Savannah, Georgia - History (part 1 of 16)

Foreword

The preparation of this history of Savannah was undertaken in response to the urgent request of the publishers who believe there is a demand for it. The writer has been repeatedly asked by others to write such a work, and has now finished the task, sending it forth with the hope that it will measure up to the standard set for it by his friends. He does not claim that it is complete or that it is free from errors. It contains matter here and there which has been heretofore overlooked by other writers in the same field ; and it has been his aim always to give, in disputed questions, the evidence which appears to carry with it the greatest weight. Believing that it will meet a long felt want, he hopes that it will prove useful in its place, and craves the indulgence of the reader in the matter of any defects which may be discovered.

Coming Of The Oglethorpe Colony

Sailing and Landing of the Colony - Message and Assistance from South Carolina - Oglethorpe 's Reasons for Selecting Site - Hutchinson's Island 9

Chapter Iii Founding In Detail

The Good South Carolina Friends - Staunch Col. William Bull - Moore's Description of Savannah - Progress of tiie Infant Town and Colony - Savannah's Original Site - The Grantees.... 15

Chapter Iv Oglethorpe And The Indians

Indian Status When tiie Colony Came - First Conference with Natives - Trustees' Greetings to the Lower Creeks - Declaration of Lower Creek Nation - Evidences of Mutual Regard - The Good Chief To.mo-Chi-Chi 31

Chapter The Jewish Element

Attitude Toward Hebrew Colonists - Thrifty, Industrious and Honest People - Record by Jewish Descendant - Jewish Congregations and Synagogues - Hebrew Burial Grounds - Early Vineyard of a Portuguese Jew - Both Progressive and Patriotic 44

Original Savannah Described

Feeding and Housing of First Colonists - Father Oglethorpe - - Gordon's First Town Plat - Pioneer Points of Interest - Names of First Streets - Tns Trustees' Garden 59

Chapter Viii Religious, Moral And Industrial

Pioneer Churches - Oglethorpe Returns to England - Unpopular Colonial Deputy - Intoxicated with Power and Pride - Anti-Rum and Anti-Slave Laws - The Trustees Against Slavery - Whitefield in Favor of Slavery. . 64

Chapter Ix John And Charles Wesley

John Wesley and TTis Labors - Abuse of Wesley - New "Secrftary of the Trust" - Wesley and Sophia (Hopkins) Williamson - Mr. Wesley's Statement of the Trouble - The Trustees Treat the Matter Lightly - Charles Wesley Departs for England - Whitefield Succeeds John Wesley 70

Dark Colonial Chapter

Oglethorpe's Administration Approved by English Trustees - Fortifying Georgia's Southern Frontier - Promoted to "General" Oglethorpe - Causton's Finances go Wrong - Oglethorpe's Self- Sacrifice - The Fall of Causton 86

Chapter Xi Religion, Commerce And Defence

Coming of Whitefield, Wesley's Successor - James Habersham, His Successor - Franklin and Oglethorpe on the Orphan Home - Harris and Habersham, Merchants - Pioneers, but Not the First - In Defense of the Colony - Securing the Friendship of the Creeks - The Death of Tomo-chi-chi 93

Chapter Xii Last Of Oglethorpe Administration

Final Repulse of the Spaniards - Georgia Divided Into Two Counties - First Meeting of Savannah County Board - Oglethorpe's Last Official Appearance - Changes in Land Tenures - William Stephens, Colonial President - Beaulieu (Bewile) Founded by Stephens - The Creek-Bosomworth Imbroglio - Renewed Friendship Almost Severed - Financial Settlement of Trouble - Oglethorpe's Last Days in Georgia 105

Chapter Xiii Early Civil Government

Henry Parker, Colonial President - The First Colonial Assembly - The Militia - Early Measures to Establish the Colony - Patrick Graham Succeeds President Parker 116

Chapter Xv

Wright's Good Traits - Rising Discontent Against Royalty - Prosperous Condition of Colony - Sunbury - Spirit of Sedition in Georgia - Governor Wrigi-it's Dilemma - Repeal of the Stamp Act Acknowledged - Franklin, Georgia's British Agent - Renewed Protests Against British Acts - House Resents Wright's Interference 145

Chapter Xvi Progress Toward Independence

Council and House Differ - Governor Wright Dissolves Assembly - The State of the Province (1773) - The Forts - Savannah Puts Up a Liberty Tree, June 2. 1775 - Governor Wright Forbids Public Meeting - Meeting Held - The "Liberty Boys" - Dissent to Resolutions of August 10, 1774 - "Liberty Boys" Worry Royal Council - Steps Leading to Georgia's Independence 161

Events Preceding The Revolution

"Liberty Boys" Raid Powder Magazine - Meetings of Protesting Citizens - Address of Provincial Congress - Georgia Received Into the Union - Unpleasant for Royalists - Continental Battalion for Georgia - On the Eve of the Revolution 177 tation of Rice Stopped - Royalists Attempt to Capture Rice Boats - Only Two Vessels Escape to Sea - Council of Safety Takes Heroic Measures - Congress Thanks Colonial Militia - Wright Goes to England and Returns to Savannah - John Graham and Thunderbolt - Savannah's First "Fourth of July" (August 10th) 190

Chapter Xix Savannah Held By British

Capture of Savannah by British - Disposition of American Forces - The British Enter Savannah - Proclamation of Royalists - Coaiing of the French Fleet - D'Estaing Demands Surrender of Savannah - British Defence of Savannah - Combined French- American Advance - Allied Forces Bombard Savannah - Humanity and Obstinacy - Disaster to the Allies - Count Pulaski's Death Wound - The Siege from a British Standpoint. ...... 202

Chapter Xx Savannah Again American

Royal Civil Government Feeble - Affairs Managed by Wright and Council - Augusta Surrendered to the Americans - Royal Cause Getting Dark - Wright's Pitiable Mental Condition - American Troops at Gates of Savannah - Wayne's Terms for British Evacuation - Nathaniel Greene and His Services - Confiscated British Estates - "Mulberry Grove" Made Over to Greene - Anthony Wayne and His Services - Greene Visits "Mulberry Grove" - Death and Funeral of General Greene - Wayne's Georgia Residence Also Short 231

Chapter Xxi As A Chartered Corporation

Regular Municipal Administration - Samuel Elbert and Jonathan Bryan - Oldest Artillery Company in Georgia - Washington's Visit to Savannah - Washington's Account of His Southern Tour - Municipal Government Continued - Disastrous Fire of 1796 - Chatham Academy - The Georgia Hussars - The Old Exchange - Municipal Affairs, 1797-1802 - Visit of Aaron Burr - Terrific Storm of 1804 - Preparations for the War of 1812. 255

Chapter Xxii The War Of 1812

Fort Wayne - Local Militia Ready to Act - Strengthening the Fort Wayne Works - Celebrating the Warrington and Porter Naval Victories - Vigorous Preparations for Resisting British Attack - The "Martello Tower" - Celebrating the Battle of New Orleans - Peace Declared 274

Chapter Xxiii Decade Of Noted Events

Visit of Monroe and Calhoun - The New Independent Church - The Great Fire of 1820 - Yellow Fever Epideaiic (also 1820) - Locating the Burial Place of Nathanael Greene - City Affairs Continued - Dry Culture Contracts - Winfield Scott and David Porter, Savannah's Guests - Reception of La Fayette - Memorials to General Greene and Count Pulaski - Mayors and Aldermen, 1821-24 - Canal Project Inaugurated - Fort Pulaski Commenced 2S2

Chapter Xxiv As A Military Post

Locating the Oglethorpe Barracks (1834) - 'Military Parade Ground - Military Headquarters of Confederacy - United States Takes Oglethorpe Barracks - History of First Georgia Volunteer, Continued - Mayors and Aldermen, 182G-1S34 312

Chapter Xxv Central Railroad Of Georgia

Survey from Savannah to Macon - Macon Depot Opened for Business - William W. Gordon, First President - First Year's Operations - Celebrating the Completion to Macon - Connecting Savannah with Augusta - Ocmulgee and Flint River Railroad - The Monroe Railroad - Status of Railroads in 1842 - Memorial to W. W. Gordon - The Savannah Hospital 325

Chapter Xxvi

Newspaper Mention of Boat - Statements by Francis Sorrel, Agent - Advertising the Fatal Trip - First News of Disaster - Poem on the Lost "Pulaski" 334

Chapter Xxvii Georgia Historical Society

Dr. Arnold's Account of Its Origin - Act of Incorporation - I. K. Tefft, Moving Spirit - Dr. Harney's Farewell - Charter Members - Securing Permanent Quarters - First Steamship to Cross Atlantic - Burning of Filature Building - Binding the City Together 341

The Mexican War

Savannah's Prompt Response - "Jasper Greens" Off for Mexico - Aid from the City Council - Public Funeral of Colonel Mc- Intosh - The Seminole War of 1S36 361

Chapter Xxx Cemeteries And Memorials

Dry Culture as Health Precaution - New Laurel Grove Cemetery - Closing the Old Colonial Cemetery - Question of First Jewish Burial Place - Laurel Grove Cemetery Dedicated - The Pulaski Monument - Monument Delivered to Commissioners - The Nathanael Greene Monument - Locating the Remains of Nathanael Greene 365

Interesting City Events

Pioneer Theatrical Performance (1783) - First Regular Theatre Opened - Theatre Described - Old and Present Theatre Similar - Macready's Impressions - Savannah and Ogeechee Canal - First Telegraphic Dispatches - Public Water Supply - First Survey for Water Works - Construction Engineers Appointed - Description of Works (1854) - System in Use from 1854 to 1892 - Present Artesian Well System - Lighting of the Streets - Mayors and xYldermen, 1835-1S50 - Probably First Newspaper Extra 385

Chapter Xxxii Honors To Living And Dead

Honors to Distinguished Dead - Reception to Henry' Clay - Public Mourning for Andrew Jackson - Sheftall Sheftall, Old Revolutionary Soldier - Armory of Chatham Artillery - Visit of Ex- President Polk - Daniel Webster, City's Guest - Honors to John C. Calhoun and Zachary Taylor 400

Chapter Xxxiii Public Institutions And Noted Events

Makeshift Custom Houses - Present Building Completed in 1850 - Forsyth Park - Atlantic Coast Line Railroad System - AVelcome to Millard Fillmore - Another Yellow Fever Epidemic (1854) - Storm Adds Terrors to Epidemic - Resultant Sanitary Measures - Savannah Benevolent Association - Savannah's Public School System - The Massie Poor School Fund - The Massie Common School - Board of Public Education Organized (1866) 409

Chapter Xxxiv Savannah River And Harbor

Improvement of Savannah River and Harbor - Proposal That City Issue Bonds - Appropriation by Congress - Light House Erected on Bay Street - Visit of Ex-President Fillmore - President Pierce Invited - Thackeray's Visit and His Account of the City - Respect Paid by the Public to Memory of Henry Clay and

Chapter Xxxv Incidents Preceding Civil War

Case of the Slave Yacht Wanderer - Prosecution Conducted by Dist. Atty. Joseph Ganahl - Quotation From Account of Hon. H. R. Jackson - Excitement Preceding Secession of Georgia - Prompt Action of Gov. J. E. Brown - Olmstead's Account - Secession of Georgia - Governor Brown's Firm Stand on Seizure of Guns by New York Police - Bartow's Warm and Manly Reply to the Governor - Ills Death While "Illustrating Georgia'' - Honoring Bartow's Remains - Gen. R. E. Lee in Command at Savannah - Non-Combatant Citizens Armed for Defense of City 429

Chapter Xxxvi Literature, Etc

Savannah's Literary Circle - Some Men of Letters and Their Work - G. W. J. De Renne and the Wormsloe Publications - Other Writers - Mayors and Aldermen Continued 446

Chapter Xxxvii Savannah During Civil War

Mayor Purse's Report on the Progress of the War - Fall of Fort Pulaski - Holding of Fort McAllister Necessary to Defense of Savannah - Maj. John B. Gallie Killed - Address of Mayor Arnold to Citizens - Fall of Fort McAllister - Evacuation of Savannah - Special Order of Gen. Sherman - Resolutions of Council Seeking Protection of Citizens - Families of Confederate Officers Required to Leave 453

Business And Industries

Beginning of Cotton Culture in Georgia - Rapid Growth of Cotton Business in Savannah - Savannah Second Cotton Port in the World - Figures Showing Business of Several Decades - Naval Stores and Important Trade - Savannah 's Business Record for Past Four Years - Central of Georgia Railway - Its First President, W. \Y. Gordon - Savannah's Banks - Savannah and the Panama Canal 471

Chapter Xl Interesting Items

List of Members of Council Continued - Visit of General Grant - Savannah's Sesqui-Centennial - -Jasper Monument - Death of Hon. John Screven - Savannah and the Spanish-American War - South Bound Railroad - Public Library Established and City Hall Built - -Telfair Academy of Arts and Sciences - Railroad to Tybee Island 4S2

Chapter Xli Churches And Organized Bodies

Churches of Savannah - Benevolent Societies - Other Organized Bodies - Streets and Squares - Oglethorpe Monument- - Midway Church and Monument to Generals Screven and Stewart. . . 494

The Military Spirit

Patriotic Societies - Notable Spots Marked by Memorial Tablets, etc. - Georgia Society of Colonial Wars - Georgia Society Sons of the Revolution - Savannah's Newspapers 507

Chapter Xliv Cities Of South Georgia

Brunswick - Columbus - Waycross - Blackshear - Valdosta and Hahira - Towns in Brooks County - Thomasville- - Baxley - Sylvester and Ashburn - Adel and Nashville - Statesborough - Towns in Toombs County - Other Towns - Concluding Remarks 516

Index

Aaron Burr, visit of, 269 Abbeville, 525 Abuse of Wesley, 73 Accession of Salzburg colonists. 53 Account of the progress of colonists, 10 Action of council in honoring prominent citizens, 427

Act of incorporation of Georgia Historical Society, 342 Adams, Cason F., 9G4 Adams, Charles E., 716 Adams, James C., 835 Adams, Thomas, 969 Address of Mayor Arnold to citizens,

Appling county, 522 Appropriation by congress, 423 Ard, George W., 991 Armory of Chatham Artillery, 404 Armstrong, George F., 699 Arnold, Richard D., 44S, 5S3 Arnold's account of origin of Georgia Historical Society, 341 Articles of Association, 17S Ashburn, 523 Assignment of lots, 26 Assistance from South Carolina, 11 Associated Charities, 510 Associated Charities organized, 500 Atkinson, David S., 582 Atkinson, Marcus H., 846 Atlantic Coast Line R. R.. 410 Atlantic Coast Line System, 472, 519 Attitude toward Hebrew colonists, 44 Attwill, Charles W., 961 Augusta surrendered to the Americans,

Bartow's warm and manly reply to governor, 438 Barwick, 522 Baxley, 522 Beasley, David A., SOI Beasley, Thomas, 803 Beaty, John P., 007 Beaulieu (Bewlie) founded bv Stephens,

Bulloch. Archibald, 161, 179, 200 Burial Grounds, 49 Burney. John G., 814 Burning of Filature building, 350 Burroughs, William B., 1074 Business and industries, 471 Bussell, James A., 736 Bussell, J. Monroe, 755

Canal project inaugurated, 311 Capital, surplus, etc., of banks, 479 Capture of Fort McAllister, 455 Capture of Savannah by the British, 203 Carnegie Library, Americas (view), 444 Carson, John A. G., 576 Carter, Jeremiah C., 923 Carter, John R.. 1031 Case of the slave yacht Wanderer, 429 Castell. Robert. 7 Catholic churches, 496 Catholic Knights of America, 510 Causton, Thomas, 65, 71, 86, 89 Causton's Bluff, 65 Causton's fall, 91 Causton's finances go wrong, S9 Celebrating the battle of New Orleans,

Celebrating the Warrington and Porter naval victories, 278 Cemeteries and memorials, 365 Centennial of Chatham Artillery, 500 Central of Georgia R. R., 476, 493 Central Railroad, 472 Central Railroad and Banking Company, 47S, 493

Cheatham, Walter B.. 1035 Children of the Confederacy, 511 China, William T.. 951 Christ church, 497 Christ church parish. 133 Christian church, 4.97 Christian, George R.. 10GS Christian Science church. 497 Churches and organized bodies, 494 Churches for the colored people, 497 Churches of Savannah, 494 Church of St. John the Baptist, 496 Cities of South Georgia. 516 Citizens and Southern Bank of Savannah,

Coming of the French fleet, 20S Coming of Whitefield, 93 Common council, 24 Commodore Decatur, 400 Commencement of actual war, 190 Commercial Bank, 47S Commercial Row, 409 Commercial statistics, 475 Commissioners for trade and plantations,

Congregation B'nai B'rith Jacob, 49 Congress thanks Colonial militia, 198 Connecting Savannah with Augusta, 329 Conoley, William B.. 783 Construction engineers appointed, 393 Continental battalion for Georgia, 188 Continental Congress, 175 Cooper. Joseph J., 770 Cordele, 525 Corish, Nicholas P., 723 Cotton Exchange, 477 Cotton Exchange organized, 500 Cotton statistics, 473 Cotton yards and docks, Savannah (view), 480

Crutchfield, Ivey P., 928 Cultivation of the grape vine, 47 Culture as health precaution, 365 Cumbest, Adam 998 Cumming. Joseph, 496 Cunningham, Henry C., 674 Curry, C. 955 Custom house, 409 Cutbbert, 52S

Dark colonial chapter, S6 Darling, Thomas J., SO 6 Daughters of Isabella, 511 Daughters of the Confederacy, 511 Davenport, Daniel F., 1052 Davenport, James A., 924 Davidson, William 565 Davis, Charles A., 671 Davis, C.eorge B., 725 Davis, William E., 951 Davis, William V., 621 Dawson, 52S Deal, Albert 753 Death and funeral of General Greene,

Death of Andrew Jackson, 359 Death of Honorable John Screven, 488 Death of Tomo-clii-chi, 102 Decade of noted events, 2S2 Decatur, Commodore, 400 Decker ward, 23, 29

Defense of the colony, 101 DeKalb Riflemen, 455 Delegates elected, 436 Delegates to continental congress, 191 Dell, Sidney D., 962 do Lyon, Abraham, 47 Derby ward, 23, 29 De Kenne, George W. J., 449 De Renne, G. W. J., and the Wormsloe publications, 448 De Renne, Wvmberley .J., 533 Description of waterworks (1S54), 394 DeSoto, The, 500

Dillon, William C., 904 Dinner given in honor of LaFayette, 303 Disaster to the allies, 219 Disastrous fire of 1796, 264 Disastrous plague, 291 Disposition of American forces, 204 Dissent to resolutions of August 10, 1774, 173 '

Early vineyard of a Portuguese Jew, 50 Eastman, 527 Edmondson, Grover C., 8S4 Edwards, Charles G., 549 Edwards, (Milton 1032 Eighth Georgia Regiment, 442 Elbert county, 501 Elbert, Samuel, 257 Ellaville, 529 Elliott, Stephen. 497 Ellis, Henry, Esq., 130 Ellis, Henry, succeeds Reynolds, 130 Emanuel, John IT, 948 Emerson, Henry A., 966 Encouraging the silk industry, 56 Episcopal Orphans' Home. 498 Erection of monument to Sergt. William Jasper, 500

Evacuation of Fort (Moultrie, 434 Evacuation of Savannah, 459 Evans, Benjamin 1007 "Evening Journal." 515 "Evening (Mirror," 515 Events preceding the revolution, 177 Eve of the revolution, 188 Everett, Edward, 426 Evidences of mutual regard, 3S Exchange Bank, 478

Falligant. Raiford. 679 Fall of Causton. 91 Fall of Fort (McAllister, 457 Fall of Fort Pulaski, 454 Families of Confederate officers required to leave, 465 Farie. James. Jr.. 940 Farmers and Mechanics Bank, 47S Father Oglethorpe. 61 Feeding and housing of first colonists,

Filature buildings, 57 Fillmore, Millard, 425; welcome to, 410 Final repulse of the Spaniards, 105 Financial settlement of BoSomworth trouble, 114 Finch, , Asbury B., 846 Finch, James B., 985 First African Baptist church, 497 First city jail, 355 First colonial assembly, 117 First conference with natives, 32 First Jewish burial place, 369 First masonic hall, 509 First meeting of Savannah county board,

First minister to the colony, 64 First news of disaster of "Pulaski,'' 338 First newspaper extra, 39S First Presbyterian church, 496 First regiment of Georgia militia, 27S First regular theatre opened (ISIS), 386 First steamship to cross Atlantic. 349 First streets, 62

First survey for waterworks, 392 First synagogue, 48 First telegraphic dispatches, 391 First town plan, 61 First Volunteer Regiment, 434, 508 First year's operation of Central of Georgia railroad, 327 Fitzgerald, 526 '

Fort McAllister necessary to defense of Savannah, 455 Fort Pulaski, 454 Fort Pulaski commenced, 311 Fort Wayne, 274 Foster, James L.. 987 Foster, John A., 674 Founding of Savannah, 1 Founding of Savannah in detail, 15

Good Chief Tomo-chi-chi, 40 Good South Carolina friends, 15 Googe, William 717 Gordon's first town plan, 61 Gordon, Peter, 61 Gordon, William W., 327, 477 Gornto, James Id., 745 Government building, Savannah (view),

Graham. John, and Thunderbolt, 199 Graham, Patrick, succeeds President Parker, 121 Grantees, 2S Grant, James R., T29 Grant, U. S., 485 Gray, Joseph F., 658 Great fire, 500 Great fire of 1S20, 2SS Greene, Gen., death and funeral of, 250 Greene and Pulaski monument. 37S Greene monument, 3S0 Greene, Nathaniel, and his services, 241 Greene, Nathaniel, monument, 375 Greene visits Mulberry Grove, 249 Griffin, Fletcher IV., 999 Griggs, James INI., 771 Grimshaw, Harry B.. 678 Groover, Daniel A.. 840 Groo/ver, James I.. 83S Groover, Robert L., 860 Gubernatorial proclamation, 124 Gunnell, Charles IV., 1004 Gurr, William FI., 929

Hebrews participated in the allotment of lands, 47 Hendry, John M., 973 Herbert, Henry, 64 Hermitage, 529 Herring, Patrick II., 942 Herring, Robert J., 834 Herrman, Soloman, 791 >«X.

Inhabitants of Georgia, 138 Interesting city events, 385 Interesting items, 482 International Automobile Race, 300 Invention of Eli Whitney, 472 Irish Jasper Greens, 301, 436 Irish Volunteers. 436 Irwin county, 525 Isler, James X., 856

Legal and medical professions, 502: at the present time, 504 Legal profession, 502 Leggett,- George P., 763 Lester, Laura E., 620 Lester, Rufus E., 61S LeVasseur, A., 307

"Liberty Boys" worry royal council, 174 "Liberty People," 174 Liberty Street branch of the Citizen's and Southern Bank, 47S Lieutenant-governor James Wright, 148 Light house erected on Bay street, 424 Lighting of the streets, 395 Linton, Moses B., 945 Literature, etc., 446 Littlefield. Elijah M. D., 983 Little Sisters of the Poor, 498 Little & Phillips, 871 Little, William IL. 871 Livingston. Thomas J., 830 Local militia ready to act, 276 Locating the burial place of Nathanael Greene. 290

National Bank of Savannah. 47S Naval stores and important trade, 474 Naval stores, Savannah (view), 474 Ncese, John A., t So Newbern, Philip, 937 New council house, 126 New Independent church, 2S7 New Laurel Grove cemetery, 366 New secretary of the trust, 74 Newspaper mention of "Pulaski" disaster,

Non-combatant citizens armed for defense of city, 445 Norman, Newton J., 641 Norman, William S., 641 Norton, George M., 667 Norton, Joseph S., 815 Notes from an early plan of Savannah,

Oemulgee and Flint River Railroad, 329 Oglethorpe, James E., 1, 10, 13, 15, 38, 54, 59, 61, 68, S3, 500. 529; portrait, 4; prison reform record, 4; reasons for selecting site, 12; and the Indians, 31; returns to England, 65; administration approved. S6: self-sacrifice, 90; administration the last, 105; last official appearance, 106; last days in Georgia, 114

Old and present theatre similar, 390 Oldest artillery company in Georgia, 257 Oldest hotel in Savannah, 500 Old Exchange, 267 Old Prison, 128

Order of American Firemen, 510 Original deed, 25 Original Savannah described, 59 Origin of name "Savannah," 2 Orphan Home, 97 Osborne, William W., 550 Other organized bodies, 499 Other writers, 450 Owls, 511

Petition to king, 1S1 Phillips, Wendie C., 872 Pideock, 522 Pierce county. 520 Pioneer churches, 64 Pioneer points of interest, 62 Pioneers, but not the first. 100 Pioneer theatrical performances (17S3), 3S5

Postoffice and Court House, Valdosta (view), 521 Powell, Alfred J., S75 Powell, Foy O., 727 Powell, Ivy M.. 769 Powers granted to the trusteed. 24 Preparations for the war of 1812, 272 Presbyterian meeting house, 136 Present artesian well system, 395 Present building completed in 1850, 409 President Pierce invited, 426 -Press," 513 Preston, 528

Proclamation of royalists, 207 Progress of infant colony, 22 Progress toward independence, 161 Prominent lawyers of a later period, 503 Promoted to General Oglethorpe, SS Prompt action of Governor J. E. Brown,

Joseph Ganahl. 430 Prosperous condition of colony. 148 Protestant Episcopal church, 497 Province divided into parishes, 132 Provincial congress, 179: address of. 179 Public ceremonies proclaiming new sovereign, 143

Public school system, 415 Public water supply, 392 Pulaski, Count, 223 Pulaski's. Count, death wound, 224 "Pulaski" disaster. 334 Pulaski Guards, 436 Pulaski House, 500 Pulaski monument, 308, 371 Pulaski monument delivered to commissioners, 374

Rapid growth of cotton business in Savannah, 472 Rauers, John J., 611 Real Estate & Trust Company, 478 Reception of LaFayette, 297 Reception to Henry Clay, 401 Reconstruction, 406 Regular municipal administration, 255 Reidsville, 52S

Religion, commerce and defense, 93 Religious, moral and industrial, 64 Removal of obstructions in river, 468 Removal of obstructions in the Savannah river, 422

Resolutions by Boston council, 467 Resolutions by Confederate council. 454 Resolutions by Jonathan Bryan. 15S Resolutions of Rhode Island legislature,

Resolutions on capture of Savannah, 464 Respect paid by public to memory of Henry Clay and Governor Troup, 427 Resultant sanitary measures, 413 Repeal of the stamp act acknowledged,

Reynolds, John. 122 Richardson, Charles H., 909 Rich, Elijah A. J., 1007 Rising discontent against royalty, 146 River front, Savannah (view), 421 Roberts, Hezekiah, S44 Roberts, John B., 1065 Robertson, William II., 656 Rochelle, 525 Rockingham, 523 Roddenbery, Walter B.. 1072 Rogers, Dwight L., 9S2 Roman Catholics, 495 Roman Catholic schools taken into public school system, 470 Rowland. Charles P., 614 Royal cause getting dark. 235 Royal civil government feeble, 231 Royalists attempt to capture rice boats,

Savannah, original site. 24; first Fourth of July (August 10th), 200; held by British, 202; again American, 231; as a military post, 312; prompt response, 301; water works, 394; public school system, 415; river and harbor, 420; literary circle, 440; during Civil war, 453; second cotton port in world, 472; commercial record, 475; business record for past four years, 475; imports, 476; banks, 477; ranks fourth among principal ports of United States, 481; sesqui-centennial, 485; newspapers,

Savannah, Albany & Gulf R. R., 519 Savannah & Albany R. R.. 472 Savannah & Atlantic R. R.. 493 Savannah and Ogeeehee canal. 391 Savannah and Spanish - American war,

Savannah Ritle Association, 499 Savannah Trust Company, 478 Savannah Union Station Company, 4S9 Savannah Volunteer Guards, 499 Savannah Widows' Society, 498 Savannah Yacht Club, 499 Scarborough, James M., 869 Scene in the Prison Park at Andersonville (view), 321

Schedule of the prices of goods, 37 Schirm, Edward L., 945 Schirm, William P., 944 Schley, Julian, 6S4 Schwarz, John 689 Screven, James 428, 501, 58S Screven, John, 595 Screven, John, death of, 4SS Screven, Thomas 605 Seaboard Air Line, 4S9 Seamen's Home, 497 Secession of Georgia. 436 Secession of South Carolina. 433 Second Savannah church, 133 Securing permanent quarters for Georgia Historical Society, 346

Sedition in Georgia, 150 Seminole war of 1836, 364 Seinmes, Kate 627 Semmes, Raphael T., 624 Sesqui-centennial of landing of Oglethorpe, 500

Smets, Alexander A., 446, 447 Smith, Edward 765 Smith, Joseph 959 Sneed. John L., 728 Solomon Lodge of Free Masons. 509 Sons of Confederate Veterans, 511 Sons of Liberty. 174 South Bound R. R. Company, 489 South Carolina aids Georgians, 198 South Carolina Council of Safety, 196 Southern Bank of the State of Georgia,

Statistics of the port of Savannah, 472 Status of railroads in 1842, 330 Steamer "Pulaski," 334 Stephens, William, 74 Stephens, William B.. 1002 Stephens, William, colonial president,

Tablet in honor of John Wesley, 511 Taggart, Grantham I., 676 Taggart, James, 676 Talley, William lb, 876 Telit," I. K., 343, 446 Telfair Aeademv of Arts and Sciences,

Telfair county, 525, 526 Telfair, Edward, 491, 526 Telfair Hospital for Females, 49S Tennille, George F., 700 Terrell county, 52S Terrific storm of 180 4, 271 Thackeray's visit and his account of city, 426

"The Villas of the Ancients," 7 Thomas county, 522 Thomas, Daniel 642 Thomas, Edward J., 711 Thomas, James G., 651 Thomas, Welcome H., 795 Thomasville, 522 Thompson, De Witt B.. 771 Thomson, Thomas F., 634 Thornton, George E., 1010 Thunderbolt. 199 Tiedeman. George W., 552 Tifton, 529

Train, John K., 657 Travis, Robert 692 Trial of Wesley. 78 Trinity church, 495 Trosdal, Einar S.. 611 Troup, Governor, 427 Trustees against slavery. 67 Trustees for establishing the Colony of Georgia in America. 23 Trustees' garden, 63

View Across the Square. Waveross, 520 Views - Old View of Savannah, 60; United States Custom House. 71; Postoffice, Americas, 127; Colquitt County Court House, Moultrie. 147; Agricultural School, Tifton. 187; Midway Church, erected in 1792. 262; City Exchange, erected in 1799. 268; Glynn County Court House. Brunswick. 295; Scene in the Prison Park. Andersonville, 321; Historical Graves in Colonial Park, Savannah. 367; Beautiful Roads through the Pines, Tifton, 377 ; River Front. Savannah. 421: Governor Joseph E. Brown's Headquarters, 43S: Carnegie Library. Amerieus. 444; Confederate Monument, Savannah. 461; Naval Stores. Savannah, 474: Savannah Bank and Trust Company, 478; Cotton Yards and Docks. Savannah, 480; Telfair Academy of Arts and Sciences. 492; Chatham County Court House. 499; Government Building. Savannah. 506: Jasper Springs. Savannah, 514; Chattahoochee in Harness, Columbus, 517; View Across the Square, Waveross. 520; Postoffice and Court House, Valdosta, 521; Lowndes County

Court House, 522; Young's College, Showing Annex, Thomasville, 523; Vasliti Industrial School. Thomasville, 524; Dodge County Court House. Eastman, 526; Street Scene. Dublin. 527; Mansion at the Hermitage, Savannah,

Vigorous preparation for resisting British attack. 279 Visit of Aaron Burr, 269 Visit of Ex-president Fillmore, 425 Visit of Ex-president Polk, 405 Visit of General Grant. 485 Visit of Jefferson Davis and his daughter Winnie, 500

Wayne, Anthony, 238, 247. 274 Wayne, Anthony, and his services, 247 Wayne, James M.. 449 Wayne. Richard, 427 Wayne's Georgia residence also short,

Webb, John E., 954 Webb, William W., 926 Webster, Daniel, city's guest. 406 Weddington, Cornelius A.. 722 Welcome to Millard Fillmore, 410 Wellborn, Carlton J., 963 Wesley and his labors. 71 Wesley and Sophia (Hopkins) Williamson, '75

Wesley Monumental church. 495 Wesley's statement of the trouble, 76 Whaley, Ezekiel R., 808 Wheat iy, John W., 1037 Wheatley, William FI. 1038 White-hard, James H.. S48 White, Erasmus I)., 752 Whitetield, George, 68, 85. 93 Whitefield in favor of slavery, 68 Whitetield succeeds John Wesley, 84 Whitley, James. 1057 Whitney, Eli, 472 Whittle Francis M., 906 Wight, John B., 1054 Wilcox county, 525 Wilcox, J. Mark, 739 Willett, Asaliel A., 1034 Williams. Pratt A*. S98 Williamson, William W., 659 Williford. Preston B., 925 Wilson. Horace E., 1048 Wilson, Joseph D.. 793 Wilson. William IT., S39 Wimberly, Leon P., 779 Winfield Scott and David Porter, Savannah's Guests, 297 Woodmen of the World, 511 Woodward. Lucius L., 775 Wormsloe Quartos, 449 Worth county, 523 Wright dissolves assembly, 163 Wright forbids public meeting. 169 Wright goes to England and returns to Savannah, 199

Founding Of Savannah

When the illustrious founder of the Colony of Georgia set sail from England, had he chosen a name for the place he might select as the location of the first settlement of his people ? This is an interesting question, and one very easily answered. He knew, of course, all about the boundaries of the territory described in the charter granted by George II to the Trustees, and that the said territory was "in that part of South Carolina, in America, which lies from the northern part of a stream or river there commonly called the Savannah," etc. The name Savannah, then, was not unknown to him, and it is a fact that he had determined, before leaving home, to name the capital of his colony after the stream which should thereafter separate Georgia from her friendly neighbor who willingly consented to the scheme so dear to the heart of that good man, now recognized as one of the foremost philanthropists of the world. This is no mere conjecture therefore, as it is positively recorded, even before Oglethorpe left the shores of England, that the name of the first place to be settled was Savannah. The statement has been made, and is true, that he "marked out the site of a town which, from the river which flowed by, he called Savannah." * A little more than one month after the landing of the colonists, the South Carolina Gazette published an account of a visit made to the new settlement by some Carolinians, mentioning the arrival of the colonists "at Yamacraiv, - a place so called by the Indians - but now Savannah in the Colony of Georgia." Judging from the language of all writers who have touched upon this point, it seems to have been the general opinion heretofore that Oglethorpe had found no name for the place until he began to build the town, but the truth of the matter, as divulged in the official records of the trustees, appears to have escaped the scrutiny of them all. Fifteen days before Oglethorpe's departure from Gravesend, a meeting of the Trustees was held, when they "affix'd their seal to a Grant erecting a Court of Judicature for trying causes, as well criminal as civil, in the town of Savannah, by the Name and Stile of the Town Court." (Colonial Records, edited by A. I). Candler, Vol. I, p. 83 - Minutes of the Trustees, Nov. 2, 1732.) Again, the common council, on the 8th of November, 1732, ordered "That Mr. Oglethorpe do set out three hundred acres of land in Georgia in America to be appropriated for the use of the Church of the Town of Savannah and a site for the Church and the Minister's House in the Town and likewise a Burial Place at a proper Distance from the Town" (Candler's Colonial Records, Vol II, pp. 10-11) ; and that same body, on the 7th of November. 1732, took action "appointing Peter Gordon, William Waterland and Thomas C'auston." Another item from the minutes of the trustees at a meeting held January 17. 1732-33, makes mention of the town, while the colonists were on their voyage, by ordering "That a letter be sent to Mr. Oglethorpe recommending Mr. Botham Squire to be settled in the Township of Savannah, under Mr. Christie's Grant, he paying the Expenses of his Passage himself."

Seeing, then, that the name was chosen in advance of the coming to the territory to be occupied by the settlers, let us inquire how it came to be adopted. It was so called from the river Savannah ; but how did that stream get its name? Hitherto there has been a difference of opinion on that point, some holding that it is purely an Indian word, while others contend for a Spanish origin. Logan, in a footnote on page 211 of Vol. I of his History of Upper South Carolina, makes this statement: "Isundiga was the Cherokee name for the ancient Keowee and Savannah. The present name of Savannah was derived from the Shawano or Savannah Indians, a warlike tribe that once lived on its western bank near the present site of Augusta. Some time after the settlement of South Carolina they removed beyond the Ohio. Adair declares they were driven away by the foolish measures of the English."

The settlement mentioned in this extract was called Savannah Town, afterwards known as Fort Moore. For full information as to this matter the reader is referred to Vol. Ill, part If, of Collections of the Georgia Historical Society - "A Sketch of the Creek Country," by Benjamin Hawkins, pp. 1G, 17, 21, 25, 34, 33 and S3.

Savannah And South Georgia

ing light on the first exploration of the State, and clearing up a part of its history otherwise so obscure, that so many of the Atlantic rivers of Georgia have the Spanish stamp on their names - as the St. Mary's, the Great and Little St. Ilia, the Altamaha, and last, and, if possible, the plainest of all, the Savannah. For no one can ascend that stream from the sea, or stand on the edge of the bluff which the city occupies, or on the top of its ancient Exchange [now, alas! completely obliterated, and its site marked by the new City Hall] (which may fire and war, and tempest, and the tooth of time, and the felon hand of improvement long spare) and overlook the vast expanse of flat lands that spread out on both sides of the river, -forming in winter a dark, in summer a green, in autumn a saffron, contrast to its bright, interesting waters, without knowing at once that from these plains, these savannas, the river got its name, derived from the Spanish language and the Spanish word Sabanna - and that it was baptized with the Christian, though not saintly, name it bears, by Spanish discoverers .just as certainly as the great grassy plains in South America owed their names of savannas to the same national source."

It is undoubtedly true, and the statement is made by all the writers to this same effect, that Oglethorpe "marked out the site of the town which, from the river which flowed by, he called Savannah." * The question is happily settled by the Hon. Albert Gallatin, who. in " Archaeologia Americana Transactions and Collections of the American Antiquarian Society," Vol. H, pn. 83-84, says: "In the year 1670, when English emigrants first settled in South Carolina, four tribes are mentioned near the seashore between the rivers Ashley and Savannah - the Stonoes, Edistoes, AVestoes, and Savannahs. * * *

It is hardly to he supposed that the founder of the city left England without some definite plan for the laying out of the same. Gen. James Edward Oglethorpe was not that kind of a man. His purpose in providing a home for the unfortunates of a certain class of his countrymen was made after a careful investigation of the cause of their condition, and the method of providing for their relief was carefully considered, so that when the time came to carry out his plan in that respect he was ready to answer satisfactorily any questions which might be put to him by skeptics and to brush away all objections which might be offered to his philanthropic scheme. So it was with every part of the intricate work which he set out to accomplish. When he set the colonists to work in building homes for themselves, after landing on Yamacraw bluff, those houses were built according to a well-prepared plan in the marking out of which he had spent many busy hours, and perhaps days. How can there be the slightest doubt of this in the mind of anyone who walks through the streets and squares of the city which, unique under its systematic order of by-ways, lanes, and chain of parks, makes it so attractive to visitors from all parts of the world? There is no other city on the whole earth just like it, and the regularity of its lines and angles compels the wonder and admiration of everybody! Whence came the plan, and who suggested it to Oglethorpe? Some light may be thrown on this subject when we consider the first steps leading to the founding of Georgia and contemplate the life and education of one who, through what the world calls chance, crossed the pathway through life of the man we so much honor.

The following endeavor to discover the source whence the plan of the city was obtained is the substance of a paper read by' the present writer before the Georgia Historical Society at a meeting held September 7, 1885, entitled "A Suggestion as to the Origin of the Plan of Savannah."

Entering parliament in the year 1722, and representing his constituents in that body for the long period of thirty-two years, Oglethorpe's record there bears witness to the characteristic energy of the man in his efforts to secure the rights of the downtrodden and to lift up the fallen. In other ways, also, he faithfully performed the duties required of all who are chosen to make and uphold the laws of their country. From the beginning to the end of his life Oglethorpe was indeed, and in truth, a philanthropist. His attention was soon called to the shocking state of affairs in connection with the prisons of England, but especially to the treatment of that class of prisoners known as "honest debtors," that is, men who through misfortune could not meet their pecuniary obligations, and, in accordance with the then lawful custom, were sent by their creditors to prison in the hope that friends would provide the means to pay the debts of the creditors in order to secure the release of the latter. As the author of a motion "that an inquiry should be instituted into the state of the gaols of the metropolis," the motion having been carried, he was made the chairman of a committee from the house of commons to investigate the methods of the prison keepers. The work of that committee in scrutinizing the conduct of the most notorious of these inhuman wretches form the subject of one of best known and most touching of the pictures of the renowned artist, William Hogarth. Its title is "Examination of Bambridge," and, as the mention of' it in this chapter will be explained a little farther on, the description accompanying the engraving of it in Hogarth's works, though rather lengthy, will not be out of place just here:

This very picture, Hogarth himself tells us, was painted in 1729 for Sir Archibald Grant, of Monnymusk, Bart., at that time Knight of the Shire for Aberdeen, and one of the committee represented in the painting; many of whom attended daily, and some of them twice a day. "That every other figure in the print is a genuine portrait there cannot be the least doubt; though at this distant period it is not possible to identify the particular persons, they are all, however, to be found in the following of the names of the committee:

" 'The scene,' says Mr. Walpole, 'is the Committee. On the table are the instruments of torture. A prisoner in rags, half starved, appears before them; the poor man has a good countenance, that adds to the interest. Ou the other hand is the inhuman Gaoler. It is the very figure that Salvator Rosa would have drawn for Iago in the moment of detection. Villainy, fear and conscience, are mixed in yellow and livid on his countenance; his lips are contracted by tremor, his face advances as eager to lie, his legs step back as thinking to make his escape; one hand is thrust precipitately into his bosom, the lingers of the other are catching uncertainly at his botton-holes. If this was a portrait it is the most striking that was ever drawn; if it was not. it is still finer.'

"This committee was first appointed February 25, 172^-9, to examine into the state of the Gaols within the Kingdom; and the persons here represented under examination were Thomas Cambridge, then warden of the Fleet prison, and John Huggins, his predecessor in that office. Both were declared 'notoriously guilty of great breaches of trust, extortions, cruelties, and other high crimes and misdemeanors.' It was the unanimous resolution of the committee 'that Thomas Cambridge, the acting Warden of the Prison of the Fleet, hath wilfully permitted several debtors to the Crown in great sums of money as well as debtors to divers of His Majesty's subjects to escape; hath been guilty of the most notorious breaches of his trust, great extortions, and the highest crimes and misdemeanors in the execution of his said office; and hath arbitrarily and unlawfully loaded with irons, put into dungeons, and destroyed prisoners for debt under his charge, treating them in the most barbarous and cruel manner in high violation and contempt of the Laws of this Kingdom. '

"It was also resolved 'that John Huggins. Esq., late Warden of the Prison of the Fleet, did. during the time of his wardenship, wilfully permit several considerable debtors in his custody to escape; and was notoriously guilty of great breaches of trust, extortions, cruelties, and other high crimes and misdemeanors, in the execution of the said office ; ' and he was for some time committed to Newgate, but afterwards lived in credit to the age of ninety."

Let this fact not slip the attention of the reader: that several of the members of this committee were afterwards associated with Oglethorpe as trustees named in the charter of the Colony of Georgia.

Dr. Thaddeus Mason Harris * asserts that the attention of Oglethorpe was first attracted to the prison conditions of England by the case of Sir William Rich, Baronet. If is certain that General Oglethorpe numbered among his friends Robert Castell, whose life was in some' respects remarkable, and whose maltreatment at the hands of the same Barnbridge, while a prisoner in the Fleet, is thus told by Robert Wright, in his "Life of Oglethorpe:"

"Though born to a competent estate, he became involved in debt and was arfe'sted. Castell was first carried to a sponging-house attached to the Fleet prison and kept by one Corbett, an underling of the warden. On giving security by virtue of 'presents,' as they were called, to the latter whose name was Thomas Bambridge, he obtained the liberty of the rules, but at length becoming no longer able to gratify the warden's appetite for refreshers, that insatiate officer ordered him to be recommitted to Corbett's, where the small-pox then raged ! Poor Castell having informed Bambridge that he had never had that disease, and was in great dread of it, earnestly implored to be sent to some other sponging-house, or even into the jail itself. But though the monster's own subordinates were moved to compassion, and endeavored to dissuade him from his purpose, he forced his unhappy prisoner into the infected house, where he caught the small-pox, of which he died after a few days, leaving a large family in the greatest distress, and with his last breath charging Bambridge as his murderer." It is asserted that Bambridge was twice tried for the murder of Castell, but was acquitted.

Just here we find the turning point in the life of Oglethorpe which led him into an investigation of the treatment of prisoners by their custodians and culminating in the founding of Georgia, and the building of the city which was the landing-place of the first colonists under his leadership. It was Castell 's case that directed his mind to introduce his resolution in the House of Commons. In the year 172S, Robert Castell, a skilful architect, published a sumptuous work called "The Villas of the Ancients," richly illustrated, and containing matter certainly of interest, and very probably of utility to one who might have in view the founding of a town or planning the laying out of pleasure grounds. The author, in his preface, says: "The whole work consists of three parts. The first contains the description of a Villa Urbana, or country house of retirement near the city, that was supplied with most of the necessaries of life from a neighboring market town. The second sets forth the rules that were necessary to be observed by an architect who had the liberty to choose a situation and to make a proper distribution of all things in and about the villa; but particularly with relation to the farm house, which in this sort of buildings, according to the more ancient Roman manner, was always joined to the master's house, or but very little removed from it. In the third part is shown the description of another Villa Urbana on a situation very different from the former, with the farm house and appurtenances so far removed as to be no annoyance to it, and at the same time so near as to furnish it conveniently with all necessaries." It was usual at that time for books of an expensive sort to be sold by subscription, and a list of the subscribers was printed as an appendix to the work. The list so added to- this publication shows that James Oglethorpe subscribed for two copies. His friendship for the author is thus shown, as well as in his visits to the author-prisoner in his eontinement within the walls of the Fleet. Who can say what suggestions presented in that volume were adopted by Oglethorpe in his plan of Savannah, or to what extent he was indebted to the author, either in conversation or in written communication, for the same purpose? May not the bond of friendship which impelled the noble philanthropist to visit in prison the unfortunate artist, leading the former to plan an asylum of refuge for ''many of his Majesty's poor subjects who through misfortunes and want of employment were reduced to great necessities" * have also led him to take advice from one of these "poor subjects," well-equipped for the work, in so important a matter?

Thus far, by way of introduction, an attempt has been made to account for the name of the city whose history we are considering, and to show, by way of suggestion only, the probable source whence Oglethorpe acquired and finally developed the general plan of the first settlement of his followers, having, to some extent, at least, an idea of its future growth in beauty and importance among the great cities of the world both from a commercial standpoint and otherwise. These two points have received our special attention here, for the reason that former writers have, whether through lack of knowledge or failure to see their importance, passed them by in silence.

Chapter Ii

Following the thorough investigation of the matter of the inhuman treatment of those who, for causes beyond their own control, were lying in English prisons without apparent hope of release, Oglethorpe, in conjunction with other influential men, among whom was Lord John, Viscount Perc-ival, addressed the privy council in a memorial setting forth "that the cities of London. and Westminster, and parts adjacent, do abound with great numbers of indigent persons who are reduced to such necessity as to become burdensome to the public, and who would be willing to seek a livelihood in any of his Majesty's plantations in America, if they were provided with a passage and means of settling there." etc. These petitioners further declared their willingness to engage in the setting up of a colony on receiving from the Crown a grant of lands specified by them and afterwards described in the ample charter as "all those lands, countries and territories situate, lying and being in that part of South Carolina, in America, which lies from the most northern part of a stream or river there, commonly called the Savannah, all along the sea coast to the southward, unto the most southern stream of a certain other great water or river called the Altamaha, and westerly from the heads of said rivers respectively, in direct lines to the South Seas ; and all that shore, circuit and precinct of land within the said boundaries, with the islands on the sea lying opposite to the eastern coast of the said lands; within twenty leagues of the same, which are not inhabited already, or settled by any authority derived from the crown of Great Britain, together with all the soils, grounds, havens, ports, gulfs and bays, mines, as well royal mines of gold and silver as other minerals, precious stones, quarries, woods, rivers, waters, fishing, as well royal fishings of whale and sturgeon as other fishings, pearls, commodities, jurisdictions, royalties, franchises, privileges and pre-eminences within the said frontiers and precincts thereof and thereunto in any sort belonging or appertaining, and which we by our letter patents may or can grant."

We are not writing a history of Georgia, and therefore it is not necessary to enter into detail upon the various matters pertaining to the preparations for the departure from the mother country of the emigrants. The trustees chose as the medium of transportation a galley, called the Anne, whose capacity was only two hundred tons burden, and whose commander was one John Thomas. Eighteen days before the vessel set sail, that is to say, on the 30th of October, 1732, the Gentleman's Magazine published this statement: "The Ann, Galley, of above two hundred tons, is on the point of sailing from Deptford, for the new colony of Georgia, with thirty-five families, consisting of carpenters, bricklayers, farmers, etc., who take all proper instruments. The men were learning military discipline of the guards, as must all that go thither, and to carry musquets, bayonets, and swords, to defend the colony, in ease of an attack from the Indians. She has on board ten tons of Alderman Parson's best beer, and will take in at the Madeiras live tons of wine, for the service of the colony. James Oglethorpe, Esq., one of the trustees, goes with them to see them settled." The Rev. Dr. Henry Herbert went with them as chaplain, volunteering to act in that capacity, and to perform all the duties of his sacred office without any pecuniary reward whatever. The following account of the progress made from the date of sailing until they reached the place selected for the first settlement is taken from the South Carolina Gazette of the 31st of March, 1732-3, and is generally supposed to have been written by Dr. Herbert :

"We set sail from Gravesend on the 17th of November, 1732, in the ship Anne, of two hundred tons, John Thomas, master, and arrived off the bar of Charlestown [now Charleston, S. C.] on the 13th day of January following. Mr. Oglethorpe went on shore to wait upon the Governor, and was received with great marks of civility and satisfaction; obtained an order for Mr. Middleton, the King's Pilot, to carry the ship into Port Royal, and for small craft to carry the colony from thence to the River Savannah, with the promise of further assistance from the Province. He returned on board on the 14th day, and came to anchor within the bar of Port Royal, at above sixteen miles distance from Beaufort. On the 18th he went on shore upon Trench's Island, and left a guard of eight men upon John's, being a point of that island which commands the channel, and is about half way between Beaufort and the Savannah. They had orders to prepare huts for the reception of the colony against they should lye there in the passage. From thence he went to Beaufort Town, where he arrived at one o'clock in the morning, and was saluted with a discharge of all the artillery, and had the new Barracks fitted up, where the Colony landed on the 20th day, and were in every respect cheerfully assisted by Lieutenant Watts and Ensign Farrington, and other officers of His Majesty's Independent Company, as also Mr. Delabare. and other gentlemen of the neighborhood; while the Colony refreshed themselves there, Mr. Oglethorpe went up the river and chose a situation for a town, and entered into a treaty with Tomo-chi-chi, the Mico, or Chief of the only nation of Indians living near it. He returned on the 24th day and they celebrated the Sunday following [January 28] as a day of thanksgiving for their safe arrival, and a sermon was preached by the Rev. Air. Jones (the Rev. Dr. Herbert, who came with the colony, preached that day at Beaufort Town). There was a great resort of the gentlemen of that neighborhood and their families, and a plentiful dinner provided for the colony and all that came, by Mr. Oglethorpe; being four fat hogs, eight turkies, besides fowls, English beef and other provisions, a hogshead of punch, a hogshead of beer, a large quantity of wine, and all was disposed in so regular a manner that no person was drunk nor any disorder happened.

''On the 30th [Tuesday] the colony embarked on board a sloop of seventy tons, and five periaugers * and made sail, but were forced by a storm to put in at a place called the Look Out, and to lie there all night. The next day they arrived at Johns, where they found huts capable to contain them all. and a plentiful supper of venison. They re-embarked the next day, and in the afternoon arrived at the place intended for the town. Being arrived on the 1st of February, at the intended town, before night they erected four large tents, sufficient to hold all the people, being one for each tything; they landed their bedding and other little necessaries, and all the people lay on shore. The ground they encamped upon is the edge of the river, where the Key is intended to be.

"Until the 7th was spent in making a crane and unloading the goods, which done, Air. Oglethorpe divided the people, employing part in clearing land for seed, part in beginning the palisade, and the remainder in felling trees where the town is to stand.

"Colonel Bull arrived here with a message from the general assembly [of South Carolina] to Air. Oglethorpe, and a letter from his Excellency Governor Johnson, and the Council, acquainting him that the two Houses, upon a conference, had agreed to give twenty barrels of rice and one hundred head of cattle, besides hogs, to the Trustees; and that they had commanded a detachment of the Rangers (which are horse kept in the pay of the Province for the scouting the frontiers) and the Scout Boat (which is an armed bark employed for the same purpose by water) to attend him and take his orders.

"Colonel Bull brought with him four of his negroes, who were sawyears, to assist the Colony, and also brought provisions for them, being resolved to put the Trustees to no expense, and by this means to bestow his benefaction in the most noble and useful manner.

"On the 9th [February], Air. Oglethorpe and Colonel Bull marked out the square, the streets, and the lots for the houses for the Town; and the first house (which was ordered to be made of clapboard) was begun that day.

* Sometimes spelle<l periaguux. "Long flat-bottomed boats carrying from 20 to 30 tons. They have a kind of Forecastle and a Cabin; but the rest open, and no deck. They have two masts which they can strike, ami sails like Schooners. They row generally with two oars only." Description by Francis Moore, in his Voyage to Georgia, p. 49. London, 1744.

top of a hill, and sixty yards of it is reserved between it and the Key. The river washes the foot of the hill, which stretches along the side of it a mile, and formed a terrace forty feet perpendicular above high water.

"From the Key, looking eastward, you may discover the river as far as the islands in the sea, and westward one may see it wind through the woods above six miles.

Oglethorpe wrote a letter to the trustees, giving an account of his arrival at Charleston and on his arrival at Savannah he opens his account of his progress with a reference to that paper which, however, is presumably lost, as no copy of it is given by any writer. That letter, if in existence, could probably add but little, if any, information to what we now possess; but it seems strange that it has not been preserved. The Minutes of the Trustees, dated February 28. 1732-3, contain this reference to it: "Read a letter from Mr. Oglethorpe dated January the 13th, 1732-3. on board the ship Ann, giving an account of his safe arrival at Charlestown and the health of the Colony, having lost in the passage only Richard Cannon's Youngest Son, Aged Eight Months, and Robert Clarke's Youngest Son, Aged One Year and a Half."

Too much stress cannot be laid upon the reasons for selecting the site of the town and the beginning of the building of houses on the same, and so, at the risk of being considered too prolix, the following accounts by Oglethorpe himself are inserted : Under date of February 10, 1732-3, from the camp at Savannah, he wrote this letter to the trustees:

"Gentlemen: - I gave you an account in my last of my arrival in Charlestown. The Governor and Assembly have given us all possible encouragement.

"Our people arrived at Beaufort on the 20th of January, where I lodged them in some new Barracks built for the soldiers, while I went myself to view the Savannah River.

"I fixed upon a healthy situation about ten miles from the sea. The river here forms a half moon, along the South side of which the Banks are about forty foot high; and upon the top a Flat, which they call a Bluff.

"The plain high ground extends into the country five or six miles, and along the River Side about a mile. Ships that draw 12 foot water can ride within ten yards of the Bank.

"Upon the River Side, in the centre of this plain, I have laid out the town; over against it is an island of very rich Land, fit for pasturage, which I think should be kept for the Trustees' cattle.

"The River is pretty wide, the water fresh, and from the key of the town you see its whole course to the sea. with the Island of Tybee, which forms the mouth of the River; ami the other way you see the River for about six miles up into the country.

"The whole of the People arrived here on the 1st of Feb.:* at night their tents were got up. Till the 7th we were taken up in unloading and making a crane, which T could not then get finished, so took off the hands, and set some to the fortification, ami began to fell the woods.

"I mark'd out the Town and Commons; half of the former is already cleared, and the first house was begun yesterday in the afternoon. ******* "Mr. Whitaker has given one hundred head of cattle. Col. Bull, Mr. Barlow, Mr. St. Julian, and Mr. Woodward, are come up to assist us, with some of their own servants. I am so taken up in looking after a hundred necessary Things, that I write now short, but shall give you a more particular Account hereafter. A little Indian Nation, the only one within fifty miles, is not only at Amity, but desirous to be Subjects to his Majesty King George, to have lands given them among us, and to breed their Children at our Schools. Their Chief and his Beloved Man, who is the Second Man in the Nation, desire to be instructed in the Christian Religion.

The reader will perceive that in the foregoing letter the name of the island lying opposite the town is not mentioned. Indeed, it is very probable that at that date it had no name. Thus far it has not been added to the corporate limits of the city of Savannah which has grown to such a large extent since the time of Oglethorpe, but its situation and its relation in a business way to the city, especially since its vast improvement by the Seaboard Air Line Railway Company, in the building of docks, wharfs and warehouses, demand that some record be here made of its history and commercial importance.

The name Hutchinson's Island first occurs in a tract entitled "A Voyage to Georgia, begun in the year 1735," by Francis Moore, Keeper of the Stores, and at one time Recorder of Frederica. Under date February 9. 1736, he says : "I took a view of the town of Savannah. It is about a mile and a quarter in circumference ; it stands upon the flat of a hill, the bank of the river (which they in barbarous English call a bluff) is steep and about forty-five foot perpendicular, so that all heavy goods are brought up by a crane, an inconvenience designed to be remedied by a bridged wharf, and an easy ascent, which in laying out the town, care was taken to allow room for, there being a wide strand between the first row of houses and the river. From this strand there is a very pleasant prospect; you see the river wash the foot of the hill, which is a hard, clear, sandy beach, a mile in length; the water is fresh, and the river one thousand foot wide. Eastward you see the river increased by the northern branch,* which runs round Hutchinson's island, and the Carolina shore beyond it, and the woody islands at the sea, which close the prospect at ten or twelve miles distance. Over against it is Hutchinson's island, great part of which is open ground, where they sow hay for the Trust's horses and cattle. The rest is woods in which there are many bay trees eighty foot high. Westward you see the river winding between the woods, with little islands in it for many miles, and Toma Chi Chi's Indian town standing upon the southern banks, between three and four miles distance." This writer then describes the town as it appeared at the time of his visit, and at the proper point we will quote more of his words. We are now concerned with the island whose name appears for the first time in his short history. Oglethorpe used it for the first time in a letter to the trustees a little more than three months after the date set down in Moore's journal, namely, May 18th, 1736, written at Frederica, on St. Simon's Island. In this letter he says: "The magistrates of Savannah have seized and staved large quantities of Rum upon the River under the Hill at Savannah. This channel being between Hutchinson's Island and Savannah they deem that the water between the Island and the Town is Georgia since the Islands are so.'' From that time the name became commonly known, and the island has had no other name.

No one has, apparently, deemed it of sufficient interest to attempt to account for the origin of its appellation. Who first called it by the name it has borne since the year 1736? Was it so called before that time? Apparently not, or Oglethorpe would have said so in his letter of February 10th, 1733. It seems to this writer that the time has now come when any matter connected with this thriving, important, busy and rapidly growing city should be deemed worthy of interest and investigation, and it seems especially important that, if possible, the name of this now valuable adjunct to Savannah should be accounted for. In the progress of his research he has found nothing upon which to base a reasonable conclusion of this matter but a single item in connection with the founding of the Colony of Georgia, and that, he thinks is convincing evidence of the reasonableness of said conclusion. The only time the name Hutchinson occurs in the colonial records is in a list kept by the trustees of "Monies Received from the Several Persons Hereafter Named, for the Following Purposes; that is to say, * * * To be applied for Establishing the Colony, vizt, : from

That is all; but need we look further for a solution of the question ? The amount subscribed by Air. Hutchinson was not large, and. compared with that given by some others, may be deemed insignificant; but, when we find the record of the donation coupled with the statement that it was tendered "by the hands of Mr. Oglethorpe," it is probable that behind those words there lies hidden a depth of meaning which, if by any possibility could be uncovered, would develop the true reason - possibly a very strong bond of friendship - for the bestowal of his name upon this rich spot of earth.

The development of the island by the Seaboard Air Line Company was, at the time, considered a great undertaking; but the possibility of making the river front across the river valuable in both a commercial and industrial way was seriously considered as far back as the year 1818, when, during the month of November, two of Savannah's aldermen (Charlton and Cope) prepared a memorial to the Georgia legislature, in which this matter was touched upon as follows: "On the opposite side of that branch of the river which separates the city from Hutchinson's island, it is proposed to erect an extensive range of wharves and warehouses which, carrying with them a certain class of population and other incidents of commerce will temporarily and unquestionably require a very active interposition of city regulations."

Chapter Hi Founding In Detail

We have followed the colonists from England to the shores of Georgia and to the spot which, in the succeeding pages, shall have our entire attention. On the evening of their arrival they set up ''on the edge of the river" four large tents, one for each tything, where they spent the night. Their leader slept in his own tent, pitched under four pine trees, on the top of the bluff, and we are told that " this canvas was his abiding place for nearly a year. 'Subsequently he contented himself with hired lodgings in one of the houses of his people. ' ' *

The next day Oglethorpe assembled the people and publicly returned thanks to God for granting them a safe passage and asked His blessing upon their proposed work. In addition to what he said in his letter to the trustees, January 13, 1733, concerning the selection at Yamacraw bluff of the site for the town, in a letter to .that body, dated February 20th, he further said: " I chose the Situation for the Town upon a high Ground forty foot perpendicular above High-water Mark. The Soil dry and sandy, the AVater of the River fresh, Springs coming out from all Sides of the Hills. I pitched on this place not only for the pleasantness of its Situation, but because from the above-mentioned and other signs I thought it healthy, for it is sheltered from the Western and Southern winds (the worst in this country) by vast AVoods and Pine-trees, many of which are one hundred, and few under seventy foot high. There is no Atoss on the Trees, as in most parts of Carolina they are covered with it, and it hangs down two or three foot from them. The last and fullest consideration of the Healthfulness of the place was that an Indian nation, who knew the Nature of this Country, chose it for their Habitation. " he began. That help came entirely from the good people of South Carolina. We have obtained some idea of the magnitude of this generous conduct on their part which must have lifted from the shoulders of the leader of the colonists no small part of the heavy burden with which he set out. Let us pause here, therefore, and go to the official records of South Carolina for a proper understanding of the 'conduct of that noble people. The assembly, through a committee, resolved, on the 26th of January, 1733, "That * * * we are unanimously

"And for that end your committee apprehend it necessary that his Excellency [Gov. Robert Johnson] be desired to give orders and directions that Captain McPherson, together with fifteen of the rangers, do forthwith repair to the new settlement of Georgia, to cover and protect Mr. Oglethorpe, and those under his care, from any insult that may be offered them by the Indians, and that they continue and abide there till the new settlers have enforced themselves, and for such further time as his excellency may think necessary.

"That the Lieutenant and four men of the Apalachicola Garrison be ordered to march to the fort on Cambahee, to join those of the rangers that remain; and that the commissary be ordered to find them with provision as usual.

"That his Excellency will please to give directions that the scoutboat at Port Royal do attend the new settlers as often as his Excellency shall see occasion.

"That a present be given Mr. Oglethorpe for the new settlers of Georgia forthwith, of an hundred head of breeding cattle and five bulls, as also twenty breeding cows and four boars, with twenty barrels of good and merchantable rice; the whole to be delivered at the charge of the public, at such place in Georgia as Mr. Oglethorpe shall appoint.

"That periaguas be provided at the charge of the public to attend Air. Oglethorpe at Port Royal, in order to carry the new settlers, arrived in the ship Anne, to Georgia, with their effects, and the artillery and ammunition now on board.

"That Colonel Bull be desired to go to Georgia with the Hon. James Oglethorpe, Esq., to aid him with his best advices and assistance in settling the place."

Previous to that time, that is to say on the 13th of January, Governor Johnson had published an advertisement in the South Carolina Gazette, calling on the people of his province to assist in the settling of the new colony, which advertisement closed in these words: "The piety and charity of so good an undertaking, I hope will be a sufficient inducement to every person to contribute something to a work so acceptable to God, as well as so advantageous to this [South Carolina] province:" and in communicating to Oglethorpe the action taken by the Carolina general assembly, Governor Johnson and his council sent him this letter:

"Sir - We cannot omit the first opportunity of congratulating you on your safe arrival in the province, wishing you all imaginable success in your charitable ami generous undertaking; in which we beg leave to assure you that any assistance we can give shall not be wanting in the promotion of the same.

' ' The General Assembly having come to the Resolution inclosed, we hope you will accept it as an instance of our sincere intentions to forward so good a work; and of our attachment, to a person who has at all times so generously used his endeavors to relieve the poor, and deliver them out of their distress; in which you have hitherto been so successful, that we are persuaded this undertaking cannot fail under your prudent conduct, which we most heartily wish for.

Colonel Bull, a gentleman of this Board, and who we esteem most capable to assist you in the settling of your new colony, is desired ro deliver you this, and to accompany you, and render you the best services he is capable of; and is one whose integrity you may very much depend on.

Farther than this, Governor Johnson, in a letter to Benjamin Martyn, secretary of the trustees of Georgia, dated February 12, 1733, said of Colonel Bull: "I have likewise prevailed on Colonel Bull, a member of the Council, and a gentleman of great probity and experience in the affairs of this Province, the nature of land, and the method of settling, and who is well acquainted with the manner of the Indians, to attend I\Ir. Oglethorpe to Georgia with our compliments, and to offer him advice and assistance ; and. had not our assembly been sitting. I would have gone myself."

Fortunate, indeed, was General Oglethorpe in having the aid and friendship of Col. William Bull in this most important business. All that was said of him by Governor Johnson, and others, was true. He promised his assistance, and that promise- was more perfectly realized than the fondest hopes of the colonists had expected. Not only did he give his best service, but he added to it materially in providing the skilled labor of four of his servants of whom it was said that they were expert sawyers. Their part of the work was in preparing boards for the houses. As highly appreciated however, as were the friendship and support of this man, whose name has been most prominently mentioned, there were others from Carolina whose services deserved and received the sincere gratitude and thanks of those who at this critical period stood in sore need of help. Oglethorpe wrote to the trustees: "Mr. Whitaker has given us one hundred head of cattle. Mr. Bull, Mr. Barlow, Mr. St. Julian, and Mr. Woodward are to come up to assist us with some of their servants." In return for all the kindness received at the hands of these, friends Oglethorpe named some of the streets of the town for such as gave and did the most. In the naming of the wards and tythings he remembered the trustees of t lie colony who. from the very beginning,

It seems proper just here to explain the method by which the town' was divided into lots, and for this purpose we will again take the words of Francis Moore whose "Voyage to Georgia" is accurate. Continuing where we left off in Chapter II, he says: "The town of

Savannah is built of Wood; all the Houses of the first forty Freeholders are of the same size with that Mr. Oglethorpe -lives in, but there are great numbers built since, I believe one hundred or one hundred and fifty, many of these are much larger, some of two or three stories high, the Boards plained and painted. The Houses stand on large lotts. sixty foot in Front, by ninety foot in Depth; each lot has a fore and back street to it, the lotts are fenced in with split Poles; some few People have pallisades of turned wood before their Doors; but the generality have been wise enough not to throw away their Money which, in this Country, laid out in Husbandry, is capable of great improvements, though there are several People of good Substance in the town who came at their own Expense, and also several of those who came over on the charity, are in a very thriving way; but this is observed that the most substantial people are the most frugal, and make the least show, and live at the least Expense. There are some also who have made but little or bad use of the Benefit they received, idling away their time, whilst they had Provisions from the Publick store, or else working for hire, earning from two shillings, the price of a labourer, to four or five shillings, the price of a carpenter, per diem, and spending the money in Rum and Good Living, thereby neglecting to improve their Lands, so that when their time of Receiving their Provisions from the Publick ceased, they were in no Forwardness to maintain themselves out of their own Lands. As they chose to be hirelings when they might have improved for themselves, the consequence of that folly forces them now to work for their Daily Bread. These are generally discontented with the Country; and if they have run themselves in Debt, their creditors will not let them go away till they have paid. Considering the Number of People there are but very few of these. The industrious ones have throve beyond expectation ; most of them that have been there three Years, and many others, have Houses in the Town which those that let have, for the worst £10 per annum, and the best let for £30.

"Those who have cleared their five Acre Lotts have made a very great Profit out of them by greens, roots and corn. Several have improved the Cattle they had at first, and have now five or six Tame Cows; others, who to save the Trouble of Feeding them, let them go into the Woods, can rarely find them, and when brought up, one of them will not give half the quantity of Milk which another Cow fed near Home will give.

"Their Houses are built at a pretty large Distance from one another for fear of fire; the Streets are very wide, and there are great squares left at Proper Distances for Markets and other Conveniences. Near the Riverside there is a Guard-house inclosed with Palisades a Foot Thick, where there are nineteen or twenty Cannons mounted, and a continual Guard kept by the Free-holders. This Town is governed by three Bailiffs, and lias a Recorder, Register, and a Town Court which is holden every six weeks, where all Matters Civil and Criminal are decided by grand and petty juries as in England; but there are no Lawyers allowed to plead for hire, nor no Attornies to take money, but (as in old times in England) every man pleads his own cause. In case it should be an Orphan, or one that cannot speak for themselves, there are Persons of the best Substance in the Town appointed by the Trustees to take care of the Orphans, and to defend the Helpless, and that without Fee or Reward, it being a Service that such that is capable must perform in his turn.

"They have some laws and customs peculiar to Georgia; one is that all Brandies and Distilled Liquors are prohibited under severe Penalties ;t another is that no Slavery is allowed, nor Negroes; a third, that all Persons who go among the Indians must give Security for their Good Behavior; because the Indians, if any Injury is done to them and they cannot kill the man who does it, expect satisfaction from the Government, which, if not procured, they break out into War In' killing the first White Man they conveniently can.

"The Free-holds are all entailed which has been very fortunate for the Place. If People could have sold, the greater part, before they knew the Value of their Lotts, would have parted with them for a trifling Condition, and there were not wanting Rich men who employed Agents to Monopolize the Whole Town ; and if they had got Numbers of Lotts into their own Hands, the other Free-holders would have had no Benefit by letting their Houses, and hardly of Trade, since the Rich, by means of a large Capital, would underlet and undersell, and the Town must have been almost without inhabitants as Port Royal in Carolina is, by the best Lotts being got into a few Hands.

"The mentioning the Laws and Customs leads me to take notice that Georgia is founded upon Maxims different from those on which other Colonies have been begun. The Intention of that Colony was an Asylum to receive the Distressed. This was the charitable Design, and the governmental View besides that was with Numbers of Free White People, well settled, to strengthen the southern Part of the English Settlements on the Continent of America, of which this is the Frontier. It is necessary therefore not to permit Slaves in such a Country, for slaves starve the poor Labourer, for, if the Gentleman can have his Work done by a Slave who is a Carpenter or a Bricklayer, the Carpenters or Bricklayers of that Country must starve for want of Employment, and so of other trades.

"In order to maintain many People it was proper that the Land should be divided into small Portions, and to prevent the uniting thmu by Marriage or Purchase. For every Time that two Lotts are united, t lie town loses a Family, and the Inconvenience of this shows itself at Savan- nail notwithstanding the Care of the Trustees to prevent it. They suffered the moiety of the Lotts to descend to the Widows during their Lives; those who remarried to Men who had Lotts of their own. by uniting two Lotts made one to be neglected; for the strength of Hands who could take care of one, was not sufficient to look and improve two. These uncleared Lotts are a nuisance to their neighbors. The Trees which grow upon them shade the Lotts, the Beasts take shelter in them, and for want of clearing the Brooks which pass thro' them, the Lands are often prejudiced by floods. To prevent all these inconveniences the first Regulation of the Trustees was a strict Agrarian Law, by which all the Lands near Towns should be divided, fifty Acres to each' Free-holder. The quantity of Land by experience seems rather too" much, since it is impossible that one poor Family can tend so much Land. If this Alottment is too much, how much more inconvenient would the uniting of two be? To prevent it, the Trustees grant the Lands in Tail Male, that on the expiring of a Male-line they may re-grant it to such Man. having no other Lott, as shall be married to the next Female Heir, of the Deceased, as is of good Character. This manner of Dividing prevents also the Sale of Land, and the Rich thereby monopolizing the Country.

"Each Free-holder has a Lott in Town Sixty foot by Ninety foot, besides which he has a Lott, beyond the Common, of Five Acres for a Garden. Every Ten Houses make a Tything, and to every Tvthing there is a mile Square, which is divided into twelve Lotts, besides Roads; each Freeholder of the Tything has a Lott or Farm of forty-five Acres there, and two Lotts are reserved by the trustees in order to defray the Charge of the Publick. The town is laid out for two hundred and forty Free-holds : the quantity of lands necessary for that number is twenty-four square miles ; every forty houses in town make a ward to which four square miles in the country belong, each, ward has a constable, and under him four tything men. Where the town-lands end, the villages begin; four villages make a ward without, which depends upon one of the wards within the town. The use of this is, in case of war should happen that the villages without may have places in the town, to bring their cattle and families into for refuge, and to that purpose there is a square left in every ward big enough for the out-wards to encamp in. There is ground also kept round about the town ungranted, in order for the fortifications whenever occasion shall require. Beyond the villages commence lotts of five hundred acres; these are granted upon terms of keeping ten servants, etc. Several gentlemen who have settled on such grants have succeeded very well, and have been of great service to the colony. Above the town is a parcel of land called Indian lands; these are those reserved by King Toma-chi-chi for his people. There is near the town to the east, a garden belonging to the trustees, consisting of ten acres; the situation is delightful, one-half of it is upon the top of a hill, the foot of which the river Savannah washes, and from it you see the woody islands in the sea. The remainder of the garden is the side and some plain low ground at the foot of the hill where several fine springs break out. In the garden is variety of soils; the top is sandy and dry, the sides of the hill are clay, and the bottom is a black rich garden mould, well watered. On the north part of the garden is left standing a grove of part of the old wood as it was before the arrival of the colony there. The trees in the grove are mostly hay, sassafras, evergreen, oak, pellitory, hickory, American ash, and the laurel tulip. This last is looked upon as one of the most beautiful trees in the world ; it grows straight bodied to forty or fifty foot high; the hark smooth and whiteish, the top spreads regular like an orange-tree in English gardens, only larger; the leaf is like that of common laurel, hut bigger, and the under-side of a greenish brown. It blooms about the month of June; the flowers are white, fragrant like the orange, and perfume all the air around it; the flower is round, eight or ten inches diameter, thick like the orange-flower, and a little yellow near the heart; as the flowers drop, the fruit, which is a cone with red berries, succeeds them. There are also some bay-trees that have flowers like the laurel, only less.

"The garden is laid out with cross-walks planted with orange trees, but the last winter a good deal of snow having fallen, had killed those upon the top of the hill down to their roots, but they being cut down sprouted again, as I saw when I returned to Savannah. In the squares between the walks were vast quantities of mulberry trees, this being a nursery for all the province, and every planter that desired it, has young trees given him gratis from this nursery. These white mulberry trees were planted in order to raise silk, for which purpose several Italians were brought at the trustees' expense from Piedmont by Air. Amatis; they have fed worms and wound silk to as great perfection as any that ever came out of Italy; but the Italians falling out, one of them stole away the machines for winding, broke the coppers, and spoiled all the eggs which he could not steal and fled to South Carolina. The others, who continued faithful, had saved but a few eggs, when Hr. Oglethorpe arrived ; therefore he forbade any silk should be wound, but that all the worms should be suffered to eat through their balls in order to have more eggs against next year. The Italian women are obliged to take English girls apprentices, whom they teach to wind and feed ; and the men have taught our English gardeners to tend the mulberry trees, and our joyners have learned how to make the machines for winding. As the mulberry trees increase there will be a great quantity of silk made here.

"Beside the mulberry-trees there are in some of the quarters in the coldest part of the garden, all kinds of fruit trees usual in England, such as apples, pears, etc. In another quarter are olives, figs, vines pomegranates and such fruits as are natural to the warmest parts of Europe. At the bottom of the hill, well-sheltered from the north wind, and in the warmest part of the garden, there was a collection of AVest- India plants and trees, some coffee, some cocoa-nuts, cotton, Palma- Christi, and several AVest India physical plants, some sent up by Air. Eveliegh, a publiek-spirited merchant at Charles-town, and some by Dr. Iloustoun from the Spanish AVest Indies, where lie. was sent at the expence of a collection raised by that curious physician, Sir Hans Sloan, for to collect and send them to Georgia where the climate was capable of making a garden which might contain all kinds of plants; to which design his grace the Duke of Richmond, the Earl of Derby, the Lord Peters, and the Apothecary's Company contributed very gen- erously, as did Sir Hans liimself. The quarrels among the Italians proved fatal to most of these plants, and they were labouring to repair that loss when I was there, Air. Miller being employed in the room of Dr. Houstoun who died in Jamacia. We heard he had wrote an account of his having obtained the plant from whence the true Balsamum Capivi is drawn; and that he was in hopes of getting that from whence the Jesuit's Bark is taken, he designing for that purpose to send to the Spanish West Indies.

"There is a plant of bamboo cane brought from the East Indies, and sent over by Mr. Towers, which thrives well. There was also some tea seeds which came from the same place; but the latter, though great care was taken, did not grow.

"There were no publick buildings in the town, besides a storehouse ; for the courts were held in a hut thirty-six foot long and twelve foot wide, made of split boards, and erected on Mr. Oglethorpe's first arrival in the colony. In this hut also divine service was performed, but upon his arrival this time, Mr. Oglethorpe ordered a house to be erected in the upper square, which might serve for a court house and for divine service till a church could be built, and a workhouse over against it; for as yet there was no prison here."

The foregoing, although somewhat out of chronological order, is given for the purpose of showing how the colonists began to build the town. Progress in that matter will now receive our attention. The Carolinians took a very active part in the beginning. Colonel Bull, with four of his servants, spent a month on the spot, and had much to do in the matter of directing how the houses should be built. Mr. Whitaker and others gave one hundred head of cattle. Several weeks were spent by Mr. St. Julian in like manner as Colonel Bull. Mr. Joseph Bryan gave two months in the same way. Mrs. Ann Drayton gave the work of four men in sawing lumber, besides which Colonel Bull and Mr. Bryan furnished twenty servants to generally assist in any way that might be helpful. These generous friends were well remembered in having their names given to the streets running through the town - names which these streets still bear. The name Johnson was given the first square laid out, in honor of Gov. Robert Johnson who, in a special manner, made the task lighter to the company of pioneers, much lighter than they had any reason to expect. The street farther north was called Bay, next came Bryan, then St. Julian, all running east and west; and intersecting them were Bull, in the center, Drayton next on the east with Abercorn following in the same direction, while Whitaker was the only one lying west of Bull. One of the principal benefactors of the colony was the Right Honorable James, Earl of Abercorn, and he was complimented in the naming of one of the first streets, marking the then extreme eastern limit of Savannah. In the division of the town into wards and tythings Oglethorpe wisely determined to use in their designation the names of the trustees who, under the charter, managed the business affairs of the colony.

We have already quoted from the charter those portions of that instrument declaring the boundaries of the colony, etc., and how its affairs should be managed. For that purpose a corporation was formed and styled "The Trustees for Establishing the Colony of Georgia in America," and the names of the persons composing that body, together with, the places of their residence, are as follows:

Bishop William B. Stevens, in his History of Georgia, Vol. I, pp. 99- 100, states that the division of towns into tithings and the appointment of tithing men was an old Saxon custom, and suggests that it was derived from the action of Moses as counseled by Jethro, his father-in-law, as recorded in the latter part of Exodus 18, and adds: "But in no instance was a town originally lined out as Savannah was into wards and tithings, with officers appropriate to their divisions." Let us add also that no town except Savannah was ever so laid out as to have at regular intervals grassy parks, or squares as they are called, which some one has aptly styled "breathing places" of the city.

When the building of houses had proceeded to a considerable extent, and the divisions indicated through the lines on which they were erected, that is to say, on the 7th of July following the landing, a solemn ceremony was observed in the streets. At the command of Oglethorpe the people assembled early in the morning, and after being led in prayer they were, in the language of Col. Clias. C. Jones, Jr.,* "definitely advised of the precise plan of the village, taught the names which he proposed to bestow upon the square, streets, wards, and tithings, and participated in the assignment of town lots, gardens and farms." At that time four wards were named, and each ward was subdivided into four tithings. The names of the one square and the streets have already been mentioned. The wards and tithings were named as follows: "Percival Ward, so named in honor of John, Lord Pervieal. the first Earl of Egmont, and president of the trustees for establishing the colony of Georgia in America; Heatheote Ward, so named in honor of George Heatheote, M. P., an alderman of London, and one of the most active and influential members of the board of trustees; Derby Ward, so-called in compliment to the Earl of Derby, who was one of the most generous patrons of the colonization; and Decker Ward, so named in honor of Sir Matthew Decker, whose benefactions to the charitable design had been conspicuous. The tit Lings embraced in Percival Ward were called, respectively, Moore.

Hucks, Holland and Sloper, in honor of Robert Moore, Robert Hueks, Roger Holland and William Sloper, members of parliament all, and influential trustees. Ileathcote Ward was composed of Eyles, Laroche, Vernon and Belitha tithings, so named to perpetuate the pleasant memories of Sir Francis Eyles, Bart., one of the commissioners of. the navy and a member of parliament, John Laroche, also a member of parliament, James Vernon, Esq., and William Belitha, all members of the trust. The four tithings constituting Derby Ward were Wilmington, Jekyll, Tyrconnel and Frederick. These were named in compliment to the Earl of Wilmington, Sir Joseph Jekyll, Master of the Rolls, who, with his lady, had contributed six hundred pounds in furtherance of the laudable design of the trustees, Lord John Tyrconnel, and Thomas Frederck, M. P., both members of the board of trustees. The tithings into which Decker Ward was divided were named Digby, Carpenter, Tower and Ileathcote, in honor of Edward Digby, George, Lord Carpenter, Thomas Tower, M. P., and George Ileathcote, M. P., trustees all."*

Allotments of the portions of land in the town having been made, as we have seen, to the citizens on the 7th of July, let us look a little further into this business, and see what steps had been previously taken which led to this transaction.