attached to the walls (east- west); and four pairs of iron tie rods spanning the building (north-south). Each pair of tie rods meets near the center of the building at integral interlocked hooks.

This is designed to hold the building together in the event of an explosion. D. Site: The Powder Magazine is located in Powder Magazine Park, overlooking R.E. Bob Woodruff Lake (also known as Jones Bluff Lake), formerly the Alabama River. The building is located at the west end of a parking lot at the end of Riverside Drive. MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No. AL-1020 (Page 25) Part III. Sources of Information A.

Architectural Drawings: Drawings Prepared Under Contract with the City of Montgomery: Powder Magazine: Title, Index and Site Plan, Sheet 1 of 6 (December 31, Powder Magazine: Floor Plan, Sheet 2 of 6 (December 31, Powder Magazine: East and West Elevations, Sheet 3 of 6 (December 31, Powder Magazine: North and South Elevations, Sheet 4 of 6 (December 31, Powder Magazine: Building Section Sheet 5 of 6 (December 31, Powder Magazine: Details, Sheet 6 of 6 (December 31, Drawings Prepared Under Contract with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: Powder Magazine: Floor Plan, Sheet A2.1 (June Powder Magazine: Elevations, Sheet A4.1 (June Powder Magazine: Site Demolition Plan, Sheet C.1 (June B. Correspondence: Alabama Historical Commission (AHC).

Letter from John Dudley Scruggs (Scruggs and Hammond, Inc., architects/planners) to W. Warner Floyd (AHC), March 12, Letter from James L. Loeb (President, Landmarks Foundation of Montgomery, Inc.) to Milo Howard and John Vaughn December 21, Letter from Hugh McClellan (Chief, Environment and Resources Branch, USACE, Mobile) to Elizabeth Brown (Deputy Alabama SHPO) approving level of effort for building maintenance, June 8, Letter from Colonel Drake Wilson (District Engineer, US Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile District) to James L. Loeb (President, Landmarks Foundation of Montgomery, Inc.), July 23, Letter from James L. Loeb (Landmarks Foundation of Montgomery, Inc.) to General George B. Pickett (National Rifle Association), October 24, Letter from James L.

Loeb (President, Landmarks Foundation of Montgomery, Inc.) to General George Bibb Pickett (National Rifle Association, Montgomery), October 16, Letter from James L. Loeb (President, Landmarks Foundation of Montgomery, Inc.) to Mayor Emory Folmar (City of Atlanta), November 26, MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No. AL-1020 (Page 26) US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE, Alabama River Lakes). Disposition Form submitted by Robert M. Creswell (Resource Manager, USACE, SAMOP, FO-AR), November 27, Letter from Melvin W.

Dovith (USACE, Chief of Real Estate Division) to Jay Aronstein (Director of Department of Planning, City of Montgomery), September 4, Letter from Jim Robinson (Mayor of the City of Montgomery) to Colonel Drake Wilson (USACE, Mobile District Engineer), March 30, Memo from Robert Creswell (Resource Manager, USACE, SAMOP, FO- AR), April 22, Letter from Robert M. Creswell (Resource Manager, USACE, SAMOP, FO- AR) to McFarland (Public Works Director for the City of Montgomery), August 26, Memo from Robert M. Creswell (Resource Manager, USACE, SAMOP, FO- AR), July 7, Letter from Reese McKinney, Jr. (Administrative Assistant to the Mayor of Montgomery) to Melvin W. Dovith (USACE, Real Estate Division), July 17, Letter from Melvin W.

Dovith (USACE, Real Estate Division) to Mayor Emory Folmar (Montgomery), July 29, Disposition Form from Robert M. Creswell (USACE, Resource Manager), April 9, Letter from Robert M. Creswell (USACE, Resource Manager) to Reese McKinney, Jr. (Administrative Assistant to the Mayor of Montgomery), May 28, Letter from Reese McKinney, Jr. (Administrative Assistant to the Mayor of Montgomery) to Weiss (USACE, Acting Chief, Real Estate Division), May 29, Memo from William R. Matkin (Chief, Management & Disposal Branch, Real Estate Division, USACE) to OP-R, August 23, Letter from Curtis M. Flakes (Chief, Environment and Resources Branch, USACE) to F. Lawrence Oaks (Alabama State Historic Preservation Officer, Alabama Historic Commission), June 18, US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE, Mobile).

Letter from Robert M. Utley (Deputy Executive Director, ACHP) to Lawrence Green (Chief of the Planning Division, USACE, Mobile), July 13, MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No. AL-1020 (Page 27) Letter from Robert M. Utley (Deputy Executive Director, ACHP) to Lawrence Green (Chief, Planning Division, USACE, Mobile), July 27, Memo from Jerry Nielson (USACE, Mobile), August 31, Memo from Jerry Nielson (USACE, Mobile), May 30, Memo from Carl V. Kling Jr. (Architect, EN-DA), June 28, Basil Dishongh, Jr. (President, Columbus Building and Supply Company, General Contractors) to Area Engineer (USACE, Fort McClellan), September 19, Letter from Melvin W.

Dovith (USACE, Chief, Real Estate Division) to Mayor of Montgomery, July 3, Memo from Hugh McClellan (Chief, Environment and Resources Branch, USACE, Mobile) to Ernie Seckinger (PD-ER, USACE, Mobile), May 22, Field inspection notes by Ernie Seckinger (PD-ER, USACE, Mobile), August 1, Memo from Billy R. Thomas Sr.

(EN-DA), August 8, Proposal from Montgomery Roofing Co., Inc., December 11, Memo from Ernie Seckinger (PD-ER, USACE, Mobile), February 6, Updated Historic Property Site File for (Powder Magazine), originally prepared March 17, by Ernie Seckinger (PD-ER), March 14, Historic Property Inspection form for Powder Magazine completed by John Bennett (USACE, Alabama River Lakes Office), May 5, Letter from Hugh McClellan (Chief, Environment and Resources Branch, USACE) to Elizabeth Brown (Acting Alabama SHPO, Alabama Historical Commission), dated April 16, approved by signature on June 8, C. Selected

Source document Quoted word for word from HABS AL-1020. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

County and State Records: Alabama Digital Archives Bond between George M. Figh, John P. Figh and the State of Alabama, April 23, Copy MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No. AL-1020 (Page 28) available at Letter from George M. High to Andrew B. Moore, February 22, Copy available at Alabama General Assembly. An Act of the General Assembly of Alabama to sell the Magazine Lot, approved on December 9, Acts Alabama Supreme Court. Chappell vs. Roberts. November term. 140 Alabama:324. Chappell vs. Roberts. Spring term. 150 Alabama:457. Records of City of Montgomery, Alabama. City Council Minutes, Container No. on file at Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery. City Council Minutes, Container No. on file at Alabama Department of Archives and History, Montgomery.

Records of Montgomery County, Alabama Certificate/Warrant # Garrett Plat Book. Midway Subdivision. Montgomery County Tract Book Montgomery County Plat Book SG Montgomery County Deed Books Old Series H and 6, New Series 20, 49, 70, 96, 310 Montgomery County Marriage Book D. Newspaper Articles: Bailey, Stan. Engineers Approve Park Plans for Powder Magazine. Montgomery Journal, August 8, Drowning Case Develops into Murder Mystery. Montgomery Advertiser, September 4, Harris to Introduce Powder Magazine Bill. Montgomery Journal, July 25, MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No. AL-1020 (Page 29) It has Been Rumored, Montgomery Advertiser, May 16, Magazine. Montgomery Advertiser, March 27, Montgomery, her Business Prospects and Her Improvements.

Montgomery Weekly Advertiser, September 17, Notice to Builders. Montgomery Daily Mail, February 11, Our Sewers, Dallas Weekly Herald, August 30, Pelham J. Anderson Buried This Afternoon, Montgomery Times, January 11, Personal [From the Tuscaloosa Times], Montgomery Advertiser, January 26, Powder magazine. Montgomery Advertiser, March 25, Powder magazine restoration among restoration projects. Montgomery Advertiser/Alabama Journal, March 26, Receipts and Disbursements. Montgomery Weekly Advertiser, November 18, Spencer, Madera. Confederate Shrines Enrich Montgomery Scene. Montgomery Advertiser- Journal, November 9, State Receipts and Disbursements for Fiscal Year Ending September 30, Montgomery Advertiser, December 23, State Treasurer s Report.

Montgomery Weekly Advertiser, November 23, York, Max. Civil War Powder Magazine Unique. Montgomery Advertiser, February 13, Websites: Ancestry.com. Alabama, U.S., Marriages, Deaths, Wills, Court, and Other Records, [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., U.S., Register of Civil, Military, and Naval Service, [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., George McCain Figh. Available at MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No. AL-1020 (Page 30) Findagrave.com. Pelham John Anderson. Available at George McCain Figh, Available at Unpublished Reports and Technical Documents: Alabama Office of Archaeological Services.

Narrative Appraisal Report of the Powder Magazine, June Available in Real Estate Division Records for Jones Bluff Lock and Dam, US Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile District, Cullinane, John J., Mikel Travisano, and Stewart Dohrman. Emergency Assessment and Stabilization, Powder Magazine Montgomery, Alabama. Report prepared by SEARCH, Inc. for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile District, Gardner, Jeffrey W. The Powder Magazine: Historical Documentation and Architectural Maintenance, Powder Magazine Park, R.E. Bob Woodruff Lake, Montgomery Alabama. Atlanta: Brockington and Associates, Inc., Document prepared under USACE Contract No. DACA01-97-D-0002, DO Landmarks Foundation of Montgomery, Inc. Contract between Landmarks Foundation of Montgomery, Inc.

and Rosa & Seay, February 22, Oakley, Carey B. and G. Michael Watson. Cultural Resources Inventory of the Jones Bluff Lake, Alabama River, Alabama. Report of Investigations No. 4, Office of Archaeological Research, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Report prepared under contract with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile District. US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE, Alabama River Lakes). Historic Properties Management Plan: R.E. Bob Woodruff Lake, Alabama River, Alabama. Prepared by Environmental Resources Planning Section, Planning and Environmental Division and Natural Resources Management Branch, Operations Division, Scope of Work for Roof Repair-Historic Powder Magazine Building, Powder Magazine Park, R.E. Bob Woodruff Lake, US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE, Mobile).

Historic Property Inspection form for Powder Magazine completed by John Bennett (USACE, Alabama River Lakes Office), May 5, Field inspection notes by Ernie Seckinger (PD-ER, USACE, Mobile), August 1, MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No. AL-1020 (Page 31) Updated Historic Property Site File for (Powder Magazine), originally prepared March 17, by Ernie Seckinger (PD-ER), March 14, Historic Property Inspection form for Powder Magazine completed by John Bennett (USACE, Alabama River Lakes Office), May 5, Published Berney, Louis. Commission Moves to Develop City Park Area. Montgomery Advertiser, July 25, Blue, A Brief History of Montgomery. In City Directory and History of Montgomery, Alabama. Montgomery: Messrs. Beale & Phelan.

Bingham & Co., Printers and Binders, Reprinted by Society of Pioneers of Montgomery, Montgomery, AL. Floyd, W. Warner. "Powder Magazine." National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination Form. Alabama Historical Commission (AHC), Montgomery, April 13, Available at Gamble, Robert. The Alabama Catalog: Historic American Buildings Survey, A Guide to the Early Architecture of the State. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, Historic Architecture in Alabama: A Guide to Styles and Types, Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, Historic American Buildings Survey, Southeast Regional Office National Park Service, James A Jacobs, Jason W McNatt, Daniel De Sousa, Anne E. Kidd, and James A Jacobs, photographer.

Dexter Avenue King Memorial Baptist Church, 454 Dexter Avenue, Montgomery, Montgomery County, AL. Alabama, Montgomery County, Montgomery, Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division, Rogers, William Warren. Confederate Home Front: Montgomery During the Civil War. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, Wellge, H, Beck & Pauli, and Henry Wellge & Co. Perspective Map of Montgomery, State capital of Alabama. Milwaukee, Henry Wellge & Co, Map. Part IV. Supplemental Material MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No. AL-1020 (Page 32) Figure 1. Location of the Powder Magazine, USGS topographic quadrangle. MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No. AL-1020 (Page 33) Figure 2. Detail of Wellge s birds-eye view of Montgomery, showing location of Powder Magazine (Available at the Library of Congress).

MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No. AL-1020 (Page 34) Figure 3. August photograph from the Powder Magazine Nomination. MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No. AL-1020 (Page 35) Figure 4. Site plan drawing of the Powder Magazine, MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No. AL-1020 (Page 36) Figure 5. Floor plan of Powder Magazine, MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No. AL-1020 (Page 37) Figure 6. Powder Magazine, east and west elevation details, MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No. AL-1020 (Page 38) Figure 7. Powder Magazine, north and south elevation details, MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No. AL-1020 (Page 39) Figure 8. Powder Magazine, interior section, MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No. AL-1020 (Page 40) Figure 9. Powder Magazine, details, MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No.

AL-1020 (Page 41) Figure 10. Photo of the Powder Magazine in taken during studies commissioned by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (from Oakley and Watson MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No. AL-1020 (Page 42) Figure 11. East side (front) of Powder Magazine, May showing paving at foundation. Photo was taken during studies commissioned by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (from Gardner MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No. AL-1020 (Page 43) Figure 12. Photo of east profile of test unit, showing buried wall and foundation section. Photo was taken during studies commissioned by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (from Gardner MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No. AL-1020 (Page 44) Figure 13.

Photo of masonry repointing from front (east elevation); also showing gravel had been installed to facilitate drainage. Photo was taken during studies commissioned by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (from Gardner MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No. AL-1020 (Page 45) Figure 14. Floor plan prepared for restoration. Drawings commissioned by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Sheet A2.1, June MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No. AL-1020 (Page 46) Figure 15. Elevations, prepared for restoration work. Drawings commissioned by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Sheet A4.1, June MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No. AL-1020 (Page 47) Figure 16. Montgomery Powder Magazine, east elevation, March Photograph taken by Will Brockenbrough for HABS documentation. MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No.

AL-1020 (Page 48) Figure 17. Montgomery Powder Magazine, south elevation, March Photograph taken by Will Brockenbrough for HABS documentation. MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No. AL-1020 (Page 49) Figure 18. Montgomery Powder Magazine, interior view showing barrel vaulted ceiling, March Photograph taken by Will Brockenbrough for HABS documentation. MONTGOMERY POWDER MAGAZINE HABS No. AL-1020 (Page 50) Figure 19. Montgomery Powder Magazine, interior, showing drain at south wall, March Photograph taken by Will Brockenbrough for HABS documentation.